Geo Chapter 6

Polygons and
Quadrilaterals
6A Polygons and
Parallelograms
Lab Construct Regular Polygons
6-1 Properties and Attributes of
Polygons
Lab Explore Properties of
Parallelograms
6-2 Properties of Parallelograms
6-3 Conditions for Parallelograms
6B Other Special
Quadrilaterals
6-4 Properties of Special
Parallelograms
Lab Predict Conditions for Special
Parallelograms
6-5 Conditions for Special
Parallelograms
Lab Explore Isosceles Trapezoids
6-6 Properties of Kites and
Trapezoids
Divide and Conquer

Some of the trickiest puzzles are
based on simple polygonal shapes.
You can use polygons to solve and
create a variety of puzzles.
KEYWORD: MG7 ChProj
376 Chapter 6
Vocabulary
Match each term on the left with a definition on the right.
1. exterior angle A. lines that intersect to form right angles
2. parallel lines B. lines in the same plane that do not intersect
3. perpendicular lines C. two angles of a polygon that share a side
4. polygon D. a closed plane figure formed by three or more segments
that intersect only at their endpoints
5. quadrilateral
E. a four-sided polygon
F. an angle formed by one side of a polygon and the extension
of a consecutive side
Triangle Sum Theorem

Find the value of x.
6. 7. �� 8. �� 9. ��
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Parallel Lines and Transversals

Find the measure of each numbered angle.
10. 11. 12.
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Special Right Triangles

Find the value of x. Give the answer in simplest radical form.
13. � 14. 15. � 16. ��
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Conditional Statements
Tell whether the given statement is true or false. Write the converse. Tell whether the
converse is true or false.
17. If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.
18. If two angles are congruent, then they are right angles.
19. If a triangle is a scalene triangle, then it is an acute triangle.
Polygons and Quadrilaterals 377

Key
Vocabulary/Vocabulario
Previously, you
concave cóncavo
• learned properties of
triangles. diagonal diagonal
• studied properties of parallel isosceles trapezoid trapecio isósceles

and perpendicular lines.
kite cometa
• classified triangles based on
their side lengths and angle parallelogram paralelogramo
measures.
rectangle rectángulo
• wrote proofs involving
congruent triangles. regular polygon polígono regular
rhombus rombo
square cuadrado
trapezoid trapecio
You will study

• properties of polygons. Vocabulary Connections
• properties of special
quadrilaterals. To become familiar with some of the
• how to show that a polygon is vocabulary terms in the chapter, consider
a special quadrilateral. the following. You may refer to the chapter,
the glossary, or a dictionary if you like.
• how to write proofs involving
special quadrilaterals. 1. The word concave is made up of two
parts: con and cave. Sketch a polygon
that looks like it caves in.
2. In Greek, dia means “through” or
“across,” and gonia means “angle”
or “corner.” How can you use
You can use the skills these meanings to understand the
learned in this chapter term diagonal ?
• to find areas and volumes 3. If a triangle is isosceles, then it has
in geometry, algebra, and two congruent legs. What do you think
advanced math courses. is a special property of an isosceles
• to study motion and trapezoid ?
mechanics in physics courses. 4. A parallelogram has four sides.
• to use devices such as What do you think is a special property
cameras and binoculars and of the sides of a parallelogram?
to work on hobbies and craft
projects outside of school. 5. One of the meanings of the word regular
is “orderly.” What do you think the
term regular polygon means?
378 Chapter 6
Writing Strategy:
Write a Convincing Argument
Throughout this book, the icon identifies
exercises that require you to write an explanation
or argument to support an idea. Your response to a
Write About It exercise shows that you have a solid
From Lesso
understanding of the mathematical concept. n 5-4
36. Write A
To be effective, a written argument should contain bout It
An isosceles tr
• a clear statement of your mathematical claim. iangle
has two congr
uent
• evidence or reasoning that supports your claim. sides. Does it
also
have two con
gruent
midsegments
?
Explain.
Step 1 Make a statement of your mathematical claim.

Draw a sketch to investigate the properties of the midsegments of
an isosceles triangle. You will find that the midsegments parallel
to the legs of the isosceles triangle are congruent.
Claim: The midsegments parallel to the legs of an isosceles triangle
are congruent.
Step 2 Give evidence to support your claim.

Identify any properties or theorems that support your claim. In this case,
the Triangle Midsegment Theorem states that the length of a midsegment
of a triangle is __12 the length of the parallel side.
To clarify your argument, label your diagram and use it in your response.
Step 3 Write a complete response.

Yes, the two midsegments parallel to the legs of an isosceles triangle
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
are congruent. Suppose △ABC is isosceles with AB ≅ AC. XZ and YZ
are midsegments of △ABC. By the Triangle Midsegment Theorem,
̶̶ ̶̶
XZ = __12 AC and YZ = __12 AB. Since AB ≅ AC, AB = AC. So __12 AB = __12 AC
by the Multiplication Property of Equality. By substitution,
̶̶ ̶̶
XZ = YZ, so XZ ≅ YZ.
Try This
Write a convincing argument.
1. Compare the circumcenter and the incenter of a triangle.
2. If you know the side lengths of a triangle, how do you determine

which angle is the largest?
Polygons and Quadrilaterals 379

6-1
Construct Regular Polygons
In Chapter 4, you learned that an equilateral triangle is a triangle with three
congruent sides. You also learned that an equilateral triangle is equiangular,
meaning that all its angles are congruent.
In this lab, you will construct polygons that are both equilateral and
equiangular by inscribing them in circles.
Use with Lesson 6-1
Activity 1
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̶̶
1 Construct circle P. Draw a diameter AC.
̶̶
2 Construct the perpendicular bisector of AC. Label the intersections
� �
of the bisector and the circle as B and D. �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
3 Draw AB, BC, CD, and DA. The polygon ABCD is a regular quadrilateral.
This means it is a four-sided polygon that has four congruent sides and �
four congruent angles.
Try This
1. Describe a different method for constructing a regular quadrilateral.
2. The regular quadrilateral in Activity 1 is inscribed in the circle. What is the
relationship between the circle and the regular quadrilateral?
3. A regular octagon is an eight-sided polygon that has eight congruent sides
and eight congruent angles. Use angle bisectors to construct a regular octagon
from a regular quadrilateral.
Activity 2
1 Construct circle P. Draw a point A on the circle.
� �
2 Use the same compass setting. Starting at A, draw arcs to mark off
equal parts along the circle. Label the other points where the arcs
�
intersect the circle as B, C, D, E, and F. � �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
3 Draw AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, and FA. The polygon ABCDEF is a regular
hexagon. This means it is a six-sided polygon that has six congruent � �
sides and six congruent angles.
Try This
4. Justify the conclusion that ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. (Hint: Draw
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
diameters AD, BE, and CF. What types of triangles are formed?)
5. A regular dodecagon is a 12-sided polygon that has 12 congruent sides and
12 congruent angles. Use the construction of a regular hexagon to construct
a regular dodecagon. Explain your method.
380 Chapter 6 Polygons and Quadrilaterals

Activity 3
̶̶
1 Construct circle P. Draw a diameter AB.
̶̶
2 Construct the perpendicular bisector of AB. Label one point where the bisector
intersects the circle as point E.
̶̶
3 Construct the midpoint of radius PB. Label it as point C.
4 Set your compass to the length CE. Place the compass point at C and draw an arc
̶̶
that intersects AB. Label the point of intersection D.
5 Set the compass to the length ED. Starting at E, draw arcs to mark off equal parts
along the circle. Label the other points where the arcs intersect the circle as F, G,
H, and J.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
6 Draw EF, FG, GH, HJ, and JE. The polygon EFGHJ is a regular pentagon.
This means it is a five-sided polygon that has five congruent sides and
five congruent angles.
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� � � �
� � � � � � � �
� � � � � � � � � � �
� � � �
Steps 1–3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6
Try This
6. A regular decagon is a ten-sided polygon that has ten congruent sides and
ten congruent angles. Use the construction of a regular pentagon to construct
a regular decagon. Explain your method.
7. Measure each angle of the regular polygons in Activities 1–3 and complete the
following table.
REGULAR POLYGONS
Number of Sides 3 4 5 6
Measure of Each Angle 60°
Sum of Angle Measures 180°
8. Make a Conjecture What is a general rule for finding the sum of the angle
measures in a regular polygon with n sides?
9. Make a Conjecture What is a general rule for finding the measure of each angle
in a regular polygon with n sides?
6-1 Geometry Lab 381

6-1 Properties and
Attributes of Polygons
Objectives Why learn this?
Classify polygons based The opening that lets light
on their sides and angles. into a camera lens is created
Find and use the by an aperture, a set of
measures of interior blades whose edges may form
and exterior angles a polygon. (See Example 5.)
of polygons.
In Lesson 2-4, you learned
Vocabulary
the definition of a polygon.
side of a polygon
vertex of a polygon Now you will learn about the
diagonal parts of a polygon and about
regular polygon ways to classify polygons.
concave
convex Each segment that forms a polygon
Number Name of
is a side of the polygon . The common
of Sides Polygon
endpoint of two sides is a vertex of the
polygon . A segment that connects any 3 Triangle
two nonconsecutive vertices is a diagonal . 4 Quadrilateral
5 Pentagon
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6 Hexagon
�� 7 Heptagon
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�� 9 Nonagon
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10 Decagon
You can name a polygon by the number 12 Dodecagon
of its sides. The table shows the n n-gon
names of some common polygons.
Polygon ABCDE is a pentagon.
EXAMPLE 1 Identifying Polygons

Tell whether each figure is a polygon. If it is a polygon, name it by the
number of its sides.
A polygon is a A B C
closed plane figure
formed by three or
more segments that
intersect only at
their endpoints. polygon, pentagon not a polygon polygon, octagon
Tell whether each figure is a polygon. If it is a polygon,

name it by the number of its sides.
1a. 1b. 1c.
All the sides are congruent in an equilateral polygon. All the angles are congruent
in an equiangular polygon. A regular polygon is one that is both equilateral and
equiangular. If a polygon is not regular, it is called irregular.

A polygon is concave if any part of a diagonal
contains points in the exterior of the polygon.
If no diagonal contains points in the exterior,
then the polygon is convex . A regular polygon ��
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is always convex.
EXAMPLE 2 Classifying Polygons

Tell whether each polygon is regular or irregular. Tell whether it is concave
or convex.
A B C
irregular, convex regular, convex irregular, concave
Tell whether each polygon is regular or irregular. Tell whether it

is concave or convex.
2a. 2b.
To find the sum of the interior angle measures of a convex polygon, draw all
possible diagonals from one vertex of the polygon. This creates a set of triangles.
The sum of the angle measures of all the triangles equals the sum of the angle
measures of the polygon.
By the Triangle
Sum Theorem, the
sum of the interior
angle measures of
a triangle is 180°.
��
Sum of Interior
Polygon Number of Sides Number of Triangles Angle Measures
Triangle 3 1 (1)180° = 180°
Quadrilateral 4 2 (2)180° = 360°
Pentagon 5 3 (3)180° = 540°
Hexagon 6 4 (4)180° = 720°
n-gon n n-2 (n - 2)180°
In each convex polygon, the number of triangles formed is two less than the
number of sides n. So the sum of the angle measures of all these triangles
is (n - 2) 180°.
Theorem 6-1-1 Polygon Angle Sum Theorem
The sum of the interior angle measures of a convex polygon

with n sides is (n - 2)180°.
6- 1 Properties and Attributes of Polygons 383

EXAMPLE 3 Finding Interior Angle Measures and Sums in Polygons
A Find the sum of the interior angle measures of a convex octagon.

(n - 2)180° Polygon ∠ Sum Thm.
(8 - 2)180° An octagon has 8 sides, so substitute 8 for n.
1080° Simplify.
B Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular nonagon.

Step 1 Find the sum of the interior angle measures.
(n - 2)180° Polygon ∠ Sum Thm.
(9 - 2)180° = 1260° Substitute 9 for n and simplify.
Step 2 Find the measure of one interior angle.
1260° = 140°
_ The int.  are ≅, so divide by 9.
9
C Find the measure of each interior angle of � �
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quadrilateral PQRS.
(4 - 2)180° = 360° Polygon ∠ Sum Thm. ��
m∠P + m∠Q + m∠R + m∠S = 360° Polygon ∠ Sum Thm. � �
c + 3c + c + 3c = 360 Substitute.
8c = 360 Combine like terms.
c = 45 Divide both sides by 8.
m∠P = m∠R = 45°
m∠Q = m∠S = 3 (45°) = 135°
3a. Find the sum of the interior angle measures of a convex 15-gon.
3b. Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular decagon.
In the polygons below, an exterior angle has been measured at each vertex.
Notice that in each case, the sum of the exterior angle measures is 360°.
An exterior angle is ��

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formed by one side ��
of a polygon and ��
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the extension of a
consecutive side. ��
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Theorem 6-1-2 Polygon Exterior Angle Sum Theorem
The sum of the exterior angle measures, one angle at each vertex, of a convex
polygon is 360°.
EXAMPLE 4 Finding Exterior Angle Measures in Polygons
A Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular hexagon.

A hexagon has 6 sides and 6 vertices.
sum of ext.  = 360° Polygon Ext. ∠ Sum Thm.
360° = 60°
measure of one ext. ∠ = _ A regular hexagon has 6 ≅ ext. ,
6
so divide the sum by 6.
The measure of each exterior angle of a regular hexagon is 60°.

B Find the value of a
� ��
in polygon RSTUV. ��
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7a° + 2a° + 3a° + 6a° + 2a° = 360° Polygon Ext. ∠ Sum Thm.
20a = 360 Combine like terms.
a = 18 Divide both sides by 20.
4a. Find the measure of each exterior �

angle of a regular dodecagon. ��
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4b. Find the value of r in polygon JKLM. �
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EXAMPLE 5 Photography Application

The aperture of the camera is
formed by ten blades. The blades
overlap to form a regular decagon.
What is the measure of ∠CBD? �
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∠CBD is an exterior angle of a �
regular decagon. By the Polygon
Exterior Angle Sum Theorem,
the sum of the exterior angle
measures is 360°.
360° = 36°
m∠CBD = _ A regular decagon has 10 ≅ ext.  ,
10
so divide the sum by 10.
5. What if…? Suppose the shutter were formed by 8 blades.

What would the measure of each exterior angle be?
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. Draw a concave pentagon and a convex pentagon. Explain the
difference between the two figures.
2. Explain why you cannot use the expression ____
360°
n to find the measure of
an exterior angle of an irregular n-gon.
3. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete the graphic organizer. In each
cell, write the formula for finding the indicated value for a regular
convex polygon with n sides.
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6-1
Exercises KEYWORD: MG7 6-1
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
1. Vocabulary Explain why an equilateral polygon is not necessarily a regular polygon.
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Tell whether each outlined shape is a polygon. If it is a polygon, name it by the
p. 382 number of its sides.
2. 3. 4. 5.
SEE EXAMPLE 2 Tell whether each polygon is regular or irregular. Tell whether it is concave or convex.
p. 383 6. 7. 8.
SEE EXAMPLE 3 9. Find the measure of each interior angle of pentagon ABCDE. �
p. 384 10. Find the measure of each interior angle of ��
�
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a regular dodecagon.
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11. Find the sum of the interior angle ��
measures of a convex 20-gon. ��
� �
� �
��
SEE EXAMPLE 4 12. Find the value of y in polygon JKLM. � ��
p. 384 �
13. Find the measure of each exterior �
� �
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angle of a regular pentagon. �
SEE EXAMPLE 5 Safety Use the photograph of the traffic sign for
p. 385 Exercises 14 and 15. � �
14. Name the polygon by the number of its sides.
15. In the polygon, ∠P, ∠R, and ∠T are right angles,
and ∠Q ≅ ∠S. What are m∠Q and m∠S? � �
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Independent Practice Tell whether each figure is a polygon. If it is a polygon, name it by the number
For See of its sides.
Exercises Example
16–18 1 16. 17. 18.
19–21 2
22–24 3
25–26 4
27–28 5
Tell whether each polygon is regular or irregular. Tell whether it is concave or convex.
Extra Practice
Skills Practice p. S14
19. 20. 21.
Application Practice p. S33

22. Find the measure of each interior angle of quadrilateral RSTV. �
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23. Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular 18-gon. �
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24. Find the sum of the interior angle measures of a convex heptagon.
��
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25. Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular nonagon.
26. A pentagon has exterior angle measures of
5a°, 4a°, 10a°, 3a°, and 8a°. Find the value of a.
� �
Crafts The folds on the lid of the gift box form a
�
regular hexagon. Find each measure.
27. m∠JKM
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28. m∠MKL
Algebra Find the value of x in each figure.

