Trigonometric Functions-I

MODULE - I
3 Sets, Relations
and Functions

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS-I
Notes

We have read about trigonometric ratios in our earlier classes.

Recall that we defined the ratios of the sides of a right triangle as follows :
c a c
sin   , cos   , tan  
b b a

b b a
and cosec   , sec   , cot  
c a c
We also developed relationships between these
trigonometric ratios as sin 2   cos 2   1 ,
Fig.3.1
sec 2   1  tan 2  , cosec 2   1  cot 2 
We shall try to describe this knowledge gained so far in terms of functions, and try to develop
this lesson using functional approach.
In this lesson, we shall develop the science of trigonometry using functional approach. We shall
develop the concept of trigonometric functions using a unit circle. We shall discuss the radian
measure of an angle and also define trigonometric functions of the type
y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = cot x, y = sec x, y = cosec x, y = a sin x, y = b cos x, etc.,
where x, y are real numbers. We shall draw the graphs of functions of the type
y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = cotx, y = secx, and y = cosecx y = a sin x, y = a
cos x.

OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to :
 define positive and negative angles;
 define degree and radian as a measure of an angle;
 convert measure of an angle from degrees to radians and vice-versa;
 state the formula   r  where r and  have their usual meanings;
 solve problems using the relation   r  ;
 define trigonometric functions of a real number;
 draw the graphs of trigonometric functions; and
 interpret the graphs of trigonometric functions.

MATHEMATICS 59
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
Sets, Relations
and Functions  Definition of an angle.
 Concepts of a straight angle, right angle and complete angle.
 Circle and its allied concepts.
Notes  Special products :  a  b 2  a 2  b2  2ab ,  a  b 3  a 3  b3  3ab  a  b 
 Knowledge of Pythagoras Theorem and Py thagorean numbers.

3.1 CIRCULAR MEASURE OF ANGLE

An angle is a union of two rays with the common end point. An angle is formed by the rotation
of a ray as well. Negative and positive angles are formed according as the rotation is clock-
wise or anticlock-wise.
3.1.1 A Unit Circle
It can be seen easily that when a line segment makes one complete rotation, its end point
describes a circle. In case the length of the rotating line be one unit then the circle described will
be a circle of unit radius. Such a circle is termed as unit circle.
3.1.2 A Radian
A radian is another unit of measurement of an angle other than degree.
A radian is the measure of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length
to the radius (r) of the circle. In a unit circle one radian will be the angle subtended at the centre
of the circle by an arc of unit length.

Fig. 3.2

Note : A radian is a constant angle; implying that the measure of the angle subtended by
an are of a circle, with length equal to the radius is always the same irrespective of the
radius of the circle.

3.1.3 Relation between Degree and Radian

An arc of unit length subtends an angle of 1 radian. The circumference 2 ( r  1) subtend
an angle of 2 radians.

Hence 2 radians = 360°,   radians = 180°,  radians = 90°
2
60 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I

 
MODULE - I
  360   180  Sets, Relations
 radians = 45°  1 radian =   = 
4  2     and Functions
2 
or 1° = radians = radians
360 180
Example 3.1 Convert Notes
(i) 90° into radians (ii) 15° into radians
 
(iii) radians into degrees. (iv) radians into degrees.
6 10
Solution :
2
(i) 1° = radians
360

 90° = 2  90 radians or 90° = radians
360 2

2 
(ii) 15° =  15 radians or 15° = radians
360 12
 
 360    360  
(iii) 1 radian =   , 6 radians =   
 2   2 6 

radians = 30°
6

  360   
(iv) radians =    , radians = 18°
10  2 10  10

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.1

1. Convert the following angles (in degrees) into radians :

(i) 60° (ii) 15° (iii) 75° (iv) 105° (v) 270°
2. Convert the following angles into degrees:
    2
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
4 12 20 60 3
3. The angles of a triangle are 45°, 65° and 70°. Express these angles in radians
  2
4. The three angles of a quadrilateral are , , . Find the fourth angle in radians.
6 3 3

5. Find the angle complementary to .
6

MATHEMATICS 61
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I 3.1.4 Relation Between Length of an Arc and Radius of the Circle
Sets, Relations An angle of 1 radian is subtended by an arc whose length is equal to the radius of the circle. An
and Functions angle of 2 radians will be substened if arc is double the radius.
An angle of 2½ radians willbe subtended if arc is 2½ times the radius.
All this can be read from the following table :
Notes
Length of the arc (l) Angle subtended at the
centre of the circle  (in radians)

r 1
2r 2
(2½)r 2½
4r 4


Therefore,   or   r  , where r = radius of the circle,
r
 = angle substended at the centre in radians, and  = length of the arc.

The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the centre of the circle is given by the ratio of the
length of the arc and the radius of the circle.

Note : In arriving at the above relation, we have used the radian measure of the angle
and not the degree measure. Thus the relation    is valid only when the angle is
r
measured in radians.

Example 3.2 Find the angle in radians subtended by an arc of length 10 cm at the centre of
a circle of radius 35 cm.

Solution :   10cm and r  35 cm.

