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Lesson 1 - 6.1 Radian Measure

Learning Goal: I will be able to apply the formula for the arc length of a circle in various
situations and convert angle measures between degrees and radians and vice versa.

ARC LENGTH OF A CIRCLE

Angles are commonly measured in degrees. However, in mathematics and physics, there
are many applications in which expressing the size of an angle, as a pure number, without
units, is more convenient than using degrees.

The arc length of a circle, 𝑎, is proportional to its radius, 𝑟, and also to the central angle, 𝜃
that it subtends by the formula 𝑎 = 𝑟𝜃. If the arc length is the same as the radius, then
the size of the central angle subtended by the arc is defined as one radian.

Both the arc length and radius are measured in the same units, and as a result, the angle
is a real number, without any units. So, if an angle is expressed without units, it is
understood to be in radians.

a=r
r
if 𝑎=𝑟 θ

𝑎 𝑟
𝜃= = = 1 radian
𝑟 𝑟

Consider an arc of length 2𝜋𝑟, that is, the entire circumference of the circle. The angle
subtended by this arc would be 360º (one full revolution).
2𝜋𝑟
𝜃= So 𝟐𝝅 rad = 360º
𝑟
𝜃 = 2𝜋  π rad = 180º

180°
Dividing both sides by 𝜋, we would now get 1 rad = ≅ 57.3°
𝜋
𝜋
Similarly, one can deduce that 1° = 180 rad.

CONVERTING ANGLE MEAUSRES FROM DEGREES TO RADIANS and vice versa

𝜋
×
180°
DEGREES RADIANS

180°
×
𝜋
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Example 1: Convert each of the following angles to radians. Express your answer as an
exact value in terms of 𝜋 as well as an approximate decimal value. (2 places)

a) 90º b) 20º c) 135º d) 30º

Example 2: Convert each of the following angles to degrees. If necessary, express your
answer correct to two decimal places.
𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋
a) b) 3.78 c) − d)
4 3 2

Recall that counterclockwise rotation is represented using positive angles, while

clockwise rotation is represented using negative angles.

Example 3: Sketch each rotation about a circle of radius 1.

3𝜋 11𝜋
a) -120º b) c)
2 6

Example 4: Determine the measure of the central angle that is formed by an arc length of
11 cm in a circle with a radius of 3 cm. Express the angle’s measure in both
radians, and degrees, correct to two decimal places.
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Example 5: If a circle has a radius of 36 m, determine the arc length, in exact and
approximate form, if the central angle is
2𝜋
a) b) 210º
3

ANGULAR VELOCITY

Angular velocity describes how fast an angle rotates about a fixed point, often in terms of
radians per second.

Example 6: A Ferris wheel with radius 31 m makes 2 rotations in one minute.

a) Find the angular velocity in radians per second.
b) How far has a rider traveled if the ride is 10 min long.
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Lesson 2 part 1 - 6.2 Radian Measure and Angles on the Cartesian Plane

Learning Goal: I will be able to calculate the trigonometric ratios of common angles in
standard position, given in radian mode, using the special triangles and the unit circle.

MINDS ON: page 321 #10

Recall: π rad = 180º

Example 1: Convert each of the following standard angles to radians.

a) 30º b) 45º c) 60º d) 90º e) 270º

THE SPECIAL TRIANGLES

2 1
1

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
These triangles contain “special” angles: 30º or 6 , 45º or 4 , and 60º or 3 .

From these triangles, we can determine the trig ratios of these angles.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 3 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 6 =

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋4 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 =

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 6 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 6 =

CAST RULE ANGLE IN STANDARD POSITION

The CAST rule is an easy way to

remember which primary trigonometric
ratios are positive in which quadrant.

S A
The trig ratios for any principal angle,  ,
in standard position can be determined
T C by finding the related acute angle,  ,
then using the CAST rule.
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Example 2: State an equivalent expression in terms of the related acute angle which is
the angle made between the terminal arm and the 𝑥 -axis.

7𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6 ) b) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (− ) c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 )
3

UNIT CIRCLE
The unit circle is a circle centered at the origin and has a radius of unit 1. On a unit circle,
the value of sin  is the y-coordinate of each point on the circle and the value of cos is
the x-coordinate of each point on the circle.

Consequently, each point on the circle can be represented by the ordered pair
(x, y ) = (cos , sin  ) where  is the angle formed between the positive x-axis and the
terminal arm of the angle that passes through each point
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Example 3: Evaluate each trigonometric ratio using related acute angles, then verify your
answer using the unit circle.

−3𝜋 𝜋
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 30° b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) c) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 ( 3 )
4

5𝜋 3𝜋
d) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 𝜋 e) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( 6 ) f) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (− )
2

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Example 4: Evaluate 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 exactly.
 Page 7 of 19

Lesson 2 part 2 - 6.2 Radian Measure and Angles on the Cartesian Plane

Learning Goal: I will be able to determine the measure of an angle, in radians, given a
point on a circle and on a terminal arm of an angle in standard position.

