DRFU and DTRU Training
DRFU and DTRU Training
DRFU and DTRU Training
08/12/15
Huawei Confidential
www.huawei.com
Contents
Troubleshooting
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PCB
BB
TX1
TXA
PAA
PA1
Filter
Isolator1
CPRI1
CPRI2
TX2
TXB
PAB
PA2
ANT1
Duplex
filter2
ANT2
Isolator2
BB
IF
Hybrid load
RXA
Hybrid load
LNA1
RX-frontend
LED
Power
Duplex
filter1
RXB
LNA2
Power
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RX/TX
Diagram for
the DTRU
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Modulator
Resistance
PAD
DVGA
The baseband adjusts the output level of the modulator by controlling the amplitude of
I&Q signals so that the level remains stable at 4 dBm (GMSK) and -2.5 dBm (8PSK).
Then, the power is amplified through the DVGA, amplifier, and PA. Finally, the power
(40 W/26 W GSM/EDEG) is output through the RF coupler and isolator.
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EVM
Carrier suppression, I&Q balance, and carrier orthogonality of the I&Q
modulator
Phase noise of the TRX
Non-linear amplitude compression and amplitude-phase conversion
Phase-frequency distortion and amplitude-frequency distortion of the channel
Spectrum mask
Spectrum mask of the baseband I&Q
Local oscillator phase noise and spurious emission of the transmitter
Non-linear spectrum spread of the transmitter, including the non linearity of
the modulator and amplifier, which has an impact within 6 MHz
Low noise of the transmitter, which affects the remote spectrum of the TRX
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Circuit implementation
Composition of channel A
Composition of channel B
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2.
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The following figure shows the equipment for making the power detection table of the DRFU. The DTRU
has the similar principles to the DRFU but different equipment for making the power detection table.
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Close to maximum
detection power
Detection circuit error
Attenuation range
Output power of the
reference frequency
and corresponding
detection value
Target detection
values corresponding
to power levels of the
reference frequency
Detection frequency calibration
Gain flatness
Detection frequency calibration
table
Detection flatness
Baseband temperature
PA temperature
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According to GSM protocols, the transmit power of the BTS is classified into 22 levels and the power difference
between levels is 2 dB. Therefore, a total of 22 target detection values need to be calculated. To improve the efficiency
of making the power detection table, only 10 points are sampled when the power detection table is made. The target
detection values are calculated using the linear interpolation based on the 10 points.
Sample point: [power detected by power
meter, detection value]
Target detection values of 22 levels in
GMSK non-combination mode
Target detection values in GMSK wideband
combination mode
Target detection values in GMSK PBT
combination mode
Target detection values in 8PSK PBT
combination mode
(46.80,2678)
Detection
value
Y2
Y1
Y Y1
Y 2 Y1
Y 2 Y1
Y
X X 1 Y 1
X X1 X 2 X1
X 2 X1
(43.2,2559)
Power detected by
power meter
46.2
X1
X2
Reference frequency for making the power detection table: frequency 37 (EGSM900) or frequency 698 (DCS1800)
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Sample
data:
AD8313 detection voltage
Example
(46.80,3269)
Y2
Y1
(43.2,3124)
X1
X2
SLOP
Y 2 Y1
X 2 X1
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Example
Sample points of eight frequencies
Gain flatness = 46.8 - 44.4 = 2.4 dB
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(X1,
Y1)
(X2,
Y2)
As shown in the right figure, the detection
value corresponding to 46.8 dBm is 2678 according
to the linear interpolation in the target detection table of the reference frequency. Therefore,
the detection value of the calibration frequency is 0x87 (2671 - 2678 = -7 = 0x87).
Detection value
Example
Y 2 Y1
X X 1 Y 1
X 2 X1
Y 2678
Y2
(46.2,2658)
Y
Y1
(44.2,2592)
46.8
Sample points of
eight frequencies
X1
X2 X
Power detected by power meter
Frequency calibration table. If the
binary digit is 1, it indicates a positive
Detection flatness. Maximum frequency
calibration table Minimum frequency calibration number. If the binary digit is 0, it
indicate
a negative
number.
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table,
that is, TECHNOLOGIES
0x12 - 0x87 = 18 CO.,
- (-7) =LTD.
25.
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RSSI frequency
calibration table
Test of combined
cabinet ports
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Configure the signal source on the equipment to output -60 dBm single-tone signals to the ANT port of
the module. The central frequency of DCS1800 is 698, and that of EGSM is 37.
2.
Send a command on the equipment to start the RSSI test, and then monitor the size of signals output
from the RX_OUT port through the power meter.
3.
