Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

MODULE - VIII
27 Calculus

DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC
Notes
FUNCTIONS

Trigonometry is the branch of Mathematics that has made itself indispensable for other branches
of higher Mathematics may it be calculus, vectors, three dimensional geometry, functions-harmonic
and simple and otherwise just can not be processed without encountering trigonometric functions.
Further within the specific limit, trigonometric functions give us the inverses as well.
The question now arises: Are all the rules of finding the derivative studied by us so far appliacable
to trigonometric functions?
This is what we propose to explore in this lesson and in the process, develop the fornulae or
results for finding the derivatives of trigonometric functions and their inverses. In all discussions
involving the trignometric functions and their inverses, radian measure is used, unless otherwise
specifically mentioned.

OBJECTIVES

After studying this lesson, you will be able to:

 find the derivative of trigonometric functions from first principle;
 find the derivative of inverse trigomometric functions from first principle;
 apply product, quotient and chain rule in finding derivatives of trigonometric and inverse
trigonometric functions; and
 find second order derivative of a functions.

EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

 Knowledge of trigonometric ratios as functions of angles.

 Standard limits of trigonometric functions
 Definition of derivative, and rules of finding derivatives of function.

27.1 DERIVATIVE OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FROM

FIRST PRINCIPLE
(i) Let y = sin x

MATHEMATICS 213
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - VIII For a small increment  x in x, let the corresponding increment in y be  y..
Calculus
 y   y  sin  x   x 

and  y  sin  x   x   sin x

Notes   x x  CD C  D
 2 cos  x   sin  sin C  sin D  2 cos sin
 2  2  2 2 

x
y   x  sin 2
  2 cos  x  
x  2  x

x  sin  x 
sin 
y   x  2  cos x.1 2  1
lim
 x0  x
 lim cos  x    lim  x  lim x 
 x 0
 2  x  0

x 0

2  2 

dy
Thus  cos x
dx

d
i.e.,  sin x   cos x
dx
(ii) Let y  cos x
For a small increment  x, let the corresponding increment in y be  y .

 y   y  cos  x   x 

and  y  cos  x   x   cos x

 x x
 2 sin  x   sin
 2  2

x
sin
y   x  2
  2sin  x  
x  2  x

x
sin
y  dx  2
lim   lim sin  x    lim
 x 0  x  x 0 2  x 0  x
 
2

  sin x 1

214 MATHEMATICS
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dy Calculus
Thus,   sin x
dx

d
i.e,  cos x    sin x
dx
(iii) Let y = tan x Notes

For a small increament x in x, let the corresponding increament in y be y.

 y   y  tan  x   x 

sin  x   x  sin x
and  y  tan  x   x   tan x  cos x   x  cos x
 
sin  x   x   cos x  sin x  cos  x   x  sin  x   x   x 
 
cos  x   x  cos x cos  x   x  cos x

sin  x

cos  x   x   cos x

 y sin  x 1
  
x  x cos  x   x  cos x

y sin  x 1
or lim  lim  lim
 x 0  x  x0  x  x 0 cos  x   x  cos x

1  sin  x 
 1 2
cos 2 x  sec x  lim
x 0  x
 1
 

dy
Thus,  sec 2 x
dx

d
i.e.  tan x   sec 2 x
dx
(iv) Let y = sec x
For a small increament  x in, let the corresponding increament in y be  y .

 y   y  sec  x   x 

1 1
and  y  sec  x   x   sec x  cos  x   x   cos x

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Calculus   x x
cos x  cos  x   x  2sin  x   sin
  2  2
cos  x   x  cos x 
cos  x   x  cos x

 x x
sin  x   sin
Notes y  2  2
lim  lim
 x0  x  x 0 cos  x   x  cos x x
2

 x x
sin  x   sin
y  2  lim 2
lim  lim
 x 0  x  x  0 cos  x   x  cos x  x 0  x

sin x sin x 1
 2
1    tan x.sec x
cos x cos x cos x

dy
Thus,  sec x.tan x
dx

d
i.e.  sec x   sec x  tan x
dx
Similarly, we can show that

d
 cot x    cos ec 2 x
dx

d
and  cos ecx    cos ec x  cot x
dx
Example 27.1 Find the derivative of cot x 2 from first principle.

