Routing Concepts & Routing

Algorithm
Switching, Routing, and Wireless Essentials v7.0
(SRWE)
Contents
Define Routing and classify the Routing Algorithms.
A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of 12,000 packets per minute with each
packet carrying an average of 10,000 bits. Calculate the throughput of this network.
Mention the elements of Network Protocols.

Classify the Routing Algorithms.

Find out the Shortest Path constructing a Tree from the following network.

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Path Determination
Two Functions of a Router
When a router receives an IP packet on one interface, it determines which interface to
use to forward the packet to the destination. This is known as routing. The interface that
the router uses to forward the packet may be the final destination.
The primary functions of a router are to determine the best path to forward packets based
on the information in its routing table, and to forward packets toward their destination.

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Path Determination
Router Functions Example

The router uses its IP

routing table to determine
which path (route) to use to
forward a packet. R1 and R2
will use their respective IP
routing tables to first
determine the best path, and
then forward the packet.

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Basic Router Configuration Review
Configuration Commands
R1(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing
Router> enable R1(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/0/0
Router# configure terminal R1(config-if)# description Link to LAN 1
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with R1(config-if)# ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0
CNTL/Z. R1(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:1::1/64
Router(config)# hostname R1 R1(config-if)# ipv6 address fe80::1:a link-local
R1(config)# enable secret class R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config)# line console 0 R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config-line)# logging synchronous R1(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/0/1
R1(config-line)# password cisco R1(config-if)# description Link to LAN 2
R1(config-line)# login R1(config-if)# ip address 10.0.2.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-line)# exit R1(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:2::1/64
R1(config)# line vty 0 4 R1(config-if)# ipv6 address fe80::1:b link-local
R1(config-line)# password cisco R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config-line)# login R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config-line)# transport input ssh telnet R1(config)# interface serial 0/1/1
R1(config-line)# exit R1(config-if)# description Link to R2
R1(config)# service password-encryption R1(config)# R1(config-if)# ip address 10.0.3.1 255.255.255.0
banner motd # R1(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:3::1/64
Enter TEXT message. End with a new line and the # R1(config-if)# ipv6 address fe80::1:c link-local
*********************************************** R1(config-if)# no shutdown
WARNING: Unauthorized access is prohibited! R1(config-if)# exit
*********************************************** R1# copy running-config startup-config
# Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
R1#
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Basic Router Configuration Review
Verification Commands
Common verification commands include the following:
• show ip interface brief
• show running-config interface interface-type number
• show interfaces
• show ip interface
• show ip route
• ping
In each case, replace ip with ipv6 for the IPv6 version of the command.

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Static and Dynamic Routing
Dynamic Routing Evolution (Cont.)
The table classifies the current routing protocols. Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) are
routing protocols used to exchange routing information within a routing domain
administered by a single organization. There is only one EGP and it is BGP. BGP is used
to exchange routing information between different organizations, known as autonomous
systems (AS). BGP is used by ISPs to route packets over the internet. Distance vector,
link-state, and path vector routing protocols refer to the type of routing algorithm used to
determine best path.

Interior Gateway Protocols Exterior Gateway

Protocols
Distance Vector Link-State Path Vector

IPv4 RIPv2 EIGRP OSPFv2 IS-IS BGP-4

IPv6 RIPng EIGRP for OSPFv3 IS-IS for BGP-MP

IPv6 IPv6

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Static and Dynamic Routing
Best Path
The best path is selected by a routing protocol based on the value or metric it uses to
determine the distance to reach a network. A metric is the quantitative value used to
measure the distance to a given network. The best path to a network is the path with the
lowest metric.
Dynamic routing protocols typically use their own rules and metrics to build and update
routing tables. The following table lists common dynamic protocols and their metrics.

Routing Protocol Metric

•The metric is “hop count”.
Routing Information Protocol
•Each router along a path adds a hop to the hop count.
(RIP)
•A maximum of 15 hops allowed.
•The metric is “cost” which is the based on the cumulative bandwidth from
Open Shortest Path First
source to destination.
(OSPF)
•Faster links are assigned lower costs compared to slower (higher cost) links.
Enhanced Interior Gateway •It calculates a metric based on the slowest bandwidth and delay values.
Routing Protocol (EIGRP) •It could also include load and reliability into the metric calculation.
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Static and Dynamic Routing
Load Balancing
When a router has two or more paths to a destination with equal cost metrics, then the
router forwards the packets using both paths equally. This is called equal cost load
balancing.
• The routing table contains the single destination network, but has multiple exit
interfaces, one for each equal cost path. The router forwards packets using the
multiple exit interfaces listed in the routing table.
• If configured correctly, load balancing can increase the effectiveness and performance
of the network.
• Equal cost load balancing is implemented automatically by dynamic routing protocols.
It is enabled with static routes when there are multiple static routes to the same
destination network using different next-hop routers.

Note: Only EIGRP supports unequal cost load balancing.

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Static and Dynamic Routing
Load Balancing
When a router has two or more paths to a destination with equal cost metrics, then the
router forwards the packets using both paths equally. This is called equal cost load
balancing.
• The routing table contains the single destination network, but has multiple exit
interfaces, one for each equal cost path. The router forwards packets using the
multiple exit interfaces listed in the routing table.
• If configured correctly, load balancing can increase the effectiveness and performance
of the network.
• Equal cost load balancing is implemented automatically by dynamic routing protocols.
It is enabled with static routes when there are multiple static routes to the same
destination network using different next-hop routers.

Note: Only EIGRP supports unequal cost load balancing.

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Module 14: Routing Concepts
New Terms and Commands
• best path • ip route • IS-IS for IPv6

• longest match • Default Route • BGP

• prefix length • ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [ exit-if | next- • BGP-MP

hop-ip ]
• next-hop router • EGP
• ipv6 route ::/0 [ exit-if | next-hop-ipv6 ]
• process switching • load balancing
• Administrative Distance
• fast switching • equal-cost load balancing
• RIPv2
• Cisco Express Forwarding • unequal-cost load balancing
(CEF) • OSPFv2

• route sources • EIGRP

• static routes • EIGRP for IPv6

• dynamic routing protocols • OSPFv3

• IS-IS

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