 10 2
  radians or  radians , or  radians
r 35 7
Example 3.3 A railroad curve is to be laid out on a circle. What should be the radius of a
circular track if the railroad is to turn through an angle of 45° in a distance of 500m?
Solution : Angle  is given in degrees. To apply the formula   r ,  must be changed to
radians.
 
  45  45  radians ....(1) = radians
180 4
 = 500 m ....(2)

62 MATHEMATICS
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MODULE - I
 500
 = r  gives r   r m [using (1) and (2)] Sets, Relations
  and Functions
4

4 1 
= 500  m , = 2000 ×0.32 m   0.32  , = 640 m
   Notes
Example 3.4 A train is travelling at the rate of 60 km per hour on a circular track. Through what
5
angle will it turn in 15 seconds if the radius of the track is km.
6
Solution : The speed of the train is 60 km per hour. In 15 seconds, it will cover
60  15
km = 1 km
60  60 4

1 5
 We have  = km and r = km
4 6

1
 4
   radians  3 radians
 r 5 10
6

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.2

1. Express the following angles in radians :

(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 150°
2. Express the following angles in degrees :

  
(a) (b) (c)
5 6 9
3. Find the angle in radians and in degrees subtended by an arc of length 2.5 cm at the
centre of a circle of radius 15 cm.
4. A train is travelling at the rate of 20 km per hour on a circular track. Through what angle
1
will it turn in 3 seconds if the radius of the track is of a km?.
12
5. A railroad curve is to be laid out on a circle. What should be the radius of the circular
track if the railroad is to turn through an angle of 60° in a distance of 100 m?
6. Complete the following table for l, r,  having their usual meanings.

MATHEMATICS 63
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I l r 
Sets, Relations
(a) 1.25m ....... 135°
and Functions

(b) 30 cm .......
4
(c) 0.5 cm 2.5 m ........
Notes (d) ......... 6m 120°

(e) ......... 150 cm
15
(f) 150 cm 40 m ........

(g) ........ 12 m
6
(h) 1.5 m 0.75 m ........
(i) 25 m ........ 75°

3.2 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

While considering, a unit circle you must have noticed that for every real number between 0
and 2  , there exists a ordered pair of numbers x and y. This ordered pair (x, y) represents the
coordinates of the point P.

(i) (iii)

(ii) (iv)
Fig. 3.3

64 MATHEMATICS
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MODULE - I
If we consider   0 on the unit circle, we will have a point whose coordinates are (1,0).
Sets, Relations
 and Functions
If   , then the corresponding point on the unit circle will have its coordinates (0,1).
2
In the above figures you can easily observe that no matter what the position of the point,
corresponding to every real number  we have a unique set of coordinates (x, y). The values of
x and y will be negative or positive depending on the quadrant in which we are considering the Notes
point.
Considering a point P (on the unit circle) and the corresponding coordinates (x, y), we define
trigonometric functions as :
sin   y , cos   x

y x
tan   (for x  0) , cot   (for y  0)
x y

1 1
sec   (for x  0) , cosec   (for y  0)
x y
Now let the point P moves from its original position in anti-clockwise direction. For various
positions of this point in the four quadrants, various real numbers  will be generated. Wee
summarise, the above discussion as follows. For values of  in the :
I quadrant, both x and y are positve.
II quadrant, x will be negative and y will be positive.
III quadrant, x as well as y will be negative.
IV quadrant, x will be positive and y will be negative.
or I quadrant II quadrant III quadrant IV quadrant
All positive sin positive tan positive cos positive
cosec positive cot positive sec positive
Where what is positive can be rememebred by :
All sin tan cos
Quardrant I II III IV
If (x, y) are the coordinates of a point P on a
unit circle and  , the real number generated
by the position of the point, then sin  = y and P Pcos  ,sin  
(cos, sin)
cos  = x. This means the coordinates of the
point P can also be written as (cos  , sin  )

From Fig. 3.4, you can easily see that the

values of x will be between1 and + 1 as P
moves on the unit circle. Same will be true for
Fig. 3.4
y also.
MATHEMATICS 65
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I Thus, for all P on the unit circle
Sets, Relations 1  x  1 and 1  y  1
and Functions
Thereby, we conclude that for all real numbers 
1  cos   1 and 1  sin   1
In other words, sin  and cos  can not be numerically greater than 1
Notes
Example 3.5 What will be sign of the following ?

7 4 5
(i) sin (ii) cos (iii) tan
18 9 9
Solution :
7 7
(i) Since lies in the first quadrant, the sign of sin will be posilive.
18 18
4 4
(ii) Since lies in the first quadrant, the sign of cos will be positive.
9 9
5 5
(iii) Since lies in the second quadrant, the sign of tan will be negative.
9 9

 
Example 3.6 Write the values of (i) sin (ii) cos 0 (iii) tan
2 2

Solution : (i) From Fig. 3.5, we can see that the coordinates of the point A are (0,1)

 sin =1 , as sin   y
2

Fig. 3.5

(ii) Coordinates of the point B are (1, 0)  cos 0  1 , as cos   x

66 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
 Sets, Relations
sin

(iii) tan  2  1 which is not defined , Thus tan  is not defined. and Functions
2 cos  0 2
2