Solution: y  cot x 2

For a small increament  x in x, let the corresponding increament in y be  y .

2
 y   y  cot  x   x 

2
 y  cot  x   x   cot x 2

2 2 2
cos  x   x  cos x 2 cos  x   x  sin x 2  cos x 2 sin  x   x 
 2
  2
sin  x   x  sin x 2 sin  x   x  sin x 2

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2 2
sin  x   x   x  

2
 
sin  2 x x    x  
  
 sin  2 x   x   x  Calculus
 2
2
sin  x   x  sin x 2
2
sin  x   x  sin x 2 sin  x   x  sin x 2

 y  sin  2 x   x   x 
 
 x  x sin  x   x 2 sin x 2 Notes

y sin  2 x   x   x  2x   x
and lim   lim lim 2
 x 0  x  x 0  x 2x   x   x  0
sin  x   x  sin x 2

dy 2x  sin  2 x   x   x  
or  1  lim  1
dx sin x .sin x 2
2

x 0  x  2x   x  

2 x 2 x
 
2 2 sin 2 x 2  2 x.cos ec 2 x 2
 sin x 
d
Hence
dx
 cot x 2   2 x  cos ec 2 x 2

Example 27.2 Find the derivative of cos ecx from first principle.

Solution: Let y  cos ecx

and y   y  cos ec  x   x 

 cos ec  x   x   cos ecx   cos ec  x   x   cos ecx 

 y   
cos ec  x   x   cos ecx

1 1
cos ec  x   x   cos ecx 
 sin  x   x  sin x
cos ec  x   x   cos ecx  cos ec x   x  cos ecx
 
sin x  sin  x   x 

 cos ec  x   x   cos ecx  sin  x   x  sin x 
  

 x x
2 cos  x   sin
 2  2

 
cos ec  x   x   cos ecx sin  x   x  sin x 

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 x sin  x / 2
Calculus cos  x  
y  2  x/2
lim   lim 
 x 0 x  x 0
cos ec  x   x   cos ec x] sin  x   x  .sin x 

dy  cos x 1
 1
Notes or dx (2  cos ec x  sin x 
2   cos ec x  2  cos ec x cot x 
2
1
d 1
Thus,
dx
 cos ec x   2
 cos ec x  2  cos ec x cot x 

Example 27.3 Find the derivative of sec 2 x from first principle.

Solution: Let y = sec 2 x

and y   y  sec 2  x   x 

cos2 x  cos 2  x   x 
then,  y  sec  x   x   sec x  cos2 x   x cos 2 x
2 2
 
sin[( x   x  x]sin[ x   x  x ] sin(2 x   x ) sin  x
 
cos 2
 x   x  cos 2
x cos2  x   x  cos 2 x

y sin(2 x   x )sin  x

 x cos 2  x   x  cos2 x x

y sin(2 x   x) sin  x
Now, lim  lim
 x 0 x  x  0 cos2  x   x  cos2 x x

dy sin 2 x 2sin x cos x

   2 tan x.sec 2 x
dx cos x cos x cos 2 x cos 2 x
2 2

 2sec x  sec x.tan x   2sec x  sec x tan x 

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 27.1

1. Find derivative from principle of the following functions with respect to x:

(a) cosec x (b) cot x (c) cos 2x

(d) cot 2 x (e) cosec 2 x (f) sin x

2. Find the derivative of each of the following functions:
(a) 2sin 2 x (b) cosec 2 x (c) tan 2 x

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27.2 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Calculus
You heve learnt how we can find the derivative of a trigonometric function from first principle
and also how to deal with these functions as a function of a function as shown in the alternative
method. Now we consider some more examples of these derivatives.
Example 27.4 Find the derivative of each of the following functions: Notes

