JEE-Mathematics

TRIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS & IDENTITIES

1. INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY :

The word 'trigonometry' is derived from the Greek words 'trigon' and 'metron' and it means 'measuring the sides
of a triangle'. The subject was originally developed to solve geometric problems involving triangles. It was
studied by sea captains for navigation, surveyor to map out the new lands, by engineers and others. Currently,
trigonometry is used in many areas such as the science of seismology, designing electric circuits, describing the
state of an atom, predicting the heights of tides in the ocean, analysing a musical tone and in many other areas.

(a) Measurement of angles : There are three systems of measurement of angles.

(i) Sexagesimal or English System : Here 1 right angle = 90° (degrees)

1° = 60' (minutes)
1' = 60" (seconds)

(ii) Centesimal or French System : Here 1 right angle = 100 g (grades)

1g = 100' (minutes)
1' = 100" (seconds)

m
(i i i ) Circular system : Here an angle is measured in radians. One radian corresponds to the angle

co
subtended by an arc of length 'r ' at the centre of the circle of radius r. It is a constant quantity and
does not depend upon the radius of the circle.
y.
D G R
(b) Relation between the three systems :  
ud

90 100  / 2
(c) If  is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 'r', 
st

 
by an arc of length '' then . • r
r
om

Note that here , r are in the same units and  is always in radians.

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Illustration 1 : If the arcs of same length in two circles subtend angles of 60° and 75° at their centres. Find the
ratio of their radii.
Solution : Let r1 and r 2 be the radii of the given circles and let their arcs of same length s subtend angles
of 60° and 75° at their centres.
c c c c
        5 
Now, 60° =  60     and 75    75    
 180  3   180   12 

 s 5 s
  and 
3 r1 12 r2

 5  5
 r1  s and r2  s  r1  r2  4r1  5r2  r1 : r2 = 5 : 4 Ans.
3 12 3 12

Do yourself - 1 :
(i) Express in the three systems of angular measurement, the magnitude of the angle of a regular decagon.
(ii) The radius of a circle is 30 cm. Find the length of an arc of this circle if the length of the chord of the arc
is 30 cm.

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2. T-R ATIOS (or Trigonometric funct ions) :

h h b h
p b p p
In a right angle triangle sin   ; cos   ; tan   ; cos ec   ; sec  = and cot   p
h h b p b

'p' is perpendicular ; 'b' is base and 'h' is hypotenuse. b
Note : The quantity by which the cosine falls short of unity i.e. 1 – cos, is called the versed sine  of  and also
by which the sine falls short of unity i.e. 1– sin is called the coversed sine of .

3. BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES :

(1) sin . cosec  = 1 (2) cos . sec  = 1

sin  cos 
(3) tan . cot  = 1 (4) tan  
& cot  
cos  sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2
(5) sin  + cos  = 1 or sin  = 1 – cos  or cos  = 1 – sin 
(6) sec2  – tan2  = 1 or sec2  = 1 + tan2  or tan2  = sec2  

1
(7) sec + tan 
sec   tan 
(8) cosec2  – cot2  = 1 or cosec2 = 1 + cot2  or cot2  = cosec2  – 1

m
1
(9) cosec + cot =

co
cos ec  cot 
( 1 0 ) Expressing trigonometrical ratio in terms of each other :
y.
sin  cos  tan  cot  sec  cosec 
tan  1 sec 2   1 1
ud

sin  sin  1  cos 2 

1  tan  2
1  cot  2 sec  cosec 

cosec 2   1
st

1 cot  1
cos  1  sin 2  cos 
1  tan 2  1  cot 2  sec  cosec 
om

sin  1  cos 2  1 1
tan  tan  sec 2   1
1  sin  2 cos  cot  cosec 2   1
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1  sin 2  c os  1 1
cot  cot  cosec 2   1
sin  1  cos  2 tan  2
sec   1
1 1 1  cot 2  cosec 
sec  1  tan 2  sec 
1  sin  2 cos  cot  cosec 2   1
1 1 1  tan 2  sec 
cosec  1  cot 2  cosec 
sin  1  cos  2 tan  sec 2   1