MINDS ON: page 331 #10

BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND SPECIAL TRIANGLES

If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is any point on a circle of radius 𝑟 and on the terminal arm of an angle in standard
position, then the trigonometric ratios are:

𝑦 𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑦
𝑥 𝑟
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 =
𝑥 𝑦

where 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , 𝑟 > 0

The trig ratios for any principal angle,  , in standard position can be determined by finding
the related acute angle,  , using coordinates of any point that lies on the terminal arm of
the angle.

Example 1: Each of the following points lies on the terminal arm of an angle in standard
position.
i) Sketch each angle.
ii) Determine the value of 𝑟.
iii) Determine the primary trig ratios for the angle.
iv) Calculate the radian measure of each angle, where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

a) (−√3, −1)
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b) (9, -12)

−5
Example 2: Given 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = , where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋,
8

a) In which quadrant(s) could the terminal arm of 𝜃 lie?

b) Determine the exact values of all the other trig ratios.

c) State all possible radian values of 𝜃, to the nearest hundredth.

 Page 9 of 19

Lesson 3 - 6.3 Exploring Graphs of Primary Trigonometric Functions

Learning Goal: I will be able to graph the primary trigonometric functions by using various
characteristics of the function (axis, amplitude, period, etc).
MINDS ON: page 331 #6d

DEFINITIONS

maximum/minimum value the highest/lowest y-values of the function

𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝑚𝑖𝑛
axis = a line drawn through the centre of a graph; with a sinusoidal
2
function, it is drawn horizontally and is also the vertical shift

|𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑚𝑖𝑛|
amplitude = half the difference between the maximum and minimum values
2
of a sinusoidal function; also the vertical distance from the axis
of a sinusoidal function to the maximum or minimum value

period the change in the independent variable that corresponds to one cycle
of a sinusoidal function; the cycle of a periodic function is the part of
the graph that repeats

argument the expression on which a function operates

for example, in 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥 + 𝜋), “sin” is the function and (𝑥 + 𝜋) is the
argument

GRAPHS OF PRIMIARY TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
0
𝜋
2
𝜋

3𝜋
2
2𝜋

PERIOD MAXIMUM VALUE

AMPLITUDE MINIMUM VALUE

EQUATION OF AXIS DOMAIN

RANGE
 Page 10 of 19

𝜃 𝑦 = cos 𝜃
0
𝜋
2
𝜋

3𝜋
2
2𝜋

PERIOD MAXIMUM VALUE

AMPLITUDE MINIMUM VALUE

EQUATION OF AXIS DOMAIN

RANGE

𝜃 𝑦 = tan 𝜃
0

𝜋
4
𝜋
2
3𝜋
4
𝜋

5𝜋
4 PERIOD MAXIMUM VALUE
3𝜋
AMPLITUDE MINIMUM VALUE
2
7𝜋
EQUATION OF AXIS RANGE
4
2𝜋 VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES

DOMAIN
 Page 11 of 19

Lesson 4 - 6.4 TRANSFORMATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Learning Goal: I will be able to graph transformations of trigonometric functions.

MINDS ON: page 336 #3

KEY CONCEPTS

Recall that, in the general function, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑑) + 𝑐, each parameter is associated

with a specific transformation. Namely,
|𝑎| vertical stretch/compression factor; if 𝑎 < 0, there is also a reflection in the x-axis
1
|𝑘| horizontal stretch/compression factor; if 𝑘 < 0, there is also a reflection in the y-axis
𝑑 horizontal translation or shift
𝑐 vertical translation or shift

• amplitude = |𝑎|
• the equation of the axis is 𝑦 = 𝑐
2𝜋
• period = |𝑘|
• if the independent variable has a coefficient other than +1, the argument must be
factored to separate the values of 𝑘 and 𝑑
𝜋
ex. 𝑦 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 𝜋) should be rewritten as 𝑦 = 3(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 + 2 ))
• all stretches/compressions and reflections must be applied before any translations
• 𝑎 and 𝑐 will affect the y-coordinates of each point on the parent function as well as the
range
• 𝑘 and 𝑑 will affect the x-coordinates of each point on the parent function as well as the
domain
• reflections in the y-axis: for 𝑦 = sin(−𝑥) becomes 𝑦 = − sin 𝑥
for 𝑦 = cos(−𝑥) becomes 𝑦 = cos 𝑥

*** be careful with 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(−𝒙 + 𝟒) or 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙) ***

STRATEGIES FOR SKETCHING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. Begin with the five key points in one cycle of the parent function. Then, apply the
𝑥
transformations by using the mapping (𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑘 + 𝑑, 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐) to obtain the
transformed points.
OR

2. Using the given equation, determine the equation of the axis, amplitude, and period
of the function. Use this information to determine the location of the maximum and
minimum points and the points that lie on the axis for one cycle. Plot these points,
and then apply the horizontal translation to these points.

