P1 Preparation for Calculus

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Review of Trigonometric
1.4
Functions

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Objectives
 Describe angles and use degree measure.

 Use radian measure.

 Understand the definitions of the six trigonometric

functions.

 Evaluate trigonometric functions.

 Solve trigonometric equations.

 Graph trigonometric functions.

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Angles and Degree Measure

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Angles and Degree Measure
An angle has three parts: an initial ray (or side), a
terminal ray, and a vertex (the point of intersection of the
two rays), as shown in Figure 1.32(a).

An angle is in standard position when its initial ray

coincides with the positive x-axis and its vertex is at the
origin, as shown in Figure 1.32(b).

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Figure 1.32
Angles and Degree Measure
It is assumed that you are familiar with the degree measure
of an angle.

It is common practice to use  (the lowercase Greek letter

theta) to represent both an angle and its measure.

Angles between 0° and 90° are acute, and angles between

90° and 180° are obtuse.

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Angles and Degree Measure
Positive angles are measured counterclockwise, and
negative angles are measured clockwise. For instance,
Figure 1.33 shows an angle whose measure is –45°.

Figure 1.33

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Angles and Degree Measure
You cannot assign a measure to an angle by simply
knowing where its initial and terminal rays are located. To
measure an angle, you must also know how the terminal
ray was revolved.

For example, Figure 1.33 shows that the angle measuring –

45° has the same terminal ray as the angle measuring
315°. Such angles are coterminal.

In general, if  is any angle, then  + n(360), n is a nonzero

integer, is coterminal with .

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Angles and Degree Measure
An angle that is larger than 360° is one whose terminal ray
has been revolved more than one full revolution
counterclockwise, as shown in Figure 1.34(a).

You can form an angle whose measure is less than –360°

by revolving a terminal ray more than one full revolution
clockwise, as shown in Figure 1.34(b).

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Figure 1.34
Radian Measure

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Radian Measure
To assign a radian measure to an angle , consider  to be
a central angle of a circle of radius 1, as shown in
Figure 1.35.

Figure 1.35

The radian measure of  is then defined to be the length of

the arc of the sector. Because the circumference of a circle is
2 r, the circumference of a unit circle (of radius 1) is 2.
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Radian Measure
This implies that the radian measure of an angle measuring
360° is 2. In other words, 360° = 2 radians.

Using radian measure for , the length s of a circular arc of

radius r is s = r, as shown in Figure 1.36.

Figure 1.36 12
Radian Measure
You should know the conversions of the common angles
shown in Figure 1.37.

For other angles, use the fact that 180° is equal to 

radians.

Radian and degree measures for several common angles

Figure 1.37

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Example 1 – Conversions Between Degrees and Radians

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Example 1 – Conversions Between Degrees and Radians
cont’d

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The Trigonometric Functions

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The Trigonometric Functions
There are two common approaches to the study of
trigonometry. In one, the trigonometric functions are
defined as ratios of two sides of a right triangle.

In the other, these functions are defined in terms of a point

on the terminal ray of an angle in standard position.

The six trigonometric functions, sine, cosine, tangent,

cotangent, secant, and cosecant (abbreviated as sin,
cos, tan, cot, sec, and csc, respectively), are defined from
both viewpoints.

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The Trigonometric Functions

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The Trigonometric Functions

Figure 1.38 Figure 1.39

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The Trigonometric Functions
The trigonometric identities listed below are direct
consequences of the definitions.

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Evaluating Trigonometric Functions

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Evaluating Trigonometric Functions
There are two ways to evaluate trigonometric functions:
(1)decimal approximations with a graphing utility and
(2)exact evaluations using trigonometric identities and
formulas from geometry.

When using a graphing utility to evaluate a trigonometric

function, remember to set the graphing utility to the
appropriate mode—degree mode or radian mode.

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Example 2 – Exact Evaluation of Trigonometric Functions

Evaluate the sine, cosine, and tangent of  /3.

Solution:
Because 60° =  /3 radians, you can draw
an equilateral triangle with sides of length
1 and  as one of its angles, as shown in
Figure 1.40.