Illustration 2 : If sin   sin 2   1 , then prove that cos12   3 cos10   3 cos 8   cos 6   1  0
Solution : Given that sin = 1 – sin 2 = cos 2
L.H.S. = cos 6(cos 2 + 1) 3 – 1= sin 3(1 + sin) 3 – 1= (sin + sin 2) 3 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
Illustration 3 : 2(sin6 + cos6 ) – 3 ( sin4 + cos4 ) + 1 is equal to

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –2 (D) none of these

Solution : 2 [(sin2 + cos2 )3 – 3 sin2  cos2 ( sin2 + cos2 ) ] – 3 [ (sin2 + cos2 ) 2 – 2sin2 cos2] +1
= 2 [1 – 3 sin2  cos2] – 3 [1 –2 sin2 cos2] + 1
= 2–6 sin2 cos2 – 3 + 6 sin2 cos2 + 1 = 0 Ans.(A)
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Do yourself - 2 :
4
(i) If cot   , then find the value of sin, cos and cosec in first quadrant.
3
(ii) If sin + cosec = 2, then find the value of sin8 + cosec8

4. NEW DEFINITION OF T-RATIOS :

By using rectangular coordinates the definitions of trigonometric functions y

can be extended to angles of any size in the following way (see diagram). A
point P is taken with coordinates (x, y). The radius vector OP has length r and
P(x, y)
the angle  is taken as the directed angle measured anticlockwise from the x- 
r
axis. The three main trigonometric functions are then defined in terms
• x
O
of r and the coordinates x and y.

sin = y/r,
cos = x/r
tan = y/x,

m
(The other function are reciprocals of these)

co
This can give negative values of the trigonometric functions.

5. SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS :

y.
ud

90°, /2
II quadrant I quadrant

only sine All +ve

st

& cosec +ve

om

180°, 0°, 360°, 2

only tan & cot only cos
+ve & sec +ve

III quadrant IV quadrant

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270°, 3/2

6. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES :

(a) sin (2n + ) = sin , cos (2n + ) = cos , where n  I

(b) sin () = – sin  cos (–) = cos 

sin(90° – ) = cos cos(90° – ) = sin
sin(90° + ) = cos cos(90° + ) = –sin
sin(180° – ) = sin cos(180° – ) = –cos
sin(180° + ) = –sin cos(180° + ) = –cos
sin(270° – ) = –cos cos(270° – ) = –sin
sin(270° + ) = –cos cos(270° + ) = sin
sin (360° – ) = –sin cos(360° – ) = cos
sin (360° + ) = sin cos(360° + ) = cos

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7. VALUES OF T-RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES :
Angles 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270°

T-ratio 0 /6 /4 /3 /2  3/ 2

sin  0 1/ 2 1/ 2 3 /2 1 0 –1

cos  1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1 0

tan  0 1/ 3 1 3 N.D. 0 N.D.

cot  N.D. 3 1 1/ 3 0 N.D. 0

sec  1 2/ 3 2 2 N.D. –1  N.D.

cosec N.D. 2 2 2/ 3 1 N.D. –1

N.D.  Not Defined

(a) sin n = 0 ; cos n =(–1)n; tan n = 0 where n  I

m
 
(b) sin(2n+1) = (–1)n; cos(2n+1) =0 where n  I
2 2

1 1 co
y.
Illustration 4 : If sin  = – and tan  = then  is equal to -
2 3
(A) 30° (B) 150° (C) 210° (D) none of these
ud

Solution : Let us first find out  lying between 0 and 360°.

1 1
st

Since sin  =    = 210° or 330° and tan  =   = 30° or 210°

2 3
om

7
Hence ,  = 210° or is the value satisfying both. Ans. (C)
6
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Do yourself - 3 :

1 3
(i) If cos = – and     , then find the value of 4tan2 – 3cosec2.
2 2

(ii) Prove that : (a) cos570° sin510° + sin(–330°) cos(–390°) = 0

11  9 3  17  3  2 3
(b) tan  2 sin  cosec 2  4 cos 2 
3 3 4 4 6 2

8. GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :

(i) y = sinx (ii) y = cosx
Y Y

1 1

– /2 /2 3 /2
X' X X' o X
–2 – o  2 –3 /2 –  3 /2
/2
–1 –1

Y' Y'
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(i i i ) y = tanx (iv) y = cotx

Y Y

3   3
–3 –  3 –
2
–
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
X'  o  X X' –2 – o  2 X

Y' Y'

