Lec 2

Lecture 2
Research Procedure
Outline
1. Selection of problem
2. Review of existing research and theory
3. Statement of hypothesis or research question
4. Determination of appropriate methodology and research design
5. Data collection
6. Analysis and interpretation of data
7. Presentation of results
8. Replication
Research Procedures
Outline
5. Data collection
8. Replication
In the private sector
➢ researchers generally do not have the flexibility of selecting topics or questions to

investigate.
➢ They conduct studies to answer questions raised by management
➢ Although the degree of contribution of researchers in this sector in the specific

subject test, they enjoy full authority in deciding how to answer the search question.
In the academic sector
➢ Selecting a topic is a concern for many academic researchers, especially those writing
term papers, theses, and dissertations.
➢ In all cases, the researcher needs to know where to start. Fortunately, there are many
sources available for research that helps identify a methodology.
Sources of Research Topics
1. Magazines and Periodicals
2. Research Summaries
3. Everyday Situations
4. Archive Data (Secondary Analysis)

1. Magazines and Periodicals
 Many specialists believe that periodicals writing specialized scientific journals and
public's writing for professionals.
 Many periodicals in publications written by well trained professionals. Publications

issued weekly and monthly.
2. Research Summaries
Practical research organizations publish summaries of research indicate key areas of

research in different disciplines. These summaries of benefits they offer a wide range of
studies.
Daily people face different kinds of situations, whether through the media or personal
contacts.These attitudes are an excellent source of research topics for researchers
who receive and analyze it.

The following questions can help to come up with ideas to search through everyday
situations:
• What message you send to position future aims?
• Why prepared message like this?
•What is the expected impact of these different types of communication?

 Archive data is a good source of supply, a researcher with ideas.
 Archive data is characterized as information ranging from past to present.
 Researchers used historical information to follow an event and then predict the
future.
 The secondary analysis helps researchers, reuse data collected by previous

researchers, analyzed and used then left aside.
 You can reuse this data by researchers in the research. It provides secondary analysis
for research question.
Determining Topic Relevance:
Question 1: Is the Topic Too Broad?
Question 2: Can the Problem Really Be Investigated?
Question 3:Are the Data suitable to Analysis?
Question 4: Can the Results of the Study Be Generalized?
Question 5:What Costs and Time Are Involved in the Analysis?
Question 6: Is the Planned Approach Appropriate to the Project?
Question 7: Is There Any Potential Harm to the Subjects?

Title Examples
➢ A comparison of jump performances of the dog flea, and the cat flea . (Are the Data
suitable to Analysis)
➢ Do Ethicists Steal More Books?" (the Problem can’t Really Be Investigated)
➢ Cure for a headache (Too broad)
➢ Optimizing the sensory characteristics and acceptance of canned cat food: use of a
human taste panel ( Is the Planned Approach Appropriate to the Project?)
Title Examples
➢ An analysis of how full-text databases affect search engines.
➢ New methods of risk management during software development.
➢ An analysis of how Web space requirements are changing.
➢ Methods for improving Open Web Architecture.

Outline

5. Data collection
8. Replication
➢ Researchers must not begin conducting research in accordance with the principles of
scientific research without reference to previous studies.
➢ Previous studies provide available information on how previous research findings.
➢ This is of the most important steps of the research process because it helps them to
learn from previous research and know the time, effort, and cost.
Researcher should ask the following questions:
1. What type of research has been done in the area?
2. What has been found in previous studies?
3. What suggestions do other researchers make for further study?
4. What has not been investigated?
5. How can the proposed study add to our knowledge of the area?
6. What research methods were used in previous studies?

Outline

5. Data collection
8. Replication
➢ After you select a general area.
➢ After reviewing the scientific heritage.
➢ The researcher must specify research problem in the form of imposing a viable
(Hypothesis or Research question) in the form of Questions.
➢ Hypothesis:
A guess that deals with a relationship between two variables, hypothesis are tested
directly, and the expected relationship between these variables may be true or false.
Example of bad research question
➢ What effect does social media have on people’s minds?
This question is not specific enough:
what type of social media?
Which people?
What kind of effects?

Example of good research question
➢ What effect does daily use of Twitter have on the attention span of under-
16s?
This question defines its concepts more clearly.
It is researchable through qualitative and quantitative data collection.

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Lecture 2

2. Review of existing research and theory

3. Statement of hypothesis or research question

4. Determination of appropriate methodology and research design

6. Analysis and interpretation of data

3. Statement of hypothesis or research question

4. Determination of appropriate methodology and research design

6. Analysis and interpretation of data

In the private sector

➢ researchers generally do not have the flexibility of selecting topics or questions to

➢ They conduct studies to answer questions raised by management

➢ Although the degree of contribution of researchers in this sector in the specific

In the academic sector

Sources of Research Topics

1. Magazines and Periodicals

4. Archive Data (Secondary Analysis)

Sources of Research Topics

1. Magazines and Periodicals

 Many periodicals in publications written by well trained professionals. Publications

Sources of Research Topics

Practical research organizations publish summaries of research indicate key areas of

Sources of Research Topics

Sources of Research Topics

• What message you send to position future aims?

• Why prepared message like this?

•What is the expected impact of these different types of communication?

Sources of Research Topics

4. Archive Data (Secondary Analysis)

 Archive data is a good source of supply, a researcher with ideas.

 Archive data is characterized as information ranging from past to present.

Sources of Research Topics

4. Archive Data (Secondary Analysis)

 The secondary analysis helps researchers, reuse data collected by previous

Question 1: Is the Topic Too Broad?

Question 2: Can the Problem Really Be Investigated?

Question 3:Are the Data suitable to Analysis?

Question 4: Can the Results of the Study Be Generalized?

Question 5:What Costs and Time Are Involved in the Analysis?

Question 6: Is the Planned Approach Appropriate to the Project?

Question 7: Is There Any Potential Harm to the Subjects?

➢ Do Ethicists Steal More Books?" (the Problem can’t Really Be Investigated)

➢ Cure for a headache (Too broad)

➢ An analysis of how full-text databases affect search engines.

➢ New methods of risk management during software development.

➢ An analysis of how Web space requirements are changing.

➢ Methods for improving Open Web Architecture.

2. Review of existing research and theory

4. Determination of appropriate methodology and research design

6. Analysis and interpretation of data

➢ Previous studies provide available information on how previous research findings.

Researcher should ask the following questions:

1. What type of research has been done in the area?

2. What has been found in previous studies?

3. What suggestions do other researchers make for further study?

4. What has not been investigated?

6. What research methods were used in previous studies?

2. Review of existing research and theory

3. Statement of hypothesis or research question