Precalculus Module 2

Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Technology
Camarines Sur
Module 2
TRIGONOMETRY
Name of student: Week No. 6-9

Course Code: Name of Faculty: Engr. Alejandro R. Pitallano Jr.
Course Title Email Address: [email protected]
I. OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
1. To be familiarize of the different trigonometric function and its applications

2. To be familiarize of the different analytic trigonometric identities and its applications
3. Application and solution to trigonometric problem using Sines and Cosines Law
II. LESSONS
The following chapters or lessons are presented accordingly with the course syllabus.
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TRIGONOMETRY
Table of Contents
LESSONS PAGE NO.
CHAPTER I. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1.1 Angles and Measurement 03
1.2 Trigonometric Functions of Angles 08
1.3 Trigonometric Function Values 15
1.4 The Sine and Cosine of Real Numbers 21
1.5 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine and Other Sine Waves 28
1.6 Solutions of Right Triangle 33
• CHAPTER II. ANALYTIC TRIGONOMETRY
2.1 The Eight Fundamental Identities 43
2.2 Proving Trigonometric Identities 46
2.3 Sum and Difference Identities 49
2.4 Double-Measure and Half-Measure Identities 54
2.5 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 59
2.6 Trigonometric Equations 62
2.7 Identities for the Product, Sum, and Difference of Sine and 64
Cosine
• CHAPTER III. APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY
3.1 The Law of Sines 63
3.2 The Law of Cosines 73
References
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Angles and Measurement
ANGLES AND MEASUREMENT

Radian and Degree Measure
Angles
• An angle is determined by rotating a ray (a “half-line”) from an initial side to a

terminal side about its endpoint, called the vertex.
• A positive angle is determined by rotating the ray counterclockwise.
• A negative angle is determined by rotating the ray clockwise.
• A standard angle in standard position has the positive x-axis as its initial side and
the origin as its vertex:
Angles are often denoted by capital letters (with maybe the ∠ symbol) and by Greek
letters such as θ (theta), φ (phi), α (alpha), β (beta), and γ (gamma).
Degree Measure for Angles
• We often associate angles with their rotational measures.

• There are 360˚ (360 degrees) in a full counterclockwise revolution.
• We sometimes use DMS or Degree-Minute-Second measure instead of decimal
degrees.
• There are 60 minutes in 1 degree (Think: “hour”), and there are 60 seconds in 1
minute. For example, 34˚30′20′′ denotes 34 degrees, 30 minutes, and 20 seconds.
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Radian Measure for Angles
Radian measure is more “mathematically natural,” and

it is typically assumed in calculus. In fact, radian measure is
assumed if there are no units present.
Consider the unit circle (centered at the origin). 1
radian is defined to be the measure of a central angle (i.e., an
angle whose vertex coincides with the center of the circle) that
intercepts an arc length of 1 unit along the unit circle.
𝟏𝟖𝟎 ͦ
Note: 1 radian is about 57.3˚; in fact, it is exactly 𝝅
There are 2π radian in a full (counterclockwise) revolution,

because the entire circle (which has circumference 2π) is intercepted
exactly once by such an angle.
Converting Between Degrees and Radians
2π radian is equivalent to 360˚. Therefore, π radian is equivalent to 180˚. Either

relationship may be used to construct conversion factors. In any unit conversion, we
effectively multiply by 1 in such a way that the old unit is canceled out.
Example 1. Convert 45˚ into radians.

𝜋 45𝜋 𝝅
45 ͦ = (45 ͦ) 180 = 180 = 𝟒
5𝜋
Example 2. Convert 18 radians into degrees.
5𝜋 5𝜋 180 5(180 ͦ)
= ( 18 ) = = 50 ͦ
18 𝜋 18
Example 3. Convert 135˚ into radians.
𝜋 135𝜋 𝟑
135˚ = (135˚) 180 = = 𝟒𝝅
180
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Arc Length
Consider a circle of radius r (r > 0).
The arc length s of the arc intercepted by a central angle measuring θ radians is:
s = rθ
Example 1. The arc length of an arc along a circle of radius 7 inches intercepted by a central
angle measuring 2 radians is given by:
s = rθ
= (7)(2)
S = 14 inches
Example 2. The arc length of an arc along a circle of radius is 5 inches intercepted by a
central angle measuring 2 radians is given by:
s = rθ
= (5)(2)
S = 10 inches
Example 3. The arc length of an arc along a circle of radius is 18 inches intercepted by a
central angle measuring 2 radians is given by:
s = rθ
= (18)(2)
S = 36 inches
Note: If r is measured in inches, then s is measured in inches. Since θ is measured in radians,

it may be seen as “unit-less.” We can treat θ as simply a real value.
Area of a Sector of a Circle
A sector of a circle is the region bounded by two radii of the circle and their
intercepted arc. For a circle of radius r. the area of A of sector of the circle with central angle
ɵ is
𝟏
A= 𝟐r² θ
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Quadrants and Quadrantal Angles
• The x and y-axes divide the xy-plane into 4

quadrants.
• Quadrant I is the upper right quadrant; the
others are numbered in counterclockwise order.
• A standard angle whose terminal side lies on the
x- or y-axis is called a quadrantal angle.
• Quadrantal angles correspond to “integer
𝝅
multiples” of 90˚ or 𝟐 radians.
5𝜋
Example 1. What quadrant does 6
lie in? (Through what quadrant does the terminal side
pass when the angle is in standard position?)
3𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 5𝜋
Observe: < 6 < 6 , so is in Quadrant II.
6 6
7𝜋
Example 2. What quadrant does lie in? (Through what quadrant does the terminal side
6
𝟕𝝅
is located in the Quadrant II.
𝟔
11𝜋
Example 3. What quadrant does lie in? (Through what quadrant does the terminal side
6
𝟏𝟏𝝅
is located in Quadrant III.
𝟔
Classifying Angles
• Complementary angles are a pair of positive angles that add up to 90 .

• Supplementary angles are a pair of positive angles that add up to 180 .
Warning: It is easy to confuse these. Remember that “C” comes before “S” in the dictionary.
Similarly, 90˚<180˚.
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Coterminal Angles
Standard angles that share the same terminal side are called coterminal angles. They
differ by, at most, an integer number of full revolutions counterclockwise or clockwise.
If the angle θ is measured in radians, then its coterminal angles are of the form:
θ + 2πn
where n is any integer
If the angle θ is measured in degrees, then its coterminal angles are of the form:
θ + 360n
where n is any integer.
Note: Since n could be negative, the “+” sign is sufficient in the above forms, as opposed to
“±.”
𝝅 𝝅
Example. The angles coterminal to are of the form + 2πn, where n is any integer.
𝟑 𝟑
𝝅
➢ To obtain some of these angles, we may take and successively add or subtract 2π,
𝟑
𝟔𝝅 𝟔
which equals (Think: 2= 𝟑 )
𝟑
11𝜋 6𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 𝝅 6𝜋 7𝜋 6𝜋 13𝜋
- − − −
3 3 3 3 𝟑 3 3 3 3
Trigonometric Function of Angles
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ANGLES
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Let 𝑃𝑂𝑄 be a right triangle with acute angle 𝜃 as shown in Figure 1(a). Place 𝜃 in
standard position as shown in Figure 1(b).
P P(x,y)
y
r
r
y
Q
O x Q x
O
(a) Figure 1 (b)
Then 𝑃 = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is a point on the terminal side of 𝜃. In triangle 𝑃𝑂𝑄, the opposite side has
length y and the adjacent side has length x. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see that the
hypotenuse has length𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 . So,
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑥
The other trigonometric ratios can be found in the same way.

These observations allow us to extend the trigonometric
ratios to any angle. We define the trigonometric functions of
angles as follows (see Figure 2).
Definition of the Trigonometric Functions
Let 𝜃 be an angle in standard position and let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on the terminal
side. If 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 is the distance from the origin to the point 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦), then
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = (𝑥 ≠ 0)
𝑟 𝑟 𝑥
𝑟 𝑟 𝑥
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = (𝑦 ≠ 0) 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = (𝑥 ≠ 0) 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = (𝑦 ≠ 0)
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦

The Trigonometric Functions for Acute Angles
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There are three basic trigonometric functions for acute angles: Sine (Sin), Cosine
(Cos), and Tangent (Tan). When using a right-angled triangle we get: ... These formulae are
only applicable for an acute angle in a right-angled triangle, and so the next stage is to extend
to work with any angle in radians and degrees.
When using a right-angled triangle we get:
These functions have a unique value for an acute angle that can be obtained from a
scientific calculator.
These formulae are only applicable for an acute angle in a right-angled triangle, and
so the next stage is to extend to work with any angle in radians and degrees.
Trigonometric Functions for Positive and Negative Angles
On a coordinate grid a general angle is measured from the positive x-axis and is
represented by the angle through which a line OM rotates about the origin. When we rotate
anti-clockwise, the angle is positive while a clockwise rotation gives a negative angle.
Trigonometric functions for any angle in radians and degrees
The four quadrants of the Cartesian axes are as follows:
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As the line OM rotates, the point M moves to the first quadrant where its coordinates
are both positive, and into the second quadrant, where the x-coordinate becomes negative.
In the third quadrant, both coordinates are negative and finally, in the fourth
quadrant, the point has a positive x- and negative y-coordinate. (See below.)
You can see that the angle MON, called a, is always acute, and measured from the x-
axis.
For example:
You can see that the angle MON, called a, is always acute, and measured from the x-
axis.
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. Trigonometric Function of Angles
For
example:
The signs of the trigonometric functions depend on which quadrant the point M lies
in and represent the signs of the x- and y-coordinates of M.
Learn the information in the following diagrams to

help you understand the signs.
First quadrant
• All the functions are positive.
• The acute angle a=ᴓ
(Note: If OM is rotated through more than a
complete revolution, then a=ᴓ - 360 ̊)
Second quadrant
• The acute angle a = 180 ̊ - ᴓ
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• By looking at the signs of the coordinates
of M, we see that the trigonometric functions of
are:
Third quadrant
• The acute angle a= ᴓ - 180 ̊
• The signs of the coordinates of M show us
that the trigonometric functions are:
Sin ᴓ = + sin a
Cos ᴓ = - cos a
Tan ᴓ = - tan a
Fourth quadrant
The acute angle a = 360 ̊ - ᴓ

The signs of the coordinates of M show
us that the trigonometric
functions of are:
This can be summarized as:
These sign rules and the value of the acute angle a allow you to find the value of any
trigonometric function of any angle.
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Pythagorean Theorem
PYTHAGORAS (circa 580 - 500 BC) founded on a school in Croton in Southern Italy,
devoted to arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. The Pythagoreans, as they were
called, were a secret society with peculiar rules and initiation rites. They wrote nothing down
and were not to reveal to anyone what they had learned from the Master. Although women
were barred by law from attending public meetings, Pythagoras allowed Function
Trigonometric womenofinAngles
his
school, and his most famous student was Theano (whom he later married).
According to Aristotle, the Pythagoreans were convinced that “The principles of
mathematics are the principle of all things.” Their motto was “Everything is number”, by
which they meant whole numbers. The outstanding contribution of Pythagoras is the
theorem that bears his name: In a right triangle the area of the square on the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the areas of the square on the other two sides.
The converse of the Pythagorean Theorem is also true; that is, a triangle whose sides
a, b, and c satisfy is a triangle.
Example 1. Use the triangle at the right to find the values of the six trigonometric functions
of 𝜃.
Solution: To find the values of the six trigonometric functions of 𝜃, we must know the lengths
of all three sides of the triangle. The values of the opposite and adjacent sides are given. We
can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of the hypotenuse.
(ℎ𝑦𝑝)2 = (𝑜𝑝𝑝)2 + (𝑎𝑑𝑗)2
ℎ𝑦𝑝 = √122 + 52
= √144 + 125
= √169
= 𝟏𝟑
The six trigonometric function values of 𝜃 are:
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝟏𝟐 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝟏𝟑
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 𝟏𝟑 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = 𝟏𝟐
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝟓 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝟏𝟑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 𝟏𝟑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝟓
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝟏𝟐 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝟓
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗
= 𝟓
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = 𝟏𝟐
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24
Example 2. Find the remaining trigonometric values of 𝜃 if 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 25 and 𝜃 is an angle in a
right triangle.
Solution: By using the definitions of trigonometric functions and the Pythagorean Theorem,
we have
𝑜𝑝𝑝 24
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 25, Hence 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = 24 and ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 25
𝑎𝑑𝑗 = √(ℎ𝑦𝑝)2 − (𝑎𝑑𝑗)2
= √(25)2 − (24)2
=𝟕
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝟕 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝟐𝟓 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝟕
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 𝟐𝟓 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = 𝟐𝟒 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = 𝟐𝟒
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝟐𝟒 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝟐𝟓
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗
= 𝟕
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗
= 𝟕
Example 3. Find the values of 𝑠𝑖𝑛30°, 𝑐𝑜𝑠30°, 𝑡𝑎𝑛30°, 𝑠𝑖𝑛60°, 𝑐𝑜𝑠60°, and 𝑐𝑜𝑡60°.
Solution: Construct at 30˚– 60˚– 90˚ triangle.

