CH 08 Text PDF

08 NQM11B SB TXT.
fm Page 289 Sunday, June 1, 2008 3:29 PM
Applying trigonometric functions
Contents
8.1 Degrees and radians
8.2 Trigonometric ratios and the unit circle
8.3 Trigonometric graphs
8.4 Trigonometric functions and applications
Chapter summary
Chapter review
Syllabus
Guide
Syllabus subject matter
Chapter 8 Periodic functions and applications
■ Definition of a radian and its relationship with degrees
■ Definition of the trigonometric functions sin, cos and
tan of any angle in degrees and in radians
■ Graphs of y = sin x, y = cos x and y = tan x for any angle in
degrees (−360° x 360°) and in radians (−2π x 2π)
■ Significance of the constants A, B, C and D on the graphs
of y = A sin (Bx + C ) + D and y = A cos (Bx + C ) + D
■ Applications of periodic functions
Quantitative concepts and skills
■ Calculation and estimation with and without instruments
■ Basic algebraic manipulations
■ Plotting points using Cartesian coordinates
08 NQM11B SB TXT.fm Page 290 Sunday, June 1, 2008 3:29 PM
Have you ever wondered why there are 90° in a right angle? This is actually part of a sexagesimal system,
based on the number 60. This number system originated over 4000 years ago with the ancient Sumerians
and was transmitted to us through the Babylonian and Egyptian cultures. With lots of factors, a system
based on 60 makes many fractions very simple. We still use this system for time and angles in navigation,
astronomy and direction. However, there is another angle measure that is commonly used in mathematics
and science—the radian. This is used because it makes calculations, functions and formulas simpler,
although its does seem a little strange at first. In this chapter, you will be introduced to radian angle measure.
8.1 Degrees and radians

Degree angle measure is based on the ancient Babylonian number system. It is more convenient
for many mathematical and scientific purposes to measure angles using circular angle measure.
! One radian (1c or 1 rad) is the measure of the angle

subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length r
r
to the radius of the circle.
1
It is not necessary to use the symbol ‘c’ or ‘rad’ after an r
angle to show it is in radians. All angles are assumed to be
in radians unless they are shown to be measured in degrees
by the degree sign.
It follows from the above definition that, for a circle of radius r, the radian measure of the central
angle θ subtended by an arc of length l is found by calculating the multiple that l is of r.
! Radian measure of a central angle l

Given that l and r are in the same units,
l
θ =- θ
Extra r
Material r
By rearranging this formula, the arc length can be calculated
Length of
an arc
using the radius and central angle:
l = rθ
For a central angle of 1 revolution (360°): l

l 2πr
θ = - = ---------
r r θ
= 2π radians
r
so 2π = 360°
and π = 180°
But π ≈ 3.14
π 180°
so --- ≈ -----------
π 3.14
or 1 radian ≈ 57.3°
290 New QMaths 11B

! Radian facts
2π = 360°
π = 180°
1 radian ≈ 57.3°
The following multiples of π are often used and should also be remembered:
3π π π π π
------ = 270° --- = 90° --- = 60° --- = 45° --- = 30°
2 2 3 4 6
We can use the fact that π = 180° to assist with conversions between degrees and radians.
Consider an angle θ measured in degrees (θd) and radians (θr).
θ d = θr
θd θ
so ----------- = -----r
180° π
180°
Rearranging gives θd = -----------θ r
π
π
or θr = -----------θ d
180°
! Radian–degree conversion formulas

180°
Radians to degrees: θd = -----------θ r
π
π
Degrees to radians θr = -----------θ d
180°
Example 1
Change the following to degrees.
9π
a ------ b 2.07 rad
5
Solution
9π 180° 9π
a Use the formula. ------ = ----------- × ------
5 π 5
= 324°
Alternative method
9π 9 × 180°
Use π = 180°. ------ = ---------------------
5 5
= 324°
180°
b Use the formula. 2.07 rad = ----------- × 2.07
π
≈ 118.60°
Alternative method
180° 180°
Use 1 rad = ----------- . 2.07 rad = 2.07 × -----------
π π
≈ 118.60°
Chapter 8 Applying trigonometric functions 291

Example 2
Change the following to radians.
a 240° b 110.25°
Solution
π
a Use the formula. 240° = ----------- × 240°
180°
4π
Leave in exact form. = ------
3
π
b Use the formula. 110.25° = ----------- × 110.25°
180°
Answer in exact form. = 0.6125π
Alternatively, evaluate and round off. ≈ 1.924
It is sometimes helpful to show angles at appropriate points on y

Terminal
a unit circle, including the x-axis and y-axis on the diagram of side
a circle of radius 1. This is also known as locating the angle in
standard position. On a Cartesian coordinate plane, an angle θ
is said to be in standard position when the initial side of the Initial side x
Vertex
angle is along the positive x-axis and the vertex of the angle is
at the origin.
For an angle of θ, the point P(θ) on the circumference of the y

P(θ)
unit circle is sometimes called a trigonometric point
corresponding to θ. 1
As shown on the right, ∠AOP is θ radians. θ A (1, 0)
)
Angle θ subtends arc AP, so AP must be θ units long. O x
! Positive and negative angles

When drawn in standard position, angles are measured as positive in the anticlockwise
direction and negative in the clockwise direction.
y y
+θ
x −θ x
292 New QMaths 11B

Example 3
Simplify the following and show the resulting angles on the unit circle.
π π
a π + --- b 2π − ---
4 3
Solution
π 4π π
a Change to a common denominator. π + --- = ------ + ---
4 4 4
5π
= ------ (or 225°)
4
3π
The angle is halfway between π and ------ . y
2
π
O x
1
P ⎛⎝ 5π
------⎞
⎠
4
3π
------
2
π 6π π
b Change to a common denominator. 2π − --- = ------ − ---
3 3 3
5π
= ------ (or 300°)
3
3π
The angle is between ------ and 2π. y
2
O 2π
x
1
P ⎛⎝ 5π
------⎞
⎠
3π 3
------
2
Two angles drawn in standard position and having a common terminal side are called coterminal
angles. Coterminal angles differ by an integer multiple of 2π radians or 360°.
! Coterminal angles
If α and β are coterminal angles,
α − β = 2πn = n360°
where n = …, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …

Example 4
Which of the following pairs of angles are coterminal?
π 11π
a α = −135° and β = 585° b α = --- and β = ---------
3 3
Solution
a Calculate the difference between the α − β = −135° − 585° = −720°
angles. = (−2)360°
State the result. −135° and 585° are coterminal angles.
π 11π
b Calculate the difference between the α − β = --- − ---------
angles. 3 3
( 1 – 11 )π
= ------------------------
3
10π
= ---------
3
10 π 11π
------ is not an integer. State the result. --- and --------- are not coterminal angles.
3 3 3
Additional
Exercise Exercise 8.1 Degrees and radians
8.1
1 Find the value of each of the following angles drawn in standard position.
a y b y c y
60° θ θ
x π θ x 300° x
---
3
d y e y f y
3π
------
4 θ θ
π
120° θ x x ---
4
x
2 Express the following in radians, leaving your answers in terms of π.

a 60° b 45° c 90° d 135° e 120°
f 100° g 420° h 72° i 288°
3 Express the following in radians, correct to 4 decimal places where necessary.
a 90° b 56° c 140° d 185° e 276°
f 320° g 267.8° h 566.42° i 765.92°
4 Convert the following from radians to degrees, correct to 1 decimal place where necessary.
2π 5π 7π 6π 11π
a ------ b ------ c ------ d ------ e ---------
3 6 4 11 5
13π 15π 17π 15π
f --------- g --------- h --------- i ---------
8 8 3 7
294 New QMaths 11B

