1

LESSON
How Angles are
Measured
Are you ready to learn? Let’s get started.

Welcome to the first module of the course –

Trigonometry. Lesson 1 will introduce the
fundamental concepts of trigonometry,
particularly the significant rules in
measuring angles in different forms. It will
only take 1 hour and 30 minutes to complete
the lesson. Let’s get started!

Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Properly/correctly convert degree measure to radian measure and vice versa
2. Use the radian measure appropriately when solving problems

Activity: Let’s do this!

Instruction: Observe the figure below.

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │8

After observing the figure, list all the information you can gather in the box provided
below.

Analysis: Let’s think!

Consider the following questions and answer them based on how you understand the
activity.
1. What coordinates can you draw in the figure?
Write your answer here.

2. What do you call the abscissa of the plane? The ordinate of the plane?

Write your answer here.

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │9

 3. What might be the possible meaning of initial and terminals side in the figure ?

Write your answer here.

Abstraction: Let’s discuss!

Since Trigonometry focuses on relationships of sides and angles of a triangle, let’s go

over how angles are measured. Angles are formed by an initial side and a terminal
side. An initial side is said to be in standard position when its vertex is located at the
origin and the ray goes along the positive x-axis. Look at the figure below.

An angle is measured by the amount of rotation from the initial side to the terminal
side. A positive angle is made by a rotation in the counter-clockwise direction and a
negative angle is made by a rotation in the clockwise direction. Angles can be
measured in two ways: Degrees and Radians.

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │10

Degrees
A circle is comprised of 360°, which is called one revolution. Degrees are used
primarily to describe the size of an angle.

Radians
The real mathematician is the radian, since most computations are done in
radians. One (1) revolution measured in radians is 2π, where π is the constant
approximately 3.14.

But how do we convert degrees to radians and radians to degrees? If you are asking
about the procedure, we can simply provide you examples for clearer presentation of
the conversion BUT look at the relationship of the two below:

360° = 2π radians (1 revolution). Then, 180° = π radians. So that means that

π π
1° = 180 radians and = 1 radian
180

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │11

Example 1: Convert 60° into radians
Solution:

= (1 )
1

=
1

=
1

Example 2: Convert (-45°) into radians

Solution:

=
1

=
1

=
1

Example 3: Convert radian into degrees.

Solution:

1
=

𝟕𝝅
Can you try converting into degrees?
𝟑

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │12

Before going to the next discussion, let us take a look at this unit circle. Always
remember that in understanding CARTESIAN COORDINATE PLANE, we are
referring to set of points or ordered pair composed of the x (abscissa) and y
(ordinate).

Observe the relationship of the points to every angles. Also, The Unit Circle is a circle
that is centered at the origin and always has a radius of 1. The unit circle will be
helpful to us later when we define the trigonometric ratios. You may remember from
Algebra 2 that the equation of the Unit Circle is 𝑥² + 𝑦² = 1.REMEMBER this always
STUDENTS!

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │13

 Need more HELP? You can visit this link for more examples and
explanations.

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/geometry-home/cc-geometry-
circles/intro-to-radians/v/radian-and-degree-conversion-practice

Let’s try it!

Instruction: You can check the answers from the solution given. Try to solve the
problem on your own.

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │14

Solutions:

Job well done! You have successfully completed the first lesson of this module.
You can now explore the second lesson of the module and learn more area of sector
and arc length.

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │15

2
LESSON
Arc Length and Area of
Circular Sector
You can now explore the second lesson of the module and learn more rules in solving
probability.

Welcome to the second lesson of Module 2. In this

lesson, you will learn how to solve length of an arc and
finding the areas of circular sectors. It will take 1 hour and 30
minutes to explore and learn the topics. Are you all prepared?
Let us get started!

Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Accurately solve problems involving arc length and area of circular sector.
2. Value solving problems involving arc length and area of circular sector.
3. Relate the lesson to your belief about gender.

Activity: Let’s do this!

Supposedly you are asked to divide a

whole pizza enough for your friends at

your home. Upon slicing the pizza, you

find out that a slice of pizza can

represent 2 radii and an arc.

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │16

 Let’s think!
1. How are you going to get the total area of the whole pizza?

Write your answer here.

2. How are you going to get the area of a slice of pizza?

Write your answer here.

Abstraction: Let’s discuss!

Arc Length
Recall that a portion of a circle is called an arc. One way to measure an arc is with
degrees. The measure of an arc is equal to the measure of its corresponding central
angle (Picaza, 2020). Examples of angles below.

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │17

When you measure an arc in degrees, it tells you the relative size of the arc compared
to the whole circle. It does not tell you anything about the absolute size of the arc or
the circle it came from. Both arcs above have the same measure, but GHˆ is physically
longer, due to circle E being bigger.