(v) y = secx (vi) y = cosecx

Y Y

Y=1 Y=1
(-2,1) (0,1) (2,1) –

–5/2,0 –3/2,0 –/2,0 /2,0 3/2,0 5/2,0 –,0 ,0

X' o X X' o X

(–,–1) (,–1)
Y=–1 Y=–1

Y' Y'

m
9. DOMAINS, RANGES AND PERIODICITY OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :

co
T-Ratio Domain Range Period

sin x R [–1,1] 2
y.
cos x R [–1,1] 2
tan x R–{(2n+1)/2 ; nI} R 
ud

cot x R–{n : n  I} R 
sec x R– {(2n+1) /2 : n  I} (––1] [1,) 2
st

cosec x R– {n : n  I} (–,–1] [1,) 2

om

10. TRIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF THE SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES :

(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B. (ii) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B.

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(i i i ) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B (iv) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A  tan B tan A  tan B
(v) tan (A + B) = (vi) tan (A – B) =
1  tan A tan B 1  tan A tan B
cot B cot A  1 cot B cot A  1
(vii) cot (A + B) = ( vi i i ) cot (A – B) =
cot B  cot A cot B  cot A
Some more results :
(i) sin2 A – sin2 B = sin (A + B). sin(A – B) = cos2 B – cos2 A.
(ii) cos2 A – sin2 B = cos (A+B). cos (A – B).

Illustration 5 : Prove that 3 cosec20° – sec20° = 4.

3 1 3 cos 20   sin 20 
Solution : L.H.S. =  
sin 20  cos 20  sin 20 .cos 20 
 3 1 
4 cos 20   sin 20 
 2 2  4(sin 60.cos 20   cos 60 .sin 20 )
= =
2 sin 20  cos 20  sin 40 
sin(60   20 ) sin 40 
= 4.  4.  4  R.H.S.
sin 40  sin 40 

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Illustration 6 : Prove that tan70° = cot70° + 2cot40° .

tan 20   tan 50 
Solution : L.H.S. = tan 70   tan(20   50 ) 
1  tan 20  tan 50 

or tan70° – tan20° tan50° tan70° = tan20° + tan50°

or tan70° = tan70° tan50° tan20° + tan20° + tan50° = 2 tan 50° + tan20°

= cot70° + 2cot40° = R.H.S.

Do yourself - 4 :

3 9 
(i) If sin A  and cos B  , 0A&B , then find the value of the following :
5 41 2
(a) sin(A + B) (b) sin(A – B) (c) cos(A + B) (d) cos(A – B)

(ii) If x + y = 45°, then prove that :

m
(a) (1 + tanx)(1 + tany) = 2 (b) (cotx – 1)(coty – 1) = 2

11. FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE :

co
y.
(i) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A+ B) + sin (A – B). (ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B).

(i i i ) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) (iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

ud
st

tan(A  B)   1
Illustration 7 : If sin2A =  sin2B, then prove that 
tan(A  B)   1
om

Solution : Given sin2A =  sin2B

sin 2 A 
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 
at

sin 2B 1
Applying componendo & dividendo,

sin 2A  sin 2B   1

sin 2B  sin 2A 1  

 2A  2B   2A  2B 
2 sin   cos    1
 2   2 
  2B  2A   2B  2A  1  
2 cos   sin  
 2   2 

sin(A  B) cos(A  B)  1 sin(A  B) cos(A  B)  1

   
cos(A  B ) sin{(A  B)} 1   cos(A  B)   sin(A  B) (   1)

sin(A  B) cos(A  B)   1  1
   tan(A  B ) cot(A  B ) 
cos(A  B) sin(A  B)   1  1

tan(A  B)   1
 
tan(A  B)   1

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12. FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT :

FG C  D IJ cos FG C  D IJ FG C  D IJ FG C  D IJ
(i) sin C + sin D = 2 sin H 2 K H 2 K (ii) sin C – sin D = 2 cos H 2 K sin H 2 K
FG C  D IJ FG C  D IJ FG C  D IJ sin FG D  C IJ
(i i i ) cos C + cos D = 2 cos H 2 K cos H 2 K (iv) cos C – cos D = 2 sin H 2 K H 2 K
sin 5   sin 2   sin 
Illustration 8 : is equal to -
cos 5   2 cos 3   2 cos 2   cos 