60° 2
1
30°
√3
𝑜𝑝𝑝 1 √3
𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛60° =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 2 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗 √3 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠60° =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 2 2
𝑜𝑝𝑝 1 √3 √3
𝑡𝑎𝑛30° = = 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛60° = 𝑜𝑟 √3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 √3 3 1
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Trigonometric Function Values
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION VALUES

Trigonometry is an invaluable tool in such fields as navigation and surveying. If the
measures of certain angles are known, the values of their trigonometric functions can be
used to calculate distances that cannot be measured directly.
When considering a trigonometric function of an angle 𝜃, often the measurement of

the angle is used in place of 𝜃. For instance, if the angle 𝜃 is equal to 60°, then sin 𝜃 is equal
to sin 60°. Notice that when the measurement of the angles in degrees, the degree symbol is
written. However, when there is no degree symbol attached, the measurement of an angle is
1 1
in radians. For instance, cos 60° is equivalent of sin 3 𝜋, where 3 𝜋 is the measurement of an
angle in radians.
In application of trigonometry we are often given an angle and wish to determine the
value of one or more trigonometric functions of the angle. In this section, by applying
theorems from plane geometry, we are able to determine the exact values of the
trigonometric functions of a certain angles. This theorem from plane geometry states that in
aright triangle having acute angles of measurements of 30° and 60°, the length of the side
opposite the 30° angle is half of the length of the hypotenuse.
y
The Figure at the left side shows the 30° angle in
standard position. Because any point on the terminal side
may be selected to determine the trigonometric functions,
let us choose the point having an ordinate of 1; thus, point
1 P(x,1)
r=2
P(x,1) was selected. In the right triangle OMP, the side
1
opposite the 30° angle has length 1 unit. Therefore the
30°
O x length of the hypotenuse is 2 units; thus r = 2. Because x2
x = √3 M
+ y2 = r2,
x2 + 12 = 22
x2 + 1 = 4
x2 = 4 – 3
x2 = 3
x = √𝟑
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The negative square root of 3 will be rejected since P(x,1) is in the first quadrant.
Thus,
𝟏 √𝟑 𝟏
sin 30° = cos 30° = tan 30° =
𝟐 𝟐 √𝟑
𝟐
csc 30° = 𝟐 sec 30° = cot 30° = √𝟑
√𝟑
y
In this figure at the left side is a 60° angle in standard position.
On the terminal side of an angle, point P(1, y) was selected with an
abscissa of 1.in the right triangle of OMP, the side adjacent the 60° is
r=2 P(1, y)
1 unit, therefore r = 2. Using Pythagorean theorem, we obtain y = √3.
y = √3 Thus,
60°
O M x
1 √𝟑 𝟏
sin 60° = cos 60° = tan 60° = √𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏
csc 60° = sec 60° = 𝟐 cot 60° =
√𝟑 √𝟑
y
If an acute angle in a right triangle is 45°, then the other
acute angle is also 45°; so the triangle is isosceles. Thus, for an
angle of 45° in standard position, as shown in the right side,
r = √2
point P(1,1) on the terminal side was selected. Applying the P(1,1)
Pythagorean theorem to the right triangle OMP will result to r 1

45°
= √2. O M x
1
The negative square root of 2 will be rejected since r >

0. Hence,
𝟏 𝟏
sin 45° = cos 45° = tan 45° = 𝟏
√𝟐 √𝟐
csc 45° = 𝟐 sec 45° = √𝟐 cot 45° = 𝟏
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Using the technique shown above, you are able to summarize the values of
trigonometric function of 30°, 45°, and 60° in a tabular form like the following:
𝜽 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽
(degrees) (radians)
30° 1 1 √3 1 √3 2 2
𝜋
6 2 2 √3 √3
45° 1 1 1 1 1 √2 √2
𝜋
4 √2 √2
60° 1 √3 1 √3 1 2 2
𝜋
3 2 2 √3 √3
Using the same methods used for 30°, 45°, and 60°, we are able to determine the
values of trigonometric functions of multiple of these angles provided they are not
quadrantal angles. The following examples will demonstrate its procedures.
Example 1
The figure at the right side shows an angle of 120°. The

y
P point P was chosen on the terminal side and forms a line
2 perpendicular to the x axis intersecting at the point M. We can see
√3
that we formed a right triangle OMP. Since the angle formed from
120°
an ordinate 0 to the terminal sides in the second quadrant is 120°,
M -1 O x
the acute angle at O has a measurement of 60° and the acute angle
at P in the triangle is 30°. Thus, if point P would be chosen as the point in which r = 2, then x
= -1 and y = √3. Hence,
√𝟑 𝟏
sin 120° = cos 120° = − tan 120° = −√𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏
csc 120° = sec 120° = −𝟐 cot 120° = −
√𝟑 √𝟑
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Example 2
y In the figure at the right side illustrates an angle of -150° in

M √3 O
a standard position, with point P on its terminal side. To form a
x
-150°
-1
2 right triangle OMP, we draw a line perpendicular to the x axis and
P intersecting from point P to point M. the acute angle at O in this
triangle is 30°. Therefore, point P is selected so that r = 2, then y = -
1, and x = -√3. Hence,
𝟏 √𝟑 𝟏
sin( −150°) = − cos(− 150°) = − tan(−150°) =
𝟐 𝟐 √𝟑
𝟐
csc(−150°) = −𝟐 sec(− 150°) = − cot(−150°) = √𝟑
√𝟑
Example 3
7
y In this figure at right side shows an angle of measurement 𝜋or,
4
7
𝜋
equivalently, 315° in standard position, with point P on its terminal
4 1 M
side. To form right triangle OMP, draw a perpendicular line from P to
O x
-1 the x axis. Each of the acute angles in this right triangle is 45°. Therefore
√2
the lengths of the side opposite these angles are equal. Thus select P so
P
that x = 1 and y = -1. Then r = √2. Therefore,
7 𝟏 7 𝟏 7
sin 𝜋 = − cos 𝜋 = tan 𝜋 = −𝟏
4 √𝟐 4 √𝟐 4
7 7 7
csc 𝜋 = −√𝟐 sec 𝜋 = √𝟐 cot 𝜋 = −𝟏
4 4 4
The formulas defining the trigonometric functions are also valid for those angles
whose terminal side lies on either the x axis or the y axis, in which case it is a quadrantal
angle. In this section, we will compute the trigonometric functions of 0°, 90°, 180° , and 270°.
The figures below show each of the angles in standard position. On the terminal side of each
angle, we choose point P for which r = 1.
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(a) (b) (c) (d)

y y y
P(0,1) y
r=1
P(1,0) 90° P(-1,0) 270°
180°
O x x O x
r=1 O O x
r=1 r=1
P(0,-1)
For 0° in figure (a), x = 1, y = 0, and r = 1. Applying the definition, we have
𝑦 𝑥 𝑟 𝑟
sin0° = cos0° = tan0° = sec 0° =
𝑟 𝑟 𝑥 𝑥
0 1 0
= = = = 11
1 1 1
=𝟎 =𝟏 =𝟎 =𝟏
Neither cot 0° nor csc 0° is defined because when using the formula for cotangent and
cosecant, we obtain 0 in the denominator, which means the value is undefined.
For 90° in figure (b), x = 0, y = 1, and r = 1. Thus,
1 0 0 1
sin90° = cos90° = cot 90° = csc 90° =
1 1 1 1
=𝟏 =𝟎 =𝟎 =𝟏
Because x = 0, tan 90° and sec 90° are undefined.
In figure (c) illustrates angle 180° with x = -1, y = 0, and r – 1. Therefore,
0 −1 0 1
sin180° = cos1800° = tan 180° = sec 180° =
1 1 −1 −1
=𝟎 = −𝟏 =𝟎 = −𝟏
Since y = 0, then cot 180° and csc 180° are undefined.
19 | P a g e
In figure (d), an angle of 270°appears with x = 0, y = -1, and r = 1. Hence,
−1 0 0 1
sin270° = cos270° = cot 270° = csc 270° =
1 1 −1 −1
= −𝟏 =𝟎 =𝟎 = −𝟏
Because x = 0, neither tan 270° nor sec 270° is defined.
Using the values we obtain above, we are able to summarize the values of
trigonometric functions of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° in a tabular form shown below.
𝜽 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽

(degrees) (radians)
0° 0 0 1 0 Undefined 1 Undefined
90° 1 1 0 Undefined 0 Undefined 1

𝜋
2
180° 𝜋 0 -1 0 Undefined -1 Undefined
270° 3 -1 0 Undefined 0 Undefined -1

𝜋
2
Other quadrantal angles are coterminal with one of the angles in above table and their
function values are obtained in a similar manner.
20 | P a g e
The Sine and Cosine of Real Numbers
THE SINE AND COSINE OF REAL NUMBERS

To discuss the sine and the cosine of real numbers we use the circle 𝓤. Recall from
that section that the radian measure of an angle 𝜽 in standard position is equal to the length
of arc t measured along 𝓤 from the point (1,0) to the point P where the terminal side of 𝜽
intersects 𝓤.
(1,0)
t
x
If t is a real number and 𝜽 is an angle having radian measure t, then the sine and cosine
of t are defined as follows:
sin t = sin 𝜽 cos t = cos 𝜽
Refer to the unit circle 𝓤 below, where the point (x, y) is associated with a real
number t; that is, t is the arc length from the point (1, 0) to (x, y) and t radian is the
measurement of angle 𝜽. In the first figure, the (x, y) is in the first quadrant and t > 0; in the
second figure, the (x, y) is in the second quadrant t < 0; in the third figure, (x, y) is in the third
quadrant and t < 0; in the fourth figure, (x, y) is in the fourth quadrant and t > 0. Observe that
𝑦 𝑥
sin t = cos t =
1 1
=y =x
Therefore the x and y coordinates of the point on 𝓤 associated with the real number
t are cos t and sin t, respectively. This fact is valid for any position of the point (x, y) and any
real number t associated with it. We state these results as a theorem.
21 | P a g e
(x, y) y
y
(x, y)
t
x
x O
O 𝜃 (1, 0)
(1, 0)
t
(1st) (2nd)
y y
O (1, 0)
(1,0)
x (3rd) O
x
(4th)
THEOREM 1. (x, y)
(x, y) t
t
If t is any real number, and t is the length if arc in 𝓤 with initial point
(1, 0) and terminal point (x, y), then sin t = y and cos t = x.
From theorem 1, the domain of the sine and cosine functions is the set of all real
number. To determine the ranges of these functions, note that because (x, y) is a point on 𝓤.
|𝑦 | ≤ 1 and |𝑥 | ≤ 1
Therefore the range of each function is the closed interval [−1, 1]; that is,
−1 ≤ sin 𝑡 ≤ 1 and −1 ≤ cos 𝑡 ≤ 1
22 | P a g e
Exact values of the sine and cosine for certain real number can be obtained from the
1
coordinates of points on the unit circle. The numbers that shows for which t is 0, 2 𝜋, 2𝜋 and
3
𝜋 are called quadrantal numbers.
2
When t = 0, the arc length is 0; so the initial and terminal points of the arc are both at (1,0).
Thus
sin 0 = 0 and cos 0 = 1

1
When t = 2 𝜋, the terminal point of the arc is at (0, 1). Therefore
1 1
sin 𝜋 = 1 and cos 𝜋 = 0
2 2
When t = 𝜋, the terminal point of the arc is at (0, 1). Hence
sin 𝜋 = 0 and cos 𝜋 = −1

3
When t = 𝜋, the terminal point of the arc is at (0, 1). Thus
2
3 3
sin 2 𝜋 = −1 and cos 2 𝜋 = 0
We summarize these results in the table below. They agree with the corresponding
1 3
trigonometric functions for quadrantal angles having radians measures 0, 2 𝜋, 2𝜋 and 2 𝜋,
respectively.
T (x, y) sin t cos t

0 (1, 0) 0 1
𝟏 (0, 1) 1 0
𝝅
𝟐
𝝅 (−1, 0) 0 −1
𝟑 (0, −1) −1 0
𝝅
𝟐

1
The distance one-eighth of the way around 𝓤 is 4 𝜋. Refer to the figure below, which
1
shows the terminal point (x, y) for an arc on 𝓤 having length 4 𝜋. At this point x = y.
Substituting y for x in the equation of 𝓤, which is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏, we have
𝑦2 + 𝑦2 = 1
23 | P a g e
2𝑦 2 = 1
𝑦2 = 1
1
𝑦=
√2
y
(x, y)
𝟏
(1, 0) 𝒕= 𝝅
𝟒
O x
1
We reject the negative square root of 2 because the point is in the first quadrant. Since
1 1 1 1 1
𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑥 = Therefore, sin 4 𝜋 = and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜋 = .
√2 √2 √2
From these results and because 𝓤 is symmetric with respect to both the coordinate
3 5 7
axes and the origin, we obtain the coordinates of the points for which t is 4 𝜋, 4 𝜋, 𝑎𝑛𝑑, 4 𝜋.
Thus,
3 1 3 1
sin 4 𝜋 = and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜋 = −
√2 √2
5 1 5 1
sin 4 𝜋 = − and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜋 = −
√2 √2
7 1 7 1
sin 4 𝜋 = − and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜋 =
√2 √2
24 | P a g e
1 1
1 1 ( , )
(− , ) √2 √2
√2 √2
3 1
𝑡= 𝜋 𝑡= 𝜋
4 4
5 7
𝑡= 𝜋 𝑡= 𝜋
4 4
1 1 1 1
(− ,− ) ( ,− )
√2 √2 √2 √2
1 1 1 1
The table below shows the sine and cosine of the real numbers 0, 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋.
6 4 3 2
T (x, y) sin t cos t