5 Convert the following from radians to degrees, correct to 1 decimal place where necessary.
a 1 b 2.2 c 0.8 d 3.3 e 2.06
f 5.45 g 0.07 h 5.55 i 7.89
6 Which of the following pairs are coterminal angles?
2π π
a −225° and 135° b −420° and 120° c – ------ and ---
3 3
7π π π 25π
d ------ and --- e 750° and 30° f – --- and – ---------
3 3 6 6
7 Simplify the following and represent the resulting angles in standard location on the
unit circle.
π 2π 2π 5π 3π
a π + --- b π − ------ c π + ------ d π − ------ e π − ------
4 3 3 6 4
2π 3π 2π 5π
f 2π − ------ g 2π + ------ h 2π + ------ i 2π − ------
3 4 3 6
Investigation Sectors and segments

The area of a sector or segment of a circle can be expressed as a rule involving the angle Extra
Material
subtended at the centre of the circle. The rule is simplest when the angle is expressed in radians.
Sectors and
Work in groups of three or four people to find the rules. segments
1 Write down the area of a circle.
2 Write the area of a sector as a fraction of the circle involving
the angle at the centre. Sector
3 Write a rule for the area of the sector, using the angle at the Segment
centre expressed in radians.
4 Write the area of a segment as the difference between the areas
of a sector and triangle.
5 Write the rule for the area of a segment.
6 Calculate the areas of some sectors and segments.
8.2 Trigonometric ratios and the unit

circle
The sine (sin), cosine (cos) and tangent (tan) trigonometric (trig)
ratios have already been defined using right-angled triangles as
follows:
opposite
se
sin θ = ---------------------------
nu
Opposite
e
hypotenuse
ot
yp
H
adjacent
cos θ = ---------------------------
hypotenuse
θ
opposite
tan θ = -------------------- Adjacent
adjacent

You can use a calculator to find decimal approximations of the values of trig ratios. It is possible
to find exact values of the trig ratios for the angles 30°, 45° and 60° by drawing special right-
angled triangles known as standard triangles and using previous definitions, as shown below.
π π π
Angle -- = 30° -- = 45° -- = 60°
6 4 3
45°
30°
sin
1
- 1
------ -----3- 2
2 2 2 3 2 1
1
cos -----3- 1
-----
- - 60° 45°
2 2 2
1
1 1
tan -----
- 1 3
3
The definitions of sin, cos and tan as previously described are restricted to angles up to 90°.
We can use the unit circle to extend the definitions to angles y
of any size. P(θ) = P(x, y)
Suppose the point P(θ) on the unit circle has coordinates (x, y), 1
y
so we can also write it as P(x, y).
θ A (1, 0)
Draw in a vertical line to make OBP as shown. O x B x
Then OB = x, BP = y and OP = 1.
Using OBP in the unit circle, we can see that:

y
sin θ = --- = y
1
x
cos θ = --- = x
1
y
tan θ = --
x
! Defining trigonometric ratios using the unit circle

If P(θ) = P(x, y) is a point on the unit circle found by y
P(θ) = P(x, y)
rotating the point A(1, 0) anticlockwise through an
angle of θ, then we define: 1
sin θ = y
θ A (1, 0)
cos θ = x O x
y sin θ
tan θ = -- = -----------
x cosθ
These definitions are sometimes extended further to a circle of radius r as follows:

y x y sin θ
sin θ = -- cos θ = -- tan θ = -- = -----------
r r x cosθ
296 New QMaths 11B

The previous definition can be used to assign values to the y

trig ratios for 0° (360°), 90°, 180° and 270°. 90° = π (0,1)
2
0 = 0° π 3π
Angle
2π = 360°
-- = 90° π = 180° ------ = 270°
2 2
sin 0 1 0 −1 (−1, 0) (1, 0)
x
180° = π 360° = 2π
cos 1 0 −1 0 (0° = 0)
tan 0 Not defined 0 Not defined

270° = 3π
2
(0, −1)
Example 5
Use the unit circle to find the value of:
a sin (−π) b sin (−90°) c tan 5π
Solution
a Draw a sketch. y
π
(−1, 0) −π x
From the sketch it is clear that sin (−π) = sin π.

State the result. sin (−π) = 0
b Draw a sketch. y
270°
−90° x
From the sketch it is clear that sin (−90°) = sin 270°. (0, −1)
State the result sin (−90°) = −1

c Draw a sketch. y
π
5π
(−1, 0) x
5π = 2(2π) + π, so 5π is coterminal with π.

From the sketch it is clear that tan 5π = tan π.
State the result. tan 5π = 0

Scientific and graphics calculators can both be used to find trigonometric ratios of angles
expressed in degrees or radians. It is important to check that the calculator is in the correct mode
for the angle measure before using it for evaluation. Scientific calculators normally have an
indication on the display. It usually has deg for degrees or rad for radians. Graphics calculators
normally show the angle measure in a SETUP or MODE menu. The values shown by calculators
are actually approximations, but these are sufficient for most purposes. However, it is still
important to be able to evaluate trigonometric ratios using only the acute values.
We can use the definitions of trig ratios with the unit circle to
y
work out the signs of the sin, cos and tan of an angle in any (0, 1)
quadrant of the circle:
■ sin θ = y, so sin θ will be positive in the quadrants where 2nd 1st
y is positive, i.e. the first and second quadrants. quadrant quadrant
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
■ cos θ = x, so cos θ will be positive in the quadrants where
3rd 4th x
x is positive, i.e. the first and fourth quadrants. quadrant quadrant
y
■ tan θ = -- , so tan θ will be positive when x and y have the
x
same sign, i.e. in the first and third quadrants. (0, −1)
This information can be summarised as follows.
! Signs of the trig ratios

1st quadrant: All ratios are positive (A)
2nd quadrant: Sin only is positive (S) S A
3rd quadrant: Tan only is positive (T)
4th quadrant: Cos only is positive (C) T C
The above can be remembered as the mnemonic ‘CAST’ or
‘All Science Teachers are Curious’.
We have previously seen how to use right-angled triangles to work out the values of trig ratios
for acute angles. We have also seen how to determine the signs of the trig ratios for any angle in
the unit circle. Now we will see how to use acute angles and the CAST diagram to find the values
of the trig ratios for any angle. y
Let’s begin with the second quadrant. For θ: P(−a, b)
−b
sin θ = b cos θ = −a tan θ = ------
a θ
x
Now draw in the acute angle between the terminal side of θ and y
the x-axis. This angle, β, is known as the reference angle. P(−a, b) Q(a, b)
Because β is an acute angle, we can draw it in the first quadrant
β θ β
to determine the values of its trig ratios. In the first quadrant:
b x
sin β = b cos β = a tan β = ---
a
So in the second quadrant:
sin θ = sin β cos θ = −cos β tan θ = −tan β
298 New QMaths 11B

This means that the values of sin, cos and tan for θ and β differ only in their signs. The sign of
the trig ratio can be determined using the CAST diagram.
Let’s see how this works with real values.
Example 6
Calculate the value of cos 150° without the aid of a calculator.
Solution
y
Draw a diagram showing 150° drawn in standard position.
S A
30° 150°
x
T C
Mark in the reference angle (30°).
Using CAST, we know that cos 150° is negative.
Use CAST and the reference angle. cos 150° = −cos 30°
3
Use the standard triangle. = − -------
2
A similar approach can be used for the third quadrant. For θ: y

b
sin θ = −b cos θ = −a tan θ = --- Q(a, b)
a
For the reference angle, β: β
b θ
sin β = b cos β = a tan β = --- β x
a
P(−a, −b)
So in the third quadrant:
sin θ = −sin β cos θ = −cos β tan θ = tan β
Example 7
Find the value of tan 225° without using a calculator.
Solution y
Draw a diagram showing 225° drawn in standard position.
S A
225°
45° x
T C
Using CAST, we know that tan 225° is positive.
Use CAST and the reference angle. tan 225° = tan 45°
Use the standard triangle. =1

In the fourth quadrant, for θ. y

−b
sin θ = −b cos θ = a tan θ = ------
a Q(a, b)
For the reference angle, β:
β
b θ
sin β = b cos β = a tan β = --- β x
a
P(a, −b)
So in the fourth quadrant:

sin θ = −sin β cos θ = cos β tan θ = −tan β
Example 8
Find the value of sin 330° without using a calculator.
Solution
Draw a diagram showing 330° drawn in standard position. y
300°
30° x