29. 30. �� 31.
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Find the number of sides a regular polygon must have to meet each condition.
32. Each interior angle measure equals each exterior angle measure.
33. Each interior angle measure is four times the measure of each exterior angle.
34. Each exterior angle measure is one eighth the measure of each interior angle.
Name the convex polygon whose interior angle measures have each given sum.
35. 540° 36. 900° 37. 1800° 38. 2520°
Multi-Step An exterior angle measure of a regular polygon is given. Find the

number of its sides and the measure of each interior angle.
39. 120° 40. 72° 41. 36° 42. 24°
43. /////ERROR ANALYSIS///// Which conclusion is incorrect?
Explain the error.
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44. Estimation Graph the polygon formed by the points A(-2, -6), B(-4, -1),
C(-1, 2), D(4, 0), and E(3, -5). Estimate the measure of each interior angle.
Make a conjecture about whether the polygon is equiangular. Now measure each
interior angle with a protractor. Was your conjecture correct?
45. This problem will prepare you for the Multi-Step Test Prep on page 406.
In this quartz crystal, m∠A = 95°, m∠B = 125°,
�
m∠E = m∠D = 130°, and ∠C ≅ ∠F ≅ ∠G. �
�
a. Name polygon ABCDEFG by the number of sides.
�
b. What is the sum of the interior angle measures �
of ABCDEFG? �
�
c. Find m∠F.

46. The perimeter of a regular polygon is 45 inches. The length of one side
is 7.5 inches. Name the polygon by the number of its sides.
Draw an example of each figure.

47. a regular quadrilateral 48. an irregular concave heptagon
49. an irregular convex pentagon 50. an equilateral polygon that is not equiangular
51. Write About It Use the terms from the lesson to describe
the figure as specifically as possible.
52. Critical Thinking What geometric figure does a regular
polygon begin to resemble as the number of sides increases?
53. Which terms describe the figure shown?

I. quadrilateral II. concave III. regular
I only I and II
II only I and III
54. Which statement is NOT true about a regular 16-gon?

It is a convex polygon.
It has 16 congruent sides.
The sum of the interior angle measures is 2880°.
The sum of the exterior angles, one at each vertex, is 360°.
55. In polygon ABCD, m∠A = 49°, m∠B = 107°, and m∠C = 2m∠D. What is m∠C?
24° 68° 102° 136°
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND

56. The interior angle measures of a convex pentagon are consecutive multiples of 4.
Find the measure of each interior angle.
57. Polygon PQRST is a regular pentagon. Find the values of x, y, and z. �
58. Multi-Step Polygon ABCDEFGHJK is a regular decagon.
̶̶ ̶̶ ��
Sides AB and DE are extended so that they meet at point L � ��
in the exterior of the polygon. Find m∠BLD.
59. Critical Thinking Does the Polygon Angle Sum Theorem work
��
for concave polygons? Draw a sketch to support your answer.
� �
SPIRAL REVIEW
Solve by factoring. (Previous course)
60. x 2 + 3x - 10 = 0 61. x 2 - x - 12 = 0 62. x 2 - 12x = -35
The lengths of two sides of a triangle are given. Find the range of possible lengths
for the third side. (Lesson 5-5)
63. 4, 4 64. 6, 12 65. 3, 7
Find each side length for a 30°-60°-90° triangle. (Lesson 5-8)

66. the length of the hypotenuse when the length of the shorter leg is 6
67. the length of the longer leg when the length of the hypotenuse is 10

Relations and Functions
Algebra Many numeric relationships in geometry can be represented by algebraic
relations. These relations may or may not be functions, depending on
their domain and range.
See Skills Bank
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. All the first coordinates in the set of
page S61
ordered pairs are the domain of the relation. All the second coordinates
are the range of the relation.
A function is a type of relation that pairs each element in the domain with
exactly one element in the range.
Example
Give the domain and range of the relation y = _
6
. Tell whether the relation is a function.
x-6
Step 1 Make a table of values for the relation.
x -6 0 5 6 7 12
y -0.5 -1 -6 Undefined 6 1
Step 2 Plot the points and connect them �

with smooth curves. �
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Step 3 Identify the domain and range.

Since y is undefined at x = 6, the domain of the relation is the set of all real
numbers except 6. Since there is no x-value such that y = 0, the range of
the relation is the set of all real numbers except 0.
Step 4 Determine whether the relation is a function.

From the graph, you can see that only one y-value exists for each x-value,
so the relation is a function.
Try This
Give the domain and range of each relation. Tell whether the relation is a function.
(x - 2)180
1. y = (x - 2)180 2. y = 360 3. y = _ x
360
4. y = _ 5. x = 3y - 10 6. x 2 + y 2 = 9
x
7. x = -2 8. y = x 2 + 4 9. -x + 8y = 5
Connecting Geometry to Algebra 389

6-2
Explore Properties
of Parallelograms
In this lab you will investigate the relationships among the angles and sides
of a special type of quadrilateral called a parallelogram. You will need to
apply the Transitive Property of Congruence. That is, if figure A ≅ figure B
Use with Lesson 6-2 and figure B ≅ figure C, then figure A ≅ figure C.
Activity
1 Use opposite sides of an index card to draw a set of
parallel lines on a piece of patty paper. Then use opposite
sides of a ruler to draw a second set of parallel lines that
intersects the first. Label the points of intersection A, B,
C, and D, in that order. Quadrilateral ABCD has two pairs
of parallel sides. It is a parallelogram.
2 Place a second piece of patty paper over the first and trace
ABCD. Label the points that correspond to A, B, C, and D
as Q, R, S, and T, in that order. The parallelograms ABCD
and QRST are congruent. Name all the pairs of congruent
corresponding sides and angles.
̶̶ ̶̶
3 Lay ABCD over QRST so that AB overlays ST. What do
you notice about their lengths? What does this tell
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
you about AB and CD? Now move ABCD so that DA
̶̶
overlays RS. What do you notice about their lengths?
̶̶ ̶̶
What does this tell you about DA and BC?
4 Lay ABCD over QRST so that ∠A overlays ∠S. What do

you notice about their measures? What does this tell
you about ∠A and ∠C? Now move ABCD so that ∠B
overlays ∠T. What do you notice about their measures?
What does this tell you about ∠B and ∠D?
̶̶ ̶̶
5 Arrange the pieces of patty paper so that RS overlays AD.
̶̶ ̶̶
What do you notice about QR and AB? What does this
tell you about ∠A and ∠R? What can you conclude about
∠A and ∠B?
̶̶ ̶̶
6 Draw diagonals AC and BD. Fold ABCD so that A matches
C, making a crease. Unfold the paper and fold it again
so that B matches D, making another crease. What do
you notice about the creases? What can you conclude
about the diagonals?
Try This
1. Repeat the above steps with a different parallelogram. Do you get the
same results?
2. Make a Conjecture How do you think the sides of a parallelogram are
related to each other? the angles? the diagonals? Write your conjectures
as conditional statements.

Objectives Who uses this?

Prove and apply Race car designers can use
properties of a parallelogram-shaped
parallelograms. linkage to keep the
Use properties of wheels of the car vertical
parallelograms to on uneven surfaces.
solve problems. (See Example 1.)
Vocabulary
Any polygon with four sides
parallelogram
is a quadrilateral. However,
some quadrilaterals have
special properties. These special
quadrilaterals are given their own names.
A quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides is a parallelogram . To write the

name of a parallelogram, you use the symbol .
Opposite sides of
a quadrilateral do � �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
not share a vertex. Parallelogram ABCD AB ǁ CD, BC ǁ DA
Opposite angles do ABCD
not share a side. � �
Theorem 6-2-1 Properties of Parallelograms
THEOREM HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSION

If a quadrilateral is a � � ̶̶ ̶̶
parallelogram, then its AB ≅ CD
̶̶ ̶̶
opposite sides are congruent. BC ≅ DA
( → opp. sides ≅) � �
PROOF Theorem 6-2-1 � �

� �
Given: JKLM is a parallelogram.
̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
Prove: JK ≅ LM, KL ≅ MJ � �
Proof: � �
Statements Reasons
1. JKLM is a parallelogram. 1. Given

̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
2. JK ǁ LM, KL ǁ MJ 2. Def. of 
3. ∠1 ≅ ∠2, ∠3 ≅ ∠4 3. Alt. Int.  Thm.
̶̶ ̶̶
4. JL ≅ JL 4. Reflex. Prop. of ≅
5. △JKL ≅ △LMJ 5. ASA Steps 3, 4
̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
6. JK ≅ LM, KL ≅ MJ 6. CPCTC
6- 2 Properties of Parallelograms 391

Theorems Properties of Parallelograms

6-2-2 If a quadrilateral is a � �
parallelogram, then ∠A ≅ ∠C
its opposite angles are
congruent. � � ∠B ≅ ∠D
( → opp.  ≅)
6-2-3 If a quadrilateral is a � � m∠A + m∠B = 180°
parallelogram, then its m∠B + m∠C = 180°
consecutive angles are
supplementary. � � m∠C + m∠D = 180°
( → cons.  supp.) m∠D + m∠A = 180°
6-2-4 If a quadrilateral is a � � ̶̶ ̶̶
parallelogram, then its � AZ ≅ CZ
diagonals bisect each ̶̶ ̶̶
BZ ≅ DZ
other. ( → diags. � �
bisect each other)
You will prove Theorems 6-2-3 and 6-2-4 in Exercises 45 and 44.
EXAMPLE 1 Racing Application

The diagram shows the parallelogram-shaped
linkage that joins the frame of a race car R
to one wheel of the car. In PQRS,
QR = 48 cm, RT = 30 cm, and m∠QPS = 73°. Q
Find each measure. T
A PS S
̶̶ ̶̶
PS ≅ QR  → opp. sides ≅
P
PS = QR Def. of ≅ segs.
PS = 48 cm Substitute 48 for QR.
B m∠PQR
m∠PQR + m∠QPS = 180°  → cons.  supp.
m∠PQR + 73 = 180 Substitute 73 for m∠QPS.
m∠PQR = 107° Subtract 73 from both sides.
C PT
̶̶ ̶̶
PT ≅ RT  → diags. bisect each other
PT = RT Def. of ≅ segs.
PT = 30 cm Substitute 30 for RT.
In KLMN, LM = 28 in.,
LN = 26 in., and m∠LKN = 74°.
Find each measure. �
1a. KN �
1b. m∠NML � �
1c. LO
�

EXAMPLE 2 Using Properties of Parallelograms to Find Measures
ABCD is a parallelogram. Find each measure. ��
� �
��
A AD
̶̶ ̶̶
AD ≅ BC  → opp. sides ≅
AD = BC Def. of ≅ segs.
7x = 5x + 19 Substitute the given values.
2x = 19 Subtract 5x from both sides. ��
� �
x = 9.5 Divide both sides by 2. ��
AD = 7x = 7 (9.5) = 66.5
B m∠B
m∠A + m∠B = 180°  → cons.  supp.
(10y - 1) + (6y + 5) = 180 Substitute the given values.
16y + 4 = 180 Combine like terms.
16y = 176 Subtract 4 from both sides.
y = 11 Divide both sides by 16.
m∠B = (6y + 5)° = ⎡⎣6 (11) + 5⎤⎦° = 71°
EFGH is a parallelogram. � �
��
Find each measure. ��
��
2a. JG ��
2b. FH � �
EXAMPLE 3 Parallelograms in the Coordinate Plane

Three vertices of ABCD are A(1, -2), B(-2, 3),
and D(5, -1). Find the coordinates of vertex C.
Since ABCD is a parallelogram, both pairs of
opposite sides must be parallel.
Step 1 Graph the given points. �
� �
̶̶
Step 2 Find the slope of AB by counting � ��
When you are
the units from A to B. ��
drawing a figure in
the coordinate plane,
The rise from -2 to 3 is 5. � �
the name ABCD The run from 1 to -2 is -3.
��
gives the order of Step 3 Start at D and count the same �
the vertices. number of units. ��
A rise of 5 from -1 is 4.
A run of -3 from 5 is 2. Label (2, 4) as vertex C.
̶̶ ̶̶
Step 4 Use the slope formula to verify that BC ǁ AD.
̶̶ 4-3 =_ 1
slope of BC = _
(
2 - -2 ) 4
̶̶ -1 - (-2) 1
slope of AD = _ = _
5-1 4
The coordinates of vertex C are (2, 4).
3. Three vertices of PQRS are P(-3, -2), Q(-1, 4), and S(5, 0).
Find the coordinates of vertex R.

EXAMPLE 4 Using Properties of Parallelograms in a Proof
Write a two-column proof. � �
�
A Theorem 6-2-2
Given: ABCD is a parallelogram.
� �
Prove: ∠BAD ≅ ∠DCB, ∠ABC ≅ ∠CDA
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. ABCD is a parallelogram. 1. Given

̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶
2. AB ≅ CD, DA ≅ BC 2.  → opp. sides ≅
̶̶ ̶̶
3. BD ≅ BD 3. Reflex. Prop. of ≅
4. △BAD ≅ △DCB 4. SSS Steps 2, 3
5. ∠BAD ≅ ∠DCB 5. CPCTC
̶̶ ̶̶
6. AC ≅ AC 6. Reflex. Prop. of ≅
7. △ABC ≅ △CDA 7. SSS Steps 2, 6
8. ∠ABC ≅ ∠CDA 8. CPCTC
B Given: GHJN and JKLM are �

�
parallelograms. H and M are
�
collinear. N and K are collinear. � �
Prove: ∠G ≅ ∠L
� �
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. GHJN and JKLM are parallelograms. 1. Given

2. ∠HJN ≅ ∠G, ∠MJK ≅ ∠L 2.  → opp.  ≅
3. ∠HJN ≅ ∠MJK 3. Vert.  Thm.
4. ∠G ≅ ∠L 4. Trans. Prop. of ≅
4. Use the figure in Example 4B to write a two-column proof.

Given: GHJN and JKLM are parallelograms.
H and M are collinear. N and K are collinear.
Prove: ∠N ≅ ∠K
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. The measure of one angle of a parallelogram is � �
71°. What are the measures of the other angles? �
2. In VWXY, VW = 21, and WY = 36. Find as
many other measures as you can.
� �
Justify your answers.
3. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete the graphic organizer. In each
cell, draw a figure with markings that represents the given property.
��
��
��

6-2
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
Vocabulary Apply the vocabulary from this lesson to answer each question.
1. Explain why the figure at right is NOT a parallelogram.
2. Draw PQRS. Name the opposite sides and opposite angles.
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Safety The handrail is made from congruent

p. 392 parallelograms. In ABCD, AB = 17.5, DE = 18, �
and m∠BCD = 110°. Find each measure.
3. BD 4. CD �
� �
5. BE 6. m∠ABC
7. m∠ADC 8. m∠DAB �
SEE EXAMPLE 2 JKLM is a parallelogram. Find each measure. � �

��
p. 393 9. JK 10. LM ��
��
11. m∠L 12. m∠M ��
� �
SEE EXAMPLE 3 13. Multi-Step Three vertices of DFGH are D(-9, 4), F(-1, 5), and G(2, 0).
p. 393 Find the coordinates of vertex H.
�
SEE EXAMPLE 4 14. Write a two-column proof.
̶̶ ̶̶ � �
p. 394 Given: PSTV is a parallelogram. PQ ≅ RQ
Prove: ∠STV ≅ ∠R � �
�
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING �

Independent Practice Shipping Cranes can be used to load
For See cargo onto ships. In JKLM, JL = 165.8,
Exercises Example
JK = 110, and m∠JML = 50°. Find the
15–20 1 � �
measure of each part of the crane. �
21–24 2
25 3 15. JN 16. LM
26 4 17. LN 18. m∠JKL
Extra Practice 19. m∠KLM 20. m∠MJK

Skills Practice p. S14
�
WXYZ is a parallelogram. Find each measure. � ��

��
21. WV 22. YW
� � � ��
��
23. XZ 24. ZV � �
25. Multi-Step Three vertices of PRTV are P(-4, -4), R(-10, 0),
and V(5, -1). Find the coordinates of vertex T.
� �
26. Write a two-column proof.
Given: ABCD and AFGH are parallelograms. � �
Prove: ∠C ≅ ∠G � �
�

Algebra The perimeter of PQRS is 84. Find the length of each side of PQRS
under the given conditions.
27. PQ = QR 28. QR = 3(RS) 29. RS = SP - 7 30. SP = RS 2
31. Cars To repair a large truck, a mechanic
might use a parallelogram lift. In the lift,
̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
FG ≅ GH ≅ LK ≅ KJ, and FL ≅ GK ≅ HJ.
a. Which angles are congruent to ∠1?
Justify your answer. � �
�
� � �
b. What is the relationship between �
� �
� �
∠1 and each of the remaining �
� �
labeled angles? Justify your answer.
Complete each statement about KMPR. Justify your answer. � �

̶̶̶ �
32. ∠MPR ≅ ? 33. ∠PRK ≅ ? 34. MT ≅ ?
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶̶
35. PR ≅ ? 36. MP ǁ ? 37. MK ǁ ? � �
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
38. ∠MPK ≅ ? 39. ∠MTK ≅ ? 40. m∠MKR + m∠PRK = ?
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
Find the values of x, y, and z in each parallelogram.