0 (1, 0) 0 1
𝟏 √3 1 1 √3
𝝅 ( 2 ,2 ) (2)
𝟔 2
𝟏 1 1 1 1
𝝅 ( , )
𝟒 √2 √2 √2 √2
𝟏 1 √3 √3 1
𝝅 ( , )
𝟑 √2 2 2
2
𝟏 (0, 1) 1 0
𝝅
𝟐
EXAMPLE 1. Determine the sine and cosine of each of the following real numbers from the
coordinates of a point on the unit circle 𝓤.
4
a.) 3 𝜋
1
b.) − 6 𝜋

Solution
25 | P a g e
4
a) The point on 𝓤 for 𝑡 = 3 𝜋 is in the third quadrant, and it is symmetric with respect to the
1
origin to the first quadrant point for which 𝑡 = 3 𝜋. Therefore
4 √3 𝟒 𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜋 = − and 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑 𝝅 = − 𝟐
2
1
b) The point on 𝓤 for 𝑡 = − 6 𝜋 is in the fourth quadrant, and it is symmetric with respect to
1
the x-axis to the point in the first quadrant for which 𝑡 = 6 𝜋. Hence
1 1 𝟏 √𝟑
sin (− 6 𝜋) = − 2 and 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (− 𝟔 𝝅) = 𝟐
Because the circumference of the unit circle is 2𝜋, two arcs having initial point at (1,
0) and differing in length by an integer multiple of 2𝜋 have the same terminal point on 𝓤.
7 1 5
For example the arc length 𝜋 = 𝜋 + 2𝜋 has the same terminal point; the arc length − 𝜋 =
3 3 3
1 1
𝜋 + (−1)(2𝜋) also has the same terminal point. The arc for which 𝑡 = 3 𝜋 + 𝓀(2𝜋), where
3
𝓀 is any integer, will have the same terminal point. Because the coordinates of the terminal
point of the arc determine the sine and cosine of the arc length, it follows that
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟑 𝝅 + 𝓴 ∙ 𝟐𝝅) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑 𝝅 and 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟑 𝝅 + 𝓴 ∙ 𝟐𝝅) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑 𝝅(𝟏)
where 𝓴 is any integer.
Since an arc of length 𝑡 + 𝓀 ∙ 2𝜋, where 𝓀 is an integer, has the same terminal point
as an arc of length t. We state this result as a theorem 2.
THEOREM 2
If t is a real number and 𝓴 is any integer, then
sin(𝑡 + 𝓀 ∙ 2𝜋) = sin 𝑡 and cos(𝑡 + 𝓀 ∙ 2𝜋) = cos 𝑡
The property of sine and cosine given in Theorem 2 is called periodicity.
Periodic Function
26 | P a g e
A function 𝒻 is said to be periodic if there exists a positive real number 𝓅 such that
whenever x is in the domain of 𝒻, then 𝑥 + 𝓅 is also in the domain of 𝒻, and
𝒻 (𝑥 + 𝓅) = 𝒻(𝑥)
The smallest such positive real number 𝓅 is called the period of 𝓯.
By comparing this definition with Theorem 2, it follows that the sine and cosine are
periodic. The period is 2𝜋. It is because of their periodicity that the sine and cosine functions
have important applications in connection with periodically repetitive phenomena such as
wave motion, vibrations, and business cycle.
EXAMPLE 2. Use the periodicity of the sine and cosine functions as well as the values of sin
t and cos t when 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋 to find each of the following values.
17 7 15
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 b) cos (− 𝜋) c) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋
4 6 2
Solutions:
17 1 7 5
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 = sin (4 𝜋 = 2 ∙ 2𝜋) b)cos (− 6) = cos (6 𝜋 + (−1)2𝜋)
4
1 5
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜋 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 6
𝟕 √𝟑
𝟏𝟕 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (− 𝟔)=−
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝅= 𝟐
𝟒 √𝟐
15 3
c) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 = sin (2 𝜋 + 3 ∙ 2𝜋)
2
3
=𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋
2
=−𝟏
Graphs of the Sine and Cosine and other Sine Waves
GRAPHS OF THE SINE AND COSINE AND OTHER SINE WAVES
27 | P a g e
The sine and cosine functions exhibit a number of properties. They are periodic. A
function is said to be periodic if the dependent variable takes on the same set of values over
and over again as the independent variable changes. The sine function is an odd function,
and its graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. The cosine is an even function, and its
graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
After one complete clockwise or counterclockwise rotation, the values of the sine and
cosine repeat since angles with measures less than 0 or greater than 2π are coterminal with
angles with measures between 0 and 2π. Before y = sin x and y = cos x are graphed for the
first time, it is helpful to construct a table of values 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. The properties of symmetry,
along with the fact that sin x and cos x have periods of 2π, can be used to extend the graphs
in either direction.
When y = sin x is graphed o the traditional xy-coordinate plane, each point on the
graph has coordinates of the form (x, sin x), where x is given in radians. In other words, x is
used in place of 𝜃.
GRAPH OF THE SINE FUNCTION
Example 1 . Sketch the graph of y = sin x over the interval -2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
To graph y = sin x over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π, use radian measure and make a table
of values. Round the values of sin x to the nearest hundredth.
X 0 𝛑 𝛑 𝛑 𝛑 𝟐𝛑 𝟑𝛑 𝟓𝛑
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔
sin x 0 0.5 0.71 0.87 1 0.87 0.71 0.5
x Π 𝟕𝛑 𝟓𝛑 𝟒𝛑 𝟑𝛑 𝟓𝛑 𝟕𝛑 𝟏𝟏𝛑 2π
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔
sin x 0 -0.5 -0.71 -0.87 -1 -0.87 -0.71 -0.5 0
Plot the points and sketch the curve over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. To sketch the curve
over the interval -2π ≤ x ≤ 0, use the facts that y = sin x has a period of 2π and that the graph
is symmetric with respect to the origin.
The graph of y = cos x can be constructed in the same manner.
28 | P a g e
GRAPH OF THE COSINE FUNCTION
Example 2: Sketch the graph of y = cos x over the interval -2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
Begin by constructing a table of values for the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
X 0 𝛑 𝛑 𝛑 𝛑 𝟐𝛑 𝟑𝛑 𝟓𝛑
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔
cos x 1 0.87 0.71 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.71 -0.87
X π 𝟕𝛑 𝟓𝛑 𝟒𝛑 𝟑𝛑 𝟓𝛑 𝟕𝛑 𝟏𝟏𝛑 2π
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔
cos x -1 -0.87 -0.71 -0.5 0 0.5 0.71 0.87 1
Plot the points and sketch the curve over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. To extend sketch
the curve over the interval -2π ≤ x ≤ 0, use the facts that y = cos x has a period of 2π and that
the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
Amplitude and Period

The maximum value of the sine and cosine function is 1, and the minimum value is -
1. The functions are said to bounded by these values. The amplitude of a periodic function
is defined to be half the difference of the maximum value M and the minimum value m. Thus,
1
the amplitude is equal to 2 (M – m). The amplitude is related to the height of the graph.
1
Example 3. Sketch the graphs of y = cos x, y = -2 cos x, and y = 2 cos x on the same coordinate
plane. Then determine their amplitudes. Graphs of the Sine and Cosine and other Sine Waves
x 0 𝛑 𝛑 𝛑 𝟐𝛑 𝟓𝛑 π 𝟑𝛑 2π
𝟐
𝟔 𝟑 𝟑 𝟔 𝟐
cos x 1 0.87 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.87 -1 0 1
29 | P a g e
-2 cos x -2 -1.73 -1 0 1 1.73 2 0 -2
𝟏
cos x 0.5 0.43 0.25 0 -0.25 -0.43 0.5 0 0.5
𝟐
1
For y = cos x, M = 1 and m = -1, so the amplitude is 2 [1 – (-1)] = 1.
1
For y = -2 cos x, M = 2 and m = -2, so the amplitude is [2 – (-2)] = 2.
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
For y = 2 cos x, M = 2 and m = − 2, so the amplitude is 2 [2 – (− 2)] = 2.
The amplitude of each function in Example 1 is equal to the absolute value of 𝑎, the
coefficient of cos x. This is, in fact, the case for all functions of the form y = 𝑎 sin bx or y = 𝑎
cos bx. Since the maximum value of the sine or cosine is 1 and the minimum value is -1, the
maximum and minimum values of y = 𝑎 sin bx and y = 𝑎 cos bx are |𝑎| and -|𝑎|, respectively.
1 1
Thus, the amplitude of y = 𝑎 sin bx and y = 𝑎 cos bx is 2[|𝑎| – (-|𝑎|)] = 2(2|𝑎|) = |𝑎|.
Note that y = - 𝑎 cos x is he reflection of y = 𝑎 cos x about the x-axis. This is illustrated
at the right for y = -cos x and y = cos x. Similarly, the graph of y = - 𝑎 sin x is the reflection of
the graph of y = 𝑎 sin x about the x-axis.
Example 4. Sketch the graphs of y = sin x and y = sin 2x on the same coordinate plane.
30 | P a g e
Example 4 shows that y = sin has a period of 2π, but y = sin 2x has a period of π. That is, the
period of y = sin 2x is half that of y = sin x. In general, the period of a function of the form y =
2π
𝑎 sin bx or y = 𝑎 cos bx, where b ≠ 0, is
|𝑏|
.
For y = 𝑎 sin bx and y = 𝑎 cos bx

2π
The amplitude is |𝑎|. The period is .
Phase Shift and Vertical Shift |𝑏|
Consider the graphs of the sine and cosine shown on the same coordinate plane. If the
𝜋
graph of the cosine were shifted to the right units, it would coincide with the graph of the
2
𝜋
sine. This relationship implies that sin x = cos (x - ). The distance that one graph must be
2
shifted to the right or to the left to coincide with another graph is called the phase shift.
𝜋
Example 5. Determine the amplitude, period, and phase shift of y = 3 cos (x + ). Then sketch
6
its graph.
Amplitude = |3| = 3
2π
Period = = 2π
|1|
31 | P a g e
𝜋
Phase Shift = | |
6
𝜋
= units to the left, since c > 0
6
In general, the graph of a function of the form y = 𝑎 sin b (x + c) or y = 𝑎 cos b(x + c) is

the same as that of y = 𝑎 sin bx or y = 𝑎 cos bx, but it s shifted c units to the left if c > 0, and
|𝑐 | units to the right if c < 0. The period of a function of the form y = 𝑎 sin b(x + c) or y = 𝑎 sin
2π
b(x + c) is
|𝑏|
, and the amplitude is |𝑎|.
Example 6. Determine the amplitude, period, and phase shift and vertical shift for the graph
𝜋
of y = sin (x - ). Then sketch its graph.
4
Amplitude = |1| = 1
2π
Period = = 2π
|1|
𝜋 𝜋
Phase Shift = |− | = units to the right
4 4
Vertical Shift = |2| = 2 units up
In general, the graphs of y = 𝑎 sin b(x + c) + d and y = 𝑎 sin b(x + c) + d are shifted d
units upward from those of y = 𝑎 sin bx and y = 𝑎 cos bx if d > 0, and |𝑑 | units downward if
d < 0.
For y = 𝑎 sin b (x + c) + d and y = 𝑎 cos b (x + c) + d

2π
The amplitude is |𝑎|. The period is .
|𝑏|
The phase shift from y = 𝑎 sin bx or y = 𝑎 cos bx is c units to the left if c > 0,
and |𝑐 | units downward if c < 0.
The vertical shift from y = 𝑎 sin bx and y = 𝑎 cos bx if d > 0, and |𝑑 | units
downward if d < 0.
32 | P a g e
Solutions of Triangles
SOLUTION OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

The use of trigonometry to find relationships between lengths of sides and
measurements of angles in triangles has applications in field such as engineering, physics,
astronomy, and navigation.
y: opp.
x: adj.
Because an acute angle is a positive angle of degree measure less than 90, it can be an
angle in a right triangle, and the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle can
be expressed as ratios of the measures of the sides of a right triangle. Figure 1 shows a right
triangle having an acute angle 𝜃 and a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system placed so
that 𝜃 is in standard position.
The following theorem is the result of applying the definition of the six trigonometric
functions where
➢ x is the measure of the side adjacent to 𝜃 (abbreviated adj)