Example 3.7 Write the minimum and maximum values of cos  . Notes

Solution : We know that 1  cos   1

 The maximum value of cos  is 1 and the minimum value of cos  is 1.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.3

1. What will be the sign of the following ?

 5 2
(i) cos (ii) tan (iii) sec
3 6 3

35 25 3
(iv) sec (v) tan (vi) cot
18 18 4

8 7
(vii) cosec (viii) cot
3 8
2. Write the value of each of the following :

 2 3
(i) cos (ii) sin 0 (iii) cos (iv) tan
2 3 4
 3
(v) sec 0 (vi) tan (vii) tan (viii) cos 2
2 2
3.2.1 Relation Between Trigonometric Functions
By definition x  cos  , y  sin 

y sin  n
As tan   ,  x  0  ,  cos  ,  
x 2

x
and cot   ,  y  0 ,
y

cos  1
i.e., cot    ,    n 
sin  tan 

1  n 
Similarly, sec      Fig. 3.6
cos   2 
MATHEMATICS 67
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I 1
Sets, Relations and cosec      n 
sin 
and Functions

Using Pythagoras theorem we have, x 2  y 2  1 , i.e.,  cos  2   sin  2  1

or, cos2   sin 2   1

Notes
Note :  cos  2 is written as cos 2  and  sin  2 as sin 2 

2 2
y 1
Again x 2  y 2  1 or 1       , for x  0
x x
2 2
or, 1   tan     sec   , i.e. sec2   1  tan 2 

Similarly, cosec 2   1  cot 2 

Example 3.8 Prove that sin 4   cos 4   1  2 sin 2  cos 2 

Solution : L.H.S.  sin 4   cos4 

 sin 4   cos4   2sin 2  cos 2   2sin 2  cos 2 

2
  sin 2   cos 2    2sin 2  cos2 

 1  2 sin 2  cos 2    sin 2   cos2   1 , = R.H.S.

1  sin 
Example 3.9 Prove that  sec   tan 
1  sin 

1  sin  1  sin   1  sin   1  sin  2

Solution : L.H.S.  1  sin   
1  sin  1  sin  1  sin 2 

1  sin 2 
1  sin 

1

sin 

cos2  cos  cos  cos   sec   tan   R.H.S.

21 1
Example 3.10 If sin   , prove that sec   tan   2 , given that  lies in the
29 2
second quadrant.

21
Solution : sin   Also, sin 2   cos 2   1
29

68 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
2
441 400  20  Sets, Relations
 cos 2   1  sin 2   1    
841 841  29  and Functions
20
 cos   ( cos  is negative as  lies in the second quardrant)
29
21 Notes
 tan   (tan is negative as  lies in the second qudrant)
20
29 21 29  21 5 1
 sec   tan     ,    2  R.H.S.
20 20 20 2 2

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.4

1. Prove that sin 4   cos 4   sin 2   cos2 

1
2. If tan   , find the other five trigonometric functions. where  lies in the first quardrant)
2
b
3. If cos ec   , find the other five trigonometric functions, if  lies in the first quardrant.
a

1  cos 
4. Prove that  cos ec   cot 
1  cos 

5
5. If cot   cos ec   1.5 , show that cos  
13
6. If tan   sec   m , find the value of cos 
7. Prove that  tan A  2   2 tan A  1  5 tan A  2 sec 2 A

8. Prove that sin 6   cos6   1  3 sin 2  cos 2 

cos  sin 
9. Prove that   cos   sin 
1  tan  1  cot 

tan  sin 
10. Prove that   cot   cos ec   sec 
1  cos  1  cos 
13
11. If sec x = and x lies in the fourth quadrant, Find other five trigonometric ratios.
5

3.3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SOME SPECIFIC

REAL NUMBERS
   
The values of the trigonometric functions of 0, , , and are summarised below in the
6 4 3 2
form of a table :
MATHEMATICS 69
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I Real    
Sets, Relations Numbers 0
6 4 3 2
and Functions  ( )
Function

1 1 3
Notes sin 0 1
2 2 2

3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan 0 1 3 Not defined
3
As an aid to memory, we may think of the following pattern for above mentioned values of sin
0 1 2 3 4
function : , , , , ,
4 4 4 4 4
On simplification, we get the values as given in the table. The values for cosines occur in the
reverse order.

Example 3.11 Find the value of the following :

      
(a) sin sin  cos cos (b) 4 tan 2  cos ec 2  cos 2
4 3 4 3 4 6 3
Solution :

     1  3   1   1  3 1
(a) sin sin  cos cos    2      2  
4 3 4 3  2  2 2 2

2
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
(b) 4 tan  cos ec  cos    
, 4 1  2   , 44 
4 6 3  2 4 4

 
Example 3.12 If A  and B  , verify that cos  A  B  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
3 6

  
Solution : L.H.S.  cos  A  B   cos     cos = 0
3 6 2

    1 3 3 1 3 3
R.H.S.  cos cos  sin sin       0
3 6 3 6 2 2 2 2 4 4
 L.H.S. = 0 = R.H.S.
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B
70 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.5 Sets, Relations
and Functions
1. Find the value of