Using CAST, we know that sin 330° is negative.
Use CAST and the reference angle. sin 330° = −sin 30°
Use the standard triangle. = − 1---
2
The procedures on the previous pages can be used to find the value of any trigonometric ratio in
terms of an acute angle and are summarised below.
! Trigonometric ratios for an angle of any magnitude

For any angle drawn in standard position on the Cartesian y
plane, the acute angle between the terminal side of the
angle and the x-axis is known as the reference angle.
The reference angle is always taken to be positive. In the θ
diagram shown here, β is the reference angle for θ, which β x
is in the third quadrant of the Cartesian plane.
For any angle θ, use the following steps to find the value of
sin θ, cos θ or tan θ.
1 Draw θ in standard position on the Cartesian plane.
2 Calculate the reference angle, β, that corresponds to θ.
3 Use CAST to determine the sign (+ or −) of the value of the trig ratio.
4 Find the value of the required trig ratio for β and include the sign.
300 New QMaths 11B

Example 9
Find the exact value of:
11π 2π
a sin 225° b cos --------- c tan ------
6 3
Solution
a Draw a sketch. y
S A
225°
45° x
T C
Calculate the reference angle.
Using CAST, sin 225° is negative.
Write the trig ratio using the reference angle. sin 225° = −sin 45°
1
Use the standard triangle. = − -------
2
b Draw a sketch. y
S A
11π
6 π
6 x
T C
11π
Using CAST, cos --------- is positive.
6
11π π
Write the trig ratio using the reference angle. cos --------- = cos ---
6 6
3
Use the standard triangle. = -------
2
c Draw a sketch. y
S A
π 2π
3 3
x
T C
2π
Using CAST, tan ------ is negative.
3
2π π
Use the reference angle to write the trig ratio. tan ------ = −tan ---
3 3
Use the standard triangle. =− 3

Example 10
Find values of the following without using a calculator.
25π 11π
a cos 570° b sin − --------- c tan ---------
6 2
Solution
a Find θ (0° θ 360°) coterminal with 570°. cos 570° = cos (570° − 360°)
= cos 210°
Draw a sketch. y
S A
210°
30° x
T C
Using CAST, cos 570° (or cos 210°) is negative.
Write the trig ratio. cos 210° = −cos 30°
3
Use cos 570° = cos 210°. cos 570° = − -------
2
sin − --------- = sin ⎛ − --------- + ---------⎞
25π 25π 25π 36π
b Find θ (0 θ 2π) coterminal with − --------- .
6 6 ⎝ 6 6 ⎠
11π
= sin ---------
6
Draw a sketch. y
S A
11π
6 π
6 x
T C
Using CAST, sin − --------- ⎛ or sin ---------⎞ is negative.

25π 11π
6 ⎝ 6 ⎠
11π π
Write the trig ratio. sin --------- = −sin ---
6 6
25π 11π 25π 1
Use sin − --------- = sin --------- . sin − --------- = − ---
6 6 6 2
tan --------- = tan ⎛ --------- – ------⎞
11π 11π 11π 8π
c Find θ (0 θ 2π) coterminal with --------- .
2 2 ⎝ 2 2⎠
3π
= tan ------
2
3π
Use the table of values. tan ------ is not defined.
2
11π 3π 11π
Use tan --------- = tan ------ . The value of tan --------- is not defined.
2 2 2
302 New QMaths 11B

The same procedure can used to simplify expressions involving trig ratios.
Example 11
π
Simplify 2 sin x + sin (2π − x) where 0 x --- .
2
Solution
Draw a sketch for 2π − x. y
S A
2π − x
x x
T C
The reference angle is x.

(2π − x) is in the 4th quadrant, so sin (2π − x) is negative.
Use the reference angle. sin (2π − x) = −sin x
Substitute into the given expression. 2 sin x + sin (2π − x) = 2 sin x − sin x
Simplify. = sin x
The right-angled triangle formed by the reference angle in the unit circle is known as the
reference triangle.
! Reference triangle
The terminal side of the reference angle β meets the unit circle at P(a, b), where a or b
may be negative. The reference triangle is formed by drawing a perpendicular from
P to the x-axis. y
In the diagram at right, POM is the reference triangle
for β.
Using Pythagoras’s theorem we can see that
M a θ
a 2 + b2 = 1 β O x
b
1
P(a, b)
This definition can be extended beyond the unit circle y

reference angles.
θ a M
For the reference triangle POM, O β x
a2 + b2 = r2 b
r
So r= a2 + b2
P(a, b)

Example 12
The reference angle φ passes through P(5, −12). Use the reference triangle to find an
exact value for sin φ.
Solution
Draw a diagram and mark in the reference triangle. y
5 M
O φ x
−12
P (5, −12)
Use Pythagoras’s theorem. OP2 = 52 + (−12)2

OP is positive. = 13
12
Use the definition of sin. sin φ = − ------
13
Additional
Exercise
Exercise 8.2 Trigonometric ratios and the unit circle
8.2
1 Use the unit circle to find:
a cos 120° b sin 240° c tan 135°
d cos 300° e tan 210° f cos 330°
7π 3π 7π
a cos ------ b sin ------ c cos ------
4 4 6
11π 5π 5π
d tan --------- e sin ------ f cos ------
6 3 6
a sin 90° b cos π c tan 2π
3π
d cos ------ e tan 180° f tan 450°
2
2π 7π
a sin −60° b cos − ------ c tan − ------
3 4
d cos −π e tan −240° f cos −225°
5 If θ is drawn in standard position on the Cartesian plane, in which quadrants must the
terminal side of θ lie for the following to be true?
a cos θ 0 b tan θ 0 c sin θ 0
d tan θ 0 e sin θ 0 f cos θ 0
6 a What is the greatest value of y in the unit circle?
b What is the smallest value of y in the unit circle?
c What is the range of sin θ?
7 a What is the greatest value of x in the unit circle?
b What is the smallest value of x in the unit circle?
c What is the range of cos θ?
304 New QMaths 11B

y
8 a Does -- have a greatest or least value when x and y are in the unit circle?
x
b What is the range of tan θ?
y
c Are there any values of θ for which -- is not defined?
x
d What is the domain of tan θ?
9 In each of the following cases, verify that P lies on the unit circle. If θ is an angle drawn in
standard position and its terminal side passes through P, find the exact values of sin θ, cos θ
and tan θ without actually calculating the value of θ.
a P ⎛ ---, ---⎞ b P ⎛ − ------, ------⎞ c P ⎛ -------, − -------⎞
3 4 12 5 1 1
⎝ 5 5⎠ ⎝ 13 13⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
d P ⎛ − -------, ---⎞ e P ⎛ ---, − -------⎞ f P ⎛ − -------, − -------⎞
3 1 1 3 1 1
⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
10 In each of the following cases, θ is an angle drawn in standard position. Without actually
calculating the value of θ, find the exact values of the other two trig ratios using the
information supplied.
4 5
a sin θ = --- and θ is in quadrant 1 b cos θ = ------ and θ is in quadrant 1
5 13
7 3
c cos θ = − ------ and θ is in quadrant 2 d sin θ = − --- and θ is in quadrant 3
25 5
1 1
e sin θ = − ------- and θ is in quadrant 4 f cos θ = ------- and θ is in quadrant 1
2 2
24 12
g cos θ = − ------ and θ is in quadrant 3 h sin θ = ------ and θ is in quadrant 2
25 13
11 In each of the following cases, the reference angle β passes through point P. Use the
reference triangle to find the exact values of sin β and cos β.
a P(3, 4) b P(−5, 12) c P(7, −24)
d P(−1, −1) e P(4, −3) f P(−12, 5)
12 Find the exact values of:
a sin 225° b cos 150° c tan 330°
d cos −135° e tan 315° f sin −210°
g tan −240° h cos 300° i sin −120°
7π 5π 3π 4π
a sin ------ b cos ------ c tan − ------ d cos − ------
6 6 4 3
11π 7π 5π
e tan --------- f sin ------ g sin −π h cos ------
6 4 3
4π π π 5π
i tan − ------ j cos − --- k sin − --- l sin ------
3 3 3 3
7π 3π 3π
a sin −2π b cos ------ c sin − ------ d cos − ------
4 2 2
7π 3π 2π
e cos ------ f tan −π g sin − ------ h cos − ------
6 4 3
5π 7π 7π π
i sin ------ j tan ------ k tan − ------ l sin ---
3 4 6 3