(i) sin 2 x (ii) tan x (iii) cos ec  5x 3 

Solution: (i) Let y  sin 2 x,

 sin t , where t = 2 x

dy dt
 cos t and 2
dt dx

dy dy dt
By chain Rule,   , we heve
dx dt dx

dy
 cos t  2   2.cos t  2 cos 2 x
dx

d
Hence,  sin 2 x   2 cos 2 x
dx

(ii) Let y  tan x

= tan t where t = x

dy dt 1
  sec2 t and 
dt dx 2 x

dy dy dt
By chain rule,   , we heve
dx dt dx

dy 1 sec 2 x
 sec2 t  
dx 2 x 2 x

d sec 2 x
Hence,
dx

tan x  
2 x

Alternatively: Let y  tan x

dy d sec 2 x
 sec 2 x x
dx dx 2 x

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MODULE - VIII
(iii) Let y  cos ec  5 x3 
Calculus
dy d
   cos ec  5 x3  cot  5 x3   5 x 3 
dx dx

 15 x 2 cos ec  5 x 3  cot  5 x 3 

Notes
or you may solve it by substituting t  5 x 3
Example 27.5 Find the derivative of each of the following functions:

sin x
(i) y  x 4 sin 2 x (ii) y
1  cos x

Solution : y  x 4 sin 2 x

dy d d
(i)   x 4  sin 2 x   sin 2 x  x 4  (Using product rule)
dx dx dx

 x 4  2 cos 2 x   sin 2 x  4 x3 

 2 x 4 cos 2 x  4 x 3 sin 2 x

 2 x 3  x cos 2 x  2sin 2 x 

sin x
(ii) Let y
1  cos x

d d
dy 
1  cos x   sin x   sin x 1  cos x 
 dx dx
 2
dx 1  cos x 


1  cos x  cos x   sin x   sin x  
cos x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
2 2
1  cos x  1  cos x 
1 1 x
cos x  1 1   sec2
  x 2 2
1  cos x 
2
1  cos x  2 cos 2 2
Example 27.6 Find the derivative of each of the following functions w.r.t. x:

(i) cos 2 x (ii) sin 3 x

Solution : (i) Let y  cos 2 x

 t2 where t = cos x

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dy dt
  2t and   sin x Calculus
dt dx
Using chain rule

dy dy dt
  , we have
dx dt dx Notes

dy
 2 cos x.   sin x 
dx
 2cos x sin x   sin 2 x

(ii) Let y  sin 3 x

dy 1 1/ 2 d 1
   sin 3 x    sin 3 x    3sin 2 x  cos x
3
dx 2 dx 2 sin x

3
 sin x cos x
2

d 3
Thus,
dx
 
sin 3 x 
2
sin x cos x

dy
Example 8.7 Find , when
dx

1  sin x
(i) y
1  sin x
Solution : We have,

1  sin x
(i) y
1  sin x
1
dy 1 1  sin x  2 d 1  sin x 
 
dx 2 1  sin x  dx 1  sin x 

1 1  sin x   cos x 1  sin x   1  sin x  cos x 

  2
2 1  sin x 1  sin x 

1 1  sin x  2 cos x  1  sin x 1  sin 2 x

    
2 1  sin x  1  sin x  2  1  sin x 1  sin x 2

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Calculus 
1  sin x 1  sin x
2

1
1  sin x  1  sin x

1
Thus, dy/dx  
1  sin x
Notes
Example 27.8 Find the derivative of each of the following functions at the indicated points :