➢ y is the measure of the side opposite 𝜃 (abbreviated opp)
➢ r is the measure of the hypotenuse (abbreviated hyp)
Theorem 1 If 𝜽 is an acute angle in a right triangle, then

opp hyp
sin 𝜽 = hyp csc 𝜽 = opp
adj hyp
cos 𝜽 = hyp sec 𝜽 = adj
opp adj
tan 𝜽 = cot 𝜽 = opp
adj
33 | P a g e
ILLUSTRATION 1
Figure below shows a right triangle with an acute angle 𝜽. the length of the
hypotenuse in 8 units, and the length of the side adjacent to 𝜽 is 5 units. We can find the
values of the six trigonometric functions of 𝜽 by the formulas of theorem 1; but first we must
compute the length of the side opposite. If z is this length, then from Pythagorean Theorem
we have,
𝑧 2 + 52 = 82
𝑧 2 + 25 = 64
8 𝑧 2 = 39
𝜃
5
𝒛 = √𝟑𝟗
Therefore
opp hyp
sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
hyp opp
√𝟑𝟗 𝟖
= =
𝟖 √𝟑𝟗
adj hyp
cos 𝜃 = hyp sec 𝜃 = adj
𝟓 𝟖
=𝟖 =𝟓
oppo adj
tan 𝜃 = adj
cot 𝜃 = opp
√𝟑𝟗 𝟓
= =
𝟓 √𝟑𝟗
The vertices of a right triangle are usually denoted by A, B, C, where C is used for the
vertex at which the 90𝑜 angle appears. The measures of the sides opposite A, B, and C are
designated by a, b and c, respectively; thus c represents the measure of the hypotenuse, and
a and b represent the measures of the legs. The acute angles at vertices A and B are denoted
by a and 𝛽, respectively. See Figure below. B
c
a
C b A
34 | P a g e
The following theorem is the result of applying the ratios of Theorem 1.
Theorem 2 If a and 𝛽 are the two acute angles of a right triangle, a and b are,
respectively, the measures if the two sides opposite these angles, and c is the
measure of the hypotenuse; then
𝑎 𝑏
sin α = sin 𝛽 =
𝑐 𝑐
𝑏 𝑎
cos α = cos 𝛽 =
𝑐 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
tan α = tan 𝛽 =
𝑏 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎
cot α = 𝑎
cot 𝛽 = 𝑏
𝑐 𝑐
sec α = sec 𝛽 =
𝑏 𝑎
𝑐 𝑐
ssc α = csc 𝛽 =
𝑎 𝑏
From the formulas of Theorem 2 observe that,
Sin α = cos 𝛽 and cos α = sin 𝛽 (1)
Tan α = cot 𝛽 and cot α = tan 𝛽 (2)
Sec α = csc 𝛽 and csc α = sec 𝛽 (3)
Because a + 𝛽 = 90𝑜
𝛽 = 900 − α (4)
Substituting from (4) into (1), (2), and (3), we have
Sin α = cos (900 − 𝛼) and cos 𝛼 = sin (900 − 𝛼) (5)
tan α = cot (900 − 𝛼) and cot 𝛼 = tan (900 − 𝛼) (6)
sec α = csc (900 − 𝛼) and csc 𝛼 = sec (900 − 𝛼) (7)
35 | P a g e
Because of Equation (5), we say that the sine and cosine are confunction of each other.
Furthermore, because of (6), the tangent and contangent are confunctions of each other, and
because (7), the secant and consecant are confunction of each other. When the sum of two
acute angles is 900 , we say that the two angles are complementary and that each angle is
the complement of the other. Therefore Equations (5), (6), and (7) state that any
trigonometry of an acute angle is the cofunction of its complement. This fact is used in the
construction of tables of trigonometric functions.
ILLUSTRATION 2
a) cos(90° - 23.4°) = cos 66.6° b) tan(90° - 39.8°) = tan 50.2°

= 0.3971 = 1.2002
= sin 23.4° = cot 39.8°
c) csc(90° - 81.3°) = csc 8.7°
= 6.6111
= sec 81.3°
Example 1 Express each of the following trigonometric function values as the function
value of a positive angle less than 45°.
a) Sin 72.1° b) cos 45.5° c) cot 89.7°
Solution
a. sin 72.1° = cos (90° - 72.1°) b. cos 45.5° = sin (90° - 45.5°)
= cos 17.9° = sin 44.5°
c. cot 89.7° = tan (90° - 89.7°)
= tan 0.3°
The formulas of Theorem1 can be used to solve a right triangle, which means to find
the measures of its sides and acute angles. In finding such solutions, the accuracy of the given
data determines the accuracy of the results of the computations. Table 1 gives the
relationship between the accuracies of the measures of the sides and the measurements of
the acute angles in degrees. Although we are dealing with approximate numbers, we shall
use the equals’ symbol with the understanding that the equality is valid only for the number
of significant digits warranted by Table 1.
36 | P a g e
TABLE 1
Number of Significant Measurements

digits in Measures of of Acute Angles
Sides
4 To nearest 0.01°
or 1’
3 To nearest 0.1°
or 10’
2 To nearest
degree
When solving a triangle, it is recommended that you first draw a sketch

approximately to scale to gain an understanding of the problem. Doing the enables you to
notice an error if the computed value is unreasonably large or much too small.
Example 2 Solve the right triangle for which 𝛼 = 24.2° and c = 16.3.
Solution Figure 4 shows the triangle. We wish to determine 𝛽, 𝛼, and b.
Because 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 90°, B
𝛽 = 90° − 𝛼 𝛽 C = 16.3
a
= 90° – 24.2°
𝛼 = 24.2°
= 65.8° C b A
To find 𝛼 we need a formula containing 𝛼 and the given values of c and 𝛼. The formulas
for sin 𝛼 and csc 𝛼 involve these quantities. If we use the sine, we have
𝛼
Sin 24.2° = 16.3
𝑎 = 16.3 sin 24.2°
From a calculator, sin 24.2° ≈ 0.4099. Therefore
𝑎 = 16.3(0.4099)
a= 6.68
To find b we wish to use a formula involving 𝛼, 𝑐 and 𝑏. From the formula for
cosine, we have
37 | P a g e
𝑏
Cos 24.2° = 16.3
b= 16.3 cos 24.2°
b= 16.3(0.9121)
b= 14.9
We could have obtained the value for b by using the computed value of 𝛼 and cot
𝛼. By this method we have
𝑏
Cos 24.2° = 6.68
b= 6.68 cot 24.2°
b= 6.68(2.225)
b= 14.9
Observe that by computing b by the two methods we have a check on the work.
In the next example, where we are given the measures of two sides of a right
triangle, it is necessary to determine an acute angle from one of the function values. Before
doing this example, we demonstrate how a calculator can be used in such a situation.
ILLUSTRATION 3
Suppose 𝜃 is an acute angle and
cos 𝜃 = 0.3254
The problem of finding 𝜃 from cos 𝜃 is the inverse of that in determining cos 𝜃 when 𝜃 is
given. On some calculators this inverse process is performed by using a cos −1 key. In this
case, to determine, first enter 0.3254 in the display and then, with the calculator in the degree
mode, press key obtain
cos −1
𝜃 = 71.0°
If there is no cos −1 key, then with the calculator in the degree mode and 0.3254 in the
display, press the INV key followed by the cos key to get the same result.
Similar procedures are used if another function of 𝜃 is given.
The sin−1 cos −1 and tan

−1
keys on the calculator refer to inverse
trigonometric functions.
38 | P a g e
Example 3 Solve the right triangle for which 𝛼 = 32.46 and 𝑏 = 25.78.
Solution The triangle below, the unknowns are 𝛼, 𝛽, and 𝑐. We first determine one of the
angles. To solve for, we use the tangent function and have
32.46
tan 𝛼 = 25.78
tan 𝛼 = 1.259
to find 𝛼, we can use a calculator or Table VII with interpolation. We obtain
𝛼 = 51.54°
To find 𝛽 , we also use the tangent function.

B
25.78
tan 𝛽 = 32.46
c 𝛽
tan 𝛽 = 0.7942
a = 32.46
tan 𝛽 = 38.46
A C
b= 25.78
Because 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 90°, we could have computed 𝛽 by subtracting the value of 𝛼 from 90 °.

However , by finding 𝛽 from the given information we have a check on our work by
showing that
α + 𝛽 = 51.54° + 38.46°
= 90°
To solve for c, we can use the any of the functions α and 𝛽. Using sin α, we have
32.46
sin 51.54° = 𝑐
32.46
c = sin 51.54°
32.46
c=
0.7830
c = 41.45
39 | P a g e
SOLUTION OF OBLIQUE TRIANGLE BY MEANS OF RIGHT TRIANGLES
Oblique triangles can always be solved by breaking them up into right triangles. The
following examples illustrate the methods used in the four typical cases which arise. Usually,
however, it will be found more convenient to employ other methods and formulas for solving
oblique triangles.
Case1. Two angles and side given
Example 1. In the triangle ABC, A = 40°, B = 60°, c = 50. Find the remaining parts.
C =180° – (A + B) = 180° - (40° + 60°) = 80°.
Draw the altitude from one end of the known side. Suppose that this altitude is AD =
h. Then, in the right triangle ABD, h = 50 sin 60° = 43.30. Now, in the right triangle ADC,
ℎ 43.30
C
b = sin 𝐶 = = 44.0
sin 80°
Side α may be found in a similar manner by drawing

b D the altitude from, or by computing the segments BD
α
and adding them.
h
40°
A B
c = 50
Case 2. Two sides and the angle opposite one of them given.
Example 2. Given A = 75°, α = 20,

C
b = 10; find B,C, c.
SOLUTION. Draw the altitude CD =

h. (The altitude must not be drawn h
from the vertex of the known angle.
)In the right angle ADC 75°
D
h = b sin A = 10 sin 75° = 9.659. A B
In the right triangle BDC,

ℎ 9.659
sin B = = = 0.48295,
𝑎 20
𝑩 = 𝟐𝟖°53’
40 | P a g e
C = 180° - (A + B) = 180° - 103°53’ = 76°7’
Side c may be similarly found by drawing and altitude from B, or by computing the
segments AD and DB and adding.
Case 3. Two sides and the included angle given.
Example 3. Given α = 25, b = 30, C = 50°; find the other parts.
SOLUTION. Draw the altitude to one of the known sides, preferably the larger. Suppose that
this altitude is BD = h, and that it divides the side
B BC into the segments CD = m and DA = n. Then ,
h = α sin C = 25 sin 50° = 19.15,
m = α cos C = 25 cos 50° = 16.07,

h
n = b – m = 30 – 16.07 = 13.93,
50° m D n c2 = h2 + n2 = (19.15)2 + (13.93)2 = 560.8,
C b = 30 A
c = 23.7
Angles A and B can now be found quite easily.
Case 4. Three sides given.
Example 4.
SOLUTION. Draw an altitude to one of the sides, preferably the largest. Suppose that this
altitude h divides the side AB into
C segments AD = m and DB = n. Then,
h2 + - m2 = 25 – n2,
h m2 + n2 = 36 – 25 = 11,
D (m + n) (m – n ) = 11.
m n
A c = 9D B But,
m + n = 9,
11
and consequently, m – n = .
9
Solving these simultaneous equations, we get
41 | P a g e
46 35
m= , n= .
9 9
𝑚 23
cos A = = 27 = 0.8519, A = 31.6°;
𝑏
𝑛 7
cos B = = = 0.7778, B = 39.0°;
𝑎 9
C = 180° - (A + B) = 180° - 70.6° = 109.4°.
42 | P a g e
The Eight Fundamental Identities
THE EIGHT FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Fundamental Identities is used to simplify trigonometric expressions, evaluate
trigonometric functions and solve trigonometric equations. One common application of
trigonometric identities is use given values of trigonometric functions to evaluate other
1 1
I. sin x csc x = 1 ↔ csc x = ↔ sin x = , x ≠ kπ
sin 𝑥 csc 𝑥
1 1 1
II. cos x sec x = 1 ↔ sec x = ↔ cos x = , x ≠ π + kπ
cos 𝑥 sec 𝑥 2
1 1 1
III. tan x cot x = 1 ↔ cot x = ↔ tan x = , x ≠ kπ
tan 𝑥 cot 𝑥 2
sin 𝑥 1
IV. tan x = , x ≠ 2π + kπ
cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥
V. cot x = , x ≠ kπ
sin 𝑥
VI. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 x + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 x = 1 ↔ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 x = 1 - 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 x ↔ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 x = 1 - 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
VII. 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 x = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 x ↔ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 x = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 x – 1 ↔ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 x - 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 x = 1
VIII. 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 x = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 x ↔ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 x = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 x – 1 ↔ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 x - 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 = 1
Note: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 x represents (sin 𝑥 )2 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 x represents ( cos x )2 and so on.
EXAMPLE 1: Simplifying a Trigonometric Expression.
Simplify the expression cos 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥
SOLUTIONS: Start by rewriting the expression in terms of sine and cosine.

sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 + ( ) sin 𝑥 Reciprocal Identity
cos 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= cos 𝑥 +
cos 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= cos 𝑥
1
= cos 𝑥 Pythagorean Identity
= sec x Reciprocal Identity
43 | P a g e
EXAMPLE 2: Perform the addition and simplify.
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
+ sin 𝜃
1+ cos 𝜃
SOLUTION:
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 ( sin 𝜃 ) (sin 𝜃 )+ ( cos 𝜃 ) ( 1+ cos 𝜃 )
+ sin 𝜃 =
1+ cos 𝜃 ( 1+ cos 𝜃 )( sin 𝜃 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + cos 𝜃

= Multiply
( 1+ cos 𝜃 ) ( sin 𝜃 )
1+ cos 𝜃
= Pythagorean Identity
(1+ cos 𝜃) (sin 𝜃)
1
= Divide out common factor
sin 𝜃
= 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 Reciprocal Identity
EXAMPLE 3: Use the Fundamental Identities to find the exact values of the other five
4
sin 𝜃 = and cos 𝜃 > 0
5
SOLUTION: cos 𝜃 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 Pythagorean Identity
4 sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃 = √1 − ( 5 )2 tan 𝜃 = Quotient Identities
cos 𝜃
4
16 5
= √1 − 25 = 3
5
9 20
= √25 = 15
𝟑 𝟒
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝟓 𝟑
44 | P a g e
Reciprocal identities
1 1 𝟓
csc 𝜃 = = 4 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 =
sin 𝜃 𝟒
5
1 1 𝟓
sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = 3 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 =
𝟑
5
1 1 𝟑
cot 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 = 4 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 =
𝟒
3
45 | P a g e
Proving Trigonometric Identities
PROVING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

In this section, you will study techniques for verifying trigonometric identities. In the
next section, you will study techniques for solving trigonometric equations. The key to
verifying identities and solving equation is the ability to use the fundamental identities and
the rules of algebra to rewrite-trigonometric expression.
Remember that a conditional equation is an equation that is true for only some of the
values in its domain. For example, the conditional equations.
Sin x = 0 Conditional equation
Is true for only for x=nπ, where n is an integer. When you find these values, you are solving
the equation.
On the other hand, an equation that is true for all real values in the domain of the
variable is an identity. For example, the familiar equation
sin² x=1 - cos² x Identity
is true for all real numbers x. So, it is an identity.
Verifying Trigonometric Identities
Although there are similarities, verifying that a trigonometric equation is an identity

is quite different from solving an equation. There is no well-defined set of rules to follow in
verifying trigonometric identities, and the process is best learned by practice.
Verifying trigonometric identities is a useful process if you need to convert a trigonometric

expression in to a form that is more useful algebraically. When you verify an identity, you
cannot assume that the two sides of the equation are equal because you are trying to verify
that they are equal. As a result, when verifying identities, you cannot use operations such as
adding the same quantity to each side of the equation or cross multiplication
Guidelines for Verifying Trigonometric Identities

1. Work with one side of the equation at a time. It is often better to work with the
more complicated side first.
2. Look for opportunities to factor an expression, add fraction, square a binomial,
or create a monomial denominator.
46 | P a g e
3. Look for opportunities to use the fundamental identities. Note which

functions are in the final expression you want. Sines and Cosines pair up well,
as do Secants and Tangents, and Cosecants and Cotangents.
4. If the preceding guidelines do not help, try to converting all terms to sines
and cosines.
5. Always try something. Even paths that lead to dead ends provide insights.
sec²ɵ − 1
Example 1: Verify the identity: = sin² ɵ
sec² ɵ
Solution: The left side is more complicated, so start with it
Sec2 ɵ−1 (tan2 ɵ + 1)−1

= Pythagorean identity
sec2ɵ sec2 ɵ
tan² ɵ
= sec2 ɵ Simplify
= tan² ɵ (cos² ɵ) Reciprocal identity

Sin ² ɵ
=(cos2 ɵ) (cos² ɵ) Quotient identity
= sin ² ɵ Simplify
Note: Notice how the identity is verified. You start with the left side of the equation (The
more complicated side) and use the fundamental trigonometric identities to simplify it until
you obtain the right side.
Example 2: Verify the identity of

1 1
sec²α= 1−sin α + 1−sin α
ALGEBRAIC SOLUTION
The right side is more complicated, so start with it:

1 1 1+sin α+1− sin α
+ = Add fractions
1−sin α 1−sin α (1−sin α) (1 +sin α )
47 | P a g e
2
= 1−sin² α
Simplify
2
= cos² α
Pythagorean identity
2
= sec² α
Reciprocal identity
Example 3. Verify the identity ( tan² x + 1) (cos² x – 1) = -tan² x
ALGEBRAIC SOLUTION
By applying identities before multiplying, you obtain the following
(tan² x + 1)( cos² x – 1) = (sec² x) (-sin² x) Pythagorean identities

−sin² x
= cos² x
Reciprocal identity
−sin x
= ( cos x )² rules of exponents
= -tan² x Quotient identity
48 | P a g e
The Sum and Difference Identities
THE SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF IDENTITIES
Finding the exact value of the sine,

cosine, or tangent of an angle is often
easier if we can rewrite the given angle in
terms of two angles that have known
trigonometric values. We can use the
special angles, which we can review in
the unit circle.
The sum and difference identities
for sine and cosine can be used to find the
exact values of the sine and cosine of
angles that are not special angles.
A Let’s consider two points on the unit

circle. See Figure below. Point P is at an angle α
P Q from the positive x-axis with coordinates (cos α,
α-β sin α) and point Q is at an angle of β from the
positive x-axis with coordinates (cos β, sin β).
α β B Note the measure of angle POQ is α − β. Label
O 1 two more points: A at an angle of (α − β) from
the positive x-axis with coordinates (cos(α − β),
sin(α − β)); and point B with coordinates (1, 0).
Triangle POQ is a rotation of triangle AOB and
thus the distance from P to Q is the same as the
distance from A to B.
We can find the distance from P to Q using the distance formula.
Then we apply the Pythagorean Identity and simplify.
49 | P a g e
Similarly, using the distance formula we can find the distance from A to B.
Applying the Pythagorean Identity and simplifying we get:
Because the two distances are the same, we set them equal to each other and simplify
Finally, we subtract 2 from both sides and divide both sides by −2
Thus, we have the difference formula for cosine. We can use similar methods to derive the
cosine of the sum of two angles.
Sum and Difference Formula
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝛼 + 𝛽) =
1+𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝛼 + 𝛽) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽
Example 1: Find the value of the following

π
a. cos 75° b. sin 12
50 | P a g e
Solution:
a. Write 75° as 120°-45° and use the difference formula for cosine
Formula:
cos (A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
cos (120° − 45°) = cos 120° cos 45° + sin 120° sin 45°
1 √2 √3 √2
= (− ) ( ) + ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
− √2 √6
=( )+ ( )
4 4
√𝟐 + √𝟔
=
𝟒
π π 180
b. First convert 12 into degrees → 12 = 12
= 15°
Write 15° as and use the difference formula for sine

Formula : 45° − 30°
sin (A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
sin (45° − 30°) = sin 45° cos 30° − cos 45° sin 30°
√2 √3 √2 1
= ( )( ) − ( )( )
2 2 2 2
√6 √2
=( )−( )
4 4
√𝟔 − √𝟐
=
𝟒
Example 2. Find the exact value of sin 42° cos 12° − cos 24° sin 12°
Solution:
The given expression fits the formula sin (A-B) wherein A = 42° and B = 12°
Formula :
sin (A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B

sin 42° cos 12° − cos 24° sin 12° = sin (42° − 12°)
= sin 30°
1
=
2
51 | P a g e
1 3
Example 3. Find the exact value of sin ( cos −1 2 + sin−1 5 ). Then check the answer with
a graphing calculator.
1
Solution: The pattern displayed in this problem is sin (α + β). Let α = cos-1 2 and
3
β= sin-1 5
Example 4. Derive a formula for tan(α + β) in terms of tan(α) and tan(β).
52 | P a g e
53 | P a g e
Double-Measure and Half-Measure Identities
DOUBLE-MEASURE AND HALF-MEASURE IDENTITIES

The double-measure and half-measure identities are special cases of the sine sum,
cosine sum, and tangent sum identities. First of all, in the sine sum identity,
sin(x+y)= sin x cos y + cos x sin y
Let y=x, and we have,

sin (x +x) = sin x cos x + cos x sin x
From which we have the following Sine Double-Measure Identities.
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
We proceed in a similar fashion with the cosine sum identity.
cos(x+y)= cos x cos y - sin x sin y
cos (x +x ) = cos x cos x – sin x sin x
We have then the Cosine Double-Measure Identity.
cos 2x = cos2x – sin2x
We also have the alternative forms of Cosine Double-Measure Identity.
cos 2x = 1 - 2sin2x
cos 2x = 2cos2x - 1
To derive the formula expressing tan 2x in terms of tan x, we start with tangent sum
identity.
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙+𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚
tan (x + y)= 𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚
We let y=x and get
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙+𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
tan (x + x)= 𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
From which we have the following Tangent Double-Measure Identity.
𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
tan 2x = 𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝒙
54 | P a g e
Example 1. Find cos 60° by using the functions of 30°.
We can only use the sine and cosine functions of 300, so

we need to start with 600 = 2 x 300. We will use the result:
cos 2α = cos2 α − sin2 α, and the 30-60 triangle:
Now we proceed to find the exact value of cos60° using the

ratios of 30°:
Cos 600 = Cos (2 x 300)
= Cos2 (300) – Sin2 (300)
√3 2 1
=( ) – (2)2
2
3 1
= -
4 4
2
=4
𝟏
=𝟐
12
Example 2. Find the exact value of Cos 2x if sin X = - (in quadrant III)
13
Using the following form of the cosine of a double angle formula, Cos 2x = 1 – 2sin2 x,
we have
Cos 2x = 1 – 2sin2 x
−12
= 1 – 2( 13 )2
144
= 1 – 2 (169)
169−288
= 169
−𝟏𝟏𝟗
= 𝟏𝟔𝟗
55 | P a g e
Example 3 . Prove that 2csc 2x Tan x = sec2 x
A good approach with these proofs is to reduce everything to sine and cosine only.
Then you find the steps are easier to simplify, and it is easier to recognize the various
formulas we have learned.
LHS = 2csc 2x Tan x

𝟐 𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝒙
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
𝟐 𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝒙
= 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 x 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
= sec2 x
HALF-MEASURE IDENTITIES
Useful identities expressing in sin2x, cos2x, and tan2x in terms of cos 2x, are obtained
from the alternative forms of the cosine double-measure identity.
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
cos 2x = 1 – 2sin2x cos 2x = 2cos2x – 1 tan2x = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
2sin2x = 1 – cos 2x 2cos2x = 1 + cos 2x 𝟏 – 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
= 𝟐
𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 𝟐
sin2x = cos2x =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 – 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
tan2x = 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
We have then the following Identities for sin2 x, cos2 x, and tan2x in terms of cos 2x.
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
sin2x = 𝟐
𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
cos2x = 𝟐
𝟏 – 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
tan2x = 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
56 | P a g e
Example 1: Find the exact value of sin 22.5°
Since 22.5° is half of 45°, we use the half-angle formula for sine with u= 45°. We
choose the (+) sign because 22.5° is in the first quadrant.
45° 1−cos 45°
sin = √ Half angle Formula
2 2
1− √2/2
=√ cos 45° = √2/2
2
2−√2
=√ Common denominator
4
𝟏
= √𝟐 − √𝟐 Simplify
𝟐
2
Example 2: Find tan (u/2) if sin 𝑢 = and u is in quadrant II.
5
To use the half-angle formula for tangent, we first need to find u. Since cosine is
negative in quadrant II, we have
cos 𝑢 = −√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢
2 √21
= - √1 − ( )2 = −
5 5
𝑢 1−cos 𝑢
tan 2 = sin 𝑢
21
1+ √ 5
= 2
5
√𝟐𝟏
=𝟓+
𝟐
57 | P a g e
1−cos 2𝑎
Example 3: Prove that tan 𝑎 = is an identity for all values of a for which
sin 2𝑎
sin 2𝑎 ≠ 0 and tan a is defined.
sin 𝑎
Express all function values in terms of sin a and cos a. Since tan 𝑎 = ,
cos 𝑎
cos 2𝑎 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑎, sin 2𝑎 = 2 sin 𝑎 cos 𝑎, the identity to be proved is equivalent to
sin 𝑎 1 − (1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑎)
=
cos 𝑎 2 sin 𝑎 cos 𝑎
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑎
=
2 sin 𝑎 cos 𝑎
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂
=
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂
58 | P a g e
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

The most common convention is to name Inverse Trigonometric Functions using
an arc- prefix; arcsin(x), arccos(x), arctan(x), etc. This notation arises from the following
geometric relationship; when measuring radians, an angle of Ꝋ radians will correspond to
an arc whose is rꝊ, where r is the radius of the circle. Thus, in the unit circle, ”the arc whose
cosine is x”, because the length of the arc of the angle in radii is the same as the measurement
of the angle in radians.
FUNCTION DOMAIN RANGE

𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅
− ≤𝒚≤
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 𝟎≤𝒚≤𝝅

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 = 𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 −∞ < 𝒙 < ∞ 𝝅 𝝅

− <𝒚<
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
Example 1: Graphing the inverse sine function.