41. �� 42. �� 43. ��
��
��
44. Complete the paragraph proof of Theorem 6-2-4 � �

by filling in the blanks. � �
�
Given: ABCD is a parallelogram.
̶̶ ̶̶ � �
Prove: AC and BD bisect each other at E. � �
Proof: It is given that ABCD is a parallelogram. By the definition of a parallelogram,
̶̶
AB ǁ a. ? . By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem, ∠1 ≅ b. ? , and
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
∠3 ≅ c. ? . AB ≅ CD because d. ? . This means that △ABE ≅ △CDE
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
by e. ? . So by f. ? , AE ≅ CE, and BE ≅ DE. Therefore AC and BD
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
bisect each other at E by the definition of g. ? .
̶̶̶̶
45. Write a two-column proof of Theorem 6-2-3: If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram,
then its consecutive angles are supplementary.
Algebra Find the values of x and y in each parallelogram.

46. �� 47.
� ��
� � ��
��
48. This problem will prepare you for the Multi-Step Test �
Prep on page 406. �
In this calcite crystal, the face ABCD is a parallelogram.

a. In ABCD, m∠B = (6x + 12)°, and
m∠D = (9x - 33)°. Find m∠B.
b. Find m∠A and m∠C. Which theorem or theorems
�
did you use to find these angle measures? �

49. Critical Thinking Draw any parallelogram. Draw a second parallelogram whose
corresponding sides are congruent to the sides of the first parallelogram but
whose corresponding angles are not congruent to the angles of the first.
a. Is there an SSSS congruence postulate for parallelograms? Explain.
b. Remember the meaning of triangle rigidity. Is a parallelogram rigid? Explain.
50. Write About It Explain why every parallelogram is a quadrilateral but every
quadrilateral is not necessarily a parallelogram.
51. What is the value of x in PQRS? � �

��
15 30
20 70 ��
� �
52. The diagonals of JKLM intersect at Z. Which statement is true?

JL = KM JL = _1 KM 1 JZ
JL = _ JL = 2JZ
2 2
53. Gridded Response In ABCD, BC = 8.2, and CD = 5. What is the perimeter
of ABCD?

The coordinates of three vertices of a parallelogram are given. Give the coordinates
for all possible locations of the fourth vertex.
54. (0, 5), (4, 0), (8, 5) 55. (-2, 1), (3, -1), (-1, -4)
56. The feathers on an arrow form two congruent parallelograms ��
that share a common side. Each parallelogram is the reflection ��
of the other across the line they share. Show that y = 2x.
57. Prove that the bisectors of two consecutive angles
of a parallelogram are perpendicular.
SPIRAL REVIEW
Describe the correlation shown in each scatter plot as positive, negative,
or no correlation. (Previous course)
58. � 59. �
� �
� �
� �
� �
� �
� � � � � � � � � �
Classify each angle pair. (Lesson 3-1)

60. ∠2 and ∠7 61. ∠5 and ∠4 � � � �
� � � �
62. ∠6 and ∠7 63. ∠1 and ∠3
An interior angle measure of a regular polygon is given. Find the number of

sides and the measure of each exterior angle. (Lesson 6-1)
64. 120° 65. 135° 66. 156°

6-3 Conditions for
Parallelograms
Objective Who uses this?
Prove that a given A bird watcher can use a parallelogram
quadrilateral is a mount to adjust the height of a pair
parallelogram.
of binoculars without changing the
viewing angle. (See Example 4.)
You have learned to identify the properties

of a parallelogram. Now you will be given
the properties of a quadrilateral and
will have to tell if the quadrilateral is
a parallelogram. To do this, you can
use the definition of a parallelogram
or the conditions below.
Theorems Conditions for Parallelograms
THEOREM EXAMPLE
6-3-1 If one pair of opposite sides of a � �
quadrilateral are parallel and congruent,
then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
� �
(quad. with pair of opp. sides ǁ and ≅ → )
6-3-2 If both pairs of opposite sides of a
In the converse � �
quadrilateral are congruent, then the
of a theorem, the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
hypothesis and � �
conclusion are
(quad. with opp. sides ≅ → )
exchanged.
6-3-3 If both pairs of opposite angles of a
� �
quadrilateral are congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
� �
(quad. with opp.  ≅ → )
PROOF Theorem 6-3-1 � �

� �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
Given: KL ǁ MJ, KL ≅ MJ
Prove: JKLM is a parallelogram.
� �
Proof: � �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
It is given that KL ≅ MJ. Since KL ǁ MJ, ∠1 ≅ ∠2 by the
Alternate Interior Angles Theorem. By the Reflexive Property
̶̶ ̶̶
of Congruence, JL ≅ JL. So △JKL ≅ △LMJ by SAS. By CPCTC,
̶̶ ̶̶̶
∠3 ≅ ∠4, and JK ǁ LM by the Converse of the Alternate
Interior Angles Theorem. Since the opposite sides of JKLM
are parallel, JKLM is a parallelogram by definition.

The two theorems below can also be used to show that a given quadrilateral
is a parallelogram.
Theorems Conditions for Parallelograms
THEOREM EXAMPLE
6-3-4 If an angle of a quadrilateral is
� �
supplementary to both of its consecutive ��
angles, then the quadrilateral is
a parallelogram. ��
� �
(quad. with ∠ supp. to cons.  → )
6-3-5 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect � �
each other, then the quadrilateral �
is a parallelogram.
(quad. with diags. bisecting each � �
other → )
EXAMPLE 1 Verifying Figures are Parallelograms �

��
�
A Show that ABCD is a parallelogram ��
for x = 7 and y = 4. ��
Step 1 Find BC and DA. � �

��
BC = x + 14 Given DA = 3x
BC = 7 + 14 = 21 Substitute and simplify. DA = 3x = 3 (7) = 21
Step 2 Find AB and CD.
AB = 5y - 4 Given CD = 2y + 8
AB = 5 (4) - 4 = 16 Substitute and simplify. CD = 2 (4) + 8 = 16
Since BC = DA and AB = CD, ABCD is
a parallelogram by Theorem 6-3-2.
B Show that EFGH is a � �

��
parallelogram for z = 11
and w = 4.5.
��
� �
m∠F = (9z + 19)° Given
m∠F = ⎡⎣9 (11) + 19⎤⎦° = 118° Substitute 11 for z and simplify.
m∠H = (11z - 3)° Given
m∠H = ⎡⎣11 (11) - 3⎤⎦° = 118° Substitute 11 for z and simplify.
m∠G = (14w - 1)° Given
m∠G = ⎡⎣14 (4.5) - 1⎤⎦° = 62° Substitute 4.5 for w and simplify.
Since 118° + 62° = 180°, ∠G is supplementary to both ∠F and ∠H.

EFGH is a parallelogram by Theorem 6-3-4.
1. Show that PQRS is a � �

��
parallelogram for ��
a = 2.4 and b = 9.
� �
6- 3 Conditions for Parallelograms 399

EXAMPLE 2 Applying Conditions for Parallelograms
Determine if each quadrilateral must be a parallelogram. Justify your
answer.
A B
No. One pair of opposite Yes. The diagonals bisect each

sides are parallel. A different other. By Theorem 6-3-5,
pair of opposite sides are the quadrilateral is a
congruent. The conditions for parallelogram.
a parallelogram are not met.
Determine if each quadrilateral must be a parallelogram.

Justify your answer.
2a. 2b.
EXAMPLE 3 Proving Parallelograms in the Coordinate Plane

Show that quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram by using the given
definition or theorem.
A A(-3, 2), B(-2, 7), C(2, 4), D(1, -1); definition of parallelogram
Find the slopes of both pairs of opposite sides.
̶̶ 7-2 5 =5
slope of AB = _ =_ �
-2 - (-3) 1 �
To say that a ̶̶ -1 - 4 _
quadrilateral is a slope of CD = _ = -5 = 5
1-2 -1 � �
parallelogram by
definition, you must
̶̶ _
slope of BC = 4 - 7 =_ -3 = - 3_ � �
2 - (-2) 4 4 �
show that both pairs
of opposite sides ̶̶ 2 - (-1)
slope of DA = _ = _ 3 = -3 _ ��
�
�
are parallel. -3 - 1 -4 4
Since both pairs of opposite sides are

parallel, ABCD is a parallelogram by definition.
B F(-4, -2), G(-2, 2), H(4, 3), J(2, -1); Theorem 6-3-1
Find the slopes and lengths of one pair of opposite sides.
̶̶
slope of GH = _ 3-2 = 1 _ �
4 - (-2) 6 ��
�
̶̶ -2 - (-1)
slope of JF = _ = _ -1 = 1 _ �
-4 - 2 -6 6
��
GH = √⎡⎣
4 - (-2)⎤⎦2 + (3 - 2)2 = √37

�
��
��
JF = √
(-4 - 2)2 + ⎡⎣-2 - (-1)⎤⎦2 = √
37
̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶
GH and JF have the same slope, so GH ǁ JF.
̶̶̶ ̶̶
Since GH = JF, GH ≅ JF. So by Theorem 6-3-1,
FGHJ is a parallelogram.

3. Use the definition of a parallelogram to show that the
quadrilateral with vertices K(-3, 0), L(-5, 7), M(3, 5),
and N(5, -2) is a parallelogram.
You have learned several ways to determine whether a quadrilateral is a

parallelogram. You can use the given information about a figure to decide
which condition is best to apply.
Conditions for Parallelograms
To show that a Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel. (definition)

quadrilateral is a One pair of opposite sides are parallel and congruent. (Theorem 6-3-1)
parallelogram, you
only have to show Both pairs of opposite sides are congruent. (Theorem 6-3-2)
that it satisfies one Both pairs of opposite angles are congruent. (Theorem 6-3-3)
of these sets
of conditions. One angle is supplementary to both of its consecutive angles. (Theorem 6-3-4)
The diagonals bisect each other. (Theorem 6-3-5)
EXAMPLE 4 Bird-Watching Application
In the parallelogram mount, there are �

bolts at P, Q, R, and S such that PQ = RS
and QR = SP. The frame PQRS moves
when you raise or lower the binoculars. � �
Why is PQRS always a parallelogram?
When you move the binoculars, �
the angle measures change, but PQ, QR,
RS, and SP stay the same. So it is always
true that PQ = RS and QR = SP. Since �
both pairs of opposite sides of the
quadrilateral are congruent, PQRS is �
always a parallelogram.
4. The frame is attached to the tripod at points A and B such

that AB = RS and BR = SA. So ABRS is also a parallelogram.
How does this ensure that the angle of the binoculars
stays the same?
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. What do all the theorems in this lesson have in common?
2. How are the theorems in this lesson different from the theorems in
Lesson 6-2?
3. GET ORGANIZED Copy and ��
complete the graphic organizer. ��
In each box, write one of the six
conditions for a parallelogram.
Then sketch a parallelogram and
label it to show how it meets the condition.

6-3
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
SEE EXAMPLE 1 1. Show that EFGH is a parallelogram 2. Show that KLPQ is a parallelogram
p. 399 for s = 5 and t = 6. for m = 14 and n = 12.5.
� � �
��
��
��
� � ��
��
� � �
SEE EXAMPLE 2 Determine if each quadrilateral must be a parallelogram. Justify your answer.
p. 400 3. 4. 5.
SEE EXAMPLE 3 Show that the quadrilateral with the given vertices
p. 400 is a parallelogram.
6. W(-5, -2), X(-3, 3), Y(3, 5), Z(1, 0)
7. R(-1, -5), S(-2, -1), T(4, -1), U(5, -5)
SEE EXAMPLE 4 8. Navigation A parallel rule can be used

p. 401 to plot a course on a navigation chart.
� �
The tool is made of two rulers connected
̶̶
at hinges to two congruent crossbars AD
̶̶
and BC. You place the edge of one ruler on
your desired course and then move the
� �
second ruler over the compass rose on the
chart to read the bearing for your course.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
If AD ǁ BC, why is AB always parallel to CD ?

Independent Practice 9. Show that BCGH is a parallelogram 10. Show that TUVW is a parallelogram for
For See for x = 3.2 and y = 7. for a = 19.5 and b = 22.
Exercises Example
9–10 1 ��
� �
11–13 2 ��
��
14–15 3 ��
��
16 4 � �
��
Extra Practice
Skills Practice p. S14 Determine if each quadrilateral must be a parallelogram. Justify your answer.
Application Practice p. S33 11. 12. 13.
Show that the quadrilateral with the given vertices is a parallelogram.

14. J(-1, 0), K(-3, 7), L(2, 6), M(4, -1)
15. P(-8, -4), Q(-5, 1), R(1, -5), S(-2, -10)

16. Design The toolbox has cantilever trays �
that pull away from the box so that you
can reach the items beneath them. �
Two congruent brackets connect each �
tray to the box. Given that AD = BC,
̶̶ ̶̶ �
how do the brackets AB and CD keep
the tray horizontal?
Determine if each quadrilateral must be a parallelogram.

Justify your answer.
17. �� 18. 19. ��
��
��
��
��
Algebra Find the values of a and b that would make the quadrilateral
a parallelogram.
20. �� 21. ��
��
��
��
22. 23. ��

��
��
��
��
��
��
��
24. Critical Thinking Draw a quadrilateral that has congruent diagonals but
is not a parallelogram. What can you conclude about using congruent diagonals
as a condition for a parallelogram?
25. Social Studies The angles at the corners
of the flag of the Republic of the Congo
are right angles. The red and green triangles
are congruent isosceles right triangles.
Why is the shape of the yellow stripe a
parallelogram?
26. Complete the two-column proof of Theorem 6-3-2
by filling in the blanks.
̶̶ ̶̶
Given: AB ≅ CD, � �
̶̶ ̶̶ � �
BC ≅ DA
Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram. � �
� �
Proof:
Statements Reasons
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶
1. AB ≅ CD, BC ≅ DA 1. Given
̶̶ ̶̶
2. BD ≅ BD 2. a. ?
̶̶̶̶̶
3. △DAB ≅ b. ? 3. c. ?
̶̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶̶
4. ∠1 ≅ d. ? , ∠4 ≅ e. ? 4. CPCTC
̶̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶̶
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶
5. AB ǁ CD, BC ǁ DA 5. f. ?
̶̶̶̶̶
6. ABCD is a parallelogram. 6. g. ?
̶̶̶̶̶

27. Complete the paragraph proof of Theorem 6-3-4
by filling in the blanks. � �
Given: ∠P is supplementary to ∠Q.
∠P is supplementary to ∠S.
Prove: PQRS is a parallelogram. � �
Proof:
It is given that ∠P is supplementary to a. ? and b. ? .
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
Measurement By the Converse of the Same-Side Interior Angles Theorem,
̶̶ ̶̶
QR ǁ c. ? and PQ ǁ d. ? . So PQRS is a parallelogram
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
by the definition of e. ? . �
̶̶̶̶
28. Measurement In the eighteenth century, �
Gilles Personne de Roberval designed a scale
with two beams and two hinges. In ABCD, �
̶̶
E is the midpoint of AB, and F is the midpoint
̶̶
Ancient balance scales of CD. Write a paragraph proof that AEFD and
had one beam that EBCF are parallelograms.
�
moved on a single
hinge. The stress on the Prove each theorem. � � �
hinge often made the
scale imprecise. 29. Theorem 6-3-3 �
Given: ∠E ≅ ∠G, ∠F ≅ ∠H
� �
Prove: EFGH is a parallelogram.
Plan: Show that the sum of the interior angles of EFGH
is 360°. Then apply properties of equality to show that
m∠E + m∠F = 180° and m∠E + m∠H = 180°.
̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
Then you can conclude that EF ǁ GH and FG ǁ HE.
30. Theorem 6-3-5
̶̶ ̶̶̶ � �
Given: JL and KM bisect each other.
Prove: JKLM is a parallelogram. �
Plan: Show that △JNK ≅ △LNM and � �

△KNL ≅ △MNJ. Then use the fact that
̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
the corresponding angles are congruent to show JK ǁ LM and KL ǁ MJ.
31. Prove that the figure formed by two midsegments of a triangle and their
corresponding bases is a parallelogram.
32. Write About It Use the theorems from Lessons 6-2 and 6-3 to write three
biconditional statements about parallelograms.
33. Construction Explain how you can construct a parallelogram based on the
conditions of Theorem 6-3-1. Use your method to construct a parallelogram.
34. This problem will prepare you for the Multi-Step

Test Prep on page 406.
� �
A geologist made the following observations
while examining this amethyst crystal.
Tell whether each set of observations allows
the geologist to conclude that PQRS is a
parallelogram. If so, explain why.
� �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
a. PQ ≅ SR, and PS ǁ QR.
̶̶ ̶̶
b. ∠S and ∠R are supplementary, and PS ≅ QR.
̶̶ ̶̶
c. ∠S ≅ ∠Q, and PQ ǁ SR.

35. What additional information would allow you to � �
conclude that WXYZ is a parallelogram? �
̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶̶
XY ≅ ZW WY ≅ WZ
̶̶̶ ̶̶ � �
WX ≅ YZ ∠XWY ≅ ∠ZYW
36. Which could be the coordinates of the fourth vertex of ABCD with A(-1, -1),
B(1, 3), and C(6, 1)?
D(8, 5) D(4, -3) D(13, 3) D(3, 7)
37. Short Response The vertices of quadrilateral RSTV are R(-5, 0), S(-1, 3),
T(5, 1), and V(2, -2). Is RSTV a parallelogram? Justify your answer.