      
(i) sin 2  tan 2  tan 2 (ii) sin
2
 cos ec2  sec 2  cos 2
6 4 3 3 6 4 3 Notes

2  2  2    
(iii) cos cos  sin sin (iv) 4 cot  cos ec2  sec2 tan 2
3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4

      1
(v)  sin  sin  cos  cos  
 6 4  3 4 4
2. Show that

      2 
 1  tan tan    tan  tan   sec sec 2
 6 3  6 3 6 3

 
3. Taking A  , B  , verify that
3 6

tan A  tan B
(i) tan  A  B   (ii) cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B
1  tan A tan B


4. If   , verify : (i) sin 2  2 sin  cos 
4

(ii) cos 2   cos2   sin 2   2 cos 2   1  1  2sin 2 


5. If A  , verify that, (i) cos 2A  2 cos2 A  1
6

2 tan A
(ii) tan 2A  (iii) sin 2A  2 sin A cos A
1  tan 2 A

3.4 GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Given any function, a pictorial or a graphical representation makes a lasting impression on the
minds of learners and viewers. The importance of the graph of functions stems from the fact that
this is a convenient way of presenting many properties of the functions. By observing the graph
we can examine several characteristic properties of the functions such as (i) periodicity, (ii)
intervals in which the function is increasing or decreasing (iii) symmetry about axes, (iv) maximum
and minimum points of the graph in the given interval. It also helps to compute the areas enclosed
by the curves of the graph.

MATHEMATICS 71
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I 3.4.1 Variations of sin as  Varies Continuously From 0 to 2
Sets, Relations
Let X'OX and Y'OY be the axes of
and Functions
coordinates.With centre O and radius
OP = unity, draw a circle. Let OP
st art ing fro m OX and mo ving in
anticlockwise direction make an angle
Notes with the x-axis, i.e.  XOP =. Draw
PM  X'OX, then sinMP as OP=1.
 The variations of sin  are the same as those of
MP. Fig. 3.7
I Quadrant :

As  increases continuously from 0 to
2
PM is positive and increases from 0 to 1.
 sin  is positive.
 
II Quadrant  ,  
2 
In this interval, lies in the second quadrant.
Therefore, point P is in the second quadrant. Here Fig. 3.8
PM = y is positive, but decreases from 1 to 0 as 

varies from to  . Thus sin  is positive.
2

 3 
III Quadrant  , 
 2
In this interval,  lies in the third quandrant. Therefore,
point P can move in the third quadrant only. Hence
PM = y is negative and decreases from 0 to  as 
Fig. 3.9
3
varies from  to . In this interval sin  decreases
2
from 0 to 1. In this interval sin  is negative.

 3 
IV Quadrant  , 2 
2 
In this interval,  lies in the fourth quadrant. Therefore,
point P can move in the fourth quadrant only. Here again
PM = y is negative but increases from -1 to 0 as
3
 varies from 2 to 2 . Thus sin  is negative in this
Fig. 3.10
interval.
72 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
3.4.2 Graph of sin  as  varies from 0 to. MODULE - I
Sets, Relations
Let X'OX and Y'OY be the two coordinate axes of reference. The values of  are to be measured
and Functions
along x-axis and the values of sin  are to be measured along y-axis.

1 3
(Approximate value of 2  1.41,  .707,  .87 )
2 2
Notes
   2 5 7 4 3 5 11
 0  2
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
sin  0 .5 .87 1 .87 .5 0 .5 .87 1 .87 .5 0

Fig. 3.11

Some Observations

(i) Maximum value of sin  is 1. (ii) Minimum value of sin  is 1.

 3
(iii) It is continuous everywhere. (iv) It is increasing from 0 to and from to 2 .
2 2
 3
It is decreasing from to . With the help of the graph drawn in Fig. 6.11 we can
2 2
always draw another graph y = sin  in the interval of [ 2, 4] ( see Fig. 3.12)
What do you observe ?
The graph of y = sin  in the interval [ 2, 4] is the same as that in 0 to 2 . Therefore, this
graph can be drawn by using the property sin (2  )  sin  . Thus, sin  repeats itself when
 is increased by 2 . This is known as the periodicity of sin  .

Fig. 3.12
MATHEMATICS 73
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I We shall discuss in details the periodicity later in this lesson.
Sets, Relations Example 3.13 Draw the graph of y = sin 2  in the interval 0 to  .
and Functions
Solution :
    2 3 5
: 0
6 4 3 2 3 4 6

Notes
  2  3 5
2 : 0  2
3 2 3 3 2 3
sin 2 : 0 .87 1 .87 0 .87 1 .87 0

Fig. 3.13
The graph is similar to that of y = sin 

Some Observations
1. The other graphs of sin  , like a sin  , 3 sin 2  can be drawn applying the same
method.
2. Graph of sin  , in other intervals namely  4  , 6  ,  2  , 0 ,  4  , 2  ,
can also be drawn easily. This can be done with the help of properties of allied
angles: sin    2    sin , sin    2    sin . i.e.,  repeats itself when
increased or decreased by 2  .