13π 17π 5π
a sin --------- b cos --------- c tan −4π d cos − ------
6 6 2
19π 11π 7π
e sin −540° f tan --------- g tan − --------- h sin ------
6 4 2
i cos 600° j cos −570° k tan −390° l sin 690°
Modelling and problem solving
16 Simplify the following.
a tan (π + x) + 3 tan x b cos (π − x) + cos (2π − x)
c sin (π + 5y) − 5 sin 5y d cos (π + x) + 2 cos (2π − x)
e sin (y + 2π) − 3 sin y f cos (2π + g) − 3 cos (π − g)
g tan (q + π) + 3 tan (q − π) h 4 sin (m + π) + 3 sin (m − 2π)
i 3 sin (π − c) + 2 sin (π + c)
8.3 Trigonometric graphs

The graphs of the sine, cosine and tangent functions may be drawn by using their definitions
and knowledge of the unit circle.
Graph of the sine function

π π
1 Construct a unit circle on some graph paper, and on its circumference mark P ⎛ ------⎞ , P ⎛ ---⎞ ,
⎝ 12⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
π
P ⎛ ---⎞ , …, P ⎛ ---------⎞ by drawing diameters as shown in the diagram below.
23π
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
2 Construct Cartesian axes with θ running from −π to 3π and y from −1 to 1 aligned with
π
the unit circle. Mark the θ-axis in units of ------ as shown.
12
3 Now, sin θ = y = y-coordinate of P. So the graph of y = sin θ can be drawn by transferring the
y-coordinates of the points P(θ) on the unit circle to the Cartesian axes. This can be done
physically as shown.
y
1
1
y = sin θ
−π π 2π 3π θ
−1
−1
The graph above has been extended before 0 and past 2π using the symmetry of a circle or
periodic nature of the sine function. The sign of the graph (whether it is above or below the axis)
also matches the previous work on the sign of the trig ratios in each quadrant, as shown at the top
of the following page.
306 New QMaths 11B

y
1
+S +A
π π 3π 2π θ
--- ------
−T −C 2 2
−1
Graph of the cosine function

A similar method can be used to draw a graph of the cosine function,
y = cos θ. However, the lengths of the x-coordinates must be used for
cos, so it is necessary to transfer the lengths to the graph using a pair
of dividers.
y
1
y = cos θ
−π π 2π 3π θ
2
−1
The resulting graph of y = cos θ shares many similar features with the graph of y = sin θ.
Graph of the tangent function

To draw the graph of the tangent function, we begin as for the sine and cosine except that the
tangent, AT, is drawn to touch the unit circle at A. OP is extended to meet the tangent at T.
Now OMP ||| OAT
y AT
So -- = -------- = AT P T
x 1 1
Thus tan θ = AT θ y
x M A
So tan θ = length of tangent cut off by the extended radius. O
That is, tan θ = y-coordinate of T.
In the fourth quadrant, this is negative. In the second and third quadrants, the radius is extended
backwards to meet the tangent.
T
θ
A θ A θ A
T
T

π π
For convenience, it is best to start plotting the graph y = tan θ between − --- and --- .
2 2
y
2
y = tan θ
1
−π π 2π θ
−1
−2
By looking ate the graphs of y = sin θ, y = cos θ and y = tan θ, you can see that these are all
periodic functions. Periodic functions were discussed in Chapter 4. You can also see that
y = cos θ and y = sin θ have the same period and amplitude.
A graphics calculator can also be used to draw graphs of the trigonometric functions, as already
seen in Chapter 4.
Example 13
Use a graphics calculator to draw the graph of y = sin θ from θ = −4π to 4π.
Solution
Use SETUP or MODE to set the calculator to radian measure.
Put the function in as Y1 = SIN ( X,T,θ,n ) .
π
Set the WINDOW (or V-Window) so that X goes from −4π to 4π in units of --- , and so that
4
Y goes from −1 to 1 in units of 0.2. GRAPH the function to obtain:
Casio fx-9860G AU Texas Instruments TI-84 Sharp EL-9900
Additional
Exercise
Exercise 8.3 Trigonometric graphs
8.3
For questions 1 to 3, you may wish to print and use the blank grid on the CD-ROM.
1 Use a unit circle and graph paper to draw the graph of y = sin θ from θ = −2π to 2π.
Teacher Notes
2 Use a unit circle and graph paper to draw the graph of y = cos θ from θ = −2π to 2π.
3 Use a unit circle and graph paper to draw the graph of y = tan θ from θ = −π to π.
308 New QMaths 11B

4 Use the following graphs of y = sin θ and y = cos θ to answer the questions below.
y
1 y = sin x
0.5
π 2π 3π 4π x
−0.5
y = cos x
−1
a What are the periods and amplitudes of the sine and cosine functions?
b Comment on the similarities and differences of the graphs.
5 a Use a graphics calculator to draw the graph of y = tan θ from θ = −2π to 2π.
b What are the period and amplitude of the tangent function?
8.4 Trigonometric functions and

applications
To emphasise the fact that the variable is considered to be a real number instead of an angle, we
use the symbol x instead of θ in most applications of trigonometric functions. The nature of the
basic graphs is summarised below and on the next page.
! Basic trigonometric functions

y = sin x y
1
Domain = real numbers y = sin x
Range is −1 y 1.
Period = 2π
−π π π π 3π 2π x
Amplitude = 1 − --- --- ------
2 2 2
−1
Zeros are at nπ: …, −2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π, …
( 4n + 1 )π 3π π 5π
Maxima are at ------------------------- : …, − ------ , --- , ------ , …
2 2 2 2
( 4n + 3 )π π 3π 7π
Minima are at ------------------------- : …, − --- , ------ , ------ , …
2 2 2 2
y = cos x y
1
Domain = real numbers y = cos x
Range is −1 y 1.
Period = 2π −π π π π 3π 2π x
− --- --- ------
Amplitude = 1 2 2 2
−1
( 2n + 1 )π 3π π π 3π 5π 7π
Zeros are at ------------------------- : …, − ------ , − --- , --- , ------ , ------ , ------ …
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Maxima are at 2nπ: …, −2π, 0, 2π, 4π, … Minima are at (2n + 1)π: …, −π, π, 3π, …

y = tan x
Domain = real numbers y
π 4
except odd multiples of --- y = tan x
2 3
Range = real numbers
2
Period = π 1
Amplitude = infinite
−π π π π 3π 2π x
− --- −1 --- ------
2 2 2
−2
−3
−4
Zeros are at nπ: …, −2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π, …

( 2n + 1 )π 3π π π 3π 5π 7π
The graph of tan x has asymptotes at ------------------------- : …, − ------ , − --- , --- , ------ , ------ , ------ , …
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
At these values, the function is undefined, but near them the graph becomes very large or
very small.
Some trigonometric function graphs have been shown in Chapter 4 as examples of periodic
functions. In this section a more systematic study is made of the sine and cosine functions.
Example 14
Make a table of values and hence sketch the graph of y = 3 sin x from −π to 2π. Comment
on the relationship with the graph of y = sin x.
Solution
π
Set up the table with values at every --- . Round values of 3 sin x to 1 decimal place.
6
5π 2π π π π π π π
x −π − ----- − ----- − -- − -- − -- 0 -- -- --
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2
3 sin x 0 −1.5 −2.6 −3 −2.6 −1.5 0 1.5 2.6 3
2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
x ----- ----- π ----- ----- ----- ----- -------- 2π
3 6 6 3 2 3 6
3 sin x 2.6 1.5 0 −1.5 −2.6 −3 −2.6 −1.5 0
Sketch the graph, using knowledge of the basic shape of y = sin x to complete the curve.
y
3 y = 3 sin x
2
y = sin x
1
−π π −1 π π 3π 2π x
− --- --- ------
2 −2 2 2
−3
The graph of y = 3 sin x is stretched vertically by a factor of 3 compared with y = sin x.
310 New QMaths 11B