38. Write About It As the upper
platform of the movable
staircase is raised and lowered,
the height of each step changes.
How does the upper platform
remain parallel to the ground?
39. Multi-Step The diagonals of a
parallelogram intersect at (-2, 1.5).
Two vertices are located at (-7, 2)
and (2, 6.5). Find the coordinates
of the other two vertices.
̶̶ ̶̶
40. Given: D is the midpoint of AC, and E is the midpoint of BC. �
̶̶ ̶̶ 1 AB
Prove: DE ǁ AB, DE = _
2
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ � �
(Hint: Extend DE to form DF so that EF ≅ DE.
Then show that DFBA is a parallelogram.)
� �
SPIRAL REVIEW
 
Complete a table of values for each function. Use the domain ⎨-5, -2, 0, 0.5⎬.
 
(Previous course)
x+2
41. f(x) = 7x - 3 42. f(x) = _ 43. f(x) = 3x 2 + 2
2
Use SAS to explain why each pair of triangles are congruent. (Lesson 4-4)
44. △ABD ≅ △CDB 45. △TUW ≅ △VUW
� � �
� �
� � �
For JKLM, find each measure. (Lesson 6-2)

46. NM 47. LM � �
��
��
48. JL 49. JK ��
��
��
��
� �

SECTION 6A
Polygons and Parallelograms

Crystal Clear A crystal is a mineral
formation that has polygonal faces.
Geologists classify crystals based on the
types of polygons that the faces form.
�
�
�
1. What type of polygon is ABCDE in the �
̶̶ ̶̶
fluorite crystal? Given that AE ǁ CD, �
m∠B = 120°, m∠E = 65°, and
∠C ≅ ∠D, find m∠A.
�
�
2. The pink crystals are called rhodochrosite.
� The face FGHJ is a parallelogram.
� Given that m∠F = (9x - 13)° and
m∠J = (7x + 1)°, find m∠G. Explain
how you found this angle measure.
3. While studying the amazonite crystal, a geologist �

̶̶̶ ̶̶
found that MN ≅ QP and ∠NQP ≅ ∠QNM. Can the �
geologist conclude that MNPQ is a parallelogram?
Why or why not? Justify your answer. �
�

SECTION 6A
Quiz for Lessons 6-1 Through 6-3
6-1 Properties and Attributes of Polygons
Tell whether each figure is a polygon. If it is a polygon, name it by the number of its sides.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. Find the sum of the interior angle measures of a convex 16-gon.

6. The surface of a trampoline is in the shape of a regular hexagon. �
Find the measure of each interior angle of the trampoline. ��
7. A park in the shape of quadrilateral PQRS is bordered by four ��
sidewalks. Find the measure of each exterior angle of the park. �
�
8. Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular decagon.
��

A pantograph is used to copy drawings. Its legs form a �
parallelogram. In JKLM, LM = 17 cm, KN = 13.5 cm,
and m∠KJM = 102°. Find each measure. �
9. KM 10. KJ 11. MN � �
12. m∠JKL 13. m∠JML 14. m∠KLM
15. Three vertices of ABCD are A(-3, 1), B(5, 7), �
and C(6, 2). Find the coordinates of vertex D.
WXYZ is a parallelogram.
Find each measure. � �
��
16. WX 17. YZ ��
18. m∠X 19. m∠W ��

� �
6-3 Conditions for Parallelograms

20. Show that RSTV is a parallelogram 21. Show that GHJK is a parallelogram
for x = 6 and y = 4.5. for m = 12 and n = 9.5.
� ��
� � �
��
��
��
� � ��
��
Determine if each quadrilateral must be a parallelogram. Justify your answer.

22. 23. 24.
25. Show that a quadrilateral with vertices C(-9, 4), D(-4, 8), E(2, 6), and F(-3, 2)
is a parallelogram.
Ready to Go On? 407

6-4 Properties of Special
Parallelograms
Objectives Who uses this?
Prove and apply Artists who work with stained glass
properties of rectangles, can use properties of rectangles to
rhombuses, and squares.
cut materials to the correct sizes.
Use properties of
rectangles, rhombuses,
A second type of special � �
and squares to
quadrilateral is a
solve problems.
rectangle. A rectangle is
a quadrilateral with four � �
Vocabulary ��
rectangle right angles.
rhombus
square
Theorems Properties of Rectangles

6-4-1 If a quadrilateral is a � �
rectangle, then it is a ABCD is a
parallelogram. (rect. → ) parallelogram.
� �
6-4-2 If a parallelogram is a � �
rectangle, then its diagonals ̶̶ ̶̶
AC ≅ BD
are congruent.
� �
(rect. → diags. ≅)
Since a rectangle is a parallelogram by Theorem 6-4-1, a rectangle “inherits”

all the properties of parallelograms that you learned in Lesson 6-2.
EXAMPLE 1 Craft Application

An artist connects stained glass pieces � �
with lead strips. In this rectangular window,
the strips are cut so that FG = 24 in. and
FH = 34 in. Find JG.
̶̶ ̶̶
EG ≅ FH Rect. → diags. ≅
�
EG = FH = 34 Def. of ≅ segs.
_1
JG = EG  → diags. bisect
2
each other � �
1 (34) = 17 in.
JG = _ Substitute and simplify.
2
Carpentry The rectangular gate has H J

diagonal braces. Find each length. L 30.8 in.
1a. HJ 1b. HK
G 48 in. K

A rhombus is another special quadrilateral. A rhombus � �
is a quadrilateral with four congruent sides.
��
� �
Theorems Properties of Rhombuses

6-4-3 If a quadrilateral is a rhombus, � �
then it is a parallelogram. ABCD is a
(rhombus → ) parallelogram.
� �
6-4-4 If a parallelogram is a � �
rhombus, then its diagonals are ̶̶ ̶̶
perpendicular. AC ⊥ BD
(rhombus → diags. ⊥) � �
6-4-5 If a parallelogram is a rhombus, � � ∠1 ≅ ∠2

��
then each diagonal bisects a pair � ∠3 ≅ ∠4
of opposite angles. ∠5 ≅ ∠6
�
(rhombus → each diag. � � �
�
� ∠7 ≅ ∠8
bisects opp. )
�
PROOF Theorem 6-4-5
� ��
Given: JKLM is a rhombus.
̶̶
Prove: JL bisects ∠KJM and ∠KLM.
̶̶̶ � � �
KM bisects ∠JKL and ∠JML.
�
Proof:
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶
Since JKLM is a rhombus, JK ≅ JM, and KL ≅ ML by the definition
̶̶ ̶̶
of a rhombus. By the Reflexive Property of Congruence, JL ≅ JL.
Thus △JKL ≅ △JML by SSS. Then ∠1 ≅ ∠2, and ∠3 ≅ ∠4 by CPCTC.
̶̶
So JL bisects ∠KJM and ∠KLM by the definition of an angle bisector.
̶̶̶
By similar reasoning, KM bisects ∠JKL and ∠JML.
Like a rectangle, a rhombus is a parallelogram. So you can apply the properties

of parallelograms to rhombuses.
EXAMPLE 2 Using Properties of Rhombuses to Find Measures

RSTV is a rhombus. Find each measure. ��
� �
A VT
Def. of rhombus ��
ST = SR
4x + 7 = 9x - 11 Substitute the given values.
18 = 5x Subtract 4x from both sides � �
and add 11 to both sides.
3.6 = x Divide both sides by 5.
VT = ST Def. of rhombus
VT = 4x + 7 Substitute 4x + 7 for ST.
VT = 4 (3.6) + 7 = 21.4 Substitute 3.6 for x and simplify.
6- 4 Properties of Special Parallelograms 409

RSTV is a rhombus. Find each measure. ��
� �
B m∠WSR
m∠SWT = 90° Rhombus → diags. ⊥
� ��
2y + 10 = 90 Substitute 2y + 10 for m∠SWT.
y = 40 Subtract 10 from both sides
� �
and divide both sides by 2.
m∠WSR = m∠TSW Rhombus → each diag. bisects opp. 
m∠WSR = (y + 2)° Substitute y + 2 for m∠TSW.
m∠WSR = (40 + 2)° = 42° Substitute 40 for y and simplify.
CDFG is a rhombus. Find each measure. �

2a. CD
� �
2b. m∠GCH if m∠GCD = (b + 3)° �
��
and m∠CDF = (6b - 40)° �
Rectangles, rhombuses,
and squares are � �
A square is a quadrilateral with four right angles and
sometimes referred four congruent sides. In the exercises, you will show
to as special
that a square is a parallelogram, a rectangle, and
parallelograms. � �
a rhombus. So a square has the properties of all three. ��
EXAMPLE 3 Verifying Properties of Squares

Show that the diagonals of square ABCD �
� ��
are congruent perpendicular bisectors ��
of each other.
̶̶ ̶̶
Step 1 Show that AC and BD are congruent.
��
AC = √⎡⎣
2 - (-1)⎤⎦2 + (7 - 0)2 = √
58 ��
��
BD = √⎡⎣
4 - (-3)⎤⎦2 + (2 - 5)2 = √58

̶̶ ̶̶
Since AC = BD, AC ≅ BD.
̶̶ ̶̶
Step 2 Show that AC and BD are perpendicular.
̶̶
slope of AC = _ 7-0 = 7 _
2 - (-1) 3
̶̶
slope of BD = _ 2-5 =_ -3 = - 3 _
4 - (-3) 7 7
Since (_)( _ )
7
3
-
3
7
̶̶ ̶̶
= -1, AC ⊥ BD.
̶̶ ̶̶
Step 3 Show that AC and BD bisect each other.
(
̶̶ -1 + 2 0 + 7
mdpt. of AC : _, _ = 1 ,
2 2 ) (_ _)
2 2
7
(
̶̶ -3 + 4 5 + 2
mdpt. of BD : _, _ = 1 ,
2 2 ) (_ _)
2 2
7
̶̶ ̶̶
Since AC and BD have the same midpoint, they bisect each other.
The diagonals are congruent perpendicular bisectors of each other.
3. The vertices of square STVW are S(-5, -4), T(0, 2),

V(6, -3), and W(1, -9). Show that the diagonals of square
STVW are congruent perpendicular bisectors of each other.

Special Parallelograms
To remember the properties of rectangles, rhombuses, and squares,

I start with a square, which has all the properties of the others.
To get a rectangle that is not a square, I stretch the square in
one direction. Its diagonals are still congruent, but they are
no longer perpendicular.
To get a rhombus that is not a square, I go back to the square and
Taylor Gallinghouse slide the top in one direction. Its diagonals are still perpendicular
Central High School and bisect the opposite angles, but they aren’t congruent.
EXAMPLE 4 Using Properties of Special Parallelograms in Proofs

̶̶ � �
Given: EFGH is a rectangle. J is the midpoint of EH.
Prove: △FJG is isosceles.
� �
Proof: �
Statements Reasons
1. EFGH is a rectangle. 1. Given

̶̶
J is the midpoint of EH.
2. ∠E and ∠H are right angles. 2. Def. of rect.
3. ∠E ≅ ∠H 3. Rt. ∠ ≅ Thm.
4. EFGH is a parallelogram. 4. Rect. → 
̶̶ ̶̶̶
5. EF ≅ HG 5.  → opp. sides ≅
̶̶ ̶̶
6. EJ ≅ HJ 6. Def. of mdpt.
7. △FJE ≅ △GJH 7. SAS Steps 3, 5, 6
̶̶ ̶̶
8. FJ ≅ GJ 8. CPCTC
9. △FJG is isosceles. 9. Def. of isosc. △
̶̶ �
4. Given: PQTS is a rhombus with diagonal PR.
̶̶ ̶̶
Prove: RQ ≅ RS � �
�
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. Which theorem means “The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent”?
Why do you think the theorem is written as a conditional?
2. What properties of a rhombus are the same as the properties of all
parallelograms? What special properties does a rhombus have?
3. GET ORGANIZED Copy and ��
complete the graphic organizer.
Write the missing terms in the
��
three unlabeled sections. Then
write a definition of each term.

6-4
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
1. Vocabulary What is another name for an equilateral quadrilateral? an equiangular
quadrilateral? a regular quadrilateral?
� �
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Engineering The braces of the bridge support
p. 408 lie along the diagonals of rectangle PQRS.
RS = 160 ft, and QS = 380 ft. Find each length. �
2. TQ 3. PQ
4. ST 5. PR
� �
SEE EXAMPLE 2 ABCD is a rhombus. Find each measure. ��

� �
p. 409 6. AB 7. m∠ABC � ��
��
��
SEE EXAMPLE 3 8. Multi-Step The vertices of square JKLM � �
p. 410 are J(-3, -5), K(-4, 1), L(2, 2), and M(3, -4).
Show that the diagonals of square JKLM are
congruent perpendicular bisectors of each other.
̶̶ ̶̶ � �
SEE EXAMPLE 4 9. Given: RECT is a rectangle. RX ≅ TY
p. 411 Prove: △REY ≅ △TCX
� � � �

Independent Practice Carpentry A carpenter measures the diagonals of
For See a piece of wood. In rectangle JKLM, JM = 25 in., �
and JP = 14__
Exercises Example 1
2
in. Find each length.
10–13 1 �
14–15 2 10. JL 11. KL �
�
16 3 12. KM 13. MP
17 4
�
VWXY is a rhombus. Find each measure.
Extra Practice
Skills Practice p. S15 14. VW �
��
15. m∠VWX and m∠WYX if �
� �
m∠WVY = (4b + 10)° ��
and m∠XZW = (10b - 5)° �
16. Multi-Step The vertices of square PQRS are P(-4, 0), Q(4, 3), R(7, -5),
and S(-1, -8). Show that the diagonals of square PQRS are
congruent perpendicular bisectors of each other.
̶̶ � �
17. Given: RHMB is a rhombus with diagonal HB.
�
Prove: ∠HMX ≅ ∠HRX
�
�
Find the measures of the numbered angles in each rectangle.
18. � � 19. �
�
20. �
� � � � �
�
��
� � ��

Find the measures of the numbered angles in each rhombus.
21. � 22. �
� � 23. �
��
� �
� � �
��
Tell whether each statement is sometimes, always, or never true.

(Hint: Refer to your graphic organizer for this lesson.)
24. A rectangle is a parallelogram. 25. A rhombus is a square.
26. A parallelogram is a rhombus. 27. A rhombus is a rectangle.
28. A square is a rhombus. 29. A rectangle is a quadrilateral.
History
30. A square is a rectangle. 31. A rectangle is a square.
32. Critical Thinking A triangle is equilateral if and only if the triangle is equiangular.
Can you make a similar statement about a quadrilateral? Explain your answer.
33. History There are five shapes of clay tiles in

this tile mosaic from the ruins of Pompeii.
a. Make a sketch of each shape of tile and
tell whether the shape is a polygon.
Pompeii was located in b. Name each polygon by its number of
what is today southern sides. Does each shape appear to be
Italy. In C.E. 79, Mount
regular or irregular?
Vesuvius erupted and
buried Pompeii in c. Do any of the shapes appear to be
volcanic ash. The ruins special parallelograms? If so, identify
have been excavated them by name.
and provide a glimpse
d. Find the measure of each interior angle
into life in ancient Rome.
of the center polygon.
34. /////ERROR ANALYSIS///// Find and correct

� �
the error in this proof of Theorem 6-4-3.
Given: JKLM is a rhombus.
Prove: JKLM is a parallelogram. � �
Proof:
It is given that JKLM is a rhombus. So by the definition of a rhombus,
̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
JK ≅ LM, and KL ≅ MJ. Theorem 6-2-1 states that if a quadrilateral is
a parallelogram, then its opposite sides are congruent. So JKLM is a
parallelogram by Theorem 6-2-1.
35. Complete the two-column proof of Theorem 6-4-2 by filling in the blanks.
Given: EFGH is a rectangle. � �
̶̶ ̶̶
Prove: FH ≅ GE
Proof: � �
Statements Reasons
1. EFGH is a rectangle. 1. Given

2. EFGH is a parallelogram. 2. a. ?
̶̶ ̶̶̶̶̶
3. EF ≅ b. ? 3.  → opp. sides ≅
̶̶ ̶̶̶̶̶̶̶
4. EH ≅ EH 4. c. ?
̶̶̶̶̶
5. ∠FEH and ∠GHE are right angles. 5. d. ?
̶̶̶̶̶
6. ∠FEH ≅ e. ? 6. Rt. ∠ ≅ Thm.
̶̶̶̶̶
7. △FEH ≅ △GHE 7. f. ?
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶̶̶
8. FH ≅ GE 8. g. ?
̶̶̶̶̶

The organizers of a fair plan to fence off a plot of land given by the coordinates
A(2, 4), B(4, 2), C(-1, -3), and D(-3, -1).
a. Find the slope of each side of quadrilateral ABCD.
b. What type of quadrilateral is formed by the fences? Justify your answer.
c. The organizers plan to build a straight path connecting A and C and another
path connecting B and D. Explain why these two paths will have the
same length.
37. Use this plan to write a proof of Theorem 6-4-4. � �

Given: VWXY is a rhombus. �
̶̶ ̶̶̶
Prove: VX ⊥ WY
� �
Plan: Use the definition of a rhombus and the properties
of parallelograms to show that △WZX ≅ △YZX.
Then use CPCTC to show that ∠WZX and ∠YZX are right angles.
38. Write a paragraph proof of Theorem 6-4-1. � �
Given: ABCD is a rectangle.
Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram. � �
39. Write a two-column proof. �

Given: ABCD is a rhombus. E, F, G, and � �
H are the midpoints of the sides. � �
Prove: EFGH is a parallelogram.
� �
�
Multi-Step Find the perimeter and area of each figure. Round to the nearest
hundredth, if necessary.
40. 41. 42. ��
��
��
��
��
43. Write About It Explain why each of these conditional statements is true.
a. If a quadrilateral is a square, then it is a parallelogram.
b. If a quadrilateral is a square, then it is a rectangle.
c. If a quadrilateral is a square, then it is a rhombus.
44. Write About It List the properties that a square “inherits” because it is
(1) a parallelogram, (2) a rectangle, and (3) a rhombus.
45. Which expression represents the measure of ∠J in � �

��
rhombus JKLM?
x° (180 - x)°
2x° (180 - 2x)° � �
46. Short Response The diagonals of rectangle QRST intersect at point P.

