Chem 101 (452) Lecture#1 Part 1

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1- Intro;
Chemistry is the science of the composition, structure, properties,

changes that matter undergoes, and the energy associated with those
changes.
Chemistry is often called the central science because a basic knowledge of

chemistry is essential for medicine, biology, geology, ecology, energy and
many other subjects.
Chemists generally use standardized symbols and equations in recording

their measurements and observations.
2- Classification of Matter
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter includes things we
can see and touch (such as water, soil, and trees), as well as things we cannot
(such as air).
Mass, which is the quantity of matter in a given sample of a substance, and the
volume of a sample is space occupied by a substance.
Chemists distinguish among several subcategories of matter based on
composition and properties. The classifications of matter include pure substances,
and mixtures.
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A pure substance is a form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition

and distinct properties. It can be identified by their appearance, smell, taste, and
other properties.
An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances

by any physical or chemical methods. An Element consists of only one kind of
atom. Therefore, it cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter.
Examples are gold, silver, sodium, helium and oxygen, to date, there are 117
elements have been positively identified.
compound is a pure substance composed of atoms of two or more elements

chemically united in fixed proportions. Examples are water, ammonia, salt, and
sugar. The composition of water (as example) does not change, regardless of the
water’s source.
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A mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances in which the

substances retain their distinct identities and are variable in composition.
Some familiar examples are air, soft drinks, milk, and cement.
Mixtures do not have constant composition.
Homogeneous mixture in which the composition of the mixture is the same

throughout is also called a solution.
An example of a solution is a sports drink, consisting of water, sugar, colouring,

flavouring, and electrolytes mixed together uniformly. Each drop of a sports drink
tastes the same because each drop contains the same amounts of water, sugar, and
other components.
Heterogeneous mixture in which the composition of the mixture is not uniform.

If sand is mixed with iron filings, however, the sand grains and the iron filings
remain separate (two different phases).
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Separation of Mixture
Any mixture can be separated by physical methods means into pure substances
without changing the identities of the substances. Thus, salt can be recovered
from a water solution by heating the solution and evaporating it to dryness.
Condensing the vapour will give us back the water component. To separate the
iron-sand mixture, we can use a magnet to remove the iron filings from the
sand, because sand is not attracted to the magnet.
After separation, the substances of the mixture will have the same composition
and properties as they did to start with. Unlike mixtures, compounds can be
separated only by chemical methods means into their pure components,
generally.
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Physical States of Matter
All matters can exist in three physical states: solid, liquid, and gas.
water is an ideal example: Ice is a solid water-molecules are held together

rigidly and are very close to each other. Liquid water-molecules are close
together but are free to move around and slide over each other. Steam is a gas
water molecules are far apart and move freely and randomly.
1-Solid State
A solid has a definite shape and volume, with particles that cling rigidly to one
another. Most commonly occurring solids, such as salt, sugar, quartz, and
metals, are crystalline, the material exists in regular, repeating, three
dimensional, geometric patterns. Some solids such as plastics, glass, and gels
do not have any regular, geometric pattern. Such solids are called amorphous
solids.
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2-Liquid State
A liquid has a definite volume but not a definite shape, with particles that
stick firmly but not rigidly.
Although the particles are held together by strong attractive forces and are
in close contact with one another, they are able to move freely.
Particle mobility gives a liquid fluidity and causes it to take the shape of the
container in which it is stored.
3- Gaseous State
A gas has indefinite volume and no fixed shape, with particles that move
independently of one another. Particles of a gas are far apart compared with those of
solids and liquids and move freely and randomly, and because of this quality, a gas
completely fills a container.
The actual volume of the gas is very small compared with the volume of the space
occupied by the gas. A gas therefore may be compressed into a very small volume or
expanded almost indefinitely. Liquids cannot be compressed to any great extent, and
solids are even less compressible than liquids.
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Properties of Matter
Properties are classified as either:
Physical properties Chemical properties
A physical property can be measured and observed without changing the

composition or identity of a substance. Common physical properties include
colour, taste, odour, state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas), density, melting
point, and boiling point.
Physical Properties
extensive property intensive property
its measured value does not depend

its measured value depends on how
on how much matter is being
much matter is being considered
considered
Examples: Density and Examples: mass, area,

temperature length and volume
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Chemical Properties
is the ability of a substance to form new substances, either by reaction with other
substances or by decomposition.
For example, ‘Hydrogen gas burns in oxygen gas to form water’ describes a chemical
property of hydrogen, because to observe this property we must carry out a chemical
change (chemical reaction), in this case burning.
After the chemical change, the original chemical substance, the hydrogen gas, will
have vanished, and all that will be left is a different chemical substance-water.
Changes of Matter
Matter can undergo two types of changes:
Physical change Chemical change
Reversible Irreversible
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Physical Changes
are changes in physical properties (such as size, shape, and density) or changes
in the state of matter without an accompanying change in composition. The
changing of ice into water and water into steam are physical changes from one
state of matter into another. No new substances are formed in these physical
changes.
There are six ways a substance can change between these three states and these
processes are reversible and each transfer between states differently:
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Chemical Changes
In a chemical change, new substances are formed that have different

properties and composition from the original material. When a pure copper
wire is heated in a burner flame, the appearance of the copper changes
from coppery metallic to glowing red and by cooling it becomes a black
material. This black material is a new substance called copper(II) oxide.
Water can be chemically decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen by passing

electricity through it in a process called electrolysis. Hydrogen collects at one
electrode while oxygen collects at the other. The composition and the
physical appearance of the hydrogen and the oxygen are quite different from
those of water.
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05/07/1445

Chemistry is the science of the composition, structure, properties,

Chemistry is often called the central science because a basic knowledge of

Chemists generally use standardized symbols and equations in recording

A pure substance is a form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition

An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances

compound is a pure substance composed of atoms of two or more elements

A mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances in which the

Homogeneous mixture in which the composition of the mixture is the same

An example of a solution is a sports drink, consisting of water, sugar, colouring,

Heterogeneous mixture in which the composition of the mixture is not uniform.

Physical States of Matter

water is an ideal example: Ice is a solid water-molecules are held together

Properties are classified as either:

Physical properties Chemical properties

A physical property can be measured and observed without changing the

extensive property intensive property

its measured value does not depend

Examples: Density and Examples: mass, area,

Matter can undergo two types of changes:

Physical change Chemical change

In a chemical change, new substances are formed that have different

Water can be chemically decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen by passing

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