Example 15
Use a graphics calculator to draw the graph of y = cos x + 2 from −π to 2π. Comment on
the relationship with the graph of y = cos x.
Solution
Enter the function as Y1 = COS ( X,T,θ,n ) + 2.
Set the WINDOW (or V-Window) so that: Xmin = −π Ymin = 0
Xmax = 2π Ymax = 4
Xscl = π 6 Yscl = 1
Then GRAPH the function.
The display on your graphics calculator should look
something like this. There will be minor variations
depending on the brand of calculator, but the major
features of the graph will be the same.
The graph of y = cos x + 2 is translated 2 units
upwards compared with the graph of y = cos x.
Example 16
Make a table of values and hence sketch the graph of y = cos 3x from −π to 2π. Comment
on its relationship with the graph of y = cos x.
Solution
π is about −3.1 and 2π is about 6.3.
Make a table of values from −3.2 to 6.4.
x −3.2 −2.8 −2.4 −2 −1.6 −1.2 −0.8 −0.4 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
cos 3x −1.0 −0.5 0.6 1.0 0.1 −0.9 −0.7 0.4 1 0.4 −0.7 −0.9 0.1
x 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.6 6 6.4

cos 3x 1.0 0.6 −0.5 −1.0 −0.2 0.8 0.8 −0.3 −1.0 −0.5 0.7 0.9
Sketch the graph, using your knowledge of the basic shape of y = cos x.
y
1 y = cos x y = cos 3x
−3.2 −2.4 −1.6 −0.8 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4 4.8 5.6 6.4 x
−1
The graph of y = cos 3x is compressed horizontally by a factor of 3 compared with the

graph of y = cos x. The period of y = cos 3x is 1--- of the period of y = cos x.
3

Example 17
π
Use a graphics calculator to compare the graphs of y = 2 sin 3x and y = 2 sin ⎛ 3x – ---⎞ .
⎝ 4⎠
Solution
Enter the functions in Y1 and Y2 and set the WINDOW (or V-Window) to show X from
π π π
− --- to --- with an X-scale (Xscl) of ------ and Y from −2 to 2 with a Y-scale (Yscl) of 0.5.
2 2 12
Then GRAPH the functions. y = 2 sin 3x
π
The display on your graphics calculator should y = 2 sin (3x − --- )
4
look something like this. There will be minor
variations depending on the brand of calculator,
but the major features of the graph are the same.
π π
The graph of y = 2 sin ⎛ 3x – ---⎞ is translated ------ to the right compared with the graph
⎝ 4 ⎠ 12
of y = 2 sin 3x.
π π
There is a horizontal shift of --- ÷ 3 = ------ to the right compared with y = 2 sin 3x.
4 12
After working through the previous examples, you should be able to see that the following rules
apply to general graphs of the sine and cosine functions.
! The graphs of the functions

y = A sin (Bx + C) + D and y = A cos (Bx + C) + D
are related to graphs of the functions y = sin x and y = cos x by:
Vertical translation of D
For D 0 it is upwards and for D 0 it is downwards.
y y
3 y = sin x + 2 1 y = cos x
2 0
π 2π 3π x
1 −1
0 −2
π 2π 3π x
−1 −3 y = cos x − 2
y = sin x
Horizontal translation of C ---

B
C C
For ---- 0 it is to the left and for ---- 0 it is to the right.
B B
y y
y = sin x y = cos x
1 1
0 0
π 2π 3π x π 2π 3π x
−1 −1
y = sin (x − π) y = cos (x + π )
2 2
312 New QMaths 11B

Horizontal change of scale of B

1
For B 1 it compresses by a factor of B and for 0 B 1 it stretches by a factor of --- .
If B is negative, the graph is reflected in the y-axis, so the x values swap. B
y y
y = sin x y = cos x
1 1
0 0
π 2π 3π x π 2π 3π x
−1 y = sin π −1
2 y = cos 3x
Vertical change of scale of A

1
For A 1 it stretches by a factor of A and for 0 A 1 it compresses by a factor of --- .
If A is negative, the graph is inverted (reflected in the x-axis). A
y y
3 y = cos x
y = 3 sin x 1
2
0.5 y = 1 cos x
1 2
0 0
y = sin x π 2π 3π x π 2π 3π x
−1 −0.5
−2
−3 −1
! Summary of the features of sine and cosine functions

For the functions y = A sin (Bx + C) + D = A sin B ⎛ x + ----⎞ + D
C
⎝ B⎠
y = A cos (Bx + C) + D = A cos B ⎛ x + ----⎞ + D
C
and
⎝ B⎠
■ the amplitude is the magnitude of A
2π
■ the period is ------
B
C
■ the value ---- is called the phase shift and is the horizontal translation
B
■ the average (mean) value is D.
! Sketching trigonometric graphs

Graphs of sine and cosine functions may be sketched from the equation by two methods:
Method 1: Identify the translations and changes of scale from the equation.
Method 2: Identify the:
■ starting point
■ zeros
■ end of a cycle
■ maxima and minima.
π 3π
Find the values of x that produce the sine or cosine of 0, --- , π, ------ and 2π and the
corresponding values of y. 2 2

Example 18
π
Without using a calculator or a table of values, sketch the graph of y = 4 sin ⎛ 2x + ---⎞ − 3.
⎝ 6⎠
Solution
Method 1
Consider first the graph It has the basic shape of the sine function, but is
of the simplified function compressed by a horizontal factor of 2, so the period is
y = 4 sin 2x. π instead of 2π. It is stretched vertically by a factor of 4,
so the amplitude is 4.
The graph of y = 4 sin 2x is shown in green below.
π
Now consider the translations It is translated to the left by a phase shift of ------
to obtain (compared with y = 4 sin 2x). 12
π
y = 4 sin ⎛ 2x + ---⎞ − 3 It is translated 3 downwards, so the average value is −3.
⎝ 6⎠
The final graph is shown in blue below.
π ⎞ − 3.
= 4 sin 2 ⎛ x – -----
-
⎝ 12⎠
Method 2
π
Find (x, y) when we get sin 0 = 0. 2x + --- = 0
6
π
x = − ------
12
y = 4 sin 0 − 3 = −3
π
The ‘first’ cycle starts at ⎛ – ------ , – 3⎞ .
⎝ 12 ⎠
π π π
Find (x, y) so we get sin --- = 1. 2x + --- = ---
2 6 2
π π
x = --- , so the point is ⎛ --- , 1⎞ .
6 ⎝6 ⎠
π
Find (x, y) so we get sin π = 0. 2x + --- = π
6
x = ------ , so the point is ⎛ ------ , – 3⎞ .
5π 5π
12 ⎝ 12 ⎠
3π π 3π
Find (x, y) so we get sin ------ = −1. 2x + --- = ------
2 6 2
x = ------ , so the point is ⎛ ------ , – 7⎞ .
2π 2π
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
π
Find (x, y) so we get sin 2π = 0. 2x + --- = 2π
6
x = --------- , so the point is ⎛ --------- , – 3⎞ .
11π 11π
12 ⎝ 12 ⎠
The five points are shown on the ‘first’ cycle graph below in blue.
y
y = 4 sin 2x 4
2
−π π π π 5π π 2π 11π π x
− --- −------ --- ------ --- ------ ---------
2 12 6 12 2 3 12
−4
−6 π
y = 4 sin (2x + --- ) − 3
−8 6
314 New QMaths 11B