(A) tan  (B) cos  (C) cot  (D) none of these

2 sin 2  cos 3   sin 2  sin 2  2 cos 3   1 

Solution : L.H.S.= =
2 cos 3 .cos 2   2 cos 3   2 cos 2  2  cos 3   cos 2   1    cos  
2

sin 2  2 cos 3   1  sin 2 (2 cos 3  1)

 =  tan  Ans. (A)
2 cos 3   2 cos 2   cos 2   2 cos2 (2 cos 3  1)

m
Illustration 9 : Show that sin12°.sin48°.sin54° = 1/8

Solution : L.H.S. =
1
2 2 co
 cos 36   cos 60  sin 54   1 cos 36  sin 54   1 sin 54  
2 
y.
1
2 cos 36  sin 54   sin 54   1  sin 90   sin 18   sin 54 
ud

=
4 4
st

1 1
= 1  (sin 54   sin 18 )   1  2 sin 18  cos 36 
4 4
om

1 2 sin 18   1 sin 36  cos 36  

= 1 cos18  cos 36    1 
4  cos18   4 cos18  

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1 2 sin 36  cos 36   1  sin 72   1  1 1

= 1   1    1     R.H.S.
4 2 cos18   4 2 sin 72   4  2 8

Do yourself - 5 :

sin 75   sin 15 
(i) Simplify
cos 75   cos15 

(ii) Prove that

(a) (sin3A + sinA)sinA + (cos3A – cosA)cosA = 0

1
(b) cos20°cos40°cos60°cos80°=
16

sin 8  cos   sin 6  cos 3 

(c)  tan 2 
cos 2  cos   sin 3  sin 4 

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13. TRIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF SUM OF MORE THAN T WO ANGLES :

(i) sin (A+B+C) = sinAcosBcosC + sinBcosAcosC + sinCcosAcosB – sinAsinBsinC
= sinA cosB cosC – sin A
= cosA cosB cosC [tanA + tanB + tanC – tanA tanB tanC]
(ii) cos (A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC – sinA sinB cosC – sinA cosB sinC – cosA sinB sinC
=cos A – sin A sin B cos C
= cos A cos B cos C [1 – tan A tan B – tan B tan C – tan C tan A ]
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C S  S3
(i i i ) tan (A + B+ C)   1
1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A 1  S2

Do yourself - 6 :
Prove the above identities

14. TRIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES :

(a) Trigonometrical ratios of an angle 2 in terms of the angle  :

2 tan 

m
(i) sin 2 = 2 sin  cos  =
1  tan 2 

co
1  tan 2 
(ii) cos 2 = cos2  – sin2  = 2 cos2  – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2  
1  tan 2 
y.
(i i i ) 1 + cos 2 = 2 cos2  (iv) 1 – cos2 = 2 sin2 
1  cos 2  sin 2  2 tan 
ud

(v) tan    (vi) tan 2 

sin 2  1  cos 2  1  tan 2 
st

2 cos 2A  1
om

Illustration 10 : Prove that :  tan(60   A ) tan(60   A ) .

2 cos 2A  1
Solution : R.H.S. = tan(60° + A) tan(60° – A)
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 tan 60   tan A  tan 60   tan A   3  tan A  3  tan A 

=   =  1  3 tan A 
 1  3 tan A 
 1  tan 60  tan A  1  tan 60  tan A    

sin 2 A
3
3  tan 2 A cos 2 A 3 cos 2 A  sin 2 A 2 cos 2 A  cos 2 A  2 sin 2 A  sin 2 A
= = = 
1  3 tan 2 A sin 2 A cos 2 A  3 sin 2 A 2 cos 2 A  2 sin 2 A  sin 2 A  cos 2 A
1 3
cos 2 A

2(cos 2 A  sin 2 A )  cos 2 A  sin 2 A 2 cos 2A  1

 2 2 2 2
  L.H.S.
2(cos A  sin A )  (sin A  cos A ) 2 cos 2A  1

Do yourself - 7 :
(i) Prove that :
sin 2  1  sin 2   cos 2 
(a)  tan  (b)  cot 
1  cos 2  1  sin 2   cos 2 
sec 8   1 tan 8 
(c) 
sec 4   1 tan 2 

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(b) Trigonometrical ratios of an angle 3 in terms of the angle  :