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.6

1. What are the maximum and minimum values of sin  in 0, 2 ?

2. Explain the symmetry in the graph of sin  in 0, 2

3. Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin  , in the interval  0, 

74 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
1  3 Sets, Relations
4. For what values of  in  , 2 , sin  becomes , (a) (b)
2 2 and Functions
5. Sketch the graph of y = sin x in the interval of   , 
3.4.3 Graph of cosas Varies From 0 to 2
As in the case of sin  , we shall also discuss the changes in the values of cos  when  assumes Notes
 3 
values in the intervals  0,   ,   ,   ,   , 3  and  , 2  .
 2  2   2  2 
    

I Quadrant : In the interval  0 ,   , point P lies in

 2
 
the first quadrant, therefore, OM = x is positive but

decreases from 1 to 0 as  increases from 0 to .
2
Thus in this interval cos  decreases from 1 to 0.
 cos  is positive in this quadrant.

  Fig. 3.14
II Quadrant : In the interval  ,   , point P lies in
2 
the second quadrant and therefore point M lies on the
negative side of x-axis. So in this case OM = x is
negative and decreases from 0 to  1 as  increases

from to  . Hence in this inverval cos  decreases
2
from 0 to  1 .
 cos  is negative.
 3  Fig. 3.15
III Quadrant : In the interval   ,  , point P lies
 2
in the third quadrant and therefore, OM = x remains
negative as it is on the negative side of x-axis. Therefore
OM = x is negative but increases from1 to 0 as 
3
increases from  to . Hence in this interval cos 
2
increases from -1 to 0.
 cos  is negative.

IV Quadrant : In the interval  3 , 2  , point P lies

2  Fig. 3.16
 

MATHEMATICS 75
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I in the fourth quadrant and M moves on the positive
Sets, Relations side of x-axis.Therefore OM = x is positive. Also it
and Functions 3
increases from 0 to 1 as  increases from to 2 .
2
Thus in this interval cos  increases from 0 to 1.
 cos  is positive.
Notes
Let us tabulate the values of cosines of some suitable
values of  .
Fig. 3.17

   2 5 7 4 3 5 11
 0  2
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

cos  1 .87 .5 0 0.5 .87 1 .87 .5 0 .5 .87 1

Fig. 3.18
Let X'OX and Y'OY be the axes. Values of  are measured along x-axis and those of cos
along y-axis.

Some observations

(i) Maximum value of cos   1. (ii) Minimum value of cos   1.

(iii) It is continuous everywhere.

(iv) cos    2    cos . Also cos    2    cos . Cos  repeats itself when  is
increased or decreased by 2 . It is called periodicity of cos  . We shall discuss in
details about this in the later part of this lesson.
(v) Graph of cos  in the intervals [2 , 4] [4 , 6] [ 2 , 0] , will be the same as
in [0 , 2] .

Example 3.14 Draw the graph of cos  as  varies from   to  . From the graph read
the values of  when cos   0.5 .

76 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
Solution : MODULE - I
Sets, Relations
5 2       2 5 and Functions
: 
6 3 2 3 6
0
6 3 2 3 6


cos : 1.0 0.87 0.5 0 .50 .87 1.0 0.87 0.5 0 .5 .87 1
Notes

cos   0.5

 
when  ,
3 3
cos    0.5

2 2
when  ,
3 3

Fig. 3.19
Example 3.15 Draw the graph of cos 2 in the interval 0 to  .
Solution :
    2 3 5
 0 
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
  2  3 5
2 0  2
3 2 3 3 2 3

cos 2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 0.5  0.5 1

Fig. 3.20

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.7

 
1. (a) Sketch the graph of y = cos  as  varies from to .
4 4
MATHEMATICS 77
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I (b) Draw the graph of y = 3 cos  as  varies from 0 to 2 .
Sets, Relations
(c) Draw the graph of y = cos 3 from   to  and read the values of  when
and Functions
cos   0.87 and cos    0.87.

  3 
(d) Does the graph of y = cos  in  ,  lie above x-axis or below x-axis?
2 2 
Notes
(e) Draw the graph of y = cos  in [2 , 4 ]
3.4.4 Graph of tan  as  Varies from 0 to 
sin 
In I Quadrant : tan  can be written as cos 

1
Behaviour of tan  depends upon the behaviour of sin  and
cos 
In I quadrant, sin  increases from 0 to 1, cos  decreases from 1 to 0
1
But increases from 1 indefintely (and write it as increasses from 1 to  ) tan   0
cos 
 tan  increases from 0 to  . (See the table and graph of tan  ).
sin 
In II Quadrant : tan  
cos 
sin  decreases from 1 to 0.
cos  decreases from 0 to  1 .
tan  is negative and increases from  to 0
sin 
In III Quadrant : tan  
cos 
sin  decreases from 0 to  1
cos  increases from 1 to 0
 tan  is positive and increases from 0 to 
sin 
In IV Quadrant : tan  
cos 
sin  increases from 1 to 0
cos  increases from 0 to 1
tan  is negative and increases form  to 0
Graph of tan 
    2 5 7 4 3 3 5 11
 0  0  0   0  0 2
6 3 2 2 3 6 6 3 2 2 3 6

tan  0 .58 1.73  -1.73 -.58 0 .58 1.73   -1.73 -.58 0 0

78 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
Sets, Relations
and Functions

Notes

Fig. 3.21
Observations
(i) tan (180  )  tan  . Therefore, the complete graph of tan  consists of
infinitely many repetitions of the same to the left as well as to the right.
(ii) Since tan ( )   tan  , therefore, if   , tan   is any point on the graph then
( ,  tan ) will also be a point on the graph.
(iii) By above results, it can be said that the graph of y  tan  is symmetrical in
opposite quadrants.
(iv) tan  may have any numerical value, positve or negative.
 3
(v) The graph of tan  is discontinuous (has a break) at the points  , .
2 2
(vi) As  passes through these values, tan  suddenly changes from  to   .