Adjust the digital control attenuators of the main and diversity channels on the equipment in the range
from 0 dB to 2 dB so that the gain of the RX_OUT channel is closest to 24. The allowed range is +/-2.
4.
After the adjustment is complete, set the main and diversity attenuation of the RX channel to the final
value after adjustment, and then perform the RSSI calibration test.
5.
Configure the signal source on the equipment to output -80 dBm single-tone signals to the ANT port of
the module. The signal frequencies are central frequencies of eight subsegments. In theory, the RSSI
value reported by the module is 30 (-80 + 110).
6.
Send a command on the equipment to the baseband to obtain the main and diversity RSSI values of
TRXs A and B, for example, the main RSSI value reported by TRX A is 35.
7.
Subtract the obtained RSSI value (35) from the standard value (30). The difference value (-5) is the
RSSI calibration value. This representation is defined in SCP. The most significant bit (BIT7) of a byte
is a symbol bit. The value 0 indicates a positive number, and the value 1 indicates a negative number.
Therefore, the value -5 is represented by 0x85.
8.
Write eight RSSI values obtained in the preceding test to the equipment and then read them. If the
written data is consistent with the read data, it indicates that the test is successful.
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2.
Send a command on the equipment to start the RSSI test, and then obtain the RSSI
values of four channels, for example, the RSSI values of four channels are 35, 31, 28, and
27.
3.
In theory, the RSSI value reported by the module is 31 (-60 + 91). The RSSI value can be
calibrated only when the RSSI value reported is in the range of 315.
4.
Calculate the RSSI compensation values of the module, for example, the RSSI calibration
values of four ports are 4, 0, -3, and -4, and then write the data to the flash memory.
5.
After the RSSI calibration is complete, send a RSSI test command on the equipment.
6.
Configure the signal source to output -42 dBm signals, and then read the RSSI value when
the value of the digital control attenuator is set to 15 dB and the RSSI value when the
value of the digital control attenuator is set to 0 dB. If the RSSI value is in the range of 5,
it indicates that the test is successful.
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Troubleshooting
1. The gain of the TX channel is abnormal.
2. The modulation spectrum is abnormal.
3. The handover spectrum is abnormal.
4. The EVM is abnormal.
5. The receive sensitivity is abnormal.
6. The loopback is abnormal.
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This problem is a common problem. Before the power detection table of the module is made, the test of the small-signal part
must be performed to check whether the gain of the TX channel is normal.
The following figure shows the test record of the module.
Location method:
The open-loop customized messages involved in the location are as follows:
FPGA writable:
D4-04-00-00-FF-90-00-07-87-00-04-84-C4-00-FF
D4-04-00-01-FF-90-00-07-87-01-04-84-C4-00-FF
Open-loop command:
D4-04-00-00-FF-90-00-0d-87-00-0A-85-C4-00-F0-00-00-22-00-01-03
D4-04-00-01-FF-90-00-0d-87-01-0A-85-C4-00-F0-00-00-44-00-01-03
Forcibly opening the PA:
D4-04-00-00-FF-90-00-0d-87-00-0A-85-C4-00-F0-00-00-32-00-01-81
D4-04-00-01-FF-90-00-0d-87-01-0A-85-C4-00-F0-00-00-50-00-01-81
Curve:
D4-04-00-00-FF-90-00-0d-87-00-0A-85-C4-00-F0-00-00-26-00-01-20
D4-04-00-01-FF-90-00-0d-87-01-0A-85-C4-00-F0-00-00-38-00-01-20
Digital control attenuator:
D4-04-00-00-FF-90-00-0d-87-00-0A-85-C4-00-F0-00-00-41-00-01-fa fa controls the attenuation value of the digital control attenuator.
D4-04-00-01-FF-90-00-0d-87-01-0A-85-C4-00-F0-00-00-55-00-01-fa
Reading the detector:
D4-04-00-00-FF-90-00-0C-87-00-09-16-C4-00-F0-00-00-39-00-02
D4-04-00-01-FF-90-00-0C-87-01-09-16-C4-00-F0-00-00-51-00-02
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Location method:
a. Tighten the screws on the shield cover and check whether the modulation spectrum and handover
spectrum are improved. If the modulation spectrum and handover spectrum are improved, it
indicates that the poor shielding leads to the deterioration of the modulation spectrum and
handover spectrum.
b. Check whether the output end of the PA closely contacts the PCB. If the output end of the PA does
not closely contact the PCB, the modulation spectrum and handover spectrum may deteriorate.
c. Install the PA near the output end as much as possible to improve the consistency and output
matching. When the power is involved, the output matching of the PA circuit is more sensitive.
d. Test the output power manually. If the power tested is at least 0.5 dB greater than the theoretical
value, check the information about the power detection table, for example, the linearity of the
detection circuit and the line loss of the equipment. In addition, check the detection voltage in the
test data and check whether the slope decreases in the case of high power.
e. If the power is normal, decrease one or two power levels for test. If the modulation spectrum and
handover spectrum are improved significantly (for example, they reaches more than 4 dB to 5 dB),
it indicates that the linearity of the PA is abnormal. (There is no power difference between power
levels 0 and 1 of EDGE signals, and therefore you are advised to decrease two power levels.)
f.