3
(i) sin3 = 3sin – 4sin . (ii) cos3 = 4cos3 – 3cos.
3 tan   tan 3 
(i i i ) tan 3  
1  3 tan 2 

Illustration 11 : Prove that : tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan(120° + A) = 3tan3A

Solution : L.H.S. = tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan(120° + A)
= tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan{180° –(60° – A)}
= tanA + tan(60° + A) – tan(60° – A) [ tan(180° – ) = –tan]

tan 60   tan A tan 60   tan A 3  tan A 3  tan A

= tan A   = tan A  
1  tan 60  tan A 1  tan 60  tan A 1  3 tan A 1  3 tan A

3  tan A  3 tan A  3 tan 2 A  3  tan A  3 tan A  3 tan 2 A

 tan A 
(1  3 tan A )(1  3 tan A )

m
8 tan A tan A  3 tan 3 A  8 tan A
= tan A  =

co
1  3 tan 2 A 1  3 tan 2 A
y.
9 tan A  3 tan 3 A  3 tan A  tan 3 A 
= = 3  3 tan 3A  R.H.S.
1  3 tan 2 A  1  3 tan 2 A 
 
ud

Do yourself - 8 :
st

(i) Prove that :

om

(a) cot  cot (60° – ) cot (60° + ) = cot 3 (b) cos5 = 16cos5  – 20 cos3 + 5 cos
(c) sin 4 = 4sin cos3 – 4cos sin3

NODE6 (E)\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#01\Eng\03. TRIGO RATIO & IDENTITIES\1.Theory

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15. TRIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF SUB MULTIPLE ANGLES :


Since the trigonometric relations are true for all values of angle , they will be true if instead of  be substitute
2

  2 tan
(i) sin  = 2 sin cos = 2
2 2 2 
1  tan
2

1  tan 2
    2
(ii) cos = cos2 – sin2 = 2 cos2 – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 
2 2 2 2 
1  tan 2
2

(i i i ) 1 + cos = 2 cos2
2

(iv) 1 – cos = 2 sin2
2
 1  cos  sin 
(v) tan  
2 sin  1  cos 

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
2 tan
(vi) tan   2

1  tan 2
2
 1  cos 
(vii) sin = ±
2 2
 1  cos 
( vi i i ) cos 
2 2
Q P
 1  cos  sin
 
 cos is  ve
(ix) tan  2 2
2 1  cos 
 
sin  cos is  ve
2 2

(x) 2 sin   1  sin   1  sin     
2 sin  cos is – ve sin  cos is  ve
2 2 2 2
   
sin  cos is  ve O sin  cos is – ve
 2 2 2 2
( xi ) 2 cos   1  sin   1  sin 
2
 
sin  cos is – ve

m
2 2 2
  1  tan   1  
(xi i ) tan  R sin  cos is – ve S
2 tan  2 2

Illustration 12: sin 67

1 1
° + cos 67 ° is equal to co
y.
2 2
1 1 1
  1
 
ud

(A) 4 2 2 (B) 4 2 2 (C) 4 2 2 (D) 4 2 2

2 2 4 4
1 1 1
st

Solution : sin 67 ° + cos 67 ° = 1  sin 135   1  (using cosA + sinA = 1  sin 2A )

2 2 2
om

1
 4 2 2 Ans.(A)
2

Do yourself - 9 :
NODE6 (E)\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#01\Eng\03. TRIGO RATIO & IDENTITIES\1.Theory

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(i) Find the value of

  
(a) sin (b) cos (c) tan
8 8 8

16. TRIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES :

 5 1 2  5 1 3
(i) sin 18   sin   cos 72   cos (ii) cos 36   cos   sin 54   sin
10 4 5 5 4 10

2 10  2 5   10  2 5 3
(i i i ) sin 72   sin   cos18   cos (iv) sin 36   sin   cos 54   cos
5 4 10 5 4 10

 3 1 5  3 1 5
(v) sin 15   sin   cos 75   cos (vi) cos15   cos   sin 75   sin
12 2 2 12 12 2 2 12

 3 1 5 5 3 1 
(vii) ta n 1 5   ta n 2 3   co t 7 5   co t ( vi i i ) tan 75   tan 12  2  3   cot15   cot
12 3 1 12 3 1 12

 3 3 
(ix) tan  22.5    tan  2  1  cot  67.5    cot (x) tan  67.5    tan  2  1  cot  22.5    cot
8 8 8 8

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Illustration 13 : Evaluate sin78° – sin66° – sin42° + sin6°.