2 
(i) y = sin 2 x +  2 x  5  at x 
2
(ii) y = cot x + sec 2 x+5 at x   / 6
Solution :
2
(i) y  sin 2 x   2 x  5 

dy d d
  cos 2 x  2 x   2  2 x  5   2 x  5 
dx dx dx

 2cos 2 x  4  2 x  5 

 dy
At x = ,  2 cos   4   5   2  4  20  4  22
2 dx

(ii) y  cot x  sec 2 x  5

dy
   cos ec 2 x  2 sec x  sec x tan x    cos ec 2 x  2 sec 2 x tan x
dx

 dy     4  2  4 1  4  8
At x = ,   cos ec 2  2 sec 2 tan
6 dx 6 6 6 3 3 3 3

Example 27.9 If sin y = x sin (a+y), prove that

2
dy sin  a  y 

dx sin a
Solution : It is given that

sin y
sin y = x sin (a+y) or x
sin  a  y 

Differentiating w.r.t. x on both sides of (1) we get

 sin  a  y  cos y  sin y cos  a  y   dy

1  
 sin 2  a  y   dx

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 sin  a  y  y   dy Calculus
or 1  2 
 sin  a  y   dx

2
dy sin  a  y 
or 
dx sin a
Notes

Example 27.10 If y  sin x  sin x  ....to inf inity ,

dy cos x
prove that 
dx 2 y  1
Solution : We are given that

y  sin x  sin x  ...to inf inity

or y  sin x  y or y 2  sin x  y
Differentiating with respect to x, we get

dy dy dy
2y  cos x  or  2 y  1  cos x
dx dx dx

dy cos x
Thus, 
dx 2 y  1

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 27.2

1. Find the derivative of each of the following functions w.r.tx:

(a) y = 3 sin 4 x (b) y = cos 5 x (c) y  tan x

(d) y  sin x (e) y  sin x 2 (f) y  2 tan 2 x

(g) y   cot 3 x (h) y  sec10 x (i) y  cos ec 2 x

2. Find the derivative of each of the following functions:

sec x  1 sin x  cos x

(a) f  x  (b) f  x 
sec x  1 sin x  cos x

(c) f  x   x sin x (d) f  x   1  x 2  cos x

(e) f  x   x cos ec x (f) f  x   sin 2 x cos 3 x

(g) f  x   sin 3 x

MATHEMATICS 223
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - VIII 3. Find the derivative of each of the following functions:
Calculus
(a) y  sin 3 x (b) y  cos 2 x (c) y  tan 4 x

(d) y  cot 4 x (e) y  sec5 x (f) y  cos 3 x

Notes sec x  tan x

(g) y  sec x (h) y 
sec   tan x
4. Find the derivative of the following functions at the indicated points:

 1  sin x 
(a) y  cos  2 x   / 2  , x  (b) y  ,x 
3 cos x 4

5. If y  tan x  tan x  tan x  , to infinity

dy
Show that  2 y  1  sec 2 x.
dx

6. If cos y  x cos  a  y  ,

2
dy cos  a  y 
Prove that 
dx sin a

27.3 DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS FROM FIRST PRINCIPLE
We now find derivatives of standard inverse trignometric functions sin 1 x, cos 1 x, tan 1 x, by
first principle.

(i) We will show that by first principle the derivative sin 1 x w.r.t.x is given by

d 1
dx
 sin 1 x  
1  x 
2

Let y  sin 1 x . Then x = sin y and so x + x = sin (y+y)

As  x  0,  y  0.

Now,  x  sin  y     sin y

sin  y   y   sin y
 1 [On dividing both sides by  x ]
x

224 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - VIII
1
sin  y   y   sin y  y
 Calculus
or
x x

sin  y   y   sin y y
 1  lim
 x0 x
 lim
 x 0  x
 y  0 when  x  0
Notes

  1   1 
 2cos  y   y  sin   y  
 2   2  dy dy
  lim .
  x 0 x  dx   cos y  . dx
 

dy 1 1 1
  
dx cos y 1  sin y  2
1  x  2

d 1
dx
 sin 1 x  
 1  x  2

d 1
(ii) dx
 cos 1 x    .
1  x  2

For proof proceed exactly as in the case of sin 1 x.