By the definition, the equation 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 are equivalent for −𝝅/𝟐 ≤ 𝒚 ≤
𝝅/𝟐. So their graphs are the same, from interval [−𝝅/𝟐, 𝜋/2], you can assign values to y in
the second equation to make a table of values. Then plot the points and draw smooth curve
through the points.
Y 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 0 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
− − −
𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 𝟔 𝟒 𝟐
X
In order to find the value of x use the formula 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 (we will use the trigonometric
function not the inverse one because the y is already given).
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝒚 = −𝟐 𝒚 = −𝟒 𝒚 = −𝟒
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 = 𝒙

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏 − 𝟐 = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − 𝟒 = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − 𝟔 = 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 − 𝟗𝟎 = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − 𝟒𝟓 = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − 𝟑𝟎 = 𝒙
59 | P a g e
−𝟏 = 𝒙 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 = 𝒙 −𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝒙
√𝟐 𝟏
− = 𝒙 −𝟐 = 𝒙
𝟐
y 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 0 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
− − −
𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 𝟔 𝟒 𝟐
x -1 √𝟐 𝟏 0 𝟏 √𝟐 1
− −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
So now we already find the value of x so we will now proceed on plotting it on the
plane.
Figure 1:Graph of the Inverse Sine Function
The resulting graph is shown above in figure 1. Note that the domain of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 is
the closed interval [-1,1], and the range is the closed interval [−𝝅/𝟐, 𝝅/𝟐].
Example 2. Finding an angle in a right triangle using the inverse

cosine function.
So if the given measurements are the adjacent and hypotenuse

and you are looking for the value of the unknown angle you will use
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
the formula 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒.
60 | P a g e
Solution:
𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆
√𝟔𝟒
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝟏𝟒
𝟖 So we are finding the value of theta so Cos should be transpose to the

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟏𝟒
right side.
𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕 Inverse Cosine Function
𝜽 = 𝟓𝟓°
EXAMPLE 3. Evaluating the inverse tangent function.

1
Find the value of tan [cos −1 ( 2)]
𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏 [𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( )]
𝟐
𝒕𝒂𝒏 [𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( 𝟎. 𝟓)]
𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟔𝟎)
𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐 𝒐𝒓 √𝟑
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Trigonometric Equations
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships between the sides
and angles of triangles. Trigonometry is found all throughout geometry, as every straight-
sided shape may be broken into as a collection of triangles. Further still, trigonometry has
astoundingly intricate relationships to other branches of mathematics, in particular complex
numbers, infinite series, logarithms and calculus.
An equation that contains trigonometric function is called trigonometric equation.

The methods used to find solutions of trigonometric equations are similar to those used to
solve algebraic expressions. Uses of standard algebraic techniques such as collecting like
terms and factoring can be applied in order to isolate the trigonometric function in the
equation.
Examples:
1. Basic Trigonometric Equation
Original Equation: 2 sin x - 1 = 0 Original Equation: 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
2 sin x = 1 tan2 𝑥 = 3
1
sin x = 2 tan x = √3
1
x = sin−1 x = tan−1 √3
2 𝜋
𝜋 x=3
x=6
2. Collecting Like Terms

Original Equation: sin x + √𝟐 = − sin x
sin x + sin x + √2 = 0 Add sin x to each side

sin x + sin x = − √2 Subtract − √2 from each side
2 sin x = − √2 Combine like terms
√2
sin x = − Divide each side by 2
2
How to find x?
Because sin x has a period of 2π, first find all solutions in the interval (0, 2π). These
solutions are x = 5π/4 and x = 7π/4. Finally, add multiples of 2π to each of these solutions to
get the general form.
5π 7π
x= + 2nπ x= + 2nπ General Solution
4 4
where n is an integer
62 | P a g e
Trigonometric Equations
3. Factoring
Original Equation: cot x 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 = 2 cot x
cot x cos 2 𝑥 - 2 cot x = 0 Subtract 2 cot x from each side

cot x (cos 2 𝑥 – 2) = 0 Factor
Setting each of these factors equal to zero:
The equation cot x = 0 has the solution x = π/2 [in the interval (0, π)]. No
solution is obtained for cos x = ± √2 because ± √2 are outside the range of the cosine
function. Because cot x has a period of π, the general form of the solution is obtained
by adding multiples of π to x = π/2, to get
π
x = 2 + nπ General Solution
where n is an integer
Another example for Factoring.
Original Equation: tan2 x – tan x = 0
1. Move the term on the right to the left by subtracting it from both sides.
tan2 x – tan x = 0
2. Don’t divide through by tan x. You’ll lose solutions. Factor out tan x.
tan x (tan x – 1) = 0
3. Set each of the two factors equal to 0.
tan x = 0 or tan x – 1 = 0
4. Solve for the values of x that satisfy both equations.
If tan x = 0, then x = tan–1(0) = 0,

𝜋 5𝜋
If tanx -1 = 0, then x = tan-1 (1) = ,
4 4
63 | P a g e
Identities for the Products, Sum, and Difference of Sine and Cosine
IDENTITIES FOR THE PRODUCTS, SUM, AND DIFFERENCE OF SINE AND

COSINE (SUPPLEMENTARY)
In certain computations it is necessary to write an expression involving the product
of sine and cosine functions as sum or difference. The tools for doing this are provided by the
product Sine and cosine identities which follow from the sine and cosine sum and difference
identities.
The sine sum and difference identities are
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
If we add corresponding of this two equations, we obtain
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
And if subtract terms of the second equation from corresponding term of the first, we get
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
These results give then give the Product Sine and Cosine identities
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 = [𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝒚) + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙 – 𝒚)]
𝟐
𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 = [𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙 − 𝒚)]
𝟐
1
Example 1. From the identities sin x cos y = [sin(x + y) + sin(x − y)
2
1
sin 5𝑡 cos 3𝑡 = [sin(5𝑡 + 3𝑡) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑡 − 3𝑡)]
2
𝟏
= (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟖𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕)
𝟐
1
Example 2. From the identity cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = [sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦)],
2
1
cos 3𝑡 sin 5𝑡 = [sin(3𝑡 + 5𝑡) − sin(3𝑡 − 5𝑡)]
2
1
= [sin 8𝑡 − sin(−2𝑡)]
2
64 | P a g e
1
= [sin 8𝑡 − (− sin 2𝑡)]
2
𝟏
= (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟖𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕)
𝟐
The cosine sum and difference identities are
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚
Adding corresponding terms of these two equations, we have
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 + 𝒚) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚
And subtracting terms of the first equation from corresponding terms of the second, we get
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 − 𝒚) − 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
From these two results we have then have the Product Sine and Cosine Identities.
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐲 = [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐱 + 𝐲) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐱 − 𝐲)]
𝟐
𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲 = [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐱 − 𝐲) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐱 + 𝐲)]
𝟐
The first identity expresses the product of two cosine functions as the sum of two cosine
function; the second identity expresses the product of two sine functions as the difference of
two cosine functions. They are both valid for all real numbers and all angles x and y
1
Example 3. From the identity cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = [cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝑦)],
2
1
cos 4𝜃 cos 2𝜃 = 2 [cos(4𝜃 + 2𝜃 ) + cos(4𝜃 − 2𝜃 )]
𝟏
= (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽)
𝟐
1
Example 4. From the identity sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = [cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) − cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)],
2
1
sin 4𝜃 sin 2𝜃 = [cos(4𝜃 − 2𝜃 ) − cos(4𝜃 + 2𝜃)]
2
𝟏
= (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝜽)
𝟐
65 | P a g e
𝟐𝟓 𝟓
Example 5. Find the exact value of 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟒 𝝅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝟒 𝝅.
𝟏
From the identity 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 = 𝟐 [sin(x + y) + sin (x – y)],
25 5 1 25 5 25 5
𝑠𝑖𝑛 24 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 24 𝜋 = 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(24 𝜋 + 24 𝜋 ) + sin (24 𝜋 -24 𝜋)
1 30 20
= (sin 𝜋 + sin 𝜋)
2 24 24
1 5 5
= 2 (sin 4 𝜋 + sin 6 𝜋)
1 √2 1
= (− + )
2 2 2
𝟏−√𝟐
= 𝟒
Example 2 Verify the identity (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕 ) (𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒕
We start with the left side. After moving parentheses we apply the product Sine and
Cosine identity forsin 𝑥 cos 𝑦.
(sin 2𝑡 )( 1 + 2 cos 𝑡 ) = sin 2𝑡 + 2 sin 2𝑡 cos 𝑡

1
= sin 2𝑡 + 2 ∙ [sin( 2𝑡 + 𝑡 ) + sin( 2𝑡 + 𝑡 )]
2
= sin 2𝑡 + (sin 3𝑡 + sin 𝑡 )
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒕
The product Sine and cosine identities can be used to write a sum or difference of sine
and cosine functions as a product. We make substitutions
𝑥+𝑦 =𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥−𝑦 =𝑧
Then
(𝑥+𝑦)+(𝑥−𝑦)= 𝑤+𝑧
𝑤+𝑧
𝑥= 2
Also
( 𝑥 + 𝑦 )– ( 𝑥 − 𝑦 ) = 𝑤 − 𝑧
𝑤+𝑧
𝑥=
2
66 | P a g e
Substituting from ((1), (2), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3) and the four product sine and cosine identities we
obtain Sum and Difference Sine and Cosine Identities.
𝑤+𝑧 𝑤−𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠( )
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
2 2
𝑤+𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2
The first and third of these identities are called the Sum Sine and Sum Cosine
Identities, respectively. The second forth are called the difference sine and difference
cosines identities, respectively. They are valid for all real numbers and angles 𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧.
Example 7. To write sin 8𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 as a product, we apply the sum sine identity and obtain
8𝑥+4𝑥 8𝑥−4𝑥
sin 𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
= 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
Example 8. Verify the identity

cos 2𝑦+cos 4𝑦
= cot 𝑦
sin 4𝑦−sin 2𝑦
We begin in the left side and apply the sum cosine identity to the numerator and the
difference sine identity to the denominator.
2𝑦+4𝑦 2𝑦−4𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦+cos 4𝑦 2𝑐𝑜𝑠( ) cos( )
2 2
= 4𝑦+2𝑦 4𝑦−2𝑦
sin 4𝑦−sin 2𝑦 2 cos( ) sin( )
2 2
2 cos 3𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝑦)
= 2 cos 3𝑦 sin 𝑦
cos(−𝑦)
= sin 𝑦
cos 𝑦
= = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒚
sin 𝑦 The Law of Sine
THE LAW OF SINES
67 | P a g e
An oblique triangle is one that does not contain a right triangle. The law of sine and
cosines are devoted to solving such triangles, which means finding the measures of the sides
and angles of the triangle, without breaking them up into right triangles.
Figure a and figure b below represents an acute triangle and an obtuse triangle,
respectively.
C C
h
h
D
A B D
A
B
Figure a Figure b
In each figure, B being the obtuse angle, we draw the altitude CD and designate its
length by h. then in figure a,
𝒉
Sin B = or h = a sin B,
𝒂
And the same relation holds in figure b, since,
sin (180˚- B) = sin B
In either figure,
ℎ
sin A = 𝑏 or h = b sin A
Equating the values of h in figure a and b, we have
a sin B = b sin A
And dividing both sides of the previous equation by sin A sin B, we get
𝑎 𝑏
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵
The Law of Sine
Similarly, by drawing the altitude from A, we can prove that
68 | P a g e
𝑏 𝑐
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶
Combining the 2 previous equations, we obtain the Law of Sines,
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
= =
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪
Which may be stated in words as follows: The sides of a triangle are proportional to the sines
of the opposite angles
To summarize the abovementioned derivation of the law of sine, we have
If α, β and γ are the angles of any triangle, and a, b, and c, are respectively, the measures
of the sides opposite these angles, then
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 sin 𝛾
The law of sine is applied in solving a triangle when two sides are known in the
following examples.
EXAMPLE 1. Solve the triangle for which α=51.2˚, β=48.6˚ and a=23.5
Because α + β + γ =180˚,
γ
b a=23.5 γ= 180˚- α – 51.2˚ - 48.6˚
=80.2˚
α= 51.2˚ β= 48.6˚
From the Law of Sine, Also from the Law of Sine,
23.5 𝑏 23.5 𝑐
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 51.2˚ sin 48.6° 𝑠𝑖𝑛 51.2˚ sin 80.2°
23.5 (sin 48.6°) 23.5 (sin 80.2°)

𝑏= 𝑏=
sin 51.2° sin 51.2°
The Law of Sine
23.5 (0.7501) 23.5 (0.9854)