Use the signal source to input signals to the PA and test P-1 of the PA to check the linearity of the PA.
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standard values, test the DVGA and output spectrum of the modulator and check
whether the spectrum matches that of normal signals.
i.
Check whether local oscillator signals are normal. Disconnect the local oscillator and
input local oscillator signals to the modulator using the signal source to check whether
the modulation spectrum and handover spectrum are improved.
J. Use the oscilloscope to check whether the IQ signals output by the DAC match the
normal signals. Alternatively, use a jumper to input the IQ signals of the normal channel
to the channel and check whether the modulation spectrum and handover spectrum are
improved.
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You can locate this problem by referring to the location method of the modulation spectrum.
Note that the modulation spectrum is for the spectrum range where the frequencies from
the central frequency is greater than 400 kHz.
Therefore, to accurately obtain the quality of the small-signal part on the test port, you can
disconnect the TX channel and use an external end up cable for test. In this case, the
signal level exceeds 10 dBm.
The possible causes for the handover spectrum problem are as follows:
a.
The linearity of the PA may cause this problem. In addition, use the oscilloscope to check
whether the gate voltage waveform is normal. If the gate voltage waveform is abnormal,
check the gate voltage line.
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b.
The small-signal part may cause this problem. Test local oscillator signals to check whether the
spurious emission of the phase-locked source affects the modulation spectrum.
Ref
-20
dBm
Att
dB
* RBW
* VBW
500
SWT
kHz
1.15
Delta
[T1
-75.35
328.525641025
Marker
-20
1
-30
1 AP
CLRWR
Hz
[T1
-28.09
dBm
MHz
[T1
198.717948718
Delta
[T1
-53.80
dB
kHz
-67.86
-50
kHz
942.400641026
Delta
-40
dB
256.410256410
dB
kHz
-60
-70
-80
-90
3
-100
-110
-120
Center
942.400641
Date: 21.JUL.2008
c.
MHz
100
kHz/
Span
MHz
10:44:54
The handover spectrum of the DTRU or DRFU is tested in FH mode. If the test result on the equipment
is abnormal but the manual test result is normal, test the handover spectrum in FH mode.
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Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) defines the error between the signal vector in a real
transmission environment and that in an ideal transmission environment.
The modulation scheme of EDGE signals is 8PSK, and the power of TX signals
changes in a timeslot. That is, there are both the vector error and the magnitude
error between the actual signal vector and the ideal signal vector. In addition, these
factors cause the origin drift on the constellation diagram. Therefore, EVM and OOS
are used to represent the modulation accuracy of EDGE signals.
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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Check whether an RF phase-locked loop alarm is generated. When the locking time of the
RF phase-locked loop is abnormal, the sensitivity may become poor. In this case, the main
and diversity sensitivities on channel A or B become poor.
b.
Use the signal source to input signals of a certain level (for example, -15 dBm) to the RX
channel, and then check whether the input and output signal levels of the lower-level key
components are abnormal. Check the RF input port of the mixer, IF differential output port,
and input and output ports of the SAW filter. In addition, you need to check local oscillator
signals when checking the mixer.
c.
If a channel has the poor main or diversity sensitivity, cross the IF differential signals in the
channel using a cable with the appropriate length. The main and diversity should not be
crossed simultaneously; otherwise, the interference occurs.
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The loopback is
abnormal.
Key path of the loopback: mixer inside the DVGA -> input end of the RX channel -> The level
of loopback signals is low, and therefore the attenuation value inside the instrument
should not be set to a too large value. You are advised to set the attenuation value to 0 dB.
Location method:
a. Send a loopback test command on the BTSM. Connect a cable from the output port of the
RX channel to the spectrum analyzer and then observe the signal quality. The normal
signal level is about -75 dBm. Check whether the signal amplitude is normal.
b. If the loopback signals are normal, locate the problem with the RX channel by referring to
the method for locating the sensitivity problem.
c. If the loopback signals are abnormal, check the modulator and DVGA. If the TX counters of
the module are normal, it indicates that the mixer in the DVGA, switch, or local oscillator
signals may be abnormal.
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Thank you
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