(iii) Now we show that,

d 1
dx
 tan 1 x  
1  x2

Let y  tan 1 x. Then x = tan y and so x   x  tan  y   y 

As  x  0, also  y  0

Now,  x  tan  y   y   tan y

tan  y   y   tan y  y
 1 . .
y x

tan  y   y   tan y
 1  lim . lim . [  y  0 when  x  0]
 x0 y  x 0 x

MATHEMATICS 225
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - VIII
Calculus   sin  y   y  sin y   dy
  lim    /  y.
 x 0  cos  y   y  cos y   dx

dy sin  y   y  cos y  cos  y   y  sin y

 . lim
Notes dx  x  0  y.cos  y   y  cos y

dy sin  y   y  y 
 . lim
dx  x 0  y.cos  y   y  cos y

dy  sin  y 1 
 . lim  . 
dx  x 0   y cos  y   y  cos y 

dy 1 dy
 . 2
 .sec 2 y
dx cos y dx

dy 1 1 1
    .
dx sec y 1  tan y 1  x 2
2 2

d 1

dx
 tan 1 x  
1  x2

d 1
(iv)
dx
 cot 1 x  
1  x2

For proof proceed exactly as in the case of tan 1 x.

d 1
(v) We have by first principle dx
 sec 1 x. 
x x 2
 1

Let y  sec 1 x. Then = sec y and so x   x  sec  y   y  .

As  x  0. also  y  0.

Now  x  sec  y   y   sec y.

sec  y   y   sec y  y
 1 . .
y x
sec  y   y   sec y y
1  lim
 x0 y
. lim
 x 0  x
.  y  0 when  x  0

226 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - VIII
 1  1  Calculus
2 sin  y   y  sin   y 
dy  2  2 
 . lim
dx  x  0  y.cos y cos  y   y 

Notes

  1   1 
 sin  y   y  sin   y  
dy  2  2 
 . lim  .  
dx  x0  cos y cos  y   y  1
y 
 2 

dy sin y dy
 .  .sec y tan y
dx cos y cos y dx

dy 1 1 1
  
 dx sec y tan y sec  sec 2
y  1 x x 2
 1

d 1
   sec 1 x  
dx x x2 1

d 1
  co sec 1 x   .
(v) dx x x 2
 1

For proof proceed as in the case of sec 1 x .

Example 27.11 Find derivative of sin 1  x 2  from first principle.

Solution: Let y  sin 1 x 2

 x 2  sin y
2
Now, x   x  sin  y   y 

2
 x   x  x2 sin  y   x   sin y

x x

 x y
2 22cos  y   sin
lim
 x   x  x
 lim  2  2 . lim  y
 x0  x   x   x  x0 2  y  x 0  x
2

MATHEMATICS 227
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - VIII
dy
Calculus  2 x  cos y.
dx

dy 2x 2x 2x
   .
 dx cos y 2
1  sin y 1  x4
Notes
Example 27.12 Find derivative of sin 1 x w.r.t.x by first principle

Solution: Let y  sin 1 x

 sin y  x

Also sin  y   y   x   x

From (1) and (2), we get

sin  y   y   sin y  x   x  x


2cos  y 
 y   y   x  x  x  x  x  x 
or  sin  
 2   2  x  x  x

x

x  x  x

  y   y 
2 cos  y   sin  
 2   2  1
 
x x  x  x

 y 
sin  
y  y  2  1
.cos  y   .
or x  2  y x  x  x
2

 y 
sin  
y  y  2 
lim . lim cos  y   . lim
  x 0  x  x 0
 2   x 0  y
2

1
 lim  y  0 as  x  0
 x0 x  x  x

dy 1 dy 1 1 1
or cos  or dx  2 x cos y  2 x 1  sin 2 y  2 x 1  x
dx 2 x

228 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
dy 1 MODULE - VIII
  Calculus
dx 2 x 1  x