If QR = 1.8 cm, QP = 1.5 cm, and QT = 2.4 cm, find the perimeter of △RST.
Explain how you found your answer.

47. Which statement is NOT true of a rectangle?
Both pairs of opposite sides are congruent and parallel.
Both pairs of opposite angles are congruent and supplementary.
All pairs of consecutive sides are congruent and perpendicular.
All pairs of consecutive angles are congruent and supplementary.

48. Algebra Find the value of x in the rhombus. ��
��
49. Prove that the segment joining the midpoints of
two consecutive sides of a rhombus is perpendicular
to one diagonal and parallel to the other.
50. Extend the definition of a triangle midsegment to write a definition for the
midsegment of a rectangle. Prove that a midsegment of a
rectangle divides the rectangle into two congruent rectangles.
51. The figure is formed by joining eleven congruent squares.
How many rectangles are in the figure?
SPIRAL REVIEW
52. The cost c of a taxi ride is given by c = 2 + 1.8(m - 1), where m is the length of
the trip in miles. Mr. Hatch takes a 6-mile taxi ride. How much change should
he get if he pays with a $20 bill and leaves a 10% tip? (Previous course)
Determine if each conditional is true. If false, give a counterexample. (Lesson 2-2)

53. If a number is divisible by -3, then it is divisible by 3.
54. If the diameter of a circle is doubled, then the area of the circle will double.
Determine if each quadrilateral must be a parallelogram. Justify your answer.

(Lesson 6-3)
55. 56. ��
��
Construction Rhombus
 �  �  � �  � �
� � � � � � � �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
Draw PS. Set the compass Place the compass point Place the compass point Draw PQ, QR, and RS.
̶̶
to the length of PS. Place at Q and draw an arc to at S and draw an arc that
the compass point at P and the right of Q. intersects the arc drawn
̶̶
draw an arc above PS. Label from Q. Label the point
a point Q on the arc. of intersection R.

6-5
Predict Conditions for
Special Parallelograms
In this lab, you will use geometry software to predict the conditions that are
sufficient to prove that a parallelogram is a rectangle, rhombus, or square.
Use with Lesson 6-5
KEYWORD: MG7 Lab6
Activity 1
̶̶ ̶̶
1 Construct AB and AD with a common endpoint A.
̶̶
Construct a line through D parallel to AB.
̶̶
Construct a line through B parallel to AD.
2 Construct point C at the intersection of the

̶̶
two lines. Hide the lines and construct BC
̶̶
and CD to complete the parallelogram.
3 Measure the four sides and angles of the

parallelogram.
4 Move A so that m∠ABC = 90°. What type of

special parallelogram results?
5 Move A so that m∠ABC ≠ 90°.
̶̶ ̶̶
6 Construct AC and BD and measure their lengths.
Move A so that AC = BD. What type of special
parallelogram results?
Try This
1. How does the method of constructing ABCD in Steps 1 and 2 guarantee
that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram?
2. Make a Conjecture What are two conditions for a rectangle?
Write your conjectures as conditional statements.

Activity 2
1 Use the parallelogram you constructed in
Activity 1. Move A so that AB = BC.
What type of special parallelogram results?
2 Move A so that AB ≠ BC.
3 Label the intersection of the diagonals as E.

Measure ∠AEB.
4 Move A so that m∠AEB = 90°. What type of

special parallelogram results?
5 Move A so that m∠AEB ≠ 90°.
6 Measure ∠ABD and ∠CBD. Move A so that

m∠ABD = m∠CBD. What type of special
parallelogram results?
Try This
3. Make a Conjecture What are three conditions for a rhombus?
Write your conjectures as conditional statements.
4. Make a Conjecture A square is both a rectangle and a rhombus.
What conditions do you think must hold for a parallelogram to be a square?
6- 5 Technology Lab 417

6-5 Conditions for Special
Parallelograms
Objective Who uses this?
Prove that a given Building contractors and
quadrilateral is a carpenters can use the
rectangle, rhombus,
conditions for rectangles to
or square.
make sure the frame for a
house has the correct shape.
When you are given a

parallelogram with certain
properties, you can use the
theorems below to determine
whether the parallelogram is
a rectangle.
Theorems Conditions for Rectangles
THEOREM EXAMPLE
6-5-1 If one angle of a parallelogram is a � �
right angle, then the parallelogram
is a rectangle.
( with one rt. ∠ → rect.) � �
6-5-2 If the diagonals of a parallelogram � �

are congruent, then the parallelogram
is a rectangle.
( with diags. ≅ → rect.) � �
̶̶ ̶̶
AC ≅ BD
EXAMPLE 1 Carpentry Application

A contractor built a wood frame � �
for the side of a house so that
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
XY ≅ WZ and XW ≅ YZ. Using a
tape measure, the contractor
found that XZ = WY. Why must
the frame be a rectangle?
Both pairs of opposite sides of
WXYZ are congruent, so WXYZ is
a parallelogram. Since XZ = WY,
the diagonals of WXYZ are � �
congruent. Therefore the frame
is a rectangle by Theorem 6-5-2.

1. A carpenter’s square can be used to test that an
angle is a right angle. How could the contractor
use a carpenter’s square to check that the frame
is a rectangle?
Below are some conditions you can use to determine whether

a parallelogram is a rhombus.
Theorems Conditions for Rhombuses
THEOREM EXAMPLE
6-5-3 If one pair of consecutive sides of a � �
parallelogram are congruent, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus.
( with one pair cons. sides ≅ → rhombus) � �
6-5-4 If the diagonals of a parallelogram are � �

In order to apply perpendicular, then the parallelogram
Theorems 6-5-1 is a rhombus.
through 6-5-5, the � �
quadrilateral must be
( with diags. ⊥ → rhombus)
a parallelogram.
6-5-5 If one diagonal of a parallelogram bisects a � �
pair of opposite angles, then the parallelogram
is a rhombus.
( with diag. bisecting opp.  → rhombus) � �
PROOF Theorem 6-5-5

� �
Given: JKLM is a parallelogram. �
�
̶̶
JL bisects ∠KJM and ∠KLM.
Prove: JKLM is a rhombus. �
�
Proof: � �
Statements Reasons
1. JKLM is a parallelogram. 1. Given

̶̶
JL bisects ∠KJM and ∠KLM.
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠2, ∠3 ≅ ∠4 2. Def. of ∠ bisector
̶̶ ̶̶
3. JL ≅ JL 3. Reflex. Prop. of ≅
4. △JKL ≅ △JML 4. ASA Steps 2, 3
̶̶ ̶̶
5. JK ≅ JM 5. CPCTC
6. JKLM is a rhombus. 6.  with one pair cons.
sides ≅ → rhombus
To prove that a given quadrilateral is a square, it is sufficient to show that

the figure is both a rectangle and a rhombus. You will explain why this is
true in Exercise 43.
6- 5 Conditions for Special Parallelograms 419

EXAMPLE 2 Applying Conditions for Special Parallelograms
�
Determine if the conclusion is valid. If not, tell what
additional information is needed to make it valid.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ � �
A Given: AB ≅ CD, BC ≅ AD,
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
AD ⊥ DC, AC ⊥ BD
Conclusion: ABCD is a square.
�
Step 1 Determine if ABCD is a parallelogram.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
AB ≅ CD, BC ≅ AD Given
ABCD is a parallelogram. Quad. with opp. sides ≅ → 
Step 2 Determine if ABCD is a rectangle.
̶̶ ̶̶
AD ⊥ DC, so ∠ADC is a right angle. Def. of ⊥
You can also
prove that a given ABCD is a rectangle.  with one rt. ∠ → rect.
quadrilateral is a Step 3 Determine if ABCD is a rhombus.
rectangle, rhombus, ̶̶ ̶̶
AC ⊥ BD Given
or square by using
the definitions of the ABCD is a rhombus.  with diags. ⊥ → rhombus
special quadrilaterals. Step 4 Determine if ABCD is a square.
Since ABCD is a rectangle and a rhombus, it has four right angles
and four congruent sides. So ABCD is a square by definition.
The conclusion is valid.
̶̶ ̶̶
B Given: AB ≅ BC
Conclusion: ABCD is a rhombus.
The conclusion is not valid. By Theorem 6-5-3, if one pair of
consecutive sides of a parallelogram are congruent, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus. To apply this theorem, you must first
know that ABCD is a parallelogram.
�
2. Determine if the conclusion is valid.
If not, tell what additional information
is needed to make it valid.
� �
Given: ∠ABC is a right angle.
Conclusion: ABCD is a rectangle.
EXAMPLE 3 Identifying Special Parallelograms in the Coordinate Plane

Use the diagonals to determine whether a parallelogram with
the given vertices is a rectangle, rhombus, or square. Give all the
names that apply.
A A(0, 2), B(3, 6), C(8, 6), D(5, 2) �
��
Step 1 Graph ABCD. �
Step 2 Determine if ABCD is a rectangle.
�
AC = √(
8 - 0)2 + (6 - 2)2
�
��
 = 4 √
= √80 5 �
�
BD = √(5 - 3)

2 2
+ (2 - 6) � � � �
20 = 2 √
= √ 5
Since 4 √
5 ≠ 2 √
5 , ABCD is not a rectangle.
Thus ABCD is not a square.

Step 3 Determine if ABCD is a rhombus.
̶̶ 6 - 2
slope of AC = _ =1 _ ̶̶ 2 - 6
slope of BD = _ = -2
8-0 2 5-3
(_) ̶̶ ̶̶
Since 1 (-2) = -1, AC ⊥ BD. ABCD is a rhombus.
2
B E(-4, -1), F(-3, 2), G(3, 0), H(2, -3)
Step 1 Graph EFGH. �
��
Step 2 Determine if EFGH is a rectangle. �
��
�
EG = √⎡⎣
3 - (-4)⎤⎦2 + ⎡⎣0 - (-1)⎤⎦2
��
= √
50 = 5 √
2
��
FH = √
⎡⎣2 - (-3)⎤⎦2 + (-3 - 2)2 ��
= √
50 = 5 √
2
Since 5 √
2 = 5 √
2 , the diagonals are congruent.
EFGH is a rectangle.
Step 3 Determine if EFGH is a rhombus.
̶̶ 0 - (-1)
slope of EG = _ = 1 _
3 - (-4) 7
̶̶ _ -3 - 2 -5
slope of FH = = _ = -1
2 - (-3) 5
(_) ̶̶ ̶̶
Since 1 (-1) ≠ -1, EG ⊥
7
/ FH.
So EFGH is a not a rhombus and cannot be a square.
Use the diagonals to determine whether a parallelogram

with the given vertices is a rectangle, rhombus, or square.
Give all the names that apply.
3a. K(-5, -1), L(-2, 4), M(3, 1), N(0, -4)
3b. P(-4, 6), Q(2, 5), R(3, -1), S(-3, 0)
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. What special parallelogram is formed when the diagonals of a
parallelogram are congruent? when the diagonals are perpendicular?
when the diagonals are both congruent and perpendicular?
2. Draw a figure that shows why this statement is not necessarily true:
If one angle of a quadrilateral is a right angle, then the quadrilateral
is a rectangle.
3. A rectangle can also be defined as a parallelogram with a right angle.
Explain why this definition is accurate.
4. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete
the graphic organizer. In each box, ��
��
write at least three conditions for
the given parallelogram.
��
��
��
��

6-5
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
X
SEE EXAMPLE 1 1. Gardening A city garden club is planting a
p. 418 square garden. They drive pegs into the ground W Y
at each corner and tie strings between each pair. V
̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶
The pegs are spaced so that WX ≅ XY ≅ YZ ≅ ZW.
How can the garden club use the diagonal strings
Z
to verify that the garden is a square?
SEE EXAMPLE 2 Determine if the conclusion is valid. If not, tell what

� �
p. 420 additional information is needed to make it valid.
̶̶ ̶̶
2. Given: AC ≅ BD
Conclusion: ABCD is a rectangle.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
3. Given: AB ǁ CD, AB ≅ CD, AB ⊥ BC
ge07sec06l05004a
� �
Conclusion: ABCD is a rectangle. ABeckmann
SEE EXAMPLE 3 Multi-Step Use the diagonals to determine whether a parallelogram with the
p. 420 given vertices is a rectangle, rhombus, or square. Give all the names that apply.
4. P(-5, 2), Q(4, 5), R(6, -1), S(-3, -4)
5. W(-6, 0), X(1, 4), Y(2, -4), Z(-5, -8)

Independent Practice 6. Crafts A framer uses a clamp to hold � �
For See together the pieces of a picture frame.
Exercises Example ̶̶ ̶̶
The pieces are cut so that PQ ≅ RS and
6 1 ̶̶ ̶̶ �
QR ≅ SP. The clamp is adjusted so that
7–8 2 � �
PZ, QZ, RZ, and SZ are all equal.
9–10 3
Why must the frame be a rectangle?
Extra Practice
Skills Practice p. S15 Determine if the conclusion is valid. If not, tell what
Application Practice p. S33 additional information is needed to make it valid. �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
7. Given: EG and FH bisect each other. EG ⊥ FH
Conclusion: EFGH is a rhombus. � �
̶̶
8. Given: FH bisects ∠EFG and ∠EHG.
�
Conclusion: EFGH is a rhombus.
Multi-Step Use the diagonals to determine whether a parallelogram with the

given vertices is a rectangle, rhombus, or square. Give all the names that apply.
9. A(-10, 4), B(-2, 10), C(4, 2), D(-4, -4)
10. J(-9, -7), K(-4, -2), L(3, -3), M(-2, -8)
Tell whether each quadrilateral is a parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus, or square.

11. 12. 13.

Tell whether each quadrilateral is a parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus, or square.
14. 15. 16.
̶̶ ̶̶
17. /////ERROR ANALYSIS///// In ABCD, AC ≅ BD. Which conclusion is incorrect?
Explain the error. � �
� �
��
� �
Give one characteristic of the diagonals of each figure that would make the
conclusion valid.
18. Conclusion: JKLM is a rhombus. 19. Conclusion: PQRS is a square.
� � � �
� �
� � � �
The coordinates of three vertices of ABCD are given. Find the coordinates of D
so that the given type of figure is formed.
20. A(4, -2), B(-5, -2), C(4, 4); rectangle 21. A(-5, 5), B(0, 0), C(7, 1); rhombus
22. A(0, 2), B(4, -2), C(0, -6); square 23. A(2, 1), B(-1, 5), C(-5, 2); square
Find the value of x that makes each parallelogram the given type.
24. rectangle 25. rhombus 26. square
��
��
��
27. Critical Thinking The diagonals of a quadrilateral are perpendicular bisectors

of each other. What is the best name for this quadrilateral? Explain your answer.
28. Complete the two-column proof of Theorem 6-5-2 by filling in the blanks.
Given: EFGH is a parallelogram. � �
̶̶ ̶̶
EG ≅ HF
Prove: EFGH is a rectangle.
� �
Proof:
Statements Reasons
̶̶ ̶̶
1. EFGH is a parallelogram. EG ≅ HF 1. Given
̶̶ ̶̶̶
2. EF ≅ HG 2. a. ?
̶̶̶̶̶
3. b. ? 3. Reflex. Prop. of ≅
̶̶̶̶̶
4. △EFH ≅ △HGE 4. c. ?
̶̶̶̶̶
5. ∠FEH ≅ d. ? 5. e. ?
̶̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶̶
6. ∠FEH and ∠GHE are supplementary. 6. f. ?
̶̶̶̶̶
7. g. ? 7. ≅  supp. → rt. 
̶̶̶̶̶
8. EFGH is a rectangle. 8. h. ?
̶̶̶̶̶

A state fair takes place on a plot of land given by the coordinates
A(-2, 3), B(1, 2), C(2, -1), and D(-1, 0).
a. Show that the opposite sides of quadrilateral ABCD are parallel.
b. A straight path connects A and C, and another path connects B and D.
Use slopes to prove that these two paths are perpendicular.
c. What can you conclude about ABCD? Explain your answer.
30. Complete the paragraph proof of Theorem 6-5-4 � �

by filling in the blanks. �
̶̶ ̶̶
Given: PQRS is a parallelogram. PR ⊥ QS
Prove: PQRS is a rhombus. � �
Proof:
It is given that PQRS is a parallelogram. The diagonals of a
̶̶
parallelogram bisect each other, so PT ≅ a. ? . By the
̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
Reflexive Property of Congruence, QT ≅ b. ? . It is given
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
that PR ⊥ QS, so ∠QTP and ∠QTR are right angles by the
definition of c. ? . Then ∠QTP ≅ ∠QTR by the d. ? .
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
So △QTP ≅ △QTR by e. ? , and QP ≅ f. ? , by CPCTC.
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
By Theorem 6-5-3, if one pair of consecutive sides of a
parallelogram are congruent, then the parallelogram is a
g. ? . Therefore PQRS is rhombus.
̶̶̶̶
31. Write a two-column proof of Theorem 6-5-1. � �
Given: ABCD is a parallelogram. ∠A is a right angle.
Prove: ABCD is a rectangle. � �
32. Write a paragraph proof of Theorem 6-5-3. � �
̶̶ ̶̶
Given: JKLM is a parallelogram. JK ≅ KL
Prove: JKLM is a rhombus. � �
33. Algebra Four lines are represented by the equations below.