Solution : The expression = (sin78° – sin42°) – (sin66° – sin6°) = 2cos(60°) sin(18°) – 2cos36°. sin30°

 5  1  5  1 1
= sin18° – cos36° =     = –
 4   4  2

Do yourself - 10 :
(i) Find the value of
 13 
(a) sin  sin (b) cos 2 48   sin 2 12 
10 10

17. CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES :

If A + B + C = 180°, then
( i ) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C (ii) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1

A B B C C A A B C A B C
(i i i ) tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1 (iv) cot  cot  cot  cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(v) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC (vi) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C =–1–4 cosA cosB cosC

m
A B C A B C

co
( v i i ) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos ( vi i i ) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2 y. 2 2 2

Illustration 14 : In any triangle ABC, sin A – cos B = cos C, then angle B is

(A) /2 (B) /3 (C) /4 (D) /6
ud

Solution : We have , sin A – cos B = cos C

sin A = cos B + cos C
A A  B  C  B  C
st

 2 sin cos  2 cos   cos 

2 2  2   2 
om

A A  A  B  C
 2 sin cos  2 cos   cos   A+B+C=
2 2  2   2 
A A A  B  C

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 2 sin cos  2 sin cos 

2 2 2  2 
A B C
 cos cos or A = B – C ; But A + B + C = 
2 2
Therefore 2B =   B = /2 Ans.(A)

3
Illustration 15 : If A + B + C = , then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos2C is equal to-
2
(A) 1 – 4cosA cosB cosC (B) 4 sinA sin B sinC
(C) 1 + 2cosA cosB cosC (D) 1 – 4 sinA sinB sinC
Solution : cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = 2 cos (A + B ) cos (A – B) + cos 2C

 3  3
= 2 cos   C  cos (A – B) + cos 2C  A+B+C=
 2  2

= – 2 sin C cos ( A– B) + 1 – 2 sin2C = 1 – 2 sinC [ cos ( A– B) + sin C )

 3 
= 1 – 2 sin C [ cos (A – B) + sin    A  B  ]
 2 

= 1 – 2 sin C [ cos (A – B) – cos ( A +B ) ] = 1 – 4 sin A sin B sin C Ans.(D)

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Do yourself - 11 :
(i) If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then find the value of sinA + sinB – sinC – sinD


(ii) If A + B + C = , then find the value of tanA tanB + tanBtanC + tanC tanA
2

18. MA XIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC EXPRESSIONS :

(i) acos + bsin will always lie in the interval [  a 2  b 2 , a 2  b 2 ] i.e. the maximum and minimum
values are a 2  b 2 ,  a 2  b 2 respectively.
(ii) Minimum value of a2 tan2  + b2 cot2  = 2ab where a, b  
(i i i )  a 2  b 2  2ab cos(  ) < a cos (+) + b cos () < a 2  b 2  2ab cos(  ) where  and  are
known angles.
FG  IJ
(iv) If ,,  0,
H 2K and  +  =  (constant) then

(i) Maximum value of the expression cos  cos , cos  + cos , sin  sin  or sin  + sin  occurs
when  =  = /2
(ii) Minimum value of sec  + sec , tan + tan, cosec  + cosec  occurs when  =  = /2

m
(v) If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle then maximum value of
sin A + sin B + sin C and sin A sin B sin C occurs when A= B =C = 60°

co
(vi) In case a quadratic in sin  & cos  is given then the maximum or minimum values can be obtained by
making perfect square.
y.
 