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 27.3

1. Find by first principle that derivative of each of the following: Notes

cos1 x
(i) cos 1 x 2 (ii) (iii) cos 1 x
x

tan 1 x
(iv) tan x1 2 (v) (vi) tan 1 x
x

27.4 DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

In the previous section, we have learnt to find derivatives of inverse trignometric functions by first
principle. Now we learn to find derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions using these results
Example 27.13 Find the derivative of each of the following:
2
(i) sin 1 x (ii) cos 1 x 2 (iii)  cos x 
1

Solution:

(i) Let y  sin 1 x

dy 1 d
dx

2 dx
 x 
1 1
. 1/ 2 
1
 1  x 1 x 2 2  1 x

d 1
(sin 1 x) 
dx 2  1 x

(iii) Let y  cos 1 x 2

dy 1 d
 .  x2  1
dx 2 dx  . 2x 
1  x 
2
1  x4

d 2 x
 dx
 cos 1 x 2  
1  x4
2
(iii) Let y   cos 1 x 

MATHEMATICS 229
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - VIII dy d 1
 2  cos ec 1 x  .  cos ec 1 x   2  cos ec x  .
1
Calculus dx dx x x2  1

2 cos ec 1 x

x x2 1
Notes
d 2 2 cos ec 1 x
 dx
 cos ec 1 x  
x x2  1

Example 27.14 Find the derivative of each of the following:

cos x
(i) tan 1 (ii) sin  2 sin 1 x 
1  sin x
Solution:

 
sin   2 
cos x  tan 1 2 
(i) Let y  tan 1  
1  sin x 1  cos   x 
2 

   x   x
 tan 1  tan      tan 
  4 2  4 2

dy
  1/ 2
dx

(ii) y  sin  2sin 1 x 

Let y  sin  2sin 1 x 

dy d
  cos  2 sin 1 x  .  2 sin 1 x 
dx dx
dy 2
  cos  2 sin 1 x  .
dx 1  x2

2 cos  2sin 1 x 

1  x2

1 2x 2x
Example 27.15 Show that the derivative of tan 2
w.r .t sin 1 is 1.
1 x 1  x2
2x 2x
Solution: Let y  tan 1 2
and z  sin 1
1 x 1  x2

230 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
Let x  tan  MODULE - VIII
Calculus
2 tan  2 tan 
y  tan 1 2
and z  sin 1
1  tan  1  tan 2 

 tan 1  tan 2  and z  sin 1  sin 2 

Notes
 2 and z  2

dy dz
2 and 2
d d

dy dy d 1
 .  2 1 (By chain rule)
dx d dz 2

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 27.4

Find the derivative of each of the following functions w.r.t. x and express the result in the sim-
plest form (1-3):

1 x 1 1
1. (a) sin 1 x 2 (b) cos (c) cos
2 x

1 cos x  sin x
2. (a) tan 1  cos ec x  cot x  (b) cot 1  sec x  tan x  (c) cot
cos x  sin x

3. (a) sin  cos 1 x  (b) sec  tan 1 x  (c) sin 1 1  2x 2 

(d) cos 1  4 x 3  3 x  (e) cot

1
 1  x2  x 
4. Find the derivative of:

tan 1 x
1
w.r.t tan 1 x.
1  tan x

27.5 SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES

We know that the second order derivative of a functions is the derivative of the first derivative of
that function. In this section, we shall find the second order derivatives of trigonometric and
inverse trigonometric functions. In the process, we shall be using product rule, quotient rule and
chain rule.
Let us take some examples.
Example 27.16 Find the second order derivative of
(i) sin x (ii) x cos x (iii) cos 1 x

