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    Stagnation Point

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    Stagnation Point

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    jhony
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    STAGNATION POINT

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    Stagnation Point

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    THE STAGNATION POINT 61

    worsens the situation because it means that the boundary sublayer is subsonic and the high pressure at
    the shockwave can be transmitted forward. (See Chapter 15).
    Vortex generators weaken the shockwave and decrease shock drag but have no diminishing effect on
    wing-tip vortices. Nevertheless, the vortices produced by the vortex generators diminish shock buffet
    and are beneficial to the aeroplane’s overall performance.

    4.7 Two-Dimensional Flow

    Although an aerofoil is a three-dimensional object it is necessary at first to consider the airflow around
    the aerofoil in only two dimensions, the third dimension will be considered later. The two dimensions to
    be considered are those in a cross-section of an aerofoil in which the airflow motion is restricted to that
    plane parallel to the freestream airflow.
    As air flows around an aeroplane its speed and pressure changes. The spacing of the streamlines
    indicates the change of speed; streamlines close together indicate a high airspeed and those further apart
    a low airspeed. The ‘equation of continuity’ states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed; air
    mass flow is constant. From Bernoulli’s theorem it can be deduced that an increase of airspeed around
    an aerofoil results in a decrease of air pressure and vice versa.
    The lift and drag forces of a wing cross-section are dependent on the pressure distribution around
    the wing. The pressure distribution surrounding an aerofoil, found by wind-tunnel tests revealed that the
    two-dimensional flow is dependent on the attitude of the aerofoil with respect to the freestream airflow.
    In other words, the pressure distribution around an aerofoil is the resultant of the angle of the aerofoil
    chordline to the oncoming airflow, the angle of attack. The pressure distribution varies with the angle of
    attack. However, where the streamlines converge in a two-dimensional flow pattern the static pressure
    will decrease. (See Figure 4.6).

    4.8 The Stagnation Point

    The stagnation point is that point on an aerofoil at which the approaching airflow becomes stationary.
    It is located on the leading edge of the aerofoil just below the maximum point of curvature and moves
    downward and aft along the lower surface of the aerofoil profile as the angle of attack increases. The
    stagnation pressure, the pressure necessary to stop the airflow at the stagnation point, is equal to the
    dynamic pressure plus the static pressure.

    4.8.1 Aerofoil Upper-Surface Airflow


    The airflow from the stagnation point rapidly accelerates upward, the upwash, and rearward over the
    leading edge and increases in magnitude as the angle of attack increases. The air pressure decreases in
    value from the stagnation point until it reaches a maximum negative value at the point of maximum
    curvature of the surface over which it is flowing. At this point the airflow speed is equal to that of the
    streamline flow and from this point the air pressure increases until by the time it reaches the trailing edge
    of the aerofoil it attains a small positive value.
    The acceleration of the airflow over the upper surface of the wing changes the direction of the
    streamlines downward and this induces a decreased angle of attack over the tailplane.

    4.8.2 Aerofoil Lower-Surface Airflow


    The acceleration of the airflow from the stagnation point under the lower surface of an aerofoil is less
    rapid than that over the upper surface. The air pressure decreases more slowly to a less-negative maximum

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