Illustration 16 : Prove that : 4  5 cos   3 cos      3  10 , for all values of .
 3
ud

    13 3 3
Solution : We have, 5cos + 3cos      5cos + 3coscos –3sin sin  cos – sin
3 3 3 2 2
st

2 2 2 2
   
Since,   13     3 3   13 cos   3 3 sin    13     3 3 
om

 2   2  2 2  2   2 

13 3 3
 7  cos   sin   7
2 2
NODE6 (E)\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#01\Eng\03. TRIGO RATIO & IDENTITIES\1.Theory

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 
 7  5 cos   3 cos      7 for all .
 3
 
 7  3  5 cos   3 cos      3  7  3 for all .
 3
 
 4  5 cos   3 cos      3  10 for all .
 3
   
Illustration 17 : Find the maximum value of 1 + sin    + 2 cos    -
4  4 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
   
Solution : We have 1 + sin    + 2 cos   
4  4 
1  1 
=1+ (cos  + sin  ) + 2 ( cos  + sin  ) = 1 +   2  (cos  + sin  )
2  2 
 1   
= 1 +   2  . 2 cos    
2   4
 1 
 maximum value = 1    2 . 2  4 Ans. (D)
 2 
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Do yourself - 12 :

 
(i) Find maximum and minimum value of 5cos + 3sin     for all real values of .
 6
(ii) Find the minimum value of cos + cos2 for all real values of .
(i i i ) Find maximum and minimum value of cos 2   6 sin  cos   3 sin 2   2 .

19. IMPORTANT RESULTS :

1 1
(i) sin sin (60° –) sin (60° +)  sin 3 (ii) cos . cos (60° –) cos (60° + )  cos 3
4 4
(i i i ) tan  tan (60° – ) tan (60° + ) = tan 3 (iv) cot  cot (60° – ) cot (60° + ) = cot 3
3 3
(v) (a) sin2  + sin2 (60° + ) + sin2 (60° – ) =
(b) cos2  + cos2 (60° + ) + cos2 (60° – ) =
2 2
(vi) (a) If tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C, then A + B + C = n, n  I

(b) If tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1, then A + B + C = (2n + 1) ,n I
2
sin(2 n )
(vii) cos  cos 2 cos 4 .... cos (2n – 1 ) =
2 n sin 

m
( vi i i ) (a) cotA – tanA = 2cot2A
(b) cotA + tanA = 2cosec2A

sin  + sin () + sin (+2) +... sin (  n  1 )  co

RS FG n  1IJ UV sinFG n IJ
T H 2 K W H 2K
sin  

F I
y.
(ix)
sinG J
H 2K
ud

R F n  1IJ UV sinFG n IJ

cos S  G
T H 2 K W H 2K
st

(x) cos  + cos (+) + cos ( + 2) + ....  cos(  n  1 ) 

F I
sinG J
H 2K
om

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Illustration 18 : Prove that tanA + 2tan2A + 4tan4A + 8cot8A = cot A.

Solution : 8 cot 8A = cotA – tanA – 2tan2A – 4tan4A
= 2 cot2A – 2tan2A – 4tan4A (using viii (a) in above results)
= 4 cot4A – 4tan4A (using viii (a) in above results)
= 8 cot8A.
 1  tan 2 4 A 
Aliter Method : L.H.S. = tanA + 2tan2A + 4tan4A + 8  
2 tan 4 A 
 4 tan 2 4 A  4  4 tan 2 4 A 
= tanA + 2tan2A +  
tan 4 A
 1  tan 2 2A 
= tanA + 2tan2A + 4cot4A = tanA + 2tan2A + 4 
 2 tan 2A 

 2 tan 2 2A  2  2 tan 2 2A 
= tan A    = tanA + 2cot2A
 tan 2A 

 1  tan 2 A  tan 2 A  1  tan 2 A

= tanA + 2   = = cot A = R.H.S.
2 tan A tan A

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n 1
2  r 
Illustration 19 : Evaluate  cos   ; n  2
n
r 1

1 n 1  2r   1 1 2 4 (2n  2)  
Solution : Sum =   1  cos n  = 2 (n  1)  2 cos n  cos n  ......  cos n 
2 r 1 
 2   2 2  
sin  n  1   2  n   (n  2) n 
1 1  2n .cos  
= (n  1)    
2 2 2  2 
sin
 n.2  
 n 
 sin
2  2   (n  1)  
Using, cos   cos(   )  cos(   2)  ........  cos(   (n  1) )  .cos  
   2 
sin
 2 
 (n  1)  
sin .cos   1
1 1  n  1 n
 (n  1)    = 2 (n  1)  2  2  1
2 2   
sin  
 n 
n 1
 r  n  2

m
2
  cos   
n 2
Ans.
r 1

co
Illustration 20 : Prove that : (1 + sec2)(1 + sec2 2)(1 + sec2 3)......(1 + sec2 n) = tan2 n.cot.
 1  1  1   1 
Solution : L.H.S. =  1   1   1   ....  1  
y.
 cos 2    cos 2 2    cos 2 3    cos 2 n  
 1  cos 2    1  cos 2 2    1  cos 2 3    1  cos 2 n  
ud