Note that with either strategy, in order to graph more cycles, as required by the given
domain, add multiples of the period to the x-coordinates of these transformed points, and
draw a smooth curve.
 Page 12 of 19
Example 1: State the period, amplitude, horizontal translation, and equation of the axis
for each of the following trig functions.

1 3𝜋 𝜋
a) 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− (𝑥 + )) + 7 b) 𝑦 = −5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (4𝑥 − 2 )
4

Example 2: Each trig function has undergone a set of transformations. Determine the
equation of the resulting function.

a) 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥;
1 𝜋
vertical compression by 3, reflection in the y-axis, horizontal translation 6 to right

b) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥; no horizontal shifts, no reflections in either axis, period of 4𝜋, amplitude of 6,

equation of axis is 𝑦 = 5
 Page 13 of 19
Example 3: Determine a sinusoidal equation for the following graph.

Example 4: Sketch the graph of each function for the given domain and state its range.

a) 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−2𝑥) + 3, 0≤𝑥≤𝜋
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𝜋
b) 𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3(𝑥 − 3 ) + 1, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋

1 𝜋
c) 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥 + ), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4𝜋
2 4
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Lesson 5 - 6.5 Exploring Graphs of the Reciprocal Trigonometric Functions

Learning Goal: I will be able to graph the reciprocal (secondary) trigonometric functions.
MINDS ON: page 346 #13

GRAPHS OF RECIPROCAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Each of the primary trigonometric graphs has a corresponding reciprocal function.

1 1 1
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃

 y = sin  y = csc
0


2


3
2
2

PERIOD DOMAIN

VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES RANGE

 y = cos y = sec
0


2


3
2
2

PERIOD DOMAIN

VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES RANGE

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𝜃 𝑦 = tan 𝜃 𝑦 = cot 𝜃
0

𝜋
4
𝜋
2
3𝜋
4
𝜋

5𝜋
4
3𝜋 PERIOD DOMAIN
2
7𝜋
VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES RANGE
4
2𝜋

SUMMARY

• The graph of a reciprocal function has a vertical asymptote at each zero of the
corresponding primary trigonometric function.

• The reciprocal function has the same positive/negative intervals as the

corresponding primary trigonometric function.

• Intervals of increase on the primary trig function are intervals of decrease on the
corresponding reciprocal function. Intervals of decrease on the primary trig
function are intervals of increase on the corresponding reciprocal function.

• The ranges of the primary trig functions include 1 and -1, so a reciprocal function
intersects its corresponding primary function at points where the y-coordinate is
1 or -1.

• If the primary trig function has a local minimum point, the corresponding
reciprocal function has a local maximum point at the same 𝜃 value. If the
primary trig function has a local maximum point, the corresponding reciprocal
function has a local minimum point at the same 𝜃 value.

• All reciprocal trigonometric graphs have no (absolute) maximum or minimum

values.
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Example 1:

The trigonometric function 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 has undergone a horizontal stretch by 3, a reflection

𝜋
in the x-axis, and horizontal translation 6 to the left and vertical translation up 2 units.
Determine the equation of the resulting function.

Example 2: Find an expression that describes the following

a) the domain of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥

b) the vertical asymptotes for 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥

 Page 18 of 19

Lesson 6 - 6.6 Modelling with Trigonometric Functions

Learning Goal: I will be able to solve a variety of word problems involving periodic
(trigonometric) functions.

MINDS ON: page 349 #3

Recall that the transformed functions are of the form y = a sin( k ( x − d )) + c or

y = a cos(k ( x − d )) + c where
max− min
• a is the amplitude and a =
2
2
• k is the number of cycles in 2 radians, when the period =
k
• the equation of the horizontal axis is y = c where c is the vertical translation
max + min
and c =
2
• d is the horizontal translation

Tables of values, graphs, and equations of sinusoidal functions can be used as

mathematical models when solving problems. Determining the equation of the appropriate
sine or cosine function from the data or graph is the most efficient strategy to make
accurate calculations.

Example 1:

The alternating half-daily cycles of the rise and fall of oceans are called tides. Tides in one
section of the Bay of Fundy caused the water level to rise 6.5 m above mean sea level and
to drop 6.5 m below. The tide completes one cycle approximately every 12 hours.
Assuming the height of water with respect to mean sea level to be modeled by a sine
function, draw a graph for a 24 hour period and determine the equation that models this
situation.
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Example 2:

A carnival ferris wheel with a radius of 7 m makes one complete revolution every 16
seconds. The bottom of the wheel is 1.5 m above the ground.
Draw a graph to show how a person’s height above the ground varies with time, starting
when the person gets on the ferris wheel then, determine the equation that models this
situation.