3.4.5 Graph of cot  as Varies From 0 to 

1 1
The behaviour of cot  depends upon the behaviour of cos  and sin  as cot   cos 
sin 
We discuss it in each quadrant.
1
I Quadrant : cot   cos 
sin 
cos  decreases from 1 to 0
sin  increases from 0 to 1

 cot  also decreases from  to 0 but cot   0.

1
II Quadrant : cot   cos   sin 

cos  decreases from 0 to  1

sin  decreases from 1 to 0
MATHEMATICS 79
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I  cot   0 or cot  decreases from 0 to  
Sets, Relations
and Functions 1
III Quadrant : cot   cos   sin 

cos  increases from 1 to 0

Notes sin  decreases from 0 to  1
 cot  decreases from  to 0.
1
IV Quadrant : cot   cos   sin 

cos  increases from 0 to 1

sin  increases from 1 to 0
 cot < 0
cot  decreases from 0 to  
Graph of cot 

   2 5 7 4 3 5 11
 0 0 0 2
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
cot   1.73 .58 0 -.58 -1.73   1.73 .58 0 -.58 -1.73 

Fig. 3.22
Observations
(i) Since cot (   )  cot  , the complete graph of cot  consists of the portion from
 3
  0 to    or   to   .
2 2
80 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
(ii) cot  can have any numerical value - positive or negative.
Sets, Relations
(iii) The graph of cot  is discontinuous, i.e. it breaks at 0 , , 2, . and Functions
(iv) As  takes values 0, , 2, cot  suddently changes from   to  

Notes
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.8
1. (a) What is the maximum value of tan  ?
 3
(b) What changes do you observe in tan  at , ?
2 2
(c) Draw the graph of y  tan  from  to  . Find from the graph the value of  for
which tan   1.7.
2. (a) What is the maximum value of cot  ?
(b) Find the value of  when cot    1 , from the graph.
3.4.6 To Find the Variations And Draw The Graph of sec As  Varies From 0 to .
Let X'OX and Y'OY be the axes of coordinates. With
centre O, draw a circle of unit radius.
Let P be any point on the circle. Join OP and draw
PM  X'OX.
OP 1
sec   
OM OM
 Variations will depend upon OM.
I Quadrant : sec  is positive as OM is positive.
  Fig. 3.23
Also sec 0 = 1 and sec   when we approach
2 2
from the right.

 As  varies from 0 to , sec  increases from 1 to
2
.
II Quadrant : sec  is negative as OM is negative.
Fig. 3.24
 
sec when we approach from the left. Also sec
2 2
  1 .


 As  varies from to  , sec  changes from
2
  to  1.

Fig. 3.25

MATHEMATICS 81
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I 
Sets, Relations It is observed that as  passes through , sec  changes
2
and Functions
from   to   .

III Quadrant : sec  is negative as OM is negative.

Notes 3
sec    1 and sec    when the angle approaches
2
3
in the counter clockwise direction. As  varies from
2
3
 to , sec  decreases from 1 to   .
2 Fig. 3.26

IV Quadrant : sec  is positive as OM is positive. when 

3
is slightly greater than , sec  is positive and very large.
2
Also sec 2  1. Hence sec  decreases from  to 1 as
3
 varies from to 2  .
2

It may be o bserved that as  passes t hrough

3
; sec  changes from   to  .
2 Fig. 3.27

Graph of sec  as  varies from 0 to 2

    2 5 7 4 3 3 5 11
 0 0 0  0 0 2
6 3 2 2 3 6 6 3 2 2 3 6
cot  1 1.15 2   -2 -1.15 -1 -1.15 -2   2 1.15

Fig. 3.28

82 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
Observations
Sets, Relations
and Functions
(a) sec cannot be numerically less than 1.

 3
(b) Graph of sec  is discontinuous, discontinuties (breaks) occuring at and .
2 2
Notes
 3
(c) As  passes through and , see  changes abruptly from   to   and then
2 2
from   to   respectively..

3.4.7 Graph of cosec as Varies From 0 to 

Let X'OX and Y'OY be the axes of coordinates. With
centre O draw a circle of unit radius. Let P be any
point on the circle. Join OP and draw PM
perpendicular to X'OX.

OP 1
cos ec   
MP MP

 The variation of cos ec  will depend upon MP. Fig. 3.29

I Quadrant : cosec  is positive as MP is positive.


cosec  1 when  is very small, MP is also small and
2
therefore, the value of cosec  is very large.


 As  varies from 0 to , cosec  decreases from
2
 to 1. Fig. 3.30

II Quadrant : PM is positive. Therefore, cosec  is


positive. cosec  1 and cosec    when the
2
revolving line approaches  in the counter clockwise
direction.