Example 19
π
Without using a calculator or a table of values, sketch the graph of y = 1 − 2 cos ⎛ 3x – ------⎞ .
⎝ 12⎠
Check your sketch with the aid of a graphics calculator.
Solution
Method 1
Consider first the graph It has the basic shape of the cosine function, but is
of the simplified function compressed by a horizontal factor of 3, so the period
y = −2 cos 3x. 2π
is ------ instead of 2π.
3
It is stretched vertically by a factor of 2, so the
amplitude is 2. The graph is inverted from the cosine
graph because of the negative sign.
The graph of y = −2 cos 3x is shown in green below.
π
Consider the translations to obtain It is translated to the right by a phase shift of ------
(compared with y = −2 cos 3x). 36
π
y = 1 − 2 cos ⎛ 3x – ------⎞
⎝ 12⎠ It is translated 1 upwards, so the average value is 1.
π
= 1 − 2 cos 3 ⎛ x – ------⎞ . The final graph is shown in blue below.
⎝ 36⎠
Method 2
π⎞
⎛ 3x – -----
Find (x, y) so we get cos 0 = 1. - =0
⎝ 12⎠
π π
x = ------ , so the ‘first’ point is ⎛ ------ , – 1⎞ .
36 ⎝ 36 ⎠
π ⎛ π ⎞ π
Find (x, y) so we get cos --- = 0. 3x – ------ = ---
2 ⎝ 12⎠ 2
x = ------ , so the point is ⎛ ------ , 1⎞ .
7π 7π
36 ⎝ 36 ⎠
π⎞
⎛ 3x – -----
Find (x, y) so we get cos π = −1. - =π
⎝ 12⎠
x = --------- , so the point is ⎛ --------- , 3⎞ .
13π 13π
36 ⎝ 36 ⎠
3π π⎞
⎛ 3x – ----- 3π
Find (x, y) so we get cos ------ = 0. - = ------
2 ⎝ 12⎠ 2
x = --------- , so the point is ⎛ --------- , 1⎞ .
19π 19π
36 ⎝ 36 ⎠
π⎞
⎛ 3x – -----
Find (x, y) so we get cos 2π = 1. - = 2π
⎝ 12⎠
x = --------- , so the point is ⎛ --------- , – 1⎞ .
25π 25π
36 ⎝ 36 ⎠
The five points are shown on the ‘first’ cycle graph below in blue.
y
π 4
y = 1 − 2 cos (3x +------ )
12 3
2
y = −2 cos 3x 1
π π π π 3π x
− --- − --- −1 --- --- ------
2 4 4 2 4
−2
π 7π 13π 19π
---------
25π
---------
−3 ------ ------ ---------
36 36 36 36 36

Your graphics calculator should show similar results for Examples 17 and 18, allowing for
differences in scales.
The sine and cosine functions can be used to model a wide range of periodic phenomena to a
high degree of accuracy.
A sinusoidal model has the shape of the sine graph. This can be sine or cosine, whichever is
more convenient.
Example 20
In a harbour, high tides occur 12 h 20 min apart. The depth of water at the entrance bar
is 2.8 m at low tide and 8.4 m at high tide. A high tide occurs at 2 am on 3 October.
a Sketch a rough version of the tidal heights.
b Find a sinusoidal model for the depth of the water, d, as a function of the time t hours
since midnight on 3 October.
c Find the depth of water at 4 pm on 5 October.
d Use a graphics calculator to find the times on 3 October at which a ship with a draught
of 5 m can enter the harbour.
Solution
a Low tides occur halfway between high tides, so the next low tide will be 6 h 10 min
after 2 am, at 8:10 am.
The average depth will be halfway between the tides, so the first average depth will
occur 3 h 5 min after 2 am, which is 5:05 am. The depth will be (8.4 + 2.8) 2 = 5.6 m.
We can continue adding 3 h 5 min to the last times to get the following times and
depths.
Time 2:00 am 5:05 am 8:10 am 11:15 am 2:20 pm 5:25 pm 8:30 pm 11:35 pm
d (m) 8.4 5.6 2.8 5.6 8.4 5.6 2.8 5.6
Draw a sketch using the points found and knowledge of the shape of sine and cosine.
d (m)
8
0
4 8 12 16 20 24 t (h)
b Since the graph starts near a maximum, it is more appropriate to use cosine than sine.
y = A cos B ⎛ x + ----⎞ + D
C
Write the cosine function.
⎝ B⎠
Find the amplitude. Amplitude = (8.4 − 2.8) 2 m
A = 2.8 m
Find the period. Period = 12 1--- h
3
37
= ------ h
3
316 New QMaths 11B

2π 37 2π
Use period = ------ . ------ = ------
B 3 B
6π
Rearrange to find B. B = ------
37
Find the phase shift. Maximum is 2 hours after t = 0.
C
Phase shift ---- = −2 h
B
Find the mean value. D = (8.4 + 2.8) 2 = 5.6 m
Choose variables. t = x, d = y
Use y = A cos B ⎛ x + ----⎞ + D.
C 6π
d = 2.8 cos ------ (t − 2) + 5.6
⎝ B⎠ 37
6π
c At 4 pm on 5 October, t = 64 h. d = 2.8 cos ------ (64 − 2) + 5.6
37
≈ 8.36 m
d Enter the function in Y1. Y1 = 2.8 cos (6π 37 × (X − 2)) + 5.6
Use VARS to enter Y2. Y2 = Y1 − 5
Turn Y1 off:
■ For the Casio, use the SEL F1 key to select Y2.
■ For the Texas Instruments, place the cursor over Y1 and press ENTER .
■ For the Sharp, do the same as for the Texas Instruments.
GRAPH the function Y2.

The display on your graphics calculator
should look something like this. There will
be minor variations depending on the brand
of calculator, but the major features of the
graph will be the same.
Find the zeros of Y2:
■ For the Casio, use ROOT in G-Solv, and press the right cursor to get each value.
■ For the Texas Instruments, use 2:zero in CALC and appropriate guesses to get each
value.
■ For the Sharp, use 5 X_Incpt in CALC repeatedly to get each value.
Using CALC or G-Solv gives X = 5.5072446, X = 10.826089,
X = 17.840578, X = 23.159422
Change to times and write answers. The ship could enter from midnight
to 5:30 am, from 10:50 am to 5:50
pm, and after 11:10 pm.
An alternative method is to draw graphs of
Y1 = 2.8 cos (6π 37 × (X − 2)) + 5.6 and
Y2 = 5 using a graphics calculator, then find
the intersections of the graphs in a similar
way to the zeros.

Investigation Musical beats

To tune a guitar, the frets are used to play a note on one string that should be the same as the base
note of the next string. When the strings are in tune, the notes will be the same. When the strings
are quite out of tune, they sound quite different. When they are close, but not quite the same, the
sound will seem to beat (fade and strengthen rhythmically). This can be shown quite easily on a
graphics calculator.
1 Consider a note that should have a frequency
of 440 Hz. Store this in the memory in C.
Store 442 in the memory in D.
Put in Y1 = sin (2π C X), Y2 = sin (2π D X) and
Y3 = Y1 + Y2, and turn Y1 and Y2 off.
Set the WINDOW (or V-Window) with X from
0 to 5 and Y from −3 to 3. GRAPH the result.
Change D to 441 and graph it again.
Change D to 440.2, change X to go from 0 to
20 and graph again.
Find what note corresponds to 440 Hz.
2 Try different values of C and D.
3 What do you find?
4 Write a short account of your results.
Additional
Exercise
Exercise 8.4 Trigonometric functions and applications
8.4
1 For 0 x 2π, sketch a graph of each of the following and check with a graphics calculator.
a y = 2 sin x b y = 1--- sin x c y = 3 cos x d y = 2 sin x + 1
2
2 For −π x π, sketch a graph of each of the following and check with a graphics
calculator.
a y = sin 2x b y = sin 1--- x c y = cos 3x d y = sin 2x + 3
2
3 Sketch a graph of each of the following and check with a graphics calculator, showing a
full cycle.
a y = 3 sin 4x b y = 1--- cos 3x c y = 5 sin 2x d y = 1--- sin 8x + 4
2 3
4 Sketch graphs of the following and check with a graphics calculator, showing a full cycle
of each.
π π
a y = sin ⎛ x – ---⎞ b y = sin ⎛ x + ---⎞ c y = cos ⎛ x – π
---⎞ d y = cos ⎛ x + π
---⎞
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
e y = 2 sin ⎛ x – π ---⎞ f y = 2 sin ⎛ x + π π
---⎞ g y = 3 cos ⎛ x – ---⎞ h y = 3 cos ⎛ x + π ---⎞
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
5 Sketch graphs of the following and check with a graphics calculator, showing a full cycle
of each.
a y = 4 sin 2 ⎛ x – π
---⎞ + 2 b y = 2 cos 3 ⎛ x + π---⎞ − 3 c y = 5 sin 4 ⎛ x + π---⎞ − 2
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 8⎠
π
d y = 3 cos 2 ⎛ x – π---⎞ + 4 e y = 4 − 2 cos 4 ⎛ x + π ---⎞ f y = 3 − 3 sin 2 ⎛ x – ---⎞
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
318 New QMaths 11B