=     ....  
cos 2    cos 2 2    cos 2 3    cos 2 n  
2 cos 2 .2 cos 2 2 .2 cos 2 2 2 ....2 cos 2 2 n 1 
st

=
cos 2 .cos 2 2 .cos 2 3 ....cos 2 n 
1
om

= cos(2cos)(2cos2)(2cos22)...(2cos2n–1`).
cos 2 n 
cos  1
= (2sin cos)(2cos2)(2cos22)...(2cos2n–1`).
sin  cos 2n 
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cos  1
= (2sin2 cos2)(2cos22)...(2cos2n–1`).
sin  cos 2n 
cos  1 cos  1
= (2sin2n–1.cos2n–1`). = . sin2n. = tan2n.cot  R.H.S.
sin  cos 2 n  sin  cos 2 n 

Do yourself - 13 :
 3 5
(i) Evaluate sin + sin  sin  ......... to n terms
n n n
n  n 1
(ii) If (2n + 1) = , then find the value of 2 cos  cos 2  cos 2  .......... cos 2  .
Miscellaneous Illustration :
Illustration 21 : Prove that
tan + 2 tan2 + 2 2 tan 2 + ...... + 2 n–1 tan 2 n–1   2 n cot 2 n = cot
Solution : We know tan  = cot  – 2 cot 2 .....(i)
2
Putting  = , 2,2 , ..............in (i), we get
tan  = (cot  – 2 cot 2)
2 (tan 2) = 2(cot 2 – 2 cot 2 2)
22 (tan 2 2 ) = 2 2 (cot 2 2  – 2 cot 2 3)
..........................................................
2n–1 (tan 2 n–1 ) = 2 n–1 (cot 2 n–1  – 2 cot 2 n )
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JEE-Mathematics
Adding,
tan + 2 tan2 + 2 2 tan 2 + ...... + 2 n–1 tan 2 n–1  = cot – 2 n cot 2 n
 tan + 2 tan2 + 2 2 tan 2 + ...... + 2 n–1 tan 2 n–1  + 2 n cot 2 n  = cot 
A B C D 1
Illustration 22 : If A,B,C and D are angles of a quadrilateral and sin sin sin sin  , prove that
2 2 2 2 4
A = B = C = D = /2.
 A B  C D
Solution :  2 sin 2 sin 2  2 sin 2 sin 2   1
  
 A B  A  B   C D   C  D 
 cos    cos  2   cos  2   cos  2    1
  2        
Since, A + B = 2 – (C + D), the above equation becomes,
 A B  A  B   C D   A  B 
 cos    cos    cos    cos    1
  2   2    2   2 
A B  A  B  A B   C  D  A B  C D 
 cos 2    cos   cos    cos     1  cos   cos  0
 2   2   2   2   2   2 
A B
This is a quadratic equation in cos   which has real roots.
 2 
2
 A B  C  D   A B   C  D 

m
 cos    cos     4 1  cos   .cos    0
  2   2    2   2 

co
2
 A B C D 
 cos 2  cos 2   4
 
y.
A B C D A B C D
 cos  cos  2 , Now both cos and cos 1
2 2 2 2
ud

A B C D
 cos  1 & cos 1
2 2
A B C D
st

 0 
2 2
 A = B, C = D.
om

Similarly A = C, B = D  A = B = C = D = /2

ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF

NODE6 (E)\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#01\Eng\03. TRIGO RATIO & IDENTITIES\1.Theory

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 4 
1 : (i) 144°, 160g,   (ii) 10 cm
 5 
3 4 5
2 : (i) , , (ii) 2
5 5 3
3 : (i) 8
187 133 84 156
4 : (i) (a) (b) (c) (d)
205 205 205 205
1
5 : (i)
3
2 1 2 1
9: (i) (a) (b) (c) 2 1
2 2 2 2
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10 : ( i ) (a)  (b)
2 8
11 : ( i ) 0 (ii) 1
9
12 : ( i ) 7 & –7 (ii) – (i i i ) 4  10 & 4  10
8
13 : ( i ) 0 (ii) 1

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