Lesson 4-8 Stem 1B

1.
Measuring Angles: Radians and Degrees

This section is an introduction into angle measurement.
Angles are often measured in two ways, degrees and
radians. In module seven, we looked at how an angle is
measured by the amount of turn of a line. The amount of
turn relates to the circle, where a full revolution is 360°.
1
Hence, 1 degree (1°) is thof a full revolution. If we
360
take a line section AB, and rotate it half a revolution (
180°
) to the position of AC, then we get a straight angle
360°
as shown.
A radian, which is short for radius angle, is also based on the concept of a
circle. If the arc length of a sector is equal to the radius, then we can say that
the angle is 1 radian. If the angle is in degrees, we must use the correct
symbol ′°′ to show that the angle has been measured in degrees. Otherwise
it is assumed that the angle is measured in radians. Often radian is
abbreviated, so 1 radian will be abbreviated to 1.
The images below show that an arc length of 1𝑟 is opposite to (subtends) an angle of 1
radian. Then in the next image we can see that an arc length of 3𝑟 is opposite to an angle of
3 radians.
Thus, if we think about the circumference of a

circle as 𝐵𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑟, we could say that an arc of
2𝜋𝑟 subtends the angle of 2𝜋. In other words,
the circumference of a circle subtends a full
revolution. This then implies that 2𝜋 rad= 360°
∴ 𝜋 rad = 180°.
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS:
Answer this:
a. Convert to 72°into radians b. Convert 0.7𝜋 in degrees
2. Trigonometric Functions: Sine, Cosine

and Tangent
In this section we extend on the Pythagoras Theorem, which relates to the three sides of a
right-angled triangle, to trigonometrical ratios, which help to calculate an angle of a
triangle involving lengths and angles of right-angle triangles. This is a basic introduction to
trigonometry that will help you to explore the concept further in your studies.
Often angles are marked with ′𝜃 ′ which is the Greek letter ’theta’. This symbol helps to
identify which angle we are dealing with.
For instance, to describe the right-angle triangle (right)

The side BC is opposite 𝜃
The side AC is adjacent 𝜃
The opposite side of the right angle is the hypotenuse AB
The trigonometrical ratios do not have units of measure themselves – they are ratios. The
three ratios are cosine of 𝜃, the sine of 𝜃 and the tangent of 𝜃. These are most often
abbreviated to sin, cos, and tan.
We can calculate an angle when given one of its trigonometrical ratios. The ratios depend
on which angles and sides are utilized. The three ratios are:
If you are required to work with these ratios, you might like to memorize the ratios as an
acronym
SOH CAH TOA pronounced “sock – a- toe – a”.
The formulas can be used to either find an unknown side or an unknown angle.
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS:
Answer this:
a) Find both angles in the triangle below.
b) Find C in the triangle below.
c) Find X in the triangle below.

3. Applying Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Functions are used in a wide range of professions to solve measurement
problems, e.g. architecture, cartography, navigation, land-surveying and engineering. Less
obvious uses include the study of distances between stars in astronomy and more abstract
applications in geophysics, medical imaging, seismology, and optics. The sine and cosine
functions are particularly important to the theory of periodic functions such as those that
describe sound and light waves.
To simulate the real-world application of trigonometric functions, you may be asked to

solve word problems like the ones below in your exams.
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1) If the distance of a person from a tower is 100 m and the angle subtended by the top of
the tower with the ground is 30o, what is the height of the tower in meters?
Step 1:
Draw a simple diagram to represent the problem. Label it
carefully and clearly mark out the quantities that are given and
those which have to be calculated. Denote the unknown
dimension by say h if you are calculating height or by x if you are
calculating distance.
Step 2:
Identify which trigonometric function represents a ratio of the side about which
information is given and the side whose dimensions we have to find out. Set up a
trigonometric equation.
AB = distance of the man from the tower = 100 m
BC = height of the tower = h (to be calculated)
The trigonometric function that uses AB and BC is tan a , where a = 30⁰
Step 3:
Substitute the value of the trigonometric function and solve the equation for the unknown
variable.
tan 300 =
ℎ = (100𝑚) (tan 300) = 57.74𝑚

2) From the top of a light house 60 meters high with its base at the sea level, the angle of
depression of a boat is 15 degrees. What is the distance of the boat from the foot of the
light house?
Step 1: Diagram
OA is the height of the light house
B is the position of the boat
OB is the distance of the boat from the foot of the light house
Step 2: Trigonometric Equation
tan 150 = 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝐵
Step 3: Solve the equation
tan 150 = 60𝑚

𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐵 = 60m ÷ tan 150 = 223.92𝑚
Answer this:
a) If your distance from the foot of the tower is 200m and the angle of elevation is 40⁰,
find the height of the tower.
b) A ship is 130m away from the center of a barrier that measures 180m from end to end.
What is the minimum angle that the boat must be turned to avoid hitting the barrier?
c) Two students want to determine the heights of two buildings. They stand on the roof of
the shorter building. The students use a clinometer to measure the angle of elevation of
the top of the taller building. The angle is 44⁰. From the same position, the students
measure the angle of depression of the base of the taller building. The angle is 53⁰. The
students then measure the horizontal distance between the two buildings. The distance
is 18.0m. How tall is each building?
4. Reciprocal Trigonometric Functions:

Cosecant, Secant and Cotangent
Sine, Cosine and Tangent are human constructed operations (like multiplication or
addition) that help us better understand triangles and that are useful in a range of
professions. Next to Sine, Cosine and Tangent, mathematicians have defined three other
trigonometric functions: Cosecant, Secant and Cotangent. These functions are simply the
reciprocals of the Sine, Cosine and Tangent functions respectively.
To calculate them, we divide the triangle sites “the other way around”:
Note that the reciprocal function of Sine is Cosecant and the reciprocal function of Cosine is
Secant, even though this is counterintuitive.
To calculate Csc, Sec and Cot on your calculator, enter “1 over sin, cos or tan of the desired
angle”,
1
e.g. csc 𝑎 =
sin a
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
Give all six trigonometric ratios for angle a in the triangle

below.
First, name the sites of the triangle in relation to the angle a:
o hypotenuse:
13 o opposite: 5
o adjacent: 12
ANSWER THIS:
5. Exploring the Trigonometric Identities
For most of the problems in this lesson we will be using the trigonometric identities below:
Lesson 5.1.
Finding the value of a function:

1. Using the identities you now know, find the trig value :
−5
If tanθ= and  is negative, find sec .
3
−5 2 25 34 34 −√ 34
tan 2 θ+1=sec 2 θ ( )
3
+1=sec 2 θ +1=sec 2 θ =sec 2 θNote:
9 9
secθ=−
√
Look for
9
an identity
secθ=
relates tangent 3
that
and secant.
2. If cosθ = 3/4, find secθ:
ANSWER THIS:
1. If tanθ=−3 /4∧cosθ> 0 , find :(5 points each)
a. sinθ=¿
b. cosθ=¿
c. tanθ=¿
d. cscθ=¿
Lesson 5.2. Proving Trigonometric Identities
When working with Trigonometric Expressions, it is often desirable to convert one

form to an equivalent form. In this lesson, you will often use the basic identities as well as
the basic algebraic operations such as multiplication, factoring, combining, and reducing
fractions, and so on to verify trigonometric identities. For preparation, answer the
following exercise first.
Exercise A.
Simplify the following trigonometric expressions below using only the basic
identities. Convert the following in terms of sin θ and cos θ only.
1. cot θ sec θ + tan θ csc θ
2. cos θ csc θ – sin θ sec θ

3. sin θ cot θ + cos θ tan θ
Steps on verifying a Trigonometric Identity:

1. Only manipulate one side of the proposed identity until it becomes the other side of
the identity.
• Typically, the more complicated side is the best place to start. That side will
give you more to work with.
2. DO NOT treat the identity like an equation.
• This assumes that the identity is true, which is the thing that you are trying
to prove.
Here are four common tricks that are used to verify an

identity.
1. It is often helpful to rewrite things in terms of sine and
cosine.
a. Use the ratio identities to do this where appropriate.
2. Manipulate the Pythagorean Identities.
a. For example, since sin2 x+cos2 x=1, then cos2 x= 1 - sin2 x, and sin2 x=1 - cos2
x.
3. Use algebraic manipulations.
a. Look at the number of terms on both sides, and then determine if you need to
combine fractions or break up fractions so that the number of terms will match.
b. If necessary, multiply by the conjugate of either the numerator or denominator to
get a Difference of Squares, so that you can use a Pythagorean Identity.
c. Expand expressions by multiplication, if possible; then, combine like terms and
simplify.
d. Factor the numerator and denominator, if possible, to cancel common factors
taking the fractions in lowest terms.
Here are five examples of verifying an identity that were worked out using these four
tricks.
ANSWER THIS:
1. sec 2 θ – sin 2 θ=tan 2 θ+cos 2 θ
2. cos θ ( csc θ – sec θ )=cot 2 θ−1
1−tan 2 θ
3. =1−2 sinθ
1+tan 2 θ
 END OF MODULE 4

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1.

Measuring Angles: Radians and Degrees

Thus, if we think about the circumference of a

a. Convert to 72°into radians b. Convert 0.7𝜋 in degrees

2. Trigonometric Functions: Sine, Cosine

For instance, to describe the right-angle triangle (right)

a) Find both angles in the triangle below.

b) Find C in the triangle below.

c) Find X in the triangle below.

To simulate the real-world application of trigonometric functions, you may be asked to

ℎ = (100𝑚) (tan 300) = 57.74𝑚

OA is the height of the light house

B is the position of the boat

Step 3: Solve the equation

tan 150 = 60𝑚

𝑂𝐵 = 60m ÷ tan 150 = 223.92𝑚

4. Reciprocal Trigonometric Functions:

Give all six trigonometric ratios for angle a in the triangle

First, name the sites of the triangle in relation to the angle a:

Finding the value of a function:

2. If cosθ = 3/4, find secθ:

1. If tanθ=−3 /4∧cosθ> 0 , find :(5 points each)

When working with Trigonometric Expressions, it is often desirable to convert one

1. cot θ sec θ + tan θ csc θ

2. cos θ csc θ – sin θ sec θ

Steps on verifying a Trigonometric Identity:

Here are four common tricks that are used to verify an

1. sec 2 θ – sin 2 θ=tan 2 θ+cos 2 θ

2. cos θ ( csc θ – sec θ )=cot 2 θ−1

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