This leads to another way of describing the size of an arc. An arc’s length means the
same common sense thing length always means — you know, like the length of a
piece of string (with an arc, of course, it’d be a curved piece of string). Make sure you
don’t mix up arc length with the measure of an arc which is the degree size of its
central angle.
(Picaza, 2020)

If a 30° central angle intercepts an arc length of s on

a circle of radius r, then a 60° central angle intercepts
an arc of length 2s and a 90° angle intercepts an arc
of length 3s (Picaza, 2020).

In general, a central angle ϴ in a circle of radius r intercepts

How do you solve an arc whose length s is directly proportional to the measure
the probability of the of the central angle. Since a central angle of 2 or (360°)
two types of events? intercepts an arc whose length is the circumference of
the circle, we have

𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑚(ϴ) 𝑚(ϴ)𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

= =
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │18

So, if 𝛼 is the radian measure of an angle, s is the arc length, and 2 is the
circumference, we have:
𝑠 ϴ
=
𝜋𝑟 𝜋

Multiplying each side of this equation by 2 yields the arc – length formula:

𝑠 = 𝑟𝛳

Theorem
Theorem. Arc – Length Formula: The length s of an arc intercepted by a central angle
of 𝛼 radians on a circle of radius r is given by:

Example 1: Give the length of the arc cut off by a central angle of 2 radians in a
circle of radius 4.3 inches.

Solutions: We have =2 and = inches. Applying the formula

= gives us:
=
=
=

If we are working with relatively small central angles in circles with large radii, we
can use the length of the intercepted arc to approximate the length of the associated
chord.

Example 2: Figure 5 shows a central angle of

1° in a circle of radius 1,800 feet, along with
the arc and chord cut off by 1°(Figure 5 is not
drawn to scale).

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │19

Solutions: To find the length of arc AB, we convert ϴ to radians by multiplying
by180. Then we apply the formula.

=1 (1)( )
1
=

Example 3: Worded Problem

A person standing on the earth notices that a 747 Jumbo Jet

flying overhead subtends an angle of 0.45°. If the length of
the jet is 230 feet, find its altitude to the nearest thousand
feet.

Solution:
Because we are working with a relatively small angle in a circle with a large radius,
we use the length of the airplane (chord AB in the figure) as an approximation of the
length of the arc AB, and r as an approximation for the altitude of the plane.

= =

=
( )(1 )

(1 )
=
( )( )
=

Area of a Sector

If ϴ (in radians) is a central angle in a circle with radius r, then the area of the sector
formed by angle ϴ is given by:

= ( )

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │20

Example 4: Area of a Sector

Find the area of the sector formed by a central angle of 1.4 radians in a circle of radius
2.1 meters.

Solutions: We have r = 2.1 meters and ϴ = 1.4. Applying the formula for the area of
sector gives us
1
=

1
= ( 1) (1 )

Example 5: Area of a Sector

A lawn sprinkler located at the corner of a yard is set to rotate through 90° and project
water out 30.0 feet. To three significant digits, what area of lawn is watered by the
sprinkler?

Solutions: We have ϴ = 90° = π/2 ≈ 1.57 radians

and r = 30.0 feet. Figure on the right illustrates this
example.
1
=

1
= ( ) (1 )

Let’s try it!

I. Find the length of each arc. Round your answers to the nearest tenth.

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │21

II. Find the length of each arc. Do not round.

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │22

III. Find the area of each sector. Round your answers to the nearest tenth.

IV. Find the area of each sector. Do not round.

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │23

Solutions:
1. 60.5 ft
2. 61.3 ft
3. 75.4 ft
4. 6.8 ft
5. 18.8 cm
6. 20.9 cm
7. 49.5 ft
8. 69.6 ft
9. 14π cm
10.
11. cm
12.
13.
14. 11
15.
16. 𝑦
1
17.
18.
19. 1
20. 11
21.
22. 1 𝑦
23.
24. 8

MATH 14: TRIGONOMETRY │24

 NEED MORE HELP? You can visit this link for more examples and
explanations.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9z3FXS7nlo

GAD Activity:

How can you relate the lesson to

your belief about gender?

Great job! You have successfully made it until the end of the second lesson of this
module.

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 SUMMARY
1. Angles can be measured in two different ways: Degrees and Radians.
2. Theorem. Arc – Length Formula: The length s of an arc intercepted by a central
angle of 𝛼 radians on a circle of radius r is given by:
s=rϴ
3. If ϴ (in radians) is a central angle in a circle with radius r, then the area of the
sector formed by angle ϴ is given by:

Module Assessment
Instruction: The problem set is designed to assess your knowledge and skills on the
lessons discussed in the module. Write your answers and complete solutions in a short
bond paper as clean and legible as possible. See the problem set in your Google
Classroom.

Submit your final output in PDF through Google Classroom weeks after this module
has been given to you.
For the modular students, answer the following:
1. What have you learned in this module?
2. How can you apply the lesson you learned in this module into your life?
3. What is the importance of learning these lessons?

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