6 Sketch graphs and check with a graphics calculator, showing a full cycle of each.
π
a y = 2 sin ⎛ 2x – ---⎞ + 3 c y = 4 − 3 sin ⎛ 6x + ------⎞
b y = 3 cos (4x + π) − 2
3π
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
d y = 5 cos ⎛ 2x – 3π
------⎞ − 3 e y = 3 − 5 cos ⎛ 3x – π
---⎞ f y = 4 − 3 sin ⎛ 4x + π
---⎞
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
π
7 The depth of water, d(t) m, at a pier changes according to the rule d(t) = 5 + 2 cos ⎛ ---⎞ t
⎝ 6⎠
where t is time in hours from high tide. On 18 March, high tide was at 7:30 am.
a Draw a sketch showing the depth of water for the 24 hours after 7:30 am on 18 March.
b When was the first low tide on that day?
c When was the water at a depth of 6 m?
d How long is it between low tide and high tide?
πt
8 The sales, S in 100s of units, of a seasonal product are modelled by S = 54.8 + 32.5 cos -----
where t is the time in months (t = 1 is January and t = 12 is December). 6
a Draw a graph of the sales for a period of 12 months.
b Use the graph to determine the months for which sales exceed 6800 units.
9 In an unusual meteorological investigation, the temperature, T °C, in a town in central
Queensland was found to fluctuate approximately according to the rule T = 25 + 6 sin 0.1πt
where t is the number of hours after 10:00 am.
a Sketch a graph of the temperature fluctuations for a sufficient number of hours to be able
to determine the maximum and minimum temperatures for that day and the next night.
b Use the graph to determine the maximum and minimum temperatures.
c When did they occur?
d At what time was the temperature: i 27°C? ii 20°C?
e Why was this unusual?
10 In Calcutta, the highest mean monthly temperature is 29.45°C in June and the lowest is
18.3°C in December. Find a model for the temperature throughout the year and graph it.
11 In Upernivik, Greenland, the average temperature varies between −23°C in January and 5°C
in July. Find and graph a model for the average temperature.
P
12 A large hoop is rolling along the ground. The vertical distance
above the ground of a point P on the rim of the hoop is given by
y = 1.25 − 1.25 cos 2πt where y is in metres and t is in seconds.
Find the first three times at which P is 2.00 m above the ground.
13 The time between successive high tides at a pier is
12 h 20 min. The average depth of water is 4 m, but at
low tide it is 3.1 m. Write an equation to model this
relationship and use it to find the lengths of time that a
boat with a draught of 3.5 m and 4.5 m can use the pier.
14 An oscilloscope tracing signals from a microphone
shows a sinusoidal curve. The amplitude relates to the
volume of the sound while the frequency gives the pitch.
A violin string vibrates at 200 Hz (1 Hz is 1 vibration
per second). The oscilloscope trace amplitude is 12 V.
a Find the period of the sound wave.
b Write an equation for the sound wave.

Chapter summary
■ The radian measure (c or rad) of a central angle θ is the ratio of the l

arc length (l) to the length of the radius (r) subtended the centre of
the circle. θ
l
θ = - or l = r θ r
r
■ Radians can be converted to degrees using formulas:
180° π
Radians to degrees: θd = -----------θ r Degrees to radians θr = -----------θ d
π 180°
■ Some radian to degree conversions should be committed to memory:
3π π π π π
2π = 360° ------ = 270° π = 180° --- = 90° --- = 60° --- = 45° --- = 30°
2 2 3 4 6
■ On a Cartesian coordinate plane, an angle is in standard position when the initial side of the
angle is along the positive x-axis and the vertex of the angle is at the origin.
■ When drawn in standard position, angles are measured as positive in the anticlockwise
direction and negative in the clockwise direction.
■ Coterminal angles differ by an integer multiple of 2π radians or 360°.
■ The trigonometric ratios may be defined in terms of the y

P(θ) = P(x, y)
unit circle as:
1
sin θ = y = y-coordinate of P y
cos θ = x = x-coordinate of P θ A (1, 0)
O x B x
y y-coordinate of P
tan θ = -- = ------------------------------------------
x x-coordinate of P
Standard triangles may be used to find

π
the trigonometric ratios for the angle 45° ⎛ ---⎞ ,
⎝ 4⎠ 2 30°
π π
30° ⎛ ---⎞ and 60° ⎛ ---⎞ .
2
1 3
⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
45° 60°
1 1
■ CAST can be used to determine the signs of trig ratios:
1st quadrant: All ratios are positive (A)
2nd quadrant: Sin only is positive (S) S A
3rd quadrant: Tan only is positive (T) T C

4th quadrant: Cos only is positive (C)
■ The reference angle (β) is the acute angle between the terminal y
side of an angle drawn in standard position (θ) and the x-axis.
θ
β x
320 New QMaths 11B

Chapter summary
■ The value of sin, cos or tan for any angle θ, may be found by:
1 Drawing θ in standard position.
2 Calculating the reference angle β:
3 Using CAST to determine the sign (+ or −).
4 Finding the value of the trig ratio for β including the sign.
■ POM is the reference triangle for reference angle β. y
For the reference triangle POM, θ a M
a2 + b2 = r2 O β x
So r= a2 + b2 r
b
P (a, b)
■ For the functions y = sin x and y = cos x:

– domain = real numbers – range is −1 y 1
– period = 2π – amplitude = 1
y y
1 y = sin x 1 y = cos x
−π π π π 3π 2π x −π π π π 3π 2π x
− --- --- ------ − --- --- ------
2 2 2 2 2 2
−1 −1
■ For the function y = tan x: y

π
– domain = real numbers, except odd multiples of --- 4 y = tan x
2
– range = real numbers
– period = π
– amplitude is infinite.
−π − π
---
π
--- π 3π
------ 2π x
2 2 2
−4
■ For the functions y = A sin (Bx + C) + D = A sin B ⎛ x + ----⎞ + D

C
⎝ B⎠
⎛ C ⎞
and y = A cos (Bx + C) + D = A cos B x + ---- + D:
⎝ B⎠
– the amplitude is A
2π
– the period is ------
B
C
– the value ---- is called the phase shift and is the horizontal translation
B
– the average (mean) value is D and is the vertical translation.
■ Sine and cosine graphs may be sketched using translations and changes of scale or by
finding the five important points in a cycle.

