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    665 PA - Notes

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    thap_dinh
    This document provides an introduction to power amplifiers (PAs). It discusses key PA performance metrics like output power, efficiency, and linearity measures. It describes different classes of linear PAs including Classes A, B, C and E/F and how they achieve varying levels of efficiency based on conduction angle. The document then covers different linearization techniques that can be applied to nonlinear PAs at the input, output and supply to improve linearity, including back-off, predistortion, feedback methods, feed-forward, LINC, and envelope elimination and restoration. It provides examples and analyses of how several of these techniques work. Finally, it proposes some potential research ideas around implementing and linearizing a PA and designing a

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    665 PA - Notes

    Uploaded by

    thap_dinh
    42 views31 pages
    This document provides an introduction to power amplifiers (PAs). It discusses key PA performance metrics like output power, efficiency, and linearity measures. It describes different classes of linear PAs including Classes A, B, C and E/F and how they achieve varying levels of efficiency based on conduction angle. The document then covers different linearization techniques that can be applied to nonlinear PAs at the input, output and supply to improve linearity, including back-off, predistortion, feedback methods, feed-forward, LINC, and envelope elimination and restoration. It provides examples and analyses of how several of these techniques work. Finally, it proposes some potential research ideas around implementing and linearizing a PA and designing a

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    This document provides an introduction to power amplifiers (PAs). It discusses key PA performance metrics like output power, efficiency, and linearity measures. It describes different classes of linear PAs including Classes A, B, C and E/F and how they achieve varying levels of efficiency based on conduction angle. The document then covers different linearization techniques that can be applied to nonlinear PAs at the input, output and supply to improve linearity, including back-off, predistortion, feedback methods, feed-forward, LINC, and envelope elimination and restoration. It provides examples and analyses of how several of these techniques work. Finally, it proposes some potential research ideas around implementing and linearizing a PA and designing a

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views31 pages

    665 PA - Notes

    Uploaded by

    thap_dinh
    This document provides an introduction to power amplifiers (PAs). It discusses key PA performance metrics like output power, efficiency, and linearity measures. It describes different classes of linear PAs including Classes A, B, C and E/F and how they achieve varying levels of efficiency based on conduction angle. The document then covers different linearization techniques that can be applied to nonlinear PAs at the input, output and supply to improve linearity, including back-off, predistortion, feedback methods, feed-forward, LINC, and envelope elimination and restoration. It provides examples and analyses of how several of these techniques work. Finally, it proposes some potential research ideas around implementing and linearizing a PA and designing a

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    of 31

    AN INTRODUCTION ON

    POWER AMPLIFIERS
    Hesam A. Aslanzadeh Prof. Edgar Snchez-Sinencio

    Outline
    Introduction Power Amplifier Classes
    Linear PAs Switching PAs

    Lineariziation techniques
    Input Output Supply

    Introduction
    Performance Metrics

    Why Power Amplifiers?

    RF Power Amplifiers vast applications


    Wireless and wireline communications

    Output transmitted power is relatively large portion of the total power consumption. Power efficiency of PAs can greatly influence overall power efficiency.

    Power Amplifier performance metrics

    Metrics defined in standards


    Output Power Spectral Mask ACPR (Adjacent Channel Power Ratio) Signal Modulation

    Metrics not defined in standards


    PAE (Power Added Efficiency) Drain Efficiency Power Gain IIP3 P1-dB

    Output Power

    Power delivered to the load within the band of interest. Load is usually an antenna with Z0 of 50 Doesnt include power contributed by the harmonics or any unwanted spurs
    Sinusoidal
    2 Vout Pout = 2 RL

    Modulated Signal

    Pout / avg =

    1 ( p ) dp = T

    v(t ) dt
    6

    Probability profile of Modulation: Prob (Pout=p)

    Output Power
    Maximum output power varies drastically among different standards Standard AMPS GSM CDMA DECT PDC Bluetooth 802.11a 802.11b Modulation FM GMSK O-QPSK GFSK /4 DQPSK FSK OFDM PSK-CCK Max. Pout 31 dBm 36 dBm 28 dBm 27 dBm 30 dBm 16 dBm 14-19 dBm 16-20 dBm
    7

    Efficiency
    Power Added Efficiency; Most common efficiency metric

    DC RF

    Pout Pin 100% PAE = PDC

    Shows how efficiently supply DC power is converted to RF power Drain efficiency is often used to indicate the efficiency of a single power amplifier stage

    drain

    Pdelivered = 100% PDC

    Linearity measures
    Linearity Requirement can be different based on modulation
    Variable Envelope
    Information is carried in the amplitude

    4 DQPSK and OQPSK


    Constant Envelope
    Information is carried in the phase

    GFSK and GMSK

    AM-to-AM, AM-to-PM distortion and P1-dB Spectral Mask ACPR (Adjacent Channel Power Ratio) IP3
    9

    Linearity measures
    Power mask is an indication of how much spectrum regrowth is allowed

    Output Power [dBc]

    0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50

    ZigBee Bluetooth

    -5

    -4

    -3

    -2

    -1

    +1

    +2

    +3

    +4

    +5

    Frequency offset [MHz]

    10

    Power Amplifier Class Types

    Introduction

    PA Class types; Linear PAs

    12

    Efficiency and conduction angle


    To calculate power efficiency, power of main harmony and DC current should be calculated DC part of current nth harmonic of current

    cos( / 2) =

    IQ I pk

    IQ I MAX I Q

    Conduction angle
    13

    Output voltage shape


    If load tank filters out all harmonics, output voltage is pure sinusoidal even when there is current discontinuity