MATHEMATICS 231
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - VIII Solution: (i) Let y = sin x
Calculus Differentiating w.r.t. x both sides, we get
dy
 cos x
dx
Differentiating w.r.t. x both sides again, we get
Notes
d2y d
  cos x    sin x
dx 2 dx

d2y
   sin x
dx 2
(ii) Let y = x cos x
Differentiating w.r.t. x both sides, we get
dy
 x   sin x   cos.1
dx

dy
  x sin x  cos x
dx
Differentiating w.r.t. x both sides again, we get

d2y d
   x sin x  cos x     x.cos x  sin x   sin x
dx 2 dx
  x.cos x  2sin x
d2y
    x.cos x  2sin x 
dx 2
(iii) Let y  cos 1 x
Differentiating w.r.t. x both sides, we get
1
dy 1 1
  1/ 2
  1  x 
2 2

dx 1  x 2 1  x 2 

Differentiating w.r.t. x both sides, we get

d2y x
 1 2 3/ 2  
    1  x    2 x  3/ 2
dx 2 2  1  x 2 
d2y x
2
 3/ 2
dx 1  x 2 

232 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - VIII
Example 27.17 If y  sin x, show that 1  x  y2  xy1  0, where y2 and y1 respectively
2
Calculus
1

denote the second and first, order derivatives of y w.r.t. x.

Solution: We have, y  sin 1 x

Differentiating w.r.t. x both sides, we get
Notes
dy 1

dx 1  x2
2
 dy  1
or    2 (Squaring both sides)
 dx  1  x
2
or 1  x   y 
2
1 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x both sides, we get
d
1  x   2 y
2
1
dx
 y1    2 x   y12  0

or 1  x   2 y y
2
1 2  2 xy12  0

or 1  x  y
2
2  xy1  0

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 27.5

1. Find the second order derivative of each of the following:

(a) sin  cos x  (b) x 2 tan 1 x

1 2
2. If y 
2
 sin 1 x  , show that 1  x 2  y2  xy1  1.

d2y dy
3. If y  sin  sin x  , prove that 2
 tan x  y cos 2 x  0.
dx dx

2 d2y
4. If y = x + tan x, show that cos x  2 y  2x  0
dx 2
C

1A
% +
LET US SUM UP
d d
 (i)  sin x   cos x (ii)  cos x    sin x
dx dx
d d
(iii)  tan x   sec 2 x (iv)  cot x   co sec 2 x
dx dx
MATHEMATICS 233
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - VIII
d d
Calculus (v)  sec x   sec x tan x (vi)  cose c x   co sec x cot x
dx dx
 If u is a derivable function of x, then

d du d du
(i)  sin u   cos u (ii)  cos u    sin u
Notes dx dx dx dx

d du d du
(iii)  tan u   sec 2 u (iv)  cot u    cos ec 2u
dx dx dx dx

d du d du
(v)  sec u   sec u tan u (vi)  cos ecu    cos ecu cot u
dx dx dx dx

d 1 d 1
 (i) dx
 sin 1 x   (ii) dx
 cos 1 x  
1  x2 1  x2

d 1 d 1
(iii)
dx
 tan 1 x  
1  x2
(iv)
dx
 cot 1 x  
1  x2

d 1 d 1
(v) dx
 sec 1 x   (vi) dx
 cos ec 1 x  
x x 2 1 x x 2 1

 If u is a derivable function of x, then

d 1 du d 1 du
(i) dx
 sin 1 x    (ii)  cos 1 u   
1  u dx
2 dx 1  u dx
2

d 1 du d 1 du
(iii)
dx
 tan 1 u   
1  u 2 dx
(iv)
dx
 cot 1 u   
1  u 2 dx

d 1 du d 1 du
(v) dx
 sec1 u    (vi)  cos ec 1u   
u u  1 dx
2 dx u u  1 dx
2

The second order derivative of a trignometric function is the derivative of their first order de-
rivatives.

SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES

http://people.hofstra.edu/stefan_waner/trig/trig3.html
http://www.math.com/tables/derivatives/more/trig.htm
https://www.freemathhelp.com/trig-derivatives.html

234 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - VIII
Calculus
TERMINAL EXERCISE

3 2 x dy
1. If y  x tan , find .
2 dx
Notes
d 
2. Evaluate, sin 4 x  cos 4 x at x  and 0.
dx 2
5x
y  cos 2  2 x  1 , dy
3. If 2 find .
3
1  x  dx

x 1 x 1 dy
4. y  sec1  sin 1 , then show that 0
x 1 x dx
2
 dy 
5. If x  a cos  , y  a sin  , then find 1   
3 3
 dx 
dy
6. If y  x  x  x   , find .
dx
7. Find the derivative of sin 1x w.r.t cos1 1  x 2
8. If y = cos (cos x), prove that
d2y dy
2
 cot x   y.sin 2 x  0.
dx dx
9. If y  tan 1 x show that
2
1  x  y2  2 xy1  0.
2
10. If y   cos 1 x  show that
2
1  x  y2  xy1  2  0.

MATHEMATICS 235
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - VIII
Calculus ANSWERS

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 27.1

(1) (a)  cos ecx cot x (b)  cos ec 2 x (c) -2 sin 2 x
Notes
cos x
(d) 2 cos ec 2 2 x (e) 2 x cos ecx 2 cot x 2 (f)
2 sin x
2. (a) 2 sin 2 x (b) 2 cos ec 2 x cot x (c) 2 tan x sec2 x

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 27.2

sec 2 x
1. (a) 12 cos 4 x (b) - 5 sin 5 x (c)
2 x

cos x
(d) (e) 2 x cos x 2 (f) 2 2 sec2 2x
2 x
(g) 3 cos ec 2 3x (h) 10 sec 10 x tan 10 x
(I) 2 cos ec 2 x cot 2 x

2 sec x tan x 2
2. (a) sec x  1 2 (b) sin x  cos x 2 (c) x cos x  sin x
   

(d) 2 x cos x  1  x 2  sin x (e) cos ecx 1  x cot x 

3cos 3x
(f) 2cos 2 x cos 3x  3sin 2 x sin 3 x (g)
2 sin 3 x
3. (a) 3sin 2 x cos x (b)  sin 2x (c) 4 tan 3 x sec 2 x

(d) 4 cot 3 x cos ec 2 x (e) 5sec5 x tan x (f) 3cos ec3 x cot x

sec x tan x
(g) (h) sec x  sec x  tan x 
2 x

4. (a) 1 (b) 2  2

236 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 27.3 MODULE - VIII
Calculus
2 x 1  cos 1 x
1. (i) (ii) 
1  x4 x 1  x2 x2
1
1 2x
(iii) (iv) Notes
2x 2
1  x  1  x2

1 tan 1 x 1
(v)  (vi)
1
x 1  x 2  x2 2x 2
1  x 

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 27.4

2x 1
1. (a) (b)
1  x4 4  x2
1
(c)
x x2  1
1 1
2. (a) (b) 
2 2
(c) -1
cos  cos 1 x  x
3. (a) (b) 2
 sec  tan 1 x 
1 x 2 1 x

2 3
(c) 2 (d)
1 x 1  x2
1
(e) 2 1  x 2 

1
2
4.
1  tan x  1

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 27.5

1. (a)  cos x cos  cos x   sin 2 x sin  cos x 

2 x 2  x2 
 2 tan 1 x
(b) 2 2
1  x 

MATHEMATICS 237
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
MODULE - VIII TERMINAL EXERCISE
Calculus
x x x
1. x 3 tan sec 2  3 x 2 tan 2
2 2 2
2. 0,0
Notes 53  x
5
 2 sin  4 x  2 
3.
3 1  x  3

5. sec 
1
6.
2 y 1

1
7.
2 1  x2

238 MATHEMATICS