Lec 5

Lecture 5
Chapter 3: Sampling (Cont.)

Let’s Remember
➢ Population and Sampling
➢ Stages in the selection of a sample
➢ Types of Samples
➢ Probability Samples
Types of Samples
1. Probability Samples
 Is selected according to mathematical guidelines whereby the chance for selection

of each unit is known.
 Allows researchers to calculate the amount of sampling error
2. Nonprobability Samples
 Does not follow the guidelines of mathematical probability.

Types of Samples
Probability Samples
Outline
➢ Nonprobability Samples
➢ Probability vs. Nonprobability Samples
➢ Sampling Size
➢ Sampling Error
Outline
➢ Sampling Size
➢ Sampling Error
Nonprobability Samples
➢ Types of Non-Probability Samples
1. Available Sample
2. Volunteer Sample
3. Purposive Sample
4. Quota Sample
1. Available Sample
➢ This sample is based on the principle of what is available.
➢ Critics argue that regardless of what results they may generate, available samples
do not represent the population and therefore have no external validity
➢ Isn’t preferable
2. Volunteer Sample
➢ It is another type of non-probability samples, since the individuals are not selected
mathematically.
➢ It depends on the principle of volunteering (i.e. any individual’s desire and

willingness to participate in research projects)
➢ Tend to exhibit higher educational levels, higher occupational status, greater need
for approval, higher intelligence, and lower authoritarianism.
3. Purposive Sample
➢ It includes subjects selected on the basis of specific characteristics or qualities and

eliminates those who fail to meet these criteria.
➢ A purposive sample is chosen with the knowledge that it is not representative of

the general population; rather it attempts to represent a specific portion of the
population.
4. Quota Sample
➢ Subjects are selected to meet a predetermined or known percentage.
➢ For example, a researcher interested in finding out how VCR owners differ in their
use of television from non-VCR-owners may know that 10% of a particular
population owns a VCR.
➢ The sample the researcher selected, therefore, would be composed of 10% of VCR
owners and 90% non-VCR-owners (to reflect the population characteristics).
Outline
➢ Sampling Size
➢ Sampling Error
Probability vs. Nonprobability Samples
➢ The researcher must take into account some important issues that
relate to the following.
1. The purpose of the study
2. The cost of the study and the results of value
3. Time limits
4. How many allowable error

1. The purpose of the study
 Probability sample, for studies that aim to reach conclusions that can be
generalized to every society which pulled it samples.
 Non-probability sample, for studies aimed at reaching some exploratory

information for use in survey units or newspaper design and content analysis
categories.
2. The cost of the study and the results of value
 The sample is appropriate are those that achieve the greatest possible objectives
of the study and the lowest possible cost.
 If the cost of obtaining very high probability sample in the light of dataand
information to be collected is high, the researcher use a sample that is not likely to
be high cost or may go beyond the physical abilities.
3. Time limits
 There's sometimes enough time to choose the probability sample selection may
take some time. Here’s a researcher due to pressure is forced to choose a non-
probability sample.
4. How many allowable error
 In the case of a study that aims to disseminate its results to society, we must
choose a probability sample will allow a limited amount of error.
 In the case of surveys aimed to explore the phenomenon , we may fit probability
samples that lead to substantial errors with these studies.
Outline
➢ Sampling Size
➢ Sampling Error
Sampling Size
➢ The decision for determining sample size is one of the most important decisions
to be taken by the researcher.
➢ If the sample size is too large, leads to a waste of resources and increasing the
cost of study.
➢ The small sample size causes weaken the value of the results and the difficulty
of generalizing the results to society that pulled him sample.
Sampling Size
➢ There are some general principles that can guide the researchers in determining
the acceptable size of the sample.
Sampling Size
❑ The method used in the study is the first criterion in determining

sample size.
if you use the respondent to a research method such as focus groups , the sample
size must be between 6 to 12 individuals on the basis that they represent the
community.
Sampling Size
❑ Cost control and material for the researcher in determining the sample
size.
The general rule is that the largest possible sample respondent supports within the
available material possibilities.
❑ When a researcher studies the many variables, she/he needs large

sample.
Sampling Size
❑ The researcher must always choose a sample size larger than what is
needed.
❑ The researcher must be guided by the other researchers’ information

about the samples that they used in their studies.
❑ It can be said that as a general rule, the larger the sample size is, the
better results are gained.
Sampling Size
➢ For large populations such as universities

50 = very poor
100 = poor
200 = fair
300 = good
500 = very good
1,000 = excellent
Outline
➢ Sampling Size
➢ Sampling Error
Sampling Error
Where "P" denotes the percentage of the sample, and "n" denotes the size of the
sample, we encode to standard
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Lecture 5

Chapter 3: Sampling (Cont.)

➢ Population and Sampling

➢ Stages in the selection of a sample

 Is selected according to mathematical guidelines whereby the chance for selection

 Allows researchers to calculate the amount of sampling error

 Does not follow the guidelines of mathematical probability.

➢ Probability vs. Nonprobability Samples

➢ Probability vs. Nonprobability Samples

➢ Types of Non-Probability Samples

➢ This sample is based on the principle of what is available.

➢ It depends on the principle of volunteering (i.e. any individual’s desire and

➢ It includes subjects selected on the basis of specific characteristics or qualities and

➢ A purposive sample is chosen with the knowledge that it is not representative of

➢ Subjects are selected to meet a predetermined or known percentage.

➢ Probability vs. Nonprobability Samples

1. The purpose of the study

2. The cost of the study and the results of value

4. How many allowable error

1. The purpose of the study

 Non-probability sample, for studies aimed at reaching some exploratory

2. The cost of the study and the results of value

4. How many allowable error

➢ Probability vs. Nonprobability Samples

❑ The method used in the study is the first criterion in determining

❑ When a researcher studies the many variables, she/he needs large

❑ The researcher must be guided by the other researchers’ information

➢ For large populations such as universities

➢ Probability vs. Nonprobability Samples

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