𝑏= 𝑏=
(0.7793) (0.7793)
69 | P a g e
23.5 (sin 48.6°) 23.5 (sin 48.6°)
𝑏= 𝑏=
sin 51.2° sin 51.2°
EXAMPLE 2. On a hill inclined at an angle of 14.2˚ with the horizontal, stands a vertical tower.
At a point P, 62.5 m down the hill from the foot of the tower, the angle of elevation of the top
of the tower is 43.6˚. How tall is the tower?
𝑥 62.5
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 29.4° sin 46.4°
62.5 (sin 29.4°)
𝑥=
sin 46.4°
62.5 (0.4909)
=
0.7242
x= 42.4
Therefore the tower is 42.4 m tall.
AMBIGUOUS CASES
4 POSSIBILITIES
Possibility 1: Possibility 2: Possibility 3: Possibility 4:

a < b sin α a =b sin α b sin α < a < b a≥b
Example for Possibility 1: a < b sin α
Let a= 2.3, b= 4.5, α= 42˚. From the law of sines:
𝑎 𝑏
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 sin 𝛽 The Law of Sine
2.3 4.5
= sin 𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛42°
70 | P a g e
4.5 (sin 42°)
sin 𝛽 =
2.3
4.5 (0.6691)
=
2.3
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟗
Because |sinβ| cannot be greater than one, this equation has no solution. Thus, there
is no triangle satisfying the given information. Furthermore, it satisfies possibility 1
because,
b sin α = 4.5 (sin 42˚) = 3.01 and;
a= 2.3 and 2.3 < 3.01
Example for Possibility 2: a = bsin α
Suppose that a= 2.0, b= 4.0 and α= 30˚. Then from the law of sine,
𝑎 𝑏
=
sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
2.0 4.0
=
sin 30˚ sin 𝛽
4.0 (sin 30˚)

sin 𝛽 = 2.0
4.0 (0.5)
sin 𝛽 = 2.0
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 = 𝟏
Therefore β= 90˚and there is a right triangle.
Possibility 2 holds because for this set off values b sin α= 4.0 (sin 30˚); that is, b
sin a= 2 and a=2.
Example for Possibility 3: b sin α < a < b
Let a= 25.2, b= 30.5, and α= 54.2˚. From the law of sine,

𝑎 𝑏
=
sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
25.2 30.5
=
sin 54.2˚ sin 𝛽 The Law of Sine
30.5 (sin 54.2˚)
sin 𝛽 = 25.2
71 | P a g e
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟖𝟕
There are two angles β having degree measure between 0 and 180 for which sin 𝛽 =
0.9187. let the acute angle be β1= 79˚
If the obtuse angle is β2, then because β1 is the reference angle of β2, we have
Β2= 180˚ - 79˚
Β2= 101˚
Therefore, there are 2 triangles. And so to solve for first triangle, we compute γ1 and c1.
γ1 = 180˚ - 54.2˚ - 79˚
γ1= 46.8˚
From law of sine,

𝑐1 30.5
sin 46.8°
= sin 79°
30.5 (sin 46.8°)

𝑐1 = sin 79°
30.5 (0.7290)
𝑐1 = 0.9816
𝒄𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟕
We now compute γ2 and c2 for the second triangle.
γ2 = 180˚ - 54.2˚ - 101.0˚
γ2 =24.8˚
From the law of sine,

𝑐2 30.5
=
sin 24.8° sin 101.0°
30.5 (sin 24.8˚)

𝑐2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛101.0˚
30.5 (0.4195)
𝑐2 = 0.9816
𝒄𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎
The Law of Sine
The given set of values satisfies possibility 3 because,
b sin α = 30.5 sin 54.2˚

72 | P a g e
= 24.7
Furthermore, a= 25.2, b=30.5 and 24.7 < 25.2 <30.5
Example for Possibility 4: a ≥ b
Suppose a= 5.21, b= 3.06 and α= 47.6˚.

𝑎 𝑏
=
sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
5.21 3.06
=
sin 47.6˚ sin 𝛽
3.06 (sin 47.6˚)

sin 𝛽 = 5.21
3.06 (0.7385)
sin 𝛽 =
5.21
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟕
There are 2 angles having the degree measure between 0 and 180, whose sine has a
value of 0.4337. but because a > b, it follows that α > β; therefore, 47.6˚ > β. Thus we have
only one value for β, which is
β = 25.7˚
We now compute for c and γ of this triangle.
γ = 180˚ - 47.6˚ - 25.7˚
γ = 106.7˚

𝑐 𝑎
=
sin 𝛾 sin 𝛼
𝑐 5.21
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 106.7˚ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 47.6°
The Law of Sine
5.21 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 106.7˚)
𝑐= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 47.6°
73 | P a g e
5.21 (0.9578)
𝑐= 0.7385
𝒄 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟔
It is apparent that the given set of values satisfies Possibility 4 because a= 5.21, b=
3.06 and 5.21 > 3.06.
If an angle of a triangle is obtuse, the measure of the side of the opposite is must be
greater than the measures of the other sides. Therefore if a, b and α are given and α is obtuse,
then one triangle is possible if and only if a > b.
Because of the various situations that can occur, the case when two sides and the
angle opposite one of them are given is called ambiguous case. The same results are
obtained if the known sides and the angle opposite one of them are represented by other
symbols.
The Law of Cosine
THE LAW OF COSINES
74 | P a g e
Law of cosines says that the square of any side of triangle is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides; minus twice the product of those two sides times the cosine
of the included angle.
In any triangle ABC, we have ALTERNATIVE FORM
STANDARD FORM 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
cos 𝐴 =
2𝑏𝑐
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐴
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶 cos 𝐵 =
2𝑎𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2
cos 𝐶 =
2𝑎𝑏
If one of the angles of a triangle, say angle of 𝐶, is a right angle, then 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶 = 0, and
the Law of Cosines reduces to the Pythagorean theorem, 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 . Thus the
Pythagorean Theorem is a special case of the Law of Cosines.
SOLUTION To prove the Law of Cosines, place triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 so that angle 𝐴 is at the origin,
as shown in Figure 1. The coordinates of vertices 𝐵 and 𝐶 are (𝑐, 0) and (𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴, 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴),
respectively. Using the Distance Formula, we get
𝑎2 = (𝑏 cos 𝐴 − 𝑐)2 + ( 𝑏 sin 𝐴 − 0)2

= 𝑏2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= 𝑏2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴) − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴 + 𝑐 2
= 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴 𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = 1 The Law of Cosine
This proves the first formula. The other two formulas are obtained in the same way
by placing each of other vertices of the triangle at the origin and repeating the preceding
argument.
75 | P a g e
EXAMPLE 1: SAS, THE LAW OF COSINES
Solve the triangle for which 𝑎 = 24.0, 𝑐 = 32.0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 64° .
SOLUTION
𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝛽
𝑏2 = (24.0)2 + (32.0)2 − 2(24.0)(32.0) cos 64. 0°
𝑏2 = 576 + 1024 − 1536(0.4384)
𝑏2 = 926.6
𝑏2 = 30.4
Because we now have values for 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽, we can use the law of sines.
𝑎 𝑏
=
sin 𝑎 sin 𝛽
24.0 30.4
=
sin 𝛼 sin 64. 0°
sin 𝛼
24.0(sin 64. 0° )
=
30.4
sin 𝛼
24.0(0.8988)
=
30.4
sin 𝛼
= 0.7096
There are two angles in a triangle for the sine is 0.7096: 45.2° and 134. 8° . However,
because a𝑎 < 𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 < 𝛽. Therefore, we reject 134. 8° and
𝛼 = 45. 2°
Because 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 180 °
𝛾 = 180° − 45. 2° − 64. 0°

= 70. 8°
The law of sines can be applied to find 𝛾. If this method is used, there is a check on
the work by verifying that 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 180°.
76 | P a g e
The Law of Cosine
EXAMPLE 2: NAVIGATION
A pilot sets out from an airport and heads in the direction

N 20° E, flying at 200 mi/h. After one hour, h makes a
course correction and heads in the direction N 40° E. Half
an hour after that, engine trouble forces him to make an
emergency landing.
a.) Find the distance between the airport and his

final landing point.
b.) Find the bearing from the airport to his final
landing point.
SOLUTION
a.) In one hour the plane travels 200 mi, and in half an hour it travels 100 mi, so we can
plot the pilots course as in Figure 3. When he makes his course correction, he turns
20° to the right, so the angle between the two legs of his trip is 180° − 20° = 160° . So
by the Law of Cosines we have
𝑏2 = 200° + 100° − 2 ∙ 200 ∙ 100 cos 160°

= 87,587.70
= √87,587.70
= 295.95
Thus, 𝑏 = 295.95. The pilot lands about 296 mi from his starting point.
b.) We first use the Law of sines to find angle A.
sin 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛160°
=
100 295.95
sin 160°
sin 𝐴 = 100 ∙
295.95
= 0.11557
sin−1 0.11557
Using the sin−1 𝑘𝑒𝑦 on the a calculator, we find that angle 𝐴 = 6.636° . From Figure 3 we see
that the line from the airport to the final landing site points in the direction 20° + 6.636°
east of due north. Thus, the bearing is about N 26.6° E.
77 | P a g e
The Law of Cosine
EXAMPLE 3: SSS, THE LAW OF COSINES
Find the three angle of the triangle in Figure 4.
SOLUTION
It is a good idea first to find the angle opposite the length side-side b in this case. Using the
alternative form of the Law of Cosines, you find that
𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2
cos 𝐵 =
2𝑎𝑐
82 + 142 − 192
cos 𝐵 =
2(8)(14)
cos 𝐵 = −0.45089
Because cos 𝐵 is negative, you know that 𝐵 is an obtuse angle given by 𝐵 = 116.80° . At
this point, it is simpler to use the Law of sines to determine 𝐴.
sin 𝐵
sin A = 𝑎
𝑏
sin 116.80°
sin 𝐴 = 8
19
sin 𝐴 = 0.37583
You know that 𝐴 must be acute because 𝐵 is obtuse, and a triangle can have, at most, one
obtuse angle. So. 𝐴 = 22.08° and 𝐶 = 180° − 22.08° − 116.80° = 41.12° .
Example 4: Find B when a= 80, b= 139, c=60
5.962 +6.452 −10.32

cos 𝛽= 2(5.96)(6.45)
5.962+6.452−10.32
= 2(5.96)(6.45)
cos β = -0.97094
β = 166.15ᵒ
78 | P a g e
The Law of Cosine
Example 4. Solve the triangle if c= 10.3 b= 6.45 α= 32.4ᵒ. Find a, β, γ.
Solution: We solve for a.
𝑎2 = 𝑏2 +𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
𝑎2 = 6.452 +10.32 − 2(6.45)(10.3)32.4ᵒ
𝑎2 = 41.6 + 106.1 − 112.19
𝑎2 = √35.5
𝒂 = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟔
We then compute for γ.
𝑎2 +𝑏2 −𝑐2
cos 𝛾= 2𝑎𝑏
5.962 +6.452 −10.32

cos 𝛾= 2(5.96)(6.45)
−28.9659
cos 𝛾= 76.884
cos 𝛾=−0.37675
𝛾 = cos −1 −0.37675
𝜸 ≈ 112.13ᵒ
We compute for β.
β =180ᵒ-144.53ᵒ
β = 35.47˚
Example 6. Find the three angles of the triangle when a=8 ft , b=19 ft , c=14 ft.
Solution: It is a good idea first to find the angle opposite the longest side—side b in this case.
Using the Alternative form of the Law of Cosines, you find that;
𝑐 2 +𝑎2 −𝑏2
Cos 𝛽= 2𝑐𝑎
82 +142 −192
=
2(8)(14)
64+196−361
= 224
79 | P a g e
The Law of Cosine
260−361
= 224
−101
=
224
≈ −0.45089
β = cos −1 −0.45089
β ≈ 116.80ᵒ
Because Cos B is negative, you know that B is an obtuse angle given by B ≈ 116.80ᵒ .
At this point, it is simpler to use the Law of Sines to determine A.
You know that A must be acute because B is obtuse, and a triangle can have, at most,
one obtuse angle. So, A≈22.08ᵒ and C≈180ᵒ-22.08ᵒ-116.80ᵒ= 41.12ᵒ.
III. LEARNING TASK
Read, review and practice solving at least 10 problems for each topics given on other books and
related references and submit solutions in pdf format.
• If typed, use size 12 pts. Arial Narrow font and single spacing.
• If handwritten, print your responses neatly.
• Heading, on the top left with name, year and section and activity number.
IV. LEARNING ASSESSMENT

EXERCISES
I. In Exercises 1 through 8, find the (a) arc length and (b) the area of the sector of the
circle having the radius and the central angle.
1. Radius = 1.1, Angle = 215°, Arc Length = , Sector Area =