ℓ: y = -x + 1 m: y = -x + 7 n: y = 2x + 1 p: y = 2x + 7
a. Graph the four lines in the coordinate plane.
b. Classify the quadrilateral formed by the lines.
c. What if…? Suppose the slopes of lines n and p change to 1.
Reclassify the quadrilateral.
34. Write a two-column proof. �
�
Given: FHJN and GLMF are parallelograms. �
̶̶ ̶̶ �
FG ≅ FN �
Prove: FGKN is a rhombus. �
�
�
35. Write About It Use Theorems 6-4-2 and 6-5-2 to write a biconditional statement
about rectangles. Use Theorems 6-4-4 and 6-5-4 to write a biconditional statement
about rhombuses. Can you combine Theorems 6-4-5 and 6-5-5 to write a
biconditional statement? Explain your answer.
Construction Use the diagonals to construct each figure. Then use the theorems
from this lesson to explain why your method works.
36. rectangle 37. rhombus 38. square

−− −−
39. In PQRS, PR and QS intersect at T. What additional information + ,
is needed to conclude that PQRS is a rectangle? /
−− −− −− −−
PT QT PT ⊥ QT
−− −− −−
PT RT PT bisects ∠QPS. * -
40. Which of the following is the best name for figure WXYZ with vertices W(-3, 1),
X(1, 5), Y(8, -2), and Z(4, -6)?
Parallelogram Rectangle Rhombus Square
41. Extended Response

a. Write and solve an equation to find the value of x. ÈÝÂ
£xÝÂ
b. Is JKLM a parallelogram? Explain.
c. Is JKLM a rectangle? Explain. xÝÊÊÈ®Â
d. Is JKLM a rhombus? Explain.

£ÎÝÊÊ£Ó®Â
−− −− −− −− −− −− −− −−
42. Given: AC DF, AB DE, AB ⊥ BC, DE ⊥ EF,
−− −− −− −−
BE ⊥ EF, BC EF
Prove: EBCF is a rectangle.
43. Critical Thinking Consider the following statement: If a
quadrilateral is a rectangle and a rhombus, then it is a square.
a. Explain why the statement is true.
b. If a quadrilateral is a rectangle, is it necessary to show that all four sides are
congruent in order to conclude that it is a square? Explain.
c. If a quadrilateral is a rhombus, is it necessary to show that all four angles are
right angles in order to conclude that it is a square? Explain.
44. Cars As you turn the crank of a car jack,
the platform that supports the car rises.
Use the diagonals of the parallelogram to
explain whether the jack forms a
rectangle, rhombus, or square.
SPIRAL REVIEW
Sketch the graph of each function. State whether the function is linear or nonlinear.
(Previous course)
45. y = -3x + 1 46. y = x2 - 4 47. y = 3
Find the perimeter of each figure. Round to the nearest tenth. (Lesson 5-7)
48. 49. È
n

{
Óä £Ó
Find the value of each variable that would make xÞ
the quadrilateral a parallelogram. (Lesson 6-3) £xÝÊÊ®Â
50. x 51. y 52. z ÓÞÊÊÇ ÇâÊÊ£
nÝÊÊ£ä®Â âÊÊÓ £äÝÊÊ{{®Â
ge07se_c06_0418_0425.indd 425 5/10/06 3:27:31 PM

6-6
Explore Isosceles Trapezoids
In this lab you will investigate the properties and conditions of an isosceles
trapezoid. A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides,
called bases. The sides that are not parallel are called legs. In an isosceles
trapezoid, the legs are congruent.
Use with Lesson 6-6
KEYWORD: MG7 Lab6
Activity 1
̶̶ ̶̶
1 Draw AB and a point C not on AB. Construct a parallel line ℓ through C.
̶̶ ̶̶
2 Draw point D on line ℓ. Construct AC and BD.
3 Measure AC, BD, ∠CAB, ∠ABD, ∠ACD, and ∠CDB.
4 Move D until AC = BD. What do you notice about

m∠CAB and m∠ABD? What do you notice about
m∠ACD and m∠CDB?
5 Move D so that AC ≠ BD. Now move D so that

m∠CAB = m∠ABD. What do you notice about
AC and BD?
Try This
1. Make a Conjecture What is true about the base angles of an isosceles
trapezoid? Write your conjecture as a conditional statement.
2. Make a Conjecture How can the base angles of a trapezoid be used to
determine if the trapezoid is isosceles? Write your conjecture as a
conditional statement.
Activity 2
̶̶ ̶̶
1 Construct AD and CB.
2 Measure AD and CB.
3 Move D until AC = BD. What do you notice

about AD and CB?
4 Move D so that AC ≠ BD. Now move D so that

AD = BC. What do you notice about AC and BD?
Try This
3. Make a Conjecture What is true about the diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid?
Write your conjecture as a conditional statement.
4. Make a Conjecture How can the diagonals of a trapezoid be used to determine
if the trapezoid is isosceles? Write your conjecture as a conditional statement.

6-6 Properties of Kites
and Trapezoids
Why learn this?
PRESS SYNDICATE. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved.
Objectives
CALVIN AND HOBBES © 1995 Watterson. Dist. by UNIVERSAL
Use properties of kites The design of a simple kite flown at

to solve problems. the beach shares the properties of
Use properties of the geometric figure called a kite.
trapezoids to solve
problems. A kite is a quadrilateral with
exactly two pairs of congruent
Vocabulary consecutive sides.
kite
trapezoid
base of a trapezoid
leg of a trapezoid
base angle of a trapezoid
isosceles trapezoid
midsegment of a
trapezoid
ÌiÊ

Theorems Properties of Kites

6-6-1 If a quadrilateral is a kite,
then its diagonals are −− −−
perpendicular.

AC ⊥ BD
(kite → diags. ⊥)
6-6-2 If a quadrilateral is a kite,

then exactly one pair ∠B ∠D
of opposite angles are
∠A ∠C
congruent.
(kite → one pair opp. )
You will prove Theorem 6-6-1 in Exercise 39.
PROOF Theorem 6-6-2

−− −− −− −−−
Given: JKLM is a kite with JK JM and KL ML.
Prove: ∠K ∠M, ∠KJM ∠KLM
Proof:
Step 1 Prove ∠K ∠M.
−− −− −− −−−
It is given that JK JM and KL ML. By the Reflexive Property
−− −−
of Congruence, JL JL. This means that JKL JML by SSS.
So ∠K ∠M by CPCTC.
Step 2 Prove ∠KJM ∠KLM.
If ∠KJM ∠KLM, then both pairs of opposite angles of JKLM
are congruent. This would mean that JKLM is a parallelogram.
But this contradicts the given fact that JKLM is a kite.
Therefore ∠KJM ∠KLM.
6- 6 Properties of Kites and Trapezoids 427
ge07se_c06_0427_0435.indd 427 5/8/06 1:34:14 PM

EXAMPLE 1 Problem-Solving Application +
Alicia is using a pattern to make a kite.
She has made the frame of the kite
by placing wooden sticks along the
£ÎÊ°
diagonals. She also has cut four
triangular pieces of fabric and
/ ,
has attached them to the frame.
£ÈÊ°
To finish the kite, Alicia must cover * £ÈÊ°
the outer edges with a cloth binding.
There are 2 yards of binding in one
package. What is the total amount of ÓÓÊ°
binding needed to cover the edges
of the kite? How many packages of
binding must Alicia buy?
1 Understand the Problem
The answer has two parts. -

• the total length of binding Alicia needs
• the number of packages of binding Alicia must buy
2 Make a Plan
The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular, so the four triangles are right
triangles. Use the Pythagorean Theorem and the properties of kites to find
the unknown side lengths. Add these lengths to find the perimeter of the kite.
3 Solve
PQ = √
16 2 + 13 2 Pyth. Thm.
= √
425 = 5 √
17 in.
−− −−
RQ = PQ = 5 √
17 in. PQ RQ
PS = √
16 2 + 22 2 Pyth. Thm.
= √
740 = 2 √
185 in.
−− −−
RS = PS = 2 √
185 in. RS PS
perimeter of PQRS = 5 √
17 + 5 √
17 + 2 √
185 + 2 √
185 ≈ 95.6 in.

Alicia needs approximately 95.6 inches of binding.
One package of binding contains 2 yards, or 72 inches.
95.6 ≈ 1.3 packages of binding
_
72
In order to have enough, Alicia must buy 2 packages of binding.
4 Look Back
To estimate the perimeter, change the side lengths into decimals and round.
5 √
17 ≈ 21, and 2 √
185 ≈ 27. The perimeter of the kite is approximately

2 21) + 2(27) = 96. So 95.6 is a reasonable answer.
(
1. What if...? Daryl is going to make a kite by doubling all

the measures in the kite above. What is the total amount
of binding needed to cover the edges of his kite? How many
packages of binding must Daryl buy?
ge07se_c06_0427_0435.indd 428 5/8/06 1:34:19 PM

EXAMPLE 2 Using Properties of Kites
�
In kite EFGH, m∠FEJ = 25°, and m∠FGJ = 57°.
Find each measure. �
� �
A m∠GFJ
m∠FJG = 90° Kite → diags. ⊥ �
m∠GFJ + m∠FGJ = 90 Acute  of rt. △ are comp.
m∠GFJ + 57 = 90 Substitute 57 for m∠FGJ.
m∠GFJ = 33° Subtract 57 from both sides.
B m∠JFE
△FJE is also a right triangle, so m∠JFE + m∠FEJ = 90°. By substituting
25° for m∠FEJ, you find that m∠JFE = 65°.
C m∠GHE
∠GHE ≅ ∠GFE Kite → one pair opp.  ≅
m∠GHE = m∠GFE Def. of ≅ 
m∠GFE = m∠GFJ + m∠JFE ∠ Add. Post.
m∠GHE = 33° + 65° = 98° Substitute.
In kite PQRS, m∠PQR = 78°, and �

�
m∠TRS = 59°. Find each measure.
�
2a. m∠QRT 2b. m∠QPS 2c. m∠PSR
� �
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly ��

� �
one pair of parallel sides. Each of the parallel
��
sides is called a base . The nonparallel sides
are called legs . Base angles of a trapezoid ��
are two consecutive angles whose common ��
side is a base. � �
��
If the legs of a trapezoid are congruent, the trapezoid is an isosceles trapezoid .

The following theorems state the properties of an isosceles trapezoid.
Theorems Isosceles Trapezoids
THEOREM DIAGRAM EXAMPLE

6-6-3 If a quadrilateral is an � �
isosceles trapezoid, then
∠A ≅ ∠D
each pair of base angles
∠B ≅ ∠C
are congruent. � �
(isosc. trap. → base  ≅)
6-6-4 If a trapezoid has one pair of
congruent base angles, then � �
ABCD
the trapezoid is isosceles.
is isosceles.
(trap. with pair base  � �
≅ → isosc. trap.)
Theorem 6-6-5 is � � ̶̶ ̶̶
a biconditional 6-6-5 A trapezoid is isosceles if AC ≅ DB ↔
statement. So it is and only if its diagonals are ABCD is
true both “forward” congruent. isosceles.
� �
and “backward.” (isosc. trap. ↔ diags. ≅)

EXAMPLE 3 Using Properties of Isosceles Trapezoids
A Find m∠Y. � �
m∠W + m∠X = 180° Same-Side Int.  Thm.
117 + m∠X = 180 Substitute 117 for m∠W.
m∠X = 63° Subtract 117 from both sides. ��
∠Y ≅ ∠X Isosc. trap. → base  ≅ � �
m∠Y = m∠X Def. of ≅ 
m∠Y = 63° Substitute 63 for m∠X.
B RT = 24.1, and QP = 9.6. Find PS. �

̶̶ ̶̶ �
QS ≅ RT Isosc. trap. → diags. ≅ �
QS = RT Def. of ≅ segs.
�
QS = 24.1 Substitute 24.1 for RT. �
QP + PS = QS Seg. Add. Post.
9.6 + PS = 24.1 Substitute 9.6 for QP and 24.1 for QS.
PS = 14.5 Subtract 9.6 from both sides.
3a. Find m∠F. 3b. JN = 10.6, and NL = 14.8. Find KM.

� � � �
�
��
� � � �
EXAMPLE 4 Applying Conditions for Isosceles Trapezoids

� �
A Find the value of y so that EFGH is isosceles.
∠E ≅ ∠H Trap. with pair base  ≅
→ isosc. trap. � �
m∠E = m∠H Def. of ≅  ��
2y 2 - 25 = y 2 + 24 Substitute 2y 2 - 25 for m∠E

and y 2 + 24 for m∠H.
y 2 = 49 Subtract y 2 from both sides and
add 25 to both sides.
y = 7 or y = -7 Find the square root of both sides.
B JL = 5z + 3, and KM = 9z - 12. Find the value of z �

so that JKLM is isosceles.
̶̶ ̶̶̶ �
JL ≅ KM Diags. ≅ → isosc. trap.
JL = KM Def. of ≅ segs.
5z + 3 = 9z - 12 Substitute 5z + 3 for JL and
� �
9z - 12 for KM.
15 = 4z Subtract 5z from both sides and
add 12 to both sides.
3.75 = z Divide both sides by 4.
4. Find the value of x so that � �

PQST is isosceles. ��
� �

The midsegment of a trapezoid is the segment whose
endpoints are the midpoints of the legs. In Lesson 5-1, ��
you studied the Triangle Midsegment Theorem. The
Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem is similar to it.
Theorem 6-6-6 Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem
The midsegment of a trapezoid � � ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶

is parallel to each base, and XY ǁ BC, XY ǁ AD
its length is one half the sum � � 1 (BC + AD )
XY = _
of the lengths of the bases. 2
� �
You will prove the Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem in Exercise 46.
EXAMPLE 5 Finding Lengths Using Midsegments

Find ST. � �
MN = _1 (ST + RU) Trap. Midsegment Thm. ��
� �
2
31 = 1 (ST + 38 )
_ Substitute the given values. � �
2 ��
62 = ST + 38 Multiply both sides by 2.
24 = ST Subtract 38 from both sides.
5. Find EH. ��
� �
��
� �
� �
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. Is it possible for the legs of a trapezoid to be parallel? Explain.
2. How is the midsegment of a trapezoid similar to a midsegment of a
triangle? How is it different?
3. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete the graphic organizer. Write the
missing terms in the unlabeled sections. Then write a definition of each
term. (Hint: This completes the Venn diagram you started in Lesson 6-4.)
��
��
��

6-6
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
Vocabulary Apply the vocabulary from this lesson to answer each question.
1. In trapezoid PRSV, name the bases, � �
the legs, and the midsegment.
� �
2. Both a parallelogram and a kite have
� �
two pairs of congruent sides. How are
the congruent sides of a kite different from
the congruent sides of a parallelogram? �
SEE EXAMPLE 1 3. Crafts The edges of the kite-shaped glass in
p. 428 the sun catcher are sealed with lead strips.
JH, KH, and LH are 2.75 inches, and MH is �
5.5 inches. How much lead is needed to � �
seal the edges of the sun catcher? If the
craftsperson has two 3-foot lengths of lead,
how many sun catchers can be sealed?
SEE EXAMPLE 2 In kite WXYZ, m∠WXY = 104°,

p. 429 and m∠VYZ = 49°. �
Find each measure.
4. m∠VZY �
5. m∠VXW �
6. m∠XWZ � �
SEE EXAMPLE 3 7. Find m∠A. 8. RW = 17.7, and SV = 23.3.

p. 430 � � Find TW.
� �
��
�
� � � �
SEE EXAMPLE 4 9. Find the value of z so 10. MQ = 7y - 6, and LP = 4y + 11.

p. 430 that EFGH is isosceles. Find the value of y so that
LMPQ is isosceles.
� � �
�
��
� �
� �
SEE EXAMPLE 5 11. Find QR. 12. Find AZ.

p. 431 � � � �
� ��
�
��
� � � �
��
�

ÇÊ°
Independent Practice 13. Design Each square section in the iron railing
For See contains four small kites. The figure shows
Exercises Example ÇÊ°
the dimensions of one kite. What length of
13 1
iron is needed to outline one small kite? ÇÊ° £ÇÊ°
14–16 2
How much iron is needed to outline one
17–18 3
complete section, including the square?
19–20 4
21–22 5
In kite ABCD, m∠DAX = 32°, and m∠XDC = 64°.
Extra Practice Find each measure.
Skills Practice p. S15 14. m∠XDA 15. m∠ABC 16. m∠BCD
8

17. Find m∠Q. 18. SZ = 62.6, and KZ = 34. Find RJ.
* -
££nÂ
<
+ ,
19. Algebra Find the value of a so that XYZW is isosceles. 9 <

Ó>ÓÊÊÈx®Â
Give your answer as a simplified radical.
8 7
>ÓÊÊ£x®Â
20. Algebra GJ = 4x - 1, and FH = 9x - 15. Find the value

of x so that FGHJ is isosceles.

21. Find PQ. Î 22. Find KR. ,

/ xÓ°x

* +
/
6 ÎÓ°x
{°Ó
Tell whether each statement is sometimes, always, or never true.
23. The opposite angles of a trapezoid are supplementary.
24. The opposite angles of a kite are supplementary.
25. A pair of consecutive angles in a kite are supplementary.
26. Estimation Hal is building a trapezoid-shaped
frame for a flower bed. The lumber costs $1.29 6 ft 6 ft
per foot. Based on Hal’s sketch, estimate the cost
of the lumber. (Hint: Find the angle measures
in the triangle formed by the dashed line.) 60°
20 ft
Find the measure of each numbered angle.

27. £
28. £ 29.
£
nÓÂ Ó ÎÂ
nÂ Ç{Â
xÓÂ Ó ££ÈÂ Ó
30. 31. £ 32. {äâÊÊx®Â

Î{Â
Ó £nâÂ
£
ÎÝÂ {nÂ
ÇÓÂ
ÝÂ
£ £äâÂ
ge07se_c06_0427_0435.indd 433 5/8/06 1:34:21 PM

The boundary of a fairground is a quadrilateral with vertices at E(-1, 3), F(3, 4),
G(2, 0), and H(-3, -2).
a. Use the Distance Formula to show that EFGH is a kite.
b. The organizers need to know the angle measure at each vertex. Given that
m∠H = 46° and m∠F = 62°, find m∠E and m∠G.
Algebra Find the length of the midsegment of each trapezoid.

34. 35. ÊÊÎ 36. VÓÊÊÈ
£ÈÌ £ÓÌ ÊÊÈ {V
£ä
Mechanics ÎÊÊx VÓÊÊÓ
37. Mechanics A Peaucellier cell is made of seven rods +

connected by joints at the labeled points. AQBP is a
−− −−
rhombus, and OA OB. As P moves along a circular
path, Q moves along a linear path. In the position
shown, m∠AQB = 72°, and m∠AOB = 28°.
*
What are m∠PAQ, m∠OAQ, and m∠OBP?
The Peaucellier cell,
invented in 1864, 38. Prove that one diagonal of a kite bisects a pair of
converts circular motion opposite angles and the other diagonal. "
into linear motion. This

type of linkage was 39. Prove Theorem 6-6-1: If a quadrilateral is a kite,
supposedly used in the then its diagonals are perpendicular.
fans that ventilated the
Houses of Parliament Multi-Step Give the best name for a quadrilateral with the given vertices.
in London prior to the
invention of electric fans. 40. (-4, -1), (-4, 6), (2, 6), (2, -4) 41. (-5, 2), (-5, 6), (-1, 6), (2, -1)
The Granger Collection, New York 42. (-2, -2), (1, 7), (4, 4), (1, -5) 43. (-4, -3), (0, 3), (4, 3), (8, -3)
44. Carpentry The window frame is a regular octagon.

It is made from eight pieces of wood shaped like

congruent isosceles trapezoids. What are
m∠A, m∠B, m∠C, and m∠D?
45. Write About It Compare an isosceles trapezoid to a
trapezoid that is not isosceles. What properties do the
figures have in common? What properties does one
have that the other does not?
46. Use coordinates to verify the Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem. Þ
−− + Ó>]ÊÓL®
a. M is the midpoint of QP. What are its coordinates? , V]ÊÓL®
−−
b. N is the midpoint of RS. What are its coordinates?
−− −− −−−
c. Find the slopes of QR, PS, and MN. What can
you conclude? Ý
d. Find QR, PS, and MN. Show that MN = __12 (PS + QR). * ä]Êä® - VÊÊÓ`]Êä®
−− −−
47. In trapezoid PQRS, what could be the lengths of QR and PS? + ,
6 and 10 8 and 32 8 £È 9
6 and 26 10 and 24
* -
ge07se_c06_0427_0435.indd 434 5/8/06 1:34:25 PM

48. Which statement is never true for a kite?
The diagonals are perpendicular.
One pair of opposite angles are congruent.
One pair of opposite sides are parallel. �
Two pairs of consecutive sides are congruent.

� �
49. Gridded Response What is the length of the
� �
midsegment of trapezoid ADEB in inches? ��

50. Write a two-column proof. (Hint: If there is a line and a point � �
not on the line, then there is exactly one line through the
point perpendicular to the given line. Use this fact to draw
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶
auxiliary lines UX and VY so that UX ⊥ WZ and VY ⊥ WZ.) � �
� �
̶̶ ̶̶̶
Given: WXYZ is a trapezoid with XZ ≅ YW.
Prove: WXYZ is an isosceles trapezoid. � �
��
51. The perimeter of isosceles trapezoid ABCD is 27.4 � �
inches. If BC = 2(AB), find AD, AB, BC, and CD. � �
SPIRAL REVIEW
52. An empty pool is being filled with water. After 10 hours, 20% of the pool is full.
If the pool is filled at a constant rate, what fraction of the pool will be full after
25 hours? (Previous course)
Write and solve an inequality for x. (Lesson 3-4)

53. 54. �
��
��
Tell whether a parallelogram with the given vertices is a rectangle, rhombus,

or square. Give all the names that apply. (Lesson 6-5)
55. (-3, 1), (-1, 3), (1, 1), and (-1, -1) 56. (1, 1), (4, 5), (4, 0), and (1, -4)
Construction Kite
  �  �  �
� �
� � � � � � � �
� � �
̶̶
Draw a segment AC. Construct line ℓ as the Draw a point B on ℓ Draw a point D on ℓ
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
perpendicular bisector above AC. Draw AB below AC so that
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
of AC. Label the and CB. DX ≠ BX. Draw AD
̶̶
intersection as X. and CD.
1. Critical Thinking How would you modify the construction above so that ABCD is a concave kite?

SECTION 6B
Other Special Quadrilaterals

A Fair Arrangement The organizers of a county fair
are using a coordinate plane to plan the layout of the
fairground. The fence that surrounds the fairground will
have vertices at A(-1, 4), B(7, 8), C(3, 0), and D(-5, -4).
1. The organizers consider creating two straight paths through the

fairground: one from point A to point C and another from point B
to point D. Use a theorem from Lesson 6-4 to prove that these paths
would be perpendicular.
2. The organizers instead decide to put an entry � �
gate at the midpoint of each side of the fence,
as shown. They plan to create straight paths �
�
that connect the gates. Show that the paths
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ �
PQ, QR, RS, and SP form a parallelogram. �
̶̶ ̶̶
3. Use the paths PR and SQ to tell whether � �
PQRS is a rhombus, rectangle, or square.
4. One section of the fair will contain all the rides and games.
The organizers will fence off this area within the fairground by
̶̶ ̶̶
using the existing fences along AB and BC and adding fences
̶̶ ̶̶
along AE and CE , where E has coordinates (-1, 0). What type of
quadrilateral will be formed by these four fences?
5. To construct the fences, the organizers need to know the angle
measures at each vertex. Given that m∠B = 37°, find the measures
of the other angles in quadrilateral ABCE.

SECTION 6B
Quiz for Lessons 6-4 Through 6-6
6-4 Properties of Special Parallelograms
The flag of Jamaica is a rectangle with stripes along the diagonals. � �
In rectangle QRST, QS = 80.5, and RS = 36. Find each length.
1. SP 2. QT 3. TR 4. TP
�
GHJK is a rhombus. Find each measure. � ��
�
5. HJ �
� �
6. m∠HJG and m∠GHJ if m∠JLH = (4b - 6)° ��
and m∠JKH = (2b + 11)° � �
̶̶ ̶̶ �
7. Given: QSTV is a rhombus. PT ≅ RT
̶̶ ̶̶ � �
Prove: PQ ≅ RQ
� �
��
�
��
��
6-5 Conditions for Special Parallelograms ��
Determine if the conclusion is valid. If not, tell what additional information
is needed to make it valid. � �
̶̶ ̶̶
8. Given: AC ⊥ BD
Conclusion: ABCD is a rhombus.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
9. Given: AB ≅ CD, AC ≅ BD, AB ǁ CD
Conclusion: ABCD is a rectangle. � �
Use the diagonals to determine whether a parallelogram with the given vertices is a
rectangle, rhombus, or square. Give all the names that apply.
10. W(-2, 2), X(1, 5), Y(7, -1), Z(4, -4) 11. M(-4, 5), N(1, 7), P(3, 2), Q(-2, 0)
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ �
12. Given: VX and ZX are midsegments of △TWY. TW ≅ TY
�
Prove: TVXZ is a rhombus.
� �
�
�
6-6 Properties of Kites and Trapezoids
In kite EFGH, m∠FHG = 68°, and m∠FEH = 62°. Find each measure. �
13. m∠FEJ 14. m∠EHJ �
� �
15. m∠FGJ 16. m∠EHG
17. Find m∠R. 18. YZ = 34.2, and VX = 53.4. Find WZ. �
� � � �
��
�
� � � �
19. A dulcimer is a trapezoid-shaped stringed instrument.

The bases are 43 in. and 23 in. long. If a string is
attached at the midpoint of each leg of the trapezoid,
how long is the string?
Ready to Go On? 437

For a complete
list of the
postulates and
theorems in
this chapter,
see p. S82.
Vocabulary
base of a trapezoid . . . . . . . . . . 429 kite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 rhombus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
base angle of a trapezoid . . . . 429 leg of a trapezoid . . . . . . . . . . . 429 side of a polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
concave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 midsegment of a trapezoid . . 431 square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
convex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 parallelogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 trapezoid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
diagonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 vertex of a polygon . . . . . . . . . . 382
isosceles trapezoid . . . . . . . . . . 429 regular polygon. . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Complete the sentences below with vocabulary words from the list above.
1. The common endpoint of two sides of a polygon is a(n) ? .
̶̶̶̶
2. A polygon is ? if no diagonal contains points in the exterior.
̶̶̶̶
3. A(n) ? is a quadrilateral with four congruent sides.
̶̶̶̶
4. Each of the parallel sides of a trapezoid is called a(n) ? .
̶̶̶̶
6-1 Properties and Attributes of Polygons (pp. 382–388)

EXAMPLES EXERCISES
■ Tell whether the figure is a polygon. If it is a Tell whether each figure is a polygon. If it is a
polygon, name it by the number of its sides. polygon, name it by the number of its sides.
The figure is a closed plane figure 5. 6. 7.
made of segments that intersect only
at their endpoints, so it is a polygon.
It has six sides, so it is a hexagon.
Tell whether each polygon is regular or irregular.
■ Tell whether the polygon is regular or Tell whether it is concave or convex.
irregular. Tell whether it is concave or convex. 8. 9. 10.
The polygon is equilateral, but it is
not equiangular. So it is not regular.
No diagonal contains points in the
exterior, so it is convex. Find each measure.
11. the sum of the interior angle measures
Find each measure.
of a convex dodecagon
■ the sum of the interior angle measures of
a convex 11-gon 12. the measure of each �
interior angle of a
(n - 2)180° Polygon ∠ Sum Thm. ��
regular 20-gon � ��
(11 - 2)180° = 1620° Substitute 11 for n. � �
13. the measure of each ��
■ the measure of each exterior angle of a exterior angle of a
regular pentagon � ��
regular quadrilateral ��
�
sum of ext.  = 360° Polygon Ext. ∠ 14. the measure of each ��
SumThm. interior angle of �
360° = 72°
measure of one ext. ∠ = _ hexagon ABCDEF
5

6-2 Properties of Parallelograms (pp. 391–397)
EXAMPLES EXERCISES
■ In PQRS, m∠RSP = 99°, � � In ABCD, m∠ABC = 79°, �
PQ = 19.8, and RT = 12.3. � BC = 62.4, and BD = 75. �
�
Find PT. Find each measure.
� � 15. BE 16. AD �
̶̶ ̶̶ �
PT ≅ RT  → diags. bisect each other 17. ED 18. m∠CDA
PT = RT Def. of ≅ segs.
PT = 12.3 Substitute 12.3 for RT. 19. m∠BCD 20. m∠DAB
JKLM is a � � WXYZ is a parallelogram.

��
�
parallelogram. Find �� Find each measure.
��
��
each measure. �� 21. WX 22. YZ
� � � ��
■ LK 23. m∠W 24. m∠X ��
̶̶ ̶̶
JM ≅ LK  → opp. sides ≅ �
25. m∠Y 26. m∠Z
JM = LK Def. of ≅ segs.
2y - 9 = y + 7 Substitute the given values. 27. Three vertices of RSTV are R(-8, 1), S(2, 3), and
y = 16 Solve for y. V(-4, -7). Find the coordinates of vertex T.
LK = 16 + 7 = 23
28. Write a two-column proof.
■ m∠M Given: GHLM is a parallelogram.
m∠J + m∠M = 180°  → cons.  supp. ∠L ≅ ∠JMG �
(x + 4) + 3x = 180 Substitute the given Prove: △GJM is isosceles. �
values. � �
x = 44 Solve for x.
m∠M = 3 (44) = 132°
� �
6-3 Conditions for Parallelograms (pp. 398–405)

EXAMPLES EXERCISES
■ Show that MNPQ is a � �� Show that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram for the
parallelogram for ��
given values of the variables.
��
a = 6 and b = 1.6. 29. m = 13, n = 27 30. x = 25, y = 7
� ��
� �
��
MN = 2a + 5 QP = 4a - 7
MN = 2 (6) + 5 = 17 QP = 4 (6) - 7 = 17 ��
� � � �
MQ = 7b NP = 2b + 8 ��
MQ = 7 (1.6) = 11.2 NP = 2 (1.6) + 8 = 11.2
Determine if the quadrilateral must be a
Since its opposite sides are congruent,
parallelogram. Justify your answer.
MNPQ is a parallelogram.
31. 32.
■ Determine if the quadrilateral
must be a parallelogram.
Justify your answer. 33. Show that the quadrilateral with vertices B(-4, 3),
No. One pair of opposite angles are congruent, D(6, 5), F(7, -1), and H(-3, -3) is
and one pair of consecutive sides are a parallelogram.
congruent. None of the conditions for a
parallelogram are met.
Study Guide: Review 439

6-4 Properties of Special Parallelograms (pp. 408–415)
EXAMPLES EXERCISES
In rectangle JKLM, � � In rectangle ABCD, CD = 18, and CE = 19.8.
KM = 52.8, and JM = 45.6. � Find each length. � �
Find each length. 34. AB 35. AC �
� �
■ KL
36. BD 37. BE � �
JKLM is a . Rect. → 
KL = JM = 45.6  → opp. sides ≅
In rhombus WXYZ, WX = 7a + 1,
WZ = 9a - 6, and VZ = 3a. �
■ NL
JL = KM = 52.8 Rect. → diags. ≅ Find each measure. �
�
�
1 JL = 26.4 38. WZ 39. XV
NL = _  → diags. bisect
2 �
each other 40. XY 41. XZ
■ PQRS is a rhombus. � �
Find m∠QPR, given that � In rhombus RSTV, m∠TZV = (8n + 18)°,
m∠QTR = (6y + 6)° and and m∠SRV = (9n + 1)°.
m∠SPR = 3y°. � � Find each measure. � �
�
m∠QTR = 90° Rhombus → diags. ⊥ 42. m∠TRS 43. m∠RSV
6y + 6 = 90 Substitute the given value.
44. m∠STV 45. m∠TVR � �
y = 14 Solve for y.
m∠QPR = m∠SPR Rhombus → each
m∠QPR = 3 (14) ° = 42° diag. bisects opp.  Find the measures of the numbered angles in
each figure.
■ The vertices of square ABCD are A(5, 0), 46. rectangle MNPQ 47. rhombus CDGH
B(2, 4), C(-2, 1), and D(1, -3). Show that � � � �
� ��
�
the diagonals of square ABCD are congruent � �
perpendicular bisectors of each other. �
� � �
� � �
AC = BD = 5 √ 2 Diags. are ≅. ��
̶̶ � �
slope of AC = - 1
_ Product of slopes is -1,
7 Show that the diagonals of the square with the given
̶̶ so diags. are ⊥.
slope of BD = 7 vertices are congruent perpendicular bisectors of
̶̶ each other.
mdpt. of AC
̶̶
= mdpt. of BD = _( )
3, _
2 2
1
Diags. bisect
each other.
48. R(-5, 0), S(-1, -2), T(-3, -6), and U(-7, -4)
49. E(2, 1), F(5, 1), G(5, -2), and H(2, -2)
6-5 Conditions for Special Parallelograms (pp. 418–425)

EXAMPLES EXERCISES
�
■ Determine if the conclusion Determine if the conclusion is � �
is valid. If not, tell what valid. If not, tell what additional
additional information is � � information is needed to make
needed to make it valid. it valid. � �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
Given: LP ⊥ KN � 50. Given: ER ⊥ FS, ER ≅ FS
Conclusion: KLNP is a rhombus. Conclusion: EFRS is a square.
The conclusion is not valid. ̶̶ ̶̶
51. Given: ER and FS bisect each other.
If the diagonals of a parallelogram are ̶̶ ̶̶
ER ≅ FS
perpendicular, then the parallelogram is a Conclusion: EFRS is a rectangle.
rhombus. To apply this theorem, you must first ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
know that KLNP is a parallelogram. 52. Given: EF ǁ RS, FR ǁ ES, EF ≅ ES
Conclusion: EFRS is a rhombus.