 As  varies from to  , cosec  increases from
2
1 to  .
Fig. 3.31
III Quadrant :PM is negative

 cosec  is negative. When  is slightly greater than  ,

MATHEMATICS 83
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
cosec  is very large and negative.
Sets, Relations
and Functions
3
Also cosec   1.
2

3
Notes  As  varies from
 to , cosec  changes from
2
  to  1.

It may be observed that as  passes through  , cosec  Fig. 3.32

changes from   to   .
IV Quadrant :
PM is negative.
Therefore, cosec     as approaches 2 .

3
 as  varies from to 2 , cos ec varies from 
2
1 to  .
Fig. 3.33
Graph of cosec 
   2 5 7 4 3 5 11
 0 0 0 2
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
cosec   2 1.15 1 1.15 2   2 1.15 1 1.15 2 

Fig. 3.34
Observations
(a) cosec  cannot be numerically less than 1.
(b) Graph of cosec  is discountinous and it has breaks at   0, , 2 .
(c) As  passes through  , cosec  changes from  to  . The values at 0 and
2 are  and  respectively..

84 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
Example 3.16 Trace the changes in the values of sec as  lies in  to .
Sets, Relations
Soluton : and Functions

Notes

Fig. 3.35

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.9

1. (a) Trace the changes in the values of sec  when  lies between 2 and 2 and
draw the graph between these limits.
(b) Trace the graph of cosec  ,when  lies between 2 and 2 .

3.5 PERIODICITY OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

From your daily experience you must have observed things repeating themselves after regular
intervals of time. For example, days of a week are repeated regularly after 7 days and months
of a year are repeated regularly after 12 months. Position of a particle on a moving wheel is
another example of the type. The property of repeated occurence of things over regular intervals
is known as periodicity.
Definition : A function f (x) is said to be periodic if its value is unchanged when the value of the
variable is increased by a constant, that is if f (x + p) = f (x) for all x.
If p is smallest positive constant of this type, then p is called the period of the function f (x).
1
If f (x) is a periodic function with period p, then f  x  is also a periodic function with period p.

3.5.1 Periods of Trigonometric Functions

(i) sin x  sin  x  2n  ; n = 0,  1,  2, .....

(ii) cos x  cos  x  2n  ; n = 0,  1,  2 ,.....
Also there is no p, lying in 0 to 2 , for which
sin x  sin  x  p 

cos x  cos  x  p  , for all x

MATHEMATICS 85
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I  2 is the smallest positive value for which
Sets, Relations
and Functions sin  x  2   sin x and cos  x  2   cos x
 sin x and cos x each have the period 2 .
1
(iii) The period of cosec x is also 2 because cosec x  .
sin x
Notes
1
(iv) The period of sec x is also 2 as sec x  .
cos x
(v) Also tan  x     tan x . Suppose p  0  p    is the period of tan x, then

tan  x  p   tan x, for all x. Put x = 0, then tan p = 0, i.e., p = 0 or  .

 the period of tan x is  .

 p can not have values between 0 and  for which tan x  tan  x  p 

 The period of tan x is 

1
(vi) Since cot x  , therefore, the period of cot x is also  .
tan x
Example 3.17 Find the period of each the following functions :
x x
(a) y = 3 sin 2x (b) y  cos (c) y = tan
2 4
Solution :
2
(a) Period is , i.e.,  .
2
1
(b) y  cos x , therefore period  2  4
2 1
2
x 
(c) Period of y = tan   4
4 1
4

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.10

1. Find the period of each of the following functions :

(a) y = 2 sin 3x (b) y = 3 cos 2x

(c) y = tan 3x (d) y  sin 2 2x

86 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
C
1A
% + Sets, Relations
LET US SUM UP and Functions
 An angle is generated by the rotation of a ray.
 The angle can be negative or positive according as rotation of the ray is clockwise or
anticlockwise.
Notes
 A degree is one of the measures of an angle and one complete rotation generates an
angle of 360°.
 An angle can be measured in radians, 360° being equivalent to 2 radians.
 If an arc of length l subtends an angle of  radians at the centre of the circle with radius
r, we have l = r  .
 If the coordinates of a point P of a unit circle are (x, y) then the six trigonometric functions
y x 1
are defined as sin   y , cos   x , tan   , cot   , sec   and
x y x
1
cosec   .
y

The coordinates (x, y) of a point P can also be written as  cos , sin   .

Here  is the angle which the line joining centre to the point P makes with the positive
direction of x-axis.
 The values of the trigonometric functions sin  and cos  when  takes values 0,
   
, , , are given by
6 4 3 2

Real 
numbers     
0
Functions 6 4 3 2

1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2

3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2

 Graphs of sin  , cos  are continuous every where

— Maximum value of both sin  and cos  is 1.
— Minimum value of both sin  and cos  is -1.
— Period of these functions is 2 .

MATHEMATICS 87
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I  tan  and cot  can have any value between  and  .
Sets, Relations
and Functions  3
— The function tan  has discontinuities (breaks) at and in  0, 2  .
2 2
— Its period is  .
— The graph of cot  has discontinuities (breaks) at 0,  , 2 . Its period is  .
Notes
 sec  cannot have any value numerically less than 1.
 3
(i) It has breaks at and . It repeats itself after 2 .
2 2
(ii) cosec  cannot have any value between 1 and +1.
It has discontinuities (breaks) at 0,  , 2 . It repeats itself after 2 .

SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ Trigonometric_functions.html

TERMINAL EXERCISE

1. A train is moving at the rate of 75 km/hour along a circular path of radius 2500 m.
Through how many radians does it turn in one minute ?
2. Find the number of degrees subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc whose length
is 0.357 times the radius.
3. The minute hand of a clock is 30 cm long. Find the distance covered by the tip of the
hand in 15 minutes.
4. Prove that

1  sin  1
(a)  sec   tan  (b)  sec   tan 
1  sin  sec   tan 

tan  cot  1  sin 

(c)   2 sin  cos  (d)   tan   sec  2
1  tan  1  cot 2 
2 1  sin 

(e) sin8   cos8    sin 2   cos 2   1  2 sin 2  cos2  

(f) sec 2   cosec 2   tan   cot 


5. If   , verify that sin 3  3 sin   4 sin 3 
4

88 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
6. Evaluate :
Sets, Relations
25 and Functions
21
(a) sin (b) sin
6 4

3  17
(c) tan   (d) sin  Notes
 4  4

19
(e) cos 
3

 3
7. Draw the graph of cos x from x   to x  .
2 2
8. Define a periodic function of x and show graphically that the period of tan x is  , i.e. the
position of the graph from x =  to 2 is repetition of the portion from x = 0 to  .

MATHEMATICS 89
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
Sets, Relations
and Functions ANSWERS
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.1
  5 7 3
1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
Notes 3 12 12 12 2
2. (i) 45° (ii) 15° (iii) 9° (iv) 3° (v) 120°
 13 14 5 
3. , , 4. 5.
4 36 36 6 3
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.2
  5
1. (a) (b) (c)
6 3 6
2. (a) 36° (b) 30° (c) 20°
1 1
3. radian; 9.55° 4. radian 5. 95.54 m
6 5
6. (a) 0.53 m (b) 38.22 cm (c) 0.002 radian
(d) 12.56 m (e) 31.4 cm (f) 3.75 radian
(g) 6.28 m (h) 2 radian (i) 19.11 m.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.3
1. (i)  ve (ii)  ve (iii)  ve (iv) + ve
(v) + ve (vi)  ve (vii) + ve (viii)  ve
1
2. (i) zero (ii) zero (iii)  (iv)  1
2
(v) 1 (vi) Not defined (vii) Not defined (viii) 1
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.4
1 2 5
2. sin   , cos   , cot   2 , cosec   5 , sec  
5 5 2

a b2  a 2 b
3. sin   , cos   , sec   ,
b b b2  a 2
a b2  a 2 2m
tan   , cot   6.
b2  a 2 a 1  m2

5 12 13 12 5

11. cos x  ,sin x  ,cos ec  , tan x  ,cot x 
13 13 12 5 12

90 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.5
Sets, Relations
1 1 22 and Functions
1. (i) 4 (ii) 6 (iii) 1 (iv) (v) Zero
4 2 3

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.6 Notes

1. 1, 1 3. Graph of y = 2 sin  ,  0,  

Fig. 3.36

7 11 4  5
4. (a) , (b) , 5. y  sin x from   to 
6 6 3 3

Fig. 3.37
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.7
 
1. (a) y  cos ,  to
4 4

Fig. 3.38

MATHEMATICS 91
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I (b) y  3 cos ; 0 to 2
Sets, Relations
and Functions

Notes

Fig. 3.39
(c) y  cos 3,  to 
cos   0.87
 
 ,
6 6
cos   0.87
5 5
 ,
6 6 Fig. 3.40
  3 
(d) Graph of y  cos  in  ,  lies below the x-axis.
2 2 
(e) y  cos 
 lies in 2 to 4

Fig. 3.41

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.8

 3
1. (a) Infinite (b) At , there are breaks in graphs.
2 2
92 MATHEMATICS
 Trigonometric Functions-I
(c) y  tan 2,   to  MODULE - I
Sets, Relations
 and Functions
At   , tan   1.7
3
3
2. (a) Infinite (b) cot   1 at  
4 Notes
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.9
1. (a) y  sec 

Fig. 3.42

 3
Points of discontinuity of sec 2 are at , in the interval  0, 2  .
4 4

(b) In tracing the graph from 0 to 2 , use cosec      cosec  .

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3.10

2 2 
1. (a) Period is (b) Period is  (c) Period of y is
3 2 3
1  cos 4x 1 1 2 
(d) y  sin 2 2x    cos 4x ; Period of y is i.e
2 2 2 4 2

 x 1 
(e) y  3 cot   , Period of y is  3
 3  1
3
TERMINAL EXERCISE
1
1. radian 2. 20.45° 3. 15 cm
2
1 1 1 1
6. (a) (b)  (c) 1 (d) (e)
2 2 2 2

MATHEMATICS 93
 Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - I
Sets, Relations 7.
and Functions

Notes

Fig. 3.43

8.

y  sec 
Fig. 3.44

94 MATHEMATICS