Chapter review
Knowledge and procedures

Ex 8.1 1 Find the value of each of the following angles drawn in standard position.
a y b y c y
θ θ θ
4π
x π x 3 x
310° 6
d y e y f y
π
θ 6 θ θ
x x 5π x
135° 6
Ex 8.1 2 Express the following in radians, leaving your answers in terms of π.

a 270° b 225° c 240°
d 160° e 330° f 288°
5π
Ex 8.1 3 On a unit circle, an arc of length ------ subtends an angle at the centre of:
6
A 120° B 135° C 60° D 150° E 210°
Ex 8.1 4 2.3c in degrees is given by:
π 180° π 2.3
A 2.3 × ----------- B 2.3 × ----------- C π − 2.3 D 2.3 − --- E -------
180° π 2 2π
Ex 8.1 5 Express in radians correct to 4 decimal places.
a 47° b 220.75°
Ex 8.1 6 Express in degrees, correct to 1 decimal place.
3π
a ------ b 0.43
4
π
Ex 8.1 7 Which angle is larger: --- or 30°?
3
Ex 8.1 8 Which of the following pairs are coterminal angles?
5π 7π
a 186° and −534° b −320° and 500° c – ------ and ------
6 6
Ex 8.1 9 Simplify the following and represent the resulting angles in standard location on the unit
circle.
5π π 3π
a π + ------ b π − --- c π + ------
6 3 4
Ex 8.1 10 If θ is drawn in standard position on the Cartesian plane, in which quadrants must the
terminal side of θ lie for the following to be true?
a cos θ 0 b tan θ 0 c sin θ 0
Ex 8.2 11 Draw unit circles and use them to find sin 270° and cos −60°.
π 7π
Ex 8.2 12 Draw standard triangles and use them to find tan --- and sin ------ .
3 4
322 New QMaths 11B
Chapter review
5π
13 Show the angle ------ on a unit circle and give the third- and fourth-quadrant angles with Ex 8.2
6
cosines of the same magnitude.
4π
14 The exact value of sin ------ is: Ex 8.2
3
3 3
A 240° B 60° C − 1--- D − ------- E -------
2 2 2
15 cos (π + x) = Ex 8.2
A cos x B sin x C −cos x D −sin x E π + cos x
16 Find the exact values of: Ex 8.2
a sin 210° b cos −120° c tan 300°
5π 4π 5π
d sin − ------ e cos ------ f tan − ------
3 3 4
17 In each of the following cases, verify that P lies on the unit circle. If θ is an angle drawn in Ex 8.2
standard position and its terminal side passes through P, find the exact values of sin θ, cos θ
and tan θ without actually calculating the value of θ.
a P ⎛ − ---, − ---⎞ b P ⎛ ------, – 12
------⎞
4 3 5
⎝ 5 5⎠ ⎝ 13 13⎠
18 In each of the following cases, θ is an angle drawn in standard position. Without actually Ex 8.2
calculating the value of θ, find the exact value of the other two trig ratios using the
information supplied.
5 3
a sin θ = ------ and θ is in quadrant 2 b cos θ = --- and θ is in quadrant 4
13 5
19 In each of the following cases, the reference angle β passes through point P. Use the Ex 8.2
reference triangle to find the exact values of sin β and cos β.
a P(−3, 4) b P(12, −5) c P(−7, 24)
20 Calculate the amplitude of the function y = 4 cos 3x − 7. Ex 8.4
21 The graph with the rule y = 2 sin 3x + 4 has period: Ex 8.4

2π
A π B 2π C 6π D ------ E 3π
3
22 Calculate the range of the function y = 3 cos 2x − 1. Ex 8.4
y
23 The equation of the graph on the right could be: 4 Ex 8.4
A y = 2 − 2 sin x B y = 2 − 2 sin 2x 2
C y = 2 − sin 2x D y = 2 sin 2x − 2
E y = 4 sin 2x 0
π π
--- ---
3π
------ π x
24 The amplitude of y = 7 cos 2x + 3 is: 4 2 4
Ex 8.4
A 7 B 2 C 3 D 10 E π
25 y = 2 − 3 sin 4x has amplitude and period: Ex 8.4
π π π
A −3, --- B −3, 4 C 3, 4 D 3, --- E 5, ---
2 2 2
26 Sketch the graph of each of the following, showing a full cycle. Ex 8.4
π
a y = 3 sin x b y = −cos 4x c y = −sin ⎛ x – ---⎞
⎝ 4⎠
π
d y = cos x + 3 e y = 5 − 3 sin ⎛ 2x + ---⎞ f y = 6 cos ⎛ 3x – π ---⎞ + 4
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
Chapter review
Ex 8.4 27 The depth of water in a harbour is modelled by

2πt
D = 3.5 sin -------- + 11.5
11
where t is in hours. The number of hours between high tides is:
2π
A ------ B 5.5 C 11.5 D 7 E 11
11
Ex 8.4 28 The temperature in a room varies over the day in a sinusoidal fashion, with a minimum
of 8°C at 6 am and a maximum of 20°C at 6 pm.
a State the expected temperature at noon.
b At what other time(s) of the day would you expect the temperature to be the same as
at noon?
c What is the period of the temperature variations?
Ex 8.4 29 The voltage of an AC current that is nominally A volts is given by:
V = A 2 sin 100πt
where V is in volts and t in seconds. If A = 240:
a what is the period?
b what is the maximum voltage?
c what is the amplitude?
Ex 8.2 30 Simplify 3 tan (π + x) − 5 tan (2π − x).
Ex 8.4 31 The monthly average overnight minimum temperature for Melbourne can be modelled by
the function πm
T = 4.5 cos -------- + 10.5
6
where T is the temperature in degrees Celsius and m is the number of months since January,
assuming they can be taken as equal in length.
a What is the maximum average overnight minimum, and when does it occur?
b What is the mean value of the average overnight minimum, and during what months
does it occur?
c During what months is the average overnight minimum increasing?
Ex 8.4 32 The depth of water in a port is given by
πt
d = 3.8 cos ----- + 12.2
6
where d is in metres and t is the number of hours since high tide.
a How many hours are there between high tides?
b If high tide was at midnight, during what hours was the depth more than 12.2 m?
c During what hours was the depth less than 10.3 m?
Ex 8.4 33 A clock stands on a shelf. The centre of the clock, where the hands are attached, is 15 cm
above the shelf, and the minute hand is 10 cm long. The distance of the tip of the hand from
the shelf can be modelled by a sinusoidal function. Write an equation for the model in terms
of the time t, where t is the number of minutes past midnight. Hence find the number of times
during the day when the tip is 10 cm above the shelf.
324 New QMaths 11B

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fm Page 289 Sunday, June 1, 2008 3:29 PM

Applying trigonometric functions

Applying trigonometric functions

8.1 Degrees and radians

! One radian (1c or 1 rad) is the measure of the angle

! Radian measure of a central angle l

For a central angle of 1 revolution (360°): l

290 New QMaths 11B

! Radian–degree conversion formulas

Chapter 8 Applying trigonometric functions 291

Applying trigonometric functions

It is sometimes helpful to show angles at appropriate points on y

For an angle of θ, the point P(θ) on the circumference of the y

Angle θ subtends arc AP, so AP must be θ units long. O x

! Positive and negative angles

292 New QMaths 11B

Chapter 8 Applying trigonometric functions 293

Applying trigonometric functions

2 Express the following in radians, leaving your answers in terms of π.

294 New QMaths 11B

Investigation Sectors and segments

8.2 Trigonometric ratios and the unit

Chapter 8 Applying trigonometric functions 295

Applying trigonometric functions

Using OBP in the unit circle, we can see that:

! Defining trigonometric ratios using the unit circle

These deﬁnitions are sometimes extended further to a circle of radius r as follows:

296 New QMaths 11B

The previous deﬁnition can be used to assign values to the y

tan 0 Not deﬁned 0 Not deﬁned

From the sketch it is clear that sin (−π) = sin π.

State the result sin (−90°) = −1

5π = 2(2π) + π, so 5π is coterminal with π.

Chapter 8 Applying trigonometric functions 297

Applying trigonometric functions

! Signs of the trig ratios

298 New QMaths 11B

A similar approach can be used for the third quadrant. For θ: y

Chapter 8 Applying trigonometric functions 299

Applying trigonometric functions

In the fourth quadrant, for θ. y

So in the fourth quadrant:

Mark in the reference angle (30°).

! Trigonometric ratios for an angle of any magnitude

300 New QMaths 11B

Chapter 8 Applying trigonometric functions 301

Applying trigonometric functions

Using CAST, sin − --------- ⎛ or sin ---------⎞ is negative.

302 New QMaths 11B

The reference angle is x.

This deﬁnition can be extended beyond the unit circle y

Chapter 8 Applying trigonometric functions 303

Applying trigonometric functions

Use Pythagoras’s theorem. OP2 = 52 + (−12)2

304 New QMaths 11B

Chapter 8 Applying trigonometric functions 305

Applying trigonometric functions

15 Find the exact values of: