REDES DE DATOS

María Jesús Carvajal

[email protected]
@Marije659
Protocolos de capa de red y protocolo de
Internet (IP)
Gateway o puerta de enlace
Fundamentals of Routes,

 An intermediary gateway device in allowing

devices to communicate across sub-divided
networks
Fundamentals of Routes,

 Trace the steps of an IP packet as it traverses

unchanged via routers from sub network to sub-
network
Fundamentals of Routes,

 Has the route table in directing packets toward

their ultimate destinations
Fundamentals of Routes,
Fundamentals of Routes,
Enrrutamiento
 Dinámico se utilizan protocolos de enrutamiento que
crearan las rutas
 Estático se configuran manualmente las rutas en la
table e enrutamiento
Fundamentals of Routes,
Fundamentals of Routes, routing
Bases de los protocolos de
enrutamiento
Clasificaion protocolos en cap 3

Protocolos de Protocolos enrutados o

enrutamiento enrutables
 Determinan las rutas que  Se pueden enrutar a través
siguen los protocolos de un internetwork de
enrutados hacia los redes
destinos.  IP
 RIP
 IPX
 IGRP
 Apple Talk
 EIGRP

 OSPF
IP RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
Routing Information Protocol Version 1 (RIPv1) distance vector protocol (RFC 1058)
RIPv1 uses local broadcasts to share routing information. These updates are periodic in
nature, occurring, by default, every 30 seconds. To prevent packets from circling around
a loop forever, both versions of RIP solve counting to infinity by placing a hop count
limit of 15 hops on packets. Any packet that reaches the sixteenth hop will be
dropped. RIPv1 is a classful protocol. RIP supports up to six equal-cost paths to a single
destination. Equal-cost path are the paths where the metric is same (Hop count).

Routing Information Protocol (RIPv2) hybrid protocol (RFCs 1721 and 1722)
RIPv2 is a distance vector routing protocol with routing enhancements built into it, and it
is based on RIPV1. Therefore, it is commonly called as hybrid routing protocol.
RIPv2 uses multicasts instead of broadcasts. RIPv2 supports triggered updates. when a
change occurs, a RIPv2 router will immediately propagate its routing information to its
connected neighbours. RIPv2 is a classless protocol and it supports variable-length
subnet masking (VLSM).
Both RIPv1 and RIPv2 uses hop count as the metric.
Differences between RIPv1 and
RIPv2
RIPv1
• Supports only classful routing (Does not support VLSM).
• No authentication.
• RIPv1 uses Broadcast.

RIPv2
• Supports classless routing (Supports VLSM). RIPv2 incorporates the
addition of the network mask in the update to allow classless routing
advertisements.
• Authentication is available.
• RIPv2 uses multi-cast instead of broadcast. multicast communication
reduces the burden on the network devices that do not need to listen to RIP
updates.
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The Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (IGRP)
is a Cisco-proprietary routing protocol for IP.
Some features of Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) are
• Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) uses a sophisticated
metric based on bandwidth and delay.
• Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) uses triggered updates
to speed-up convergence.
• Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) supports unequal-cost
load balancing to a single destination.

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) uses bandwidth, delay,

reliability, load, to find the metric value. By default, the algorithm
uses only bandwidth and delay, but the other metric components
can be enabled. IGRP uses bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, and
MTU to find the metric value.

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The Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (IGRP)
Metric = [K1 * Bandwidth + (K2 * Bandwidth)/ (256-Load) +
K3*Delay] * [K5/(Reliability + K4)]
The default constant values are K1 = K3 = 1 and K2 = K4 = K5 = 0.
If K5 = 0, the [K5/ (reliability + K4)] term is not used. So, given the
default values for K1 through K5, the composite metric calculation
used by IGRP reduces to Metric = Bandwidth + Delay.
• To find the bandwidth value, find the smallest of all the bandwidths
in Kbps from outgoing interfaces and divide 10,000,000 by that
number.
• Reliability and load are measured 1–255. A reliability of 1 is least
reliable, while 255 is most reliable. A load of 1 is least utilized, while
255 is 100 percent utilized. The MTU refers to the size of the frame.
If a route has lower metric value, then that route is preferred.
• In order to find the delay, add all of the delays (in microseconds)
from the outgoing interfaces and divide this number by 10. (The
delay is in tenths of microseconds.)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (EIGRP)
Cisco proprietary enhanced Distance Vector routing protocol. EIGRP is
based on IGRP, hence the configuration is similar. (EIGRP) is considered
as a Hybrid Routing Protocol because EIGRP has characteristics of both
Distance Vector and Link State Routing Protocols. They have similar metric
structures. EIGRP has faster convergence, and has less network overhead,
since it uses incremental updates. Another important features of Enhanced
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) are routing loop-free topology,
VLSM and route summarization, multicast and incremental updates and
routes for multiple routed protocols (IP, IPX and AppleTalk)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Uses Diffused
Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate the shortest path.