Because the altitude of this triangle

bisects its base, you know that

Figure 1.40 23
Example 2 – Solution cont’d

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, you obtain

Now, knowing the values of x, y, and r, you can write the

following.

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Evaluating Trigonometric Functions
The degree and radian measures of several common
angles are shown in the table below, along with the
corresponding values of the sine, cosine, and tangent.

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Evaluating Trigonometric Functions
See Figure 1.41.

Figure 1.41

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Example 3 – Using Trigonometric Identities

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Evaluating Trigonometric Functions
The quadrant signs for the sine, cosine, and tangent
functions are shown in Figure 1.42.

Figure 1.42

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Evaluating Trigonometric Functions
To find the angles in quadrants other than the first
quadrant, you can use the concept of a reference angle
(see Figure 1.43), with the appropriate quadrant sign.

Figure 1.43
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Evaluating Trigonometric Functions
For instance, the reference angle for 3 /4 is  /4, and
because the sine is positive in Quadrant II, you can write

Similarly, because the reference angle for 330° is 30°, and

the tangent is negative in Quadrant IV, you can write

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Solving Trigonometric Equations

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Solving Trigonometric Equations
How would you solve the equation sin = 0?

You know that  = 0 is one solution, but this is not the only
solution. Any one of the following values of  is also a
solution.

You can write this infinite solution set as {n : n is an

integer}.

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Example 4 – Solving a Trigonometric Equation

Solve the equation

Solution:
To solve the equation, you should consider that the sine
function is negative in Quadrants III and IV and that

So, you are seeking values of  in the third and fourth

quadrants that have a reference angle of  /3.

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Example 4 – Solution cont’d

In the interval [0, 2 ], the two angles fitting these criteria

are,

By adding integer multiples of 2 to each of these solutions,

you obtain the following general solution.

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Example 4 – Solution cont’d

See Figure 1.44.

Figure 1.44

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Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

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Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
A function f is periodic when there exists a positive real
number p such that f (x + p) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f.

The least such positive value of p is the period of f. The sine,

cosine, secant, and cosecant functions each have a period of
2, and the other two trigonometric functions, tangent and
cotangent, have a period of , as shown in Figure 1.45.

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Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

The graphs of the six trigonometric functions

Figure 1.45
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Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Note in Figure 1.45 that the maximum value of sin x and cos
x is 1 and the minimum value is –1.

The graphs of the functions y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx

oscillate between –a and a, and so have an amplitude of |a|.

Furthermore, because bx = 0 when x = 0 and bx = 2

when x = 2 /b, it follows that the functions
y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx each have a period of 2 /|b|.

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Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
The table below summarizes the amplitudes and periods of
some types of trigonometric functions.

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Example 6 – Sketching the Graph of a Trigonometric Function

Sketch the graph of f (x) = 3 cos 2x.

Solution:
The graph of f (x) = 3 cos 2x has an amplitude of 3 and a
period of 2 /2 = .

Using the basic shape of the graph of the cosine function,

sketch one period of the function on the interval [0,  ],
using the following pattern.

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Example 6 – Solution cont’d

By continuing this pattern, you can sketch several cycles of

the graph, as shown in Figure 1.46.

Figure 1.46

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Example 7 – Shifts of Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

a. To sketch the graph of f (x) = sin(x +  /2), shift the graph

of y = sin x to the left  /2 units, as shown in

Figure 1.47(a).

Transformations of the graph of y = sin

x
Figure 1.47
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Example 7 – Shifts of Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
cont’d

b. To sketch the graph of f (x) = 2 + sin x, shift the graph of

y = sin x upward two units, as shown in Figure 1.47(b).

Transformations of the graph of y = sin

x
Figure 1.47

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Example 7 – Shifts of Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
cont’d

c. To sketch the graph of f (x) = 2 + sin(x –  /4), shift the

graph of y = sin x upward two units and to the right  /4
units, as shown in Figure 1.47(c).

Transformations of the graph of y = sin

x
Figure 1.47
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