School of science coaching centre

E-CONTENT PREPARATION
FOR CLASS 9TH SCIENCE
CHAPTER-: MATTER IN OUR
SURROUNDINGS
Everything that has mass and
volume is called matter.
All matter, regardless of state,
undergoes physical and
chemical changes. These
changes can be microscopic or
macroscopic.
A physical change occurs when the
substance changes state but does not change
its chemical composition. For example:
water freezing into ice, cutting a piece of
wood into smaller pieces, etc. The form or
appearance has changed, but the properties
of that substance are the same (i.e. it has the
same melting point, boiling point, chemical
composition, etc.)
• Melting point • Density
• Boiling point • Electrical conductivity
• Vapor pressure • Solubility
• Color • Adsorption to a surface
• State of matter • Hardness
A chemical change occurs when a substance
changes into something new. This occurs due
to heating, chemical reaction, etc. You can
tell a chemical change has occurred if the
density, melting point or freezing point of the
original substance changes. Many common
signs of a chemical change can be seen
(bubbles forming, mass changed, etc).
• Reaction with acids • Ability to act as reducing
• Reaction with bases agent
(alkalis) • Reaction with other
• Reaction with oxygen elements
(combustion) • Decomposition into
• Ability to act as oxidizing simpler substances
agent • Corrosion
• Physical and chemical properties may
be intensive or extensive.
• Intensive properties such as density, color, and
boiling point do not depend on the size of the
sample of matter and can be used to identify
substances.
States of matter
 Solid
A substance is said to be solid if it possesses a
definite volume and definite shape
e.g. sugar, rock , table , gold , iron etc.

In solids, the constituent particles are held very

close to each other in an orderly fashion and
there is not much freedom of movement .
 LIQUID
A substance is said to be liquid, if it possesses a
definite volume but no definite shape. They take
up the shape of the vessel in which they are put.
e.g. water, milk, petrol, oil, mercury, alcohol etc.

In liquids the particle are close to each other

but they can move around .
 Gas
A substance is said to be a gas if it neither
possesses a definite volume nor a definite
shape .
e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide , air etc.

In gaseous matter, the particles are far apart as

compared to those present in solid or liquid state
and their movement is easy and fast.
• Extensive properties such as mass and volume do
depend on the quantity of the sample.
• Physical properties are those that we can
determine without changing the identity of the
substance we are studying.
• The physical properties of sodium metal can be
observed or measured. It is a soft, lustrous, silver-
colored metal with a relatively low melting point
and low density.
• Hardness, color, melting point and density are all
physical properties.
• Chemical properties describe the way a substance
can change or react to form other substances.
These properties, then, must be determined using a
process that changes the identity of the substance
of interest.
• One of the chemical properties of alkali metals such
as sodium and potassium is that they react with
water. To determine this, we would have to
combine an alkali metal with water and observe
what happens.

• In other words, we have to define chemical

properties of a substance by the chemical changes
it undergoes.
Substances can be identified as
either an element, compound, or a
mixture.
A substance cannot be further broken
down or purified by physical means. A
substance is matter of a particular kind.
Each substance has its own
characteristic properties that are
different from the set of properties of
any other substance.
• Fixed composition
• Cannot be separated into simpler substances by
physical methods (physical changes)
• Can only be changed in identity and properties by
chemical methods
• Properties do not vary
 Compounds Elements

• Can be decomposed into • Cannot be decomposed

simpler substances by into simpler substances
chemical changes, by chemical changes
always in a definite ratio
Mixtures are two or more substances that are
NOT chemically combined.
Mixtures do not:
 Have constant boiling points
 Have constant melting points
• Variable composition
• Components retain their characteristic properties
• May be separated into pure substances by physical
methods
• Mixtures of different compositions may have
widely different properties
Homogenous mixtures look the same
throughout but can be separated by
physical means (dissolution, centrifuge,
gravimetric filtering, etc.). Examples:
milk, yogurt
• Have the same composition
throughout
• Components are indistinguishable
• May or may not scatter light

Examples: milk, yogurt, etc.

Solutions are homogenous mixtures that
do not scatter light. These mixtures are
created when something is completely
dissolved in pure water. Therefore, they
are easily separated by distillation or
evaporation.
Examples: sugar water, salt water
Heterogeneous mixtures are composed of
large pieces that are easily separated by
physical means (ie. density, polarity,
metallic properties).
• Do not have same composition
throughout

• Components are distinguishable

Examples: fruit salad, vegetable soup,

etc.
There is no observable change in the
quantity of matter during a chemical
reaction or a physical change.