The following formula is used to calculate the metric of Enhanced Interior

Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).
Metric = [K1*Bandwidth + (K2*Bandwidth)/ (256 - Load) + K3*Delay] *
[K5/(Reliability + K4)]
The default values for K are K1 = 1, K2 = 0, K3 = 1, K4 = 0, K5 = 0. For
default behaviour, the formula can be simplified as metric = bandwidth +
delay
Important terms related with Enhanced Interior
Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
DUAL
DUAL stands for Diffused Update Algorithm, the algorithm used by Enhanced Interior
Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) to calculate the shortest path.
Neighbor table
Neighbor table contains a list of the EIGRP neighbours. Each routed protocol for
EIGRP has its own neighbour table.
Topology table
Topology table contains a list of all destinations and paths the EIGRP router learned.
There is a separate topology table for each routed protocol.
Successor
Successor is the best path to reach a destination within the topology table.
Feasible successor
Feasible successor is the best backup path to reach a destination
Routing table
Routing table contains all of the successor routes from the topology table. There is a
separate routing table for each routed protocol.
Advertised distance
Advertised distance is the distance (metric) that a neighbouring router is advertising
for a specific route.
Feasible distance
Feasible distance is the distance (metric) that your router will use to reach a specific
route.
The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

A link state protocol that handles routing for IP traffic. Its newest
implementation, version 2, which is explained in RFC 2328, is an open
standard. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an open standard (not
proprietary) and it will run on most routers independent of make. Open
Shortest Path First (OSPF) uses the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm,
developed by Dijkstra, to provide a loop-free topology. Open Shortest Path
First (OSPF) provides fast convergence with triggered, incremental updates
via Link State Advertisements (LSAs). Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a
classless protocol and allows for a hierarchical design with VLSM and route
summarization.
The main disadvantages of Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) are Open
Shortest Path First (OSPF) requires more memory to hold the adjacency (list
of OSPF neighbors), topology (a link state database containing all of the
routers and their routes), and routing tables, Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF) requires extra CPU processing to run the SPF algorithm and Open
Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a complex routing protocol.
.
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The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

The two important concepts in case of OSPF are Autonomous Systems and
Areas. Areas are used to provide hierarchical routing, within an Autonomous
System. Areas are used to control when and how much routing information
is shared across your network.
OSPF implements a two-layer hierarchy: the backbone (Area 0) and areas
off of the backbone (Areas 1–65,535). Here the two different areas can
summarize routing information between them. Route summerization helps to
compact the routing tables. All areas should connect to Area 0 and all
routers in an Area will have the same topology table.

Important Terms related with Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Router ID
Every Router in an OSPF network needs a unique OSPF Router ID. The
OSPF Router ID is used to provide a unique identity to the OSPF Router.

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The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

What is a Loopback Interface

A loopback interface is a logical, virtual interface on a router. By default, the
router doesn’t have any loopback interfaces, but they can easily be created.
These interfaces are treated as physical interfaces on a router and we can
assign ip addresses to them.

Area border router (ABR)

An Area border router (ABR) is a router that connects one or more OSPF
areas to the main backbone network. It is considered a member of all areas
it is connected to.

Internal router
An Internal Router is a router that has only OSPF neighbour relationships
with routers in the same area.

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The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Backbone router
Backbone Routers are part of the OSPF backbone. This includes all area
border routers and also routers connecting different areas.

Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR)

A Designated Router (DR) is the router interface elected among all routers
on a network segment, and Backup designated (BDR) is a backup for the
Designated Router (DR). Designated Routers (DRs) are used for reducing
network traffic by providing a source for routing updates. The Designated
Router (DR) maintains a complete topology table of the network and sends
the updates to the other routers via multicast. All routers in an area will form
a slave/master relationship with the Designated Router (DR).

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RIP "Routing Information Protocol"
(Protocolo de Información de Enrutamiento)
IGRP "Interior Information Protocol"
(Protocolo de Enrutamiento de Gateway
Interior)
EIGRP "Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol" Protocolo de
Enrutamiento de Gateway Interior
Mejorado
OSPF Open Shortest Path First" Primero la
ruta libre más corta
 https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/routers/b
uyers-guide.html
 https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/routers/4
000-series-integrated-services-routers-
isr/index.html
InterVlan Routing