5. Radius = 2, Angle = 135°, Arc Length = , Sector Area =
80 | P a g e
II. In Exercises 9 through 21, find the solutions of the following trigonometric
equations.
9. 2 (sin x)-1=0
10. 2 sin 3x-1=0
11. 2 sin2 x – sin x -1 =0
12. 2 sin2 x +3 cos – 3 =0
13. 2 cos(3x-1) = 0
14. sec2 x – 2 tan x = 4
15. 4 sin3 x + 2 sin2 – 2 sin x – 1 =0
16. 2 cos 2 x − 1 = 0
17. 1 + sin ϴ = 2cos 2 ϴ
18. cos ϴ + 1 = sin ϴ
19. 2 cos 2 x − 7 cos x + 3 = 0
20. 2sin2 t - cos t – 1 = 0
21. 2 cos 3t – 1 = 0
III. In Exercises 22 through 25, find the exact value of the following.
22. sin 75° + sin 15°

23. sin 15°
24. cos 225° + cos 165°
25. sin 195° + cos 345°
IV. In Exercises 26 through 29, write the indicated sum or difference as a product of
function values.
26. cos 8α - cos 2α

27. sin 9x + sin 5x
cos 3x−cos 5x
28. sin 3x−sin 5x
cos 3a−cos 11a
29. sin 9a+sin 5a
V. In Exercises 30 through 38, find the exact value of the following.
√2
30. Arc cos
2
31. Arc tan 0
81 | P a g e
32. tan-1 (-1)
33. tan [tan−1 (−4)]
34. sec[tan−1 (−3)]
35. sec (tan−1 x)
√3
36. cos −1 ( )
2
1
37. sin (− 2)
−1
38. sin (sin 210°)

−1
VI. In Exercises 39 through 40, use the double-angle formulas to find the exact value of
the following:
39. sin 120°

40. tan 120°
3
VII. In Exercises 41 through 42, if sin B = 5 and ∠B is in the second quadrant. Find the
exact value of:
41. sin 2B
42. cos 2B
4
VIII. In Exercises 43 through 44, if cos 𝐴 = − and A is in quadrant II, evaluate each of
5
the following:
43. sin 2A
44. tan 2A
IX. In Exercises 45 through 50, use the half-angle formulas to find the exact value of the
following.
45. cos 105°

46. sin 67.5°
47. sin 165°
48. tan 22.5°
49. sin 75°
50. cos 375°
X. In Exercises 51 through 56, find the trigonometric function value of the following
functions below.
82 | P a g e
1 1 1
51. (a) sin 4 𝜋 (b) tan 3 𝜋 (c) cot 6 𝜋
1 1 1
52. (a) cos 3 𝜋 (b) tan 6 𝜋 (c) cot 4 𝜋
53. (a) sin 90° (b) sec 180° (c) cot 0°
54. (a) sin 270° (b) sec 90° (c) tan 90°
3 1
55. (a) cot 2 𝜋 (b) cos 𝜋 (c) csc 2 𝜋
1 3
56. (a) tan 𝜋 (b) cos 2 𝜋 (c) csc 2 𝜋
XI. In Exercises 57 through 60, draw and find the remaining parts of the triangle, in
which C = 90°.
57. A = 37°, b = 53
58. B = 56°, c = 14
59. a = 23, b =17
60. a = 18.5, c = 84
XII. In Exercises 61 through 62, solve the following word problems.
61. A guy wire runs from the ground to a cell tower. The wire is attached to the cell tower
150 feet above the ground. The angle formed between the wire and the ground is 43°.
(a)How long is the wire? (b)How far from the base of the tower is the guy wire
anchored to the ground?
62. A biologist wants to know the width w of a river so that instruments for studying the
pollutants in the water can be set properly. From point A, the biologist walks
downstream 100 feet and sights to point C. From the sighting, it is determined that 𝜃
= 54°. How wide is the river?
XIII. In Exercises 63 through 70, find the exact value of the following:
63. cos 100 ° cos 40 ° + sin 100 ° sin 40°

64. sin 50 ° cos 20 ° − cos 50 ° sin 20°
tan 10°+tan 35°
65. 1−tan 10° tan 35°
1 1
66. If tan 𝑥 = 2, tan 𝑦 = 3. What is the value of tan(𝑥 + 𝑦)?
3 12
67. Find cos(u + v) exactly if sin(u) = 5 and sin(v) = 13 where u and v are acute angles
(quadrant I).
68. If sin x = 12/13 and x is in the first quadrant, find tan(2x).
69. Simplify 1 – 16 sin2 x cos2 x.
𝜋
70. Simplify csc( − t).
2
83 | P a g e
XIV. In Exercises 71 through 73, use the Law of Cosines to determine the value of the
indicated side x or angle 𝜃.
C
71.
21 x
39°
A B
42
B
72.
A 68.01 42.15
A C
12
73. C
60.1 θ 122.5
A B
154.6
XV. In Exercises 74 through 76, solve triangle ABC by finding the
remaining parts of the triangle.
74. 𝑎 = 3.0, 𝑏 = 4.0, 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐶 = 53°

75. 𝑎 = 20, 𝑏 = 25, 𝑐 = 22
76. 𝑏 = 125, 𝑐 = 162, 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵 = 40°
XVI. In Exercises 77 through 78, solve the following word problems.
77. DEAD RECKONING A Pilot flies in a straight path for 1 h 30 min. She then makes a
course correction, heading angle 10° to the right of her original course, and flies 2 h
in the new direction. If she maintains a constant speed of 625 mi/h, how far is she
from her starting position?
84 | P a g e
78. TRIANGULAR FIELD A Triangular field has sides of lengths 22, 36, and 44 yd. Find
the largest angle.
XVII. In Exercises 79 through 84, determine the sine and cosine of the real number from
the coordinates of a point on the unit circle 𝓤.
1 5
79. (a) − 2 𝜋 (b) 4 𝜋
3 7
80. (a) − 2 𝜋 (b)4 𝜋
7 1
81. (a) 6 𝜋 (b) − 3 𝜋
4 1
82. (a) 3 𝜋 (b) − 6 𝜋
2 7
83. (a) 3 𝜋 (b) − 6 𝜋
11 5
84. (a) 𝜋 (b) − 3 𝜋
6
XVIII. In Exercises 76 through 78, simplify the following trigonometric expressions.

sin x cos x
85. +
csc x 1+ sin x
1+ cos x
86. 1+ sec x
sec2 x −1
87. sec2 x
XIX. In Exercises 88 through 92, using the fundamental identities, evaluate the following
functions.
3
88. Use the values sec 𝑥 = 2 and tan 𝑥> 0, to find the value of the other five six
3
89. Use the values cot 𝜃 = and csc 𝜃> 0, to find the value of the other five
4
90. Find the value of all six of trigonometric function of the angle 𝜃 given the following
right angle triangle. (Note: the triangle is not drawn to scale.)
8 6
91. Find the value of all six of trigonometric function of the angle 𝜃 given the following
right angle triangle. (Note: the triangle is not drawn to scale.)
85 | P a g e
13
1
x
92. Assume that 𝜃 is an acute angle in a right triangle which satisfies sec 𝜃 = 76 Evaluate
the remaining trigonometric functions of the angle ø.
XX. In Exercises 93 through 95, solve the remaining parts of the triangle in which:
93. γ = 42˚52’48”, α = 102˚24’, c = 3974

94. γ = 38˚40’, b = 9.72, c = 11.8
95. α = 23˚, β = 129˚, c = 24
XXI. In Exercises 96 through 98, the measures of the two sides of a triangle and the angle
opposite them are given; therefore we have the ambiguous case. Determine the
number of triangles that satisfy the given set of conditions and solve each triangle.
96. a = 6.4, b = 4.7, α = 42˚

97. b = 17, c = 34, β = 30˚
98. b = 3.562, c = 4.210, β = 50.23˚
XXII. In Exercises 99 through 100, solve the following word problem.
99. Point P and Q on a flat surface is 150 ft. apart. Between the points is a flagpole. The
angle of elevation of the top of the flagpole from point P and Q is 43˚15’ and 68˚35’.
Find the height of the flagpole.
100. To determine the distance across a straight river, a surveyor chooses two points P
and Q on the bank, where the distance between P and Q is 200 m. At each of these
points, a point R on the opposite bank is sighted. The angle having sides PQ and PR
is measured to be 63.1˚ and the angle having the sides PQ and QR is measured to be
80.4˚. What is the distance across the river?
References
REFERENCES
86 | P a g e
Abramson, J (2015). Algebra and Trigonometry, Houston Texas: Openstax.
Bettye C. Hall and Mona Fabricant: ALGEBRA 2 with TRIGONOMETRY: PRENTICE HALL,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Needham, Massachusetts: PHILIPPINE EDITION REPRINTED
by ANVIL PUBLISHING. Inc.
Hall Mona Fabricant, B, Fair, J, Kalin, R, Bragg, S, C, Corbitt, M, K, Hayden, J, D, (1973), PRENTICE
HALL, Algebra 2 with Trigonometry, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Needham,
Massachusetts, Anvil Publishing, Inc.
Jerome D. Hayden and Bettye C. Hall. Prentice Hall Trigonometry. 23-25 First Lok Yang Road,
Jurong Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.
Lactuan, L, L,(2016), Modern Plane, TRIGONOMETRY, Lactuan, I, R
Larson, R (2015), TRIGONOMETRY, Second Edition, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig City,
Philippines 1634, Larson, R
Larson, R. & Hostetler R.P. (2012). Algebra and trigonometry, 8th edition. Pasig City, Philippines:
Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.
Leithold, L. (1992). College algebra and Trigonometry. Santa Monica, California: Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, Inc.
Leithold, L. (2002). College algebra and Trigonometry. 23-25 First Lak Yang Road, Singapore:
Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd
Mary P. Dolciani and William Wooton et.al: MODERN SCHOOL MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA and
TRIGONOMETRY 2: Boston, New York, Atlanta, Geneva, Illinois, Dallas, Palo Alto : Houghton
Mifflin Company
Merrill E. Shanks and Charles F. Brumfiel et.al: PRE-CALCULUS MATHEMATICS: Canada:
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc.
Pearson,(2002) College Algebra and Trigonometry, Philippines: Addison Wesley Longman,Inc.
Schmidth,P.(1990) 3000 Solved Problems in Pre-Calculus, Mandaluyong,Metro Manila: Echanis

Press INC.
Stewart, J. et al (2012). Algebra and Trigonometry, 2nd Edition. Pasig City, Philippines: Hiyas
Press, Inc.
Tolentino, M. et al (2017). Pre-Calculus, Learner’s Manual. Quezon City, Philippines: Sunshine

Interlinks Publishing House, Inc.
87 | P a g e

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Republic of the Philippines

PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY

Name of student: Week No. 6-9

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. To be familiarize of the different trigonometric function and its applications

LESSONS PAGE NO.

CHAPTER I. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1.1 Angles and Measurement 03

1.2 Trigonometric Functions of Angles 08

1.3 Trigonometric Function Values 15

1.4 The Sine and Cosine of Real Numbers 21

1.6 Solutions of Right Triangle 33

• CHAPTER II. ANALYTIC TRIGONOMETRY

2.1 The Eight Fundamental Identities 43

2.2 Proving Trigonometric Identities 46

2.3 Sum and Difference Identities 49

2.4 Double-Measure and Half-Measure Identities 54

2.5 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 59

2.6 Trigonometric Equations 62

• CHAPTER III. APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY

3.1 The Law of Sines 63

3.2 The Law of Cosines 73

ANGLES AND MEASUREMENT

• An angle is determined by rotating a ray (a “half-line”) from an initial side to a

Degree Measure for Angles

• We often associate angles with their rotational measures.

Radian Measure for Angles

Radian measure is more “mathematically natural,” and

There are 2π radian in a full (counterclockwise) revolution,

Converting Between Degrees and Radians

2π radian is equivalent to 360˚. Therefore, π radian is equivalent to 180˚. Either

Example 1. Convert 45˚ into radians.

Example 3. Convert 135˚ into radians.

Consider a circle of radius r (r > 0).

Note: If r is measured in inches, then s is measured in inches. Since θ is measured in radians,

Area of a Sector of a Circle

Quadrants and Quadrantal Angles

• The x and y-axes divide the xy-plane into 4

• Complementary angles are a pair of positive angles that add up to 90 .

Trigonometric Function of Angles

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ANGLES

The other trigonometric ratios can be found in the same way.

Definition of the Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Function of Angles

When using a right-angled triangle we get:

Trigonometric Functions for Positive and Negative Angles

Trigonometric functions for any angle in radians and degrees

Trigonometric Function of Angles

The four quadrants of the Cartesian axes are as follows:

Learn the information in the following diagrams to

Trigonometric Function of Angles

The acute angle a = 360 ̊ - ᴓ

This can be summarized as:

(ℎ𝑦𝑝)2 = (𝑜𝑝𝑝)2 + (𝑎𝑑𝑗)2

Solution: Construct at 30˚– 60˚– 90˚ triangle.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION VALUES

When considering a trigonometric function of an angle 𝜃, often the measurement of

Pythagorean theorem to the right triangle OMP will result to r 1

The negative square root of 2 will be rejected since r >