    14

    Efficiency

    I1, rms .V1, rms P 1 = = Pdc I dc .Vdc


    I MAX I MAX I1 = 2 , I dc = 2 I MAX 2 VDD Class A: 2 2 = = 50% max . I MAX .VDD 2
    15

    Efficiency
    I MAX I MAX I1 = 2 , I dc = I MAX 2 VDD Class B: 2 2 = = 78% max . I MAX .VDD
    Class C efficiency depends on

    and

    ideally can reach 100% but at that point output power also reaches zero!
    16

    Class E
    Loading network is carefully designed so that before switch turns on (Soft switching) :

    Vs = 0
    Vs =0 t

    ZVS

    Non-overlapping voltage and current minimize switch power consumption


    max(VD ) = 3.6 VDD

    So low-voltage operation is needed


    for reliability

    17

    Class F
    By adding odd harmonics :
    Drain voltage starts to increasingly resemble square wave Decreasing the voltage across transistor during conduction time and hence increasing efficiency
    All-harmonics-tuned=>class D
    max(VD ) = 2 VDD

    Not ZVS operation

    18

    Linearization Techniques
    How to linearize highly efficient PAs?

    Linearization Techniques
    Non-linear power amplifier can reach great efficiencies But they lack linearity Linearization techniques can be applied to non-linear PAs to get a good linearity and a modest efficiency Control is applied at Input
    Back-off Pre-distortion Cartesian feedback Polar feedback

    Output
    Feed-forward LINC (Linearization using Nonlinear Components)

    Supply
    EER (Envelope Elimination and Restoration)

    20

    Input: Back-off
    Simplest and most common linearization PAE is greatly reduced
    30 35 1-dB compression point

    Output Power (dBm)

    15 20

    25

    Back - off

    5 -20 -15

    10

    Target Output Power

    -10

    -5

    10

    21

    Input: Pre-distortion
    Tracking gain and change variations of amplifier is very challenging using analog techniques Digital Look-up tables often used PA gain and phase response varies with bias, temperature and supply changes
    Predistortion Modulator PA

    Gain

    Phase

    22

    Input: Cartesian Feedback


    Feedback is used to increase linearity Large loop gain is needed to improve linearity; very difficult to achieve at RF frequencies Down-converting alleviates this problem Stability is a big challenge
    I LPF Quadrature Modulator Q LPF Phase Adjustment

    PA

    LO

    Quadrature Demodulator

    23

    Input: Polar feedback


    VCO

    PD

    Filter

    VGA

    PA

    Two loop controls gain and phase


    Gain loop PLL
    r

    Filter

    Envelope Detector

    Doesnt require up/down conversion If AM/PM distortion of PA is not severe, phase feedback is not needed Stability challenging Polar feedback loops should operate at wider bandwidth compared to Cartesian feedback

    24

    Output: Feed-forward
    Distortion is calculated and subtracted from output:
    Precise matching of A1, A2, A3 needed Tracking over process, time and temp is tough Constant analog Delay is challenging Stability is not a problem

    Operates at the bandwidth of carrier frequency rather than base band hence applicable in multi-carrier systems
    Vo PA Delay Vout

    A1 attenuator

    1/A2

    A3 Delay

    vx

    Auxiliary amp

    25

    Output: Feed-forward Analysis


    Vo PA Delay Vout A1 attenuator

    1/A2

    Vo = AVin + Vd , Vout

    Vx =

    Vo V Vin = d A A
    Delay

    A3

    V = Vo A( d ) = AVin A

    vx

    Auxiliary amp

    Gain and phase mismatch can degrade linearity of power amplifier


    [*]:

    A A IP3 = 1 21 + cos + 1 + A A

    [*] B. Razavi, RF Microelectronics

    26

    Output: LINC

    (Linear Amplification using Nonlinear Components)

    Theoretically any non-constant envelope signal on a carrier can be split into two constant-envelope signals A complex conversion at RF is very challenging task Signal combination at output is practically problematic
    PA

    Vin

    Signal Separator

    PA

    27

    Output: LINC Analysis


    PA

    Vin

    Signal Separator

    vin = a (t ) cos[c t + (t )] = v1 (t ) + v2 (t ) 1 v1 (t ) = V0 sin[c t + (t ) + (t )] 2 1 v2 (t ) = V0 sin[c t + (t ) (t )] 2 1 a (t ) (t ) = sin V 0

    PA

    28

    Supply: EER (Envelope Elimination and Restoration)


    Amplitude and phase are amplified separately Amplitude information is fed at the output by supply Substantial power could be dissipated in the supply modulation circuitry providing the whole current of PA Dc-to-dc can be used but still delivered current is quite large Delay mismatch between two paths introduces distortion
    Envelope Detector Vin Supply Modulator

    Limiter

    PA

    Vo

    29

    For more information:


    Power Amplifier notes of MIT OpenCourseWare Steve C. Cripps, Advanced Techniques in RF Power Amplifier Design, Artech House Publishers Mohammed Ismail and Mona Hella, RF Cmos Power Amplifiers: Theory, Design and Implementation Several Thesis on PAs
    30

    Some Research Ideas


    Design a non-linear Power Amplifier for output power of 10 dBm delivered to the load of 50 antenna at the operating frequency of 2.4 GHz. Optimize the efficiency. Measure linearity (IIP3). Then use one linearization technique to increase IIP3 to 30 dBm. Efficiency will be decreased as a result of overhead circuits. Can we come up with a different kind of linearization technique to reduce complexity and power consumption of overhead? Design a signal separator at 2.4 GHz to be used in LINC technique.
    31

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