Lec 4

Lecture 4
Chapter 3: Sampling
Outline
➢ Population and Sampling
➢ Stages in the selection of a sample
➢ Types of Samples
➢ Probability Samples
Outline
Population and Sampling
➢ The community Population is a collection of modules that share a set of features

that make them similar, one community might contain some subsidiary communities
where there are some variations.
➢ One goal of scientific research is to describe the nature of a population, that is, a
group or class of subjects, variables, concepts, or phenomena.
➢ Studying every member of a population is cost prohibitive.
➢ The usual procedure in these instances is to select a sample from the population.
➢ A sample is a subset of the population that is taken to be representative of the

entire population.
➢ A sample that is not representative of the population, regardless of its size, is

inadequate for testing purposes: the results cannot be generalized.
Outline
➢ Benefits of Sampling
Stages in the selection of a sample
The community Population is a

collection of modules that share a set
of features that make them similar,
one community might contain some
subsidiary communities where there
are some variations.
The community Population is a

collection of modules that share a set
of features that make them similar,
one community might contain some
subsidiary communities where there
are some variations.
Sampling Frames consist of a list of

modules or a map of the areas if you
want to get a sample, the sample must
be precise and concise, not contain
any duplicates.
A sample is a subset of the

population that is taken to be
representative of the entire
population.
Outline
➢ Benefits of Sampling
Benefits of Sampling
➢ Sampling has some features that distinguish it from the comprehensive

inventory method.
1. Low cost.
2. Save time.
3. Get a variety of information.
4. Accurate results
1. Low cost.
When you study on a part of the community, it is normal to be at a low cost than if
the study was conducted on all of society.
2. Save time.
Samples will help provide the necessary time to study and get results faster than
exclusivity.
3. Get a variety of information
- Sample provides an opportunity for the respondent to get accurate

information and in depth about the phenomenon under study.
- The sample also provides opportunity to study the relationships between

different variables that are studied and reach its relations with some of the
small sample size in comparison to the community as a whole.
4. Accurate results
- Sample helps the researcher on a study of court and precise quality control.
- Ease of data collection and analysis processes rely on qualified researchers and
analysts after giving them the necessary training who can say that relying on
sample help to get more accurate results and better results from the restriction.
Outline
Types of Samples
1. Probability Samples
2. Nonprobability Samples
Types of Samples
1. Probability Samples
 Is selected according to mathematical guidelines whereby the chance for selection

of each unit is known.
 Allows researchers to calculate the amount of sampling error
2. Nonprobability Samples
 Does not follow the guidelines of mathematical probability.

Types of Samples
➢ Deciding whether to use a probability or a non-probability sample :
1. Purpose of the study.
2. Cost versus value
3. Time constraints.
4. Amount of error allowed.

Outline
Types of Samples
Probability Samples
➢ Types of Probability Samples
1. Simple Random Sample
2. Systematic Sample
3. Stratified Sample
4. Cluster samples
5. Multi-stage Sample
➢ Each subject or unit in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
➢ Regarding the random selection of the sample, there are two ways
▪ Sampling without replacement
▪ Random sampling with replacement

 Sampling without replacement
When selecting a single sample, the researcher shall exclude from the study and
these samples will not subject to the following check operations.
 Random sampling with replacement
Here the individual is returned to the community after selected in the sample, and
that giving them the opportunity to appear in subsequent samples.
Pros. Cons.
• Detailed knowledge of the population is • A list of the population must be compiled.
not required.
• External validity may be statistically • representative sample may not result in all
inferred. cases.
• A representative group is easily • The procedure can be more expensive
obtainable. than other methods.
• The possibility of classification error is
eliminated.
➢ Used in social research. They often save time, resources, and effort when
compared to simple random samples
➢ Example: Select 1..10 and increase 10 every time.

Pros. Cons.
• Selection is easy. • A complete list of the population must be
obtained.
• Selection can be more accurate than in a • Periodicity may bias the process.
simple random sample.
• The procedure is generally inexpensive.
➢ In some projects, researchers want to guarantee that a specific sub-sample of the

population is adequately represented.
➢ Include almost any variable: age, gender, religion, income level, or even individuals
who listen to specific radio stations or read certain magazines.
Pros. Cons.
• Representation of relevant variables is • A knowledge of the population prior to
ensured. selection is required
• Comparisons can be made to other • The procedure can be costly and time-
populations. consuming.
• Selection is made from a homogeneous • It can be difficult to find a sample if
group. incidence is low.
• Sampling error is reduced. • Variables that define strata may not be
relevant.
4. Cluster Sample
➢ Select the sample in groups or categories; this procedure is known as cluster

sampling.
➢ For example, analyzing magazine readership habits of people in Mansoura would

be time-consuming and complicated if individual subjects were randomly selected.
➢ With cluster sampling, one can divide the state into districts, counties, or zip
code areas and select groups of people from these areas
4. Cluster Sample
4. Cluster Sample
4. Cluster Sample
Pros. Cons.
• Only part of the population need be • Sampling errors are likely.
enumerated.
• Costs are reduced if clusters are well • Clusters may not be representative of the
defined. population.
• Estimates of cluster parameters are made • Each subject or unit must be assigned to a
and compared to the population. specific cluster
5. Multi-stage Sampling
➢ Select samples using more than two sampling techniques.
➢ Rarely used because of the complexity of its application.
➢ Requires a lot of effort, time, and cost.

5. Multi-stage Sampling
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Lecture 4

➢ Population and Sampling

➢ Stages in the selection of a sample

➢ Population and Sampling

➢ Stages in the selection of a sample

➢ The community Population is a collection of modules that share a set of features

➢ Studying every member of a population is cost prohibitive.

➢ A sample is a subset of the population that is taken to be representative of the

➢ A sample that is not representative of the population, regardless of its size, is

➢ Population and Sampling

➢ Stages in the selection of a sample

The community Population is a

The community Population is a

Sampling Frames consist of a list of

A sample is a subset of the

➢ Population and Sampling

➢ Stages in the selection of a sample

➢ Sampling has some features that distinguish it from the comprehensive

3. Get a variety of information.

3. Get a variety of information

- Sample provides an opportunity for the respondent to get accurate

- The sample also provides opportunity to study the relationships between

➢ Population and Sampling

➢ Stages in the selection of a sample

 Is selected according to mathematical guidelines whereby the chance for selection

 Allows researchers to calculate the amount of sampling error

 Does not follow the guidelines of mathematical probability.

➢ Deciding whether to use a probability or a non-probability sample :

1. Purpose of the study.

2. Cost versus value

4. Amount of error allowed.

➢ Population and Sampling

➢ Stages in the selection of a sample

➢ Types of Probability Samples

1. Simple Random Sample

▪ Sampling without replacement

▪ Random sampling with replacement

 Sampling without replacement

 Random sampling with replacement

➢ Example: Select 1..10 and increase 10 every time.

➢ In some projects, researchers want to guarantee that a specific sub-sample of the

➢ Select the sample in groups or categories; this procedure is known as cluster

➢ For example, analyzing magazine readership habits of people in Mansoura would

➢ Select samples using more than two sampling techniques.

➢ Rarely used because of the complexity of its application.

➢ Requires a lot of effort, time, and cost.

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