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    Sec 1.3

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    of 5

    CALCULUS LECTURE NOTES

    Section Number:
    Topic: Trigonometric Functions
    1.3
    Homework 114, 122, 126, 130, 156

    Radian Measure

    If a central angle 𝜃, in a circle of radius 𝒓, cuts off an arc of length 𝒔, then the measure of 𝜃, in
    radians, is given by 𝜃 = 𝑠⁄𝑟 .

    Notation: 1 radian: 1 rad or 1𝑟 or 1


    (where “𝒓” acts in the manner of the degree symbol, not an exponent)

    Relationship between Degrees and Example 1: Convert between radian and degree
    Radians measure, as specified:

    a. Convert 27° to radian measure.


    In one full rotation (circumference): 𝑠 = 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟

    b. Convert 280° to radian measure.

    We have:

    𝑠 2𝜋𝑟
    𝜃 = 360° 𝜃=𝑟= = 2𝜋 rad c. Convert
    9𝜋
    rad to degree measure.
    𝑟
    20

    Thus:
    360° = 2𝜋 rad
    180° = 𝜋 rad

    180° 𝜋 rad
    =1 and =1 25𝜋
    𝜋 rad 180° d. Convert rad to degree measure.
    Note: We use this relationship to convert between degrees and radians 18
    The SIX Trigonometric Functions

    If 𝜃 is an angle in standard position, and the point (𝑥, 𝑦) is any point other than the
    origin on the terminal side of 𝜃, then the six trigonometric functions of angle 𝜃 (𝜃
    is known as the argument) are defined as follows:

    Where:
    𝒓 > 𝟎 and 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
    Thus, solving for 𝒓:

    𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐

    Big Three: (Reciprocal) Other Three:


    𝒚 𝒓
    𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽) = 𝒓 𝐜𝐬𝐜(𝜽) = 𝒚 (𝒚 ≠ 𝟎)

    𝒙 𝒓
    𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽) = 𝒓 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝜽) = 𝒙 (𝒙 ≠ 𝟎)

    𝒚 𝒙
    𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝜽) = 𝒙 (𝒙 ≠ 𝟎) 𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝜽) = 𝒚 (𝒚 ≠ 𝟎)

    There is NO SUCH THING as “sin” (or other trig function) by itself; it MUST have an argument (𝜽, 𝜶, 𝜷, 𝒙, etc.; this includes numbers)

    When 𝜃 terminates in a Quadrant


    (so it isn’t an axial point):
    Definition
    The values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 are
    Axial (Quadrantal) Point positive or negative,
    depending on the quadrant
    where 𝜃 terminates.
    An axial point is a point on
    the 𝒙- or 𝒚-axis. These signs also affect the signs
    of sine, cosine, and tangent, as
    shown here:
    Example 2: Developing the Unit Circle (Special Angles)

    𝜃 Value of Trigonometric Function


    Degrees Radians sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃
    0
    30
    45
    60
    90

    Right Triangle Trig


    The SIX Trigonometric Functions

    If triangle 𝑨𝑩𝑪 is a right triangle (with 𝑚∠𝐶 = 90°),


    then the six trigonometric functions of 𝑨 are defined
    as follows:

    side 𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐴 𝑎 𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝑐


    sin(𝐴) = = csc(𝐴) = =
    𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝑐 side 𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐴 𝑎

    side 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐴 𝑏 𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝑐


    cos(𝐴) = = sec(𝐴) = =
    𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝑐 side 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐴 𝑏

    side 𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐴 𝑎 side 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐴 𝑏


    tan(𝐴) = = cot(𝐴) = =
    side 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐴 𝑏 side 𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐴 𝑎

    Note: The MOST important takeaway from these definitions is the


    relationship between sides for each function (not the arbitrary labels
    “A”, “a,”, “b,” etc., which can easily be re-defined), which leads to
    the following:
    Soh-Cah-Toa
    Because:
    𝐎pposite
    “Soh”: Sine is
    𝐇ypotenuse

    𝐀djacent
    “Cah”: Cosine is 𝐇ypotenuse

    𝐎pposite
    “Toa”: Tangent is 𝐀djacent
    Example 4: Consider triangle ABC, a right triangle with a right angle at C. Find the missing side of the
    triangle. Then, find the six trigonometric function values for the angle at A.

    Let 𝒂 = 𝟒, 𝒄 = 𝟗

    Important Identities
    The Reciprocal Identities The Other Two Pythagorean Identities
    1 1 cos 2 (𝜃) + sin2 (𝜃) = 1
    cos(𝜃) = and sec(𝜃) =
    sec(𝜃) cos(𝜃)

    Dividing both sides by cos 2 (𝜃):


    The Pythagorean Identity
    1 1
    sin(𝜃) = and csc(𝜃) = cos 2 (𝜃) + sin2 (𝜃) 1
    csc(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
    =
    cos 2 (𝜃) cos 2 (𝜃)
    𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 (𝜽) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝜽) = 𝟏
    tan(𝜃) =
    1
    and cot(𝜃) =
    1 Leads to:
    cot(𝜃) tan(𝜃) Proof:
    𝟐 (𝜽)
    𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 (𝜽)
    The Ratio Identities 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑟2
    sin(𝜃) = 2
    𝑟2 𝑟
    tan(𝜃) =
    cos(𝜃)
    𝑥 2 𝑦2 cos 2 (𝜃) + sin2 (𝜃) = 1
    + =1
    𝑟2 𝑟2
    cos(𝜃) Dividing both sides by sin2 (𝜃):
    cot(𝜃) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
    sin(𝜃) ( ) +( ) =1
    𝑟 𝑟
    cos 2 (𝜃) + sin2 (𝜃) 1
    (cos 𝜃)2 + (sin 𝜃)2 = 1 =
    2
    sin (𝜃) 2
    sin (𝜃)

    Leads to:
    Note: (cos 𝜃)2 = cos 2 (𝜃) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 (𝜽) + 𝟏 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 (𝜽)

    Note: sin 𝜃 and sin(𝜃) represent the same thing. Unless parentheses are used, only the item directly to the right of the trig function is the argument.
    Double-Angle Identities
    cos(2𝜃) = cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃)
    sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(2𝜃) = 2cos2 (𝜃) − 1
    cos(2𝜃) = 1 − 2sin2 (𝜃)
    Note: The arguments are flexible. If the argument on the left-side of the equation is twice the argument on the right-side, the identities hold.

    For example, cos(4𝜃) = 2 cos 2(2𝜃) − 1

    Example 5: Solve each of the following on 0° ≤ 𝜃 < 360°:


    √2
    a. sin 𝜃 = − 2

    √3
    b. tan 𝜃 = 3

    c. cot 𝜃 = −1

    Example 6: Solve each of the following on 0° ≤ 𝜃 < 360°:


    a. 3 cos 𝜃 + 4 = 0

    b. 4 cos 𝜃 + 7 = 5 − cos 𝜃

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