13 - Trigonometric Functions

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Angles and Their Measures
Objectives
• Find the Length of an Arc of a Circle

• Convert from Degrees to Radians and from Radians to Degrees
• Find the Area of a Sector of a Circle
• Find the Linear Speed of an Object Traveling in Circular Motion
2
Angles
If two rays are drawn with a common vertex, they form an angle.
One ray of an angle is called the initial side and the other the
terminal side.
The angle formed is identi ed by showing the direction and amount of

rotation from the initial side to the terminal side.
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Angles
Angles
An angle θ is said to be in standard position if its vertex is at the
origin of a rectangular coordinate system and its initial side coincides
with the positive x-axis.
Quadrantal Angles
When an angle θ is in standard position, the terminal side can either
lie in a quadrant, or the terminal side can lie on the x-axis or the y-
axis, in which case θ is called a quadrantal angle. .
Angle Measurements
Angles are measured by determining the amount of rotation needed

for the initial side to become coincident with the terminal side. The
two commonly used measures for angles are degrees and radians.
The angle formed by rotating the initial side exactly once in the
counterclockwise direction until it coincides with itself (1 revolution) is
said to measure 360°.
Angle Measurements

A right angle is an angle that measures 90°, or 1/4 revolution.

Angle Measurements

A straight angle is an angle that measures 180°, or 1/2 revolution.

Angle Measurements
Angle Measurements
Radians
A central angle is a positive angle whose vertex is at the center of a
circle. The rays of a central angle subtend (intersect) an arc on the
circle.
If the radius of the circle is r and the length of the arc subtended by
the central angle is also r, then the measure of the angle is 1 radian.
Radians
For a circle of radius 1, the rays of a central angle with measure 1 radian
subtend an arc of length 1.
For a circle of radius 3, the rays of a central angle with measure 1 radian
subtend an arc of length 3.
Arc Length
From geometry, the ratio of the measures

of the angles equals the ratio of the
corresponding lengths of the arcs
subtended by these angles;
θ s
=
θ1 s1
Arc Length
Suppose that θ1 = 1 radian.
The length s1 of the arc subtended by the
central angle θ1 = 1 radian equals the
radius r of the circle.
Then s1 = r , so the equation reduces to
θ s
= or s = rθ
1 r
Arc Length
For a circle of radius r, a central angle of θ radians subtends an arc

whose length s is
s = rθ
Arc Length
Note: Formulas must be consistent with regard to the units used.
θ radians s length units
=
1 radian r length units
θ radians
s length units = r length units
1 radian
s length units = (r length units)θ
where θ appears to be dimensionless but, in fact, is measured in
radians. Using the formula s = rθ, the dimension for θ is radians, and
any convenient unit of length (such as unches or meters) may be used
for s and r.
Arc Length
Angle Conversion
Consider a circle of radius r. A central
angle of 1 revolution will subtend an arc
equal to the circumference of the circle.
Because the circumference of a circle

of radius r equals 2πr, we substitute 2πr
for s in the formula for arc length to nd
that, for an angle θ of 1 revolution,
s = rθ
2πr = rθ
θ = 2π
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Angle Conversion
1 revolution = 2π radians
∘
180 = π radians
π 180
1 degree = radian 1 radian = degrees
180 π
Angle Conversion
Angle Conversion
Common Angles
Area of a Sector of a Circle
Consider a circle of radius r. Suppose that

θ, measured in radians, is a central angle of
this circle. How do we nd the area A of the
sector formed by the angle θ?
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Area of a Sector of a Circle
Suppose that θ1 = 2π.
2
Then A1 = area of the circle = πr .
Solving for A,
( θ1 ) ( 2π ) 2
θ 2 θ 1 2
A = A1 = πr = θr
Area of a Sector
The area A of the sector of a circle of radius r formed by a central

angle of θ radians is
1 2
A= r θ
2
Area of a Sector
Circular Motion
As this object travels around the

circle, suppose that θ (measured in
radians) is the central angle swept
out in time t.
.
Circular Motion
Angular speed is the way the turning rate of an engine is described.