In other words, matter cannot be created

nor destroyed. It is just converted from
one form to another
Colloids are solutions. They can be described
as a substance trapped inside another
substance. They can be identified by their
characteristic scattering of light.
For example: air trapped inside the fat
molecules in whipped cream.
(And how the Kinetic Molecular
Theory affects each)

•Solids
•Liquids
•Gases
•Plasma
•Others
 •Have a definite shape
•Have a definite volume
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Molecules are held close together
and there is very little movement
between them.
 •Have an indefinite shape
•Have a definite volume
Kinetic Molecular Theory:
Atoms and molecules have more
space between them than a solid
does, but less than a gas (ie. It is
more “fluid”.)
 •Have an indefinite shape
•Have an indefinite volume
Kinetic Molecular Theory:
Molecules are moving in random
patterns with varying amounts of
distance between the particles.
At 100°C, water becomes water vapor,
a gas. Molecules can move randomly
over large distances.
Below 0°C, water solidifies to
become ice. In the solid state,
water molecules are held
together in a rigid structure.
Between 0°C and 100 °C,
water is a liquid. In the liquid
state, water molecules are
close together, but can move
about freely.
 Changing states requires energy in either
the form of heat. Changing states may also
be due to the change in pressure in a
system.

Heat of formation, Hf. Heat of vaporization, Hv

Plasma is by far the most common form
of matter. Plasma in the stars and in the
tenuous space between them makes up
over 99% of the visible universe and
perhaps most of that which is not
visible.
On earth we live upon an island of
"ordinary" matter. The different states of
matter generally found on earth are solid,
liquid, and gas. We have learned to work,
play, and rest using these familiar states
of matter. Sir William Crookes, an
English physicist, identified a fourth state
of matter, now called plasma, in 1879.
Plasma temperatures and densities range from
relatively cool and tenuous (like aurora) to very
hot and dense (like the central core of a star).
Ordinary solids, liquids, and gases are both
electrically neutral and too cool or dense to be in
a plasma state.
The word "PLASMA" was first applied to
ionized gas by Dr. Irving Langmuir, an
American chemist and physicist, in 1929.
 Star formation in the
Eagle Nebula
Space Telescope Science
Institute
, NASA
(Above)
(below)
X-ray view of
Sun
from Yohkoh,
ISAS and
NASA
Plasma radiation within the Princeton
Tokamak during operation.
Laser plasma interaction during inertial
confinement fusion test at the
University of Rochester.
Both inertial and magnetic confinement fusion
research have focused on confinement and
heating processes with dramatic results. The next
stage of operating power reactors will produce
about 1 GW of power and operate at
120 million degrees Kelvin.
Plasma consists of a collection of free-
moving electrons and ions - atoms that
have lost electrons. Energy is needed to
strip electrons from atoms to make plasma.
The energy can be of various origins:
thermal, electrical, or light (ultraviolet
light or intense visible light from a laser).
With insufficient sustaining power,
plasmas recombine into neutral gas.
Plasma can be accelerated and steered by
electric and magnetic fields which allows
it to be controlled and applied. Plasma
research is yielding a greater
understanding of the universe. It also
provides many practical uses: new
manufacturing techniques, consumer
products, and the prospect of abundant
energy.
 Products
manufactured
using plasmas
impact our daily
lives:
EXAMPLES:
•Printing on plastic food
•Computer chips and containers
integrated circuits
•Energy-efficient window
•Computer hard drives coatings
•Electronics •High-efficiency window
•Machine tools coatings

•Medical implants and •Safe drinking water

prosthetics •Voice and data
•Audio and video tapes communications components

•Aircraft and automobile •Anti-scratch and anti-glare

engine parts coatings on eyeglasses and
other optics
Plasma technologies
are important in •Waste processing
industries with annual
world markets •Coatings and films
approaching $200 •Electronics
billion
•Computer chips and
integrated circuits
•Advanced materials
(e.g., ceramics)
•High-efficiency
lighting
 Water
Purification Plasma-based sources
Systems can emit intense beams
of UV & X ray radiation
or electron beams for a
variety of environmental
applications.
For water sterilization, intense UV emission
disables the DNA of microorganisms in the
water which then cannot replicate. There is
no effect on taste or smell of the water and
the technique only takes about 12 seconds.
This plasma-based UV method is effective
against all water-born bacteria and viruses.
Intense UV water purification systems are
especially relevant to the needs of
developing countries because they can be
made simple to use and have low
maintenance, high throughput and low
cost. Plasma-based UV water treatment
systems use about 20,000 times less energy
than boiling water!
 Environmental
impact:

Drastically Reduce Landfill Size

High-temperature plasmas in arc furnaces
can convert, in principle, any combination
of materials to a vitrified or glassy
substance with separation of molten metal.
Substantial recycling is made possible with
such furnaces and the highly stable,
nonleachable, vitrified material can be used
in landfills with essentially no
environmental impact.
 Environmental
impact:

Electron-beam generated plasma reactors can

clean up hazardous chemical waste or enable
soil remediation. Such systems are highly
efficient and reasonably portable, can treat very
low concentrations of toxic substances, and can
treat a wide range of substances.