For example, an engine idling at 900 rpm (revolutions per minute) is
one that rotates at an angular speed of
revolutions revolutions radians radians

900 = 900 ⋅ 2π = 1800π
minutes minutes revolution minute
Circular Motion
There is an important relationship between linear speed and angular
speed:
(t)
s rθ θ
linear speed = v = = =r =r⋅ω
t t
Circular Motion
Circular Motion
Quiz
{x + y = − 3
2x − y = 24
1.
{2v − 6u = 8
3u − v = 4
2.
a+b−c=3
3. a−b−c=−1
a+b+c=4
Verbal Problems
1. Admission tickets to a movie were priced at Php200 for adults and

Php 150 for children. If 810 tickets were sold and total sales were
Php142,650, how many of each ticket were sold?
Verbal Problems
2. Find the dimensions of a rectangle if its diagonal is 17 inches long

and its perimeter is 46 inches.
Exercises
1. A circular arc of length 3ft 2. Complete the following table:

∘
subtends a central angle of 25 . Revolutions Degree Radians
Find the radius of the circle.
∘
11
2
−
3
2π
5
∘
−1024
RIGHT TRIANGLE
TRIGONOMETRY
MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS
Right Triangle Trigonometry
Objectives
• Find the Values of Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angle

• Use the Fundamental Identities
• Find the Values of the Remaining Trigonometric Functions, Given
the Value of One of Them
• Use the Complementary Angle Theorem
38
Triangles
A triangle in which one angle is a right angle (90°) is called a right
triangle. The side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse,
and the remaining two sides are called the legs of the triangle.
Pythagorean Theorem
2 2 2
a +b =c
Triangles
Suppose that θ is an acute angle;

0° < θ < 90° (if θ is measured in degrees)
π
0° < θ < (if θ is measured in radians)
2
.
Using this acute angle θ, a right triangle,

with hypotenuse of length c and legs of
lengths a and b can be formed:
Triangles
Using the three sides of this triangle, 6
ratios can be formed:
These ratios depend only on the size of the angle θ and not on the
triangle formed.
Triangles
Any two right triangles formed using the
angle θ will be similar and, hence,
corresponding ratios will be equal
Because the ratios depend only on the angle θ and not on the triangle
itself, each ratio will be given a name that involves θ : sine of θ, cosine
of θ, tangent of θ, cosecant of θ, secant of θ, and cotangent of θ
Trigonometric Functions
It may be helpful to refer to the lengths of the sides of the triangle by
the names hypotenuse (c), opposite (b), and adjacent (a).
Fundamental Identites
Some relationships exist among the six trigonometric functions of

acute angles:
Two other fundamental identites:

Trigonometric Identities
The Pythagorean Theorem states that
2 2 2
a +b =c
which can be written as
2 2 2
b +a =c
2
Dividing each side by c ,
( c ) (c )
2 2 2 2
b a b a
+ = 1 or + = 1
c 2 c 2
In terms of trigonometric functions of the angle θ,

2 2
(sin θ) + (cos θ) = 1
Pythagorean Identities
2
Another identity can be obtained by dividing each side by cos θ.
2
sin θ 1
+ 1 =
cos θ
2 cos θ
2
Fundamental Identities
Complementary Angle Theorem
Two acute angles are called complementary if their sum is a right

angle, or 90°. Because the sum of the angles of any triangle is 180°,it
follows that, for a right triangle, the sum of the acute angles in a right
triangle is 90°, so the two acute angles are complementary.
Because of these relationships, the functions sine and cosine,

tangent and cotangent, and secant and cosecant are called
cofunctions of each other.

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TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

• Find the Length of an Arc of a Circle

The angle formed is identi ed by showing the direction and amount of

Angles are measured by determining the amount of rotation needed

Angles are measured by determining the amount of rotation needed

A right angle is an angle that measures 90°, or 1/4 revolution.

Angles are measured by determining the amount of rotation needed

A straight angle is an angle that measures 180°, or 1/2 revolution.

From geometry, the ratio of the measures

Then s1 = r , so the equation reduces to

For a circle of radius r, a central angle of θ radians subtends an arc

Because the circumference of a circle

Consider a circle of radius r. Suppose that

The area A of the sector of a circle of radius r formed by a central

As this object travels around the

Angular speed is the way the turning rate of an engine is described.

revolutions revolutions radians radians

1. Admission tickets to a movie were priced at Php200 for adults and

2. Find the dimensions of a rectangle if its diagonal is 17 inches long

1. A circular arc of length 3ft 2. Complete the following table:

• Find the Values of Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angle

Suppose that θ is an acute angle;

Using this acute angle θ, a right triangle,

Some relationships exist among the six trigonometric functions of

Two other fundamental identites:

In terms of trigonometric functions of the angle θ,

Two acute angles are called complementary if their sum is a right

Because of these relationships, the functions sine and cosine,

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