■ Use the diagonals to tell whether a Use the diagonals to tell whether a parallelogram
parallelogram with vertices P(-5, 3), with the given vertices is a rectangle, rhombus,
Q(0, 1), R(2, -4), and S(-3, -2) is a or square. Give all the names that apply.
rectangle, rhombus, or square. Give all 53. B(-3, 0), F(-2, 7), J(5, 8), N(4, 1)
the names that apply.
54. D(-4, -3), H(5, 6), L(8, 3), P(-1, -6)
 = 7 √
PR = √98 2 Distance Formula
 = 3 √
QS = √18 2 Distance Formula 55. Q(-8, -2), T(-6, 8), W(4, 6), Z(2, -4)
Since PR ≠ QS, PQRS is not a rectangle and

not a square.
̶̶ 7 = -1
slope of PR = _ Slope Formula
-7
̶̶ 3
slope of QS = _ =1 Slope Formula
3
Since the product of the slopes is -1,
the diagonals are perpendicular. PQRS is
a rhombus.
6-6 Properties of Kites and Trapezoids (pp. 427–435)

�
EXAMPLES � EXERCISES
�
■ In kite PQRS, m∠SRT = 24°, and In kite WXYZ, m∠VXY = 58°, �
m∠TSP = 53°. Find m∠SPT. �
� and m∠ZWX = 50°.
�
△PTS is a right triangle. Kite → diags. ⊥ Find each measure. � �
m∠SPT + m∠TSP = 90° Acute  of rt. △ 56. m∠XYZ 57. m∠ZWV
are comp. �
58. m∠VZW 59. m∠WZY
m∠SPT + 53 = 90 Substitute 53 for m∠TSP.
m∠SPT = 37° Subtract 53 from both sides.
Find each measure.
� � 60. m∠R and m∠S 61. BZ if ZH = 70
■ Find m∠D.
and EK = 121.6
��
� � � � �
��
m∠C + m∠D = 180° Same-Side Int.  Thm. �
51 + m∠D = 180 Substitute 51 for m∠C. � �
� �
m∠D = 129° Subtract.
� � 62. MN 63. EQ
■ In trapezoid HJLN, ��
� � � � �
JP = 32.5, and HL = 50.
Find PN. � ��
� � � � �
̶̶ ̶̶
JN ≅ HL Isosc. trap. → diags. ≅ � ��
JN = HL = 50 Def. of ≅ segs.
JP + PN = JN Seg. Add. Post. 64. Find the value of n so that PQXY is isosceles.
32.5 + PN = 50 Substitute. � �
PN = 17.5 Subtract 32.5 from both sides. ��
��
�
■ Find WZ. ��
� �
� ��
Give the best name for a quadrilateral whose vertices
� � have the given coordinates.
1 (XY + WZ)
AB = _ Trap. Midsegment Thm. 65. (-4, 5), (-1, 8), (5, 5), (-1, 2)
2
1 (42 + WZ)
73.5 = _ Substitute. 66. (1, 4), (5, 4), (5, -4), (1, -1)
2
147 = 42 + WZ Multiply both sides by 2. 67. (-6, -1), (-4, 2), (0, 2), (2, -1)
105 = WZ Solve for WZ.
Study Guide: Review 441

Tell whether each figure is a polygon. If it is a polygon, name it by the number of its sides.
1. 2.
nÂ
£{
Â
3. The base of a fountain is in the shape of a quadrilateral, as shown.
Find the measure of each interior angle of the fountain.
4. Find the sum of the interior angle measures of a convex nonagon. £ÓÂ
££Â
5. Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular 15-gon.
6. In EFGH, EH = 28, HZ = 9, and 7. JKLM is a parallelogram.

m∠EHG = 145°. Find FH and m∠FEH. Find KL and m∠L.

< ÞÊÊ££
{ÞÊÊÇ
ÈÝÊÊ£®Â ÓÝÊÊ®Â

8. Three vertices of PQRS are P(-2, -3), R(7, 5), and S(6, 1). Find the coordinates of Q.
9. Show that WXYZ is 8 9 10. Determine if CDGH
Î> xL
a parallelogram for >Ê must be a parallelogram.
a = 4 and b = 3. ÊÎ Ê

{LÊ n Justify your answer.
7 <

11. Show that a quadrilateral with vertices K(-7, -3), L(2, 0), S(5, -4),
and T(-4, -7) is a parallelogram.
12. In rectangle PLCM,
13. In rhombus EHKN,
LC = 19, and LM = 23. / m∠NQK = (7z + 6)°, and +
Find PT and PM. m∠ENQ = (5z + 1)°.
* Find m∠HEQ and m∠EHK.

Determine if the conclusion is valid. If not, tell what additional information is

*
needed to make it valid.
−− −− −−− −−− −− −−− −−− −− −−− −−−
14. Given: NP PQ QM MN 15. Given: NP MQ, NM PQ, NQ MP
Conclusion: MNPQ is a square. Conclusion: MNPQ is a rectangle. +
Use the diagonals to determine whether a parallelogram with the given vertices
is a rectangle, rhombus, or square. Give all the names that apply.
16. A(-5, 7), C(3, 6), E(7, -1), G(-1, 0) 17. P(4, 1), Q(3, 4), R(-3, 2), S(-2, -1)

18. m∠JFR = 43°, and 19. PV = 61.1, and *
m∠JNB = 68°. , YS = 24.7. 9
Find m∠FBN. Find MY.
6 -
20. Find HR.
,
8 ÓxÊÊÚÚ
£
Ó
ÊÊÊ° 9
-
Ó{Ê°
ge07se_c06_0438_0447redue.indd 442 6/15/06 9:47:16 AM

FOCUS ON SAT
The scores for each SAT section range from 200 to 800. If you have time, go back through each
Your score is calculated by subtracting a fraction for section of the test and check as many
each incorrect multiple-choice answer from the total of your answers as possible. Try to use a
number of correct answers. No points are deducted for different method of solving the problem
incorrect grid-in answers or items you left blank. than you used the first time.
You may want to time yourself as you take this practice test. It should take you
about 6 minutes to complete.
1. Given the quadrilateral below, what value of x 3. Which of the following terms best describes the
would allow you to conclude that the figure is a figure below?
parallelogram?
(A) Rhombus
��
(B) Trapezoid
��
(C) Quadrilateral
��
(D) Square
(A) -2
(E) Parallelogram
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D) 2 4. Three vertices of MNPQ are M(3, 1), N(0, 6),
and P(4, 7). Which of the following could be the
(E) 3 coordinates of vertex Q?
(A) (7, 0)
2. In the figure below, if ABCD is a rectangle, what (B) (–1, 1)

type of triangle must △ABE be? (C) (7, 2)
� � (D) (11, 3)
(E) (9, 4)
�
� �
5. If ABCDE is a regular pentagon, what is the
(A) Equilateral measure of ∠C?
(B) Right (A) 45°
(C) Equiangular (B) 60°
(D) Isosceles (C) 90°
(E) Scalene (D) 108°
(E) 120°
College Entrance Exam Practice 443

Multiple Choice: Eliminate Answer Choices
For some multiple-choice test items, you can eliminate one or more of the answer
choices without having to do many calculations. Use estimation or logic to help you
decide which answer choices can be eliminated.
What is the value of x in the figure?

��
3° 83° ��
63° 153° ��
The sum of the exterior angle measures of a convex polygon is 360°.

By rounding, you can estimate the sum of the given angle measures.
��
100° + 30° + 140° + 30° = 300°
If x = 153°, the sum of the angle measures would be far greater than 360°.
So eliminate D.
If x = 3°, the sum would be far less than 360°. So eliminate A.
From your estimate, it seems likely that the correct choice is B, 63°.
Confirm that this is correct by doing the actual calculation.
98° + 32° + 63° + 135° + 32° = 360°
The correct answer is B, 63°.
What is m∠B in the isosceles trapezoid? � �

��
216° 72°
108° 58°
Base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent. � �
Since ∠D and ∠B are not a pair of base angles, their
measures are not equal. Eliminate G, 108°.
∠D and ∠C are base angles, so m∠C = 108°. ∠B and ∠C are same-side interior
angles formed by parallel lines. So they are supplementary angles. Therefore
the measure of angle B cannot be greater than 180°. You can eliminate F.
m∠B = 180° - 108° = 72°
The correct answer is H, 72°.

Try to eliminate unreasonable answer choices.
Item C
Some choices may be too large or too small or
may have incorrect units.
In isosecles trapezoid ABCD, AC = 18.2, and
DG = 6.3. What is GB?
� �
Read each test item and answer the questions

�
that follow.
� �
Item A
The diagonals of rectangle MNPQ intersect at 24.5 6.3
S. If MN = 4.1 meters, MS = 2.35 meters, and
MQ = 2.3 meters, what is the area of △MPQ 11.9 2.9
to the nearest tenth?
� �
� ̶̶
6. Will the measure of GB be more than, less
̶̶
than, or equal to the measure of AC? What
� � answer choices can you eliminate and why?
7. Explain how to use estimation to answer
4.7 square meters
this problem.
5.4 meters
9.4 square meters
12.8 meters Item D
In trapezoid LMNP, XY = 25 feet. What are two
̶̶ ̶̶
possible lengths for LM and PN ?
1. Are there any answer choices you can
� �
eliminate immediately? If so, which choices
and why?
2. Describe how to use estimation to eliminate ��
� �
at least one more answer choice.
� �
Item B 18 feet and 32 feet
What is the sum of the interior angles of a
convex hexagon? 49 feet and 2 feet
10 feet and 15 feet
7 inches and 43 inches
180° 720°
8. Which answer choice can you eliminate
500° 1080° immediately? Why?
9. A student used logic to eliminate choice H.
3. Can any of the answer choices be eliminated Do you agree with the student’s decision?
immediately? If so, which choices and why? Explain.
4. How can you use the fact that 500 is not a 10. A student used estimation and answered
multiple of 180 to eliminate choice G? this problem with G. Explain the mistake
the student made.
5. A student answered this problem with J.
Explain the mistake the student made.
Test Tackler 445

KEYWORD: MG7 TestPrep
CUMULATIVE ASSESSMENT, CHAPTERS 1–6

Multiple Choice Use the figure below for Items 6 and 7.
1. The exterior angles of a triangle have measures � �

of (x + 10)°, (2x + 20)°, and 3x°. What is the
measure of the smallest interior angle of the
triangle? �
� �
15° 55°
̶̶ ̶̶̶
35° 65° 6. If JK ǁ ML, what additional information do
you need to prove that quadrilateral JKLM is
2. If a plant is a monocot, then its leaves have a parallelogram?
parallel veins. If a plant is an orchid, then it is a ̶̶ ̶̶
JM ≅ KL
monocot. A Mexican vanilla plant is an orchid. ̶̶̶ ̶̶
MN ≅ LN
Based on this information, which conclusion is
NOT valid? ∠MLK and ∠LKJ are right angles.
The leaves of a Mexican vanilla plant ∠JML and ∠KLM are supplementary.
have parallel veins.
A Mexican vanilla plant is a monocot. 7. Given that JKLM is a parallelogram and that
m∠KLN = 25°, m∠JMN = 65°, and m∠JML = 130°,
All orchids have leaves with parallel veins. which term best describes quadrilateral JKLM?
All monocots are orchids. Rectangle
Rhombus
3. If △ABC ≅ △PQR and △RPQ ≅ △XYZ, which of
the following angles is congruent to ∠CAB? Square
∠QRP ∠YXZ Trapezoid
∠XZY ∠XYZ
8. For two lines and a transversal, ∠1 and ∠2 are
same-side interior angles, ∠2 and ∠3 are vertical
4. Which line coincides with the line 2y + 3x = 4?
angles, and ∠3 and ∠4 are alternate exterior
3y + 2x = 4 angles. Which classification best describes the
y=_ 2x + 2 angle pair ∠2 and ∠4?
3
a line through (-1, 1) and (2, 3) Adjacent angles
a line through (0, 2) and (4, -4) Alternate interior angles
Corresponding angles
5. What is the value of x in polygon ABCDEF? Vertical angles
� ̶̶ ̶̶
� 9. For △ABC and △DEF, ∠A ≅ ∠F, and AC ≅ EF.
��
Which of the following would allow you
to conclude that these triangles are
�� congruent by AAS?
� ��
∠ABC ≅ ∠EDF
��
∠ACB ≅ ∠EDF
��
� � ∠BAC ≅ ∠FDE
12 24 ∠CBA ≅ ∠FED
18 36

10. The vertices of ABCD are A(1, 4), B(4, y), Short Response
C(3, -2), and D(0, -3). What is the value of y?
17. In △ABC, AE = 9x - 11.25, and AF = x + 4.
3 5
4 6 �
11. Quadrilateral RSTU is a kite. What is the length

̶̶
of RV?
� �
�
�
��
� �
� � �
��
a. Find the value of x. Show your work and
� explain how you found your answer.
̶̶ ̶̶
4 inches 6 inches b. If DF ≅ EF, show that △AFD ≅ △CFE.
State any theorems or postulates used.
5 inches 13 inches
18. Consider quadrilateral ABCD.
12. What is the measure of each interior angle in a
regular dodecagon? � �
30° 150° �
�
144° 162° �
�
13. The coordinates of the vertices of quadrilateral
RSTU are R(1, 3), S(2, 7), T(10, 5), and U(9, 1). ��
Which term best describes quadrilateral RSTU?
��
Parallelogram Rhombus �
Rectangle Trapezoid
a. Show that ABCD is a trapezoid. Justify your
answer.
Mixed numbers cannot be entered into the grid b. What are the coordinates for the endpoints
for gridded-response questions. For example, of the midsegment of trapezoid ABCD?
if you get an answer of 7__14 , you must grid either
7.25 or __
29
4
. 19. Suppose that ∠M is complementary to ∠N and
∠N is complementary to ∠P. Explain why the
measurements of these three angles cannot be
Gridded Response the angle measurements of a triangle.
14. If quadrilateral MNPQ is a parallelogram, what is
the value of x?
Extended Response
� � ̶̶ ̶̶
�� 20. Given △ABC and △XYZ, suppose that AB ≅ XY
̶̶ ̶̶
and BC ≅ YZ.
a. If AB = 5, BC = 6, AC = 8, and m∠B < m∠Y,
�� explain why △XYZ is obtuse. Justify your
� � reasoning and state any theorems or
postulates used.
15. What is the greatest number of line segments b. If AB = 3, BC = 5, AC = 5, and m∠B > m∠Y,
̶̶
determined by six coplanar points when no three find the length of XZ so that △XYZ is a right
are collinear? triangle. Justify your reasoning and state any
theorems or postulates used.
16. Quadrilateral RSTU is a rectangle with c. If AB = 8 and BC = 4, find the range of possible
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
diagonals RT and SU. If RT = 4a + 2 and values for the length of AC. Justify your answer.
SU = 6a - 25, what is the value of a?
Cumulative Assessment, Chapters 1–6 447

OHIO
Sandusky
Handmade Tiles
During the nineteenth century, an important
industry developed in east central Ohio thanks
to an “earthy” discovery—clay! The region’s
rich soil and easy access to river transportation
helped establish Ohio as the pottery and
ceramic capital of the United States. Today
the majority of the earthenware clay used in
handmade tiles is still mined in Ohio.
Choose one or more strategies to solve each

problem.
1. In tile making, soft clay is pressed into long
rectangular wooden trays. After the clay
has dried, tiles are cut from the rectangular
slab. A tile manufacturer wants to make
parallelogram-shaped tiles with the
dimensions shown. What is the maximum
number of such tiles that can be cut
from a 12 in. by 40 in. slab of clay?
{Ê°
ÎäÂ
ÈÊ°
2. An interior designer is buying tiles that are in

the shape of isosceles trapezoids. Each tile has
bases that are 1 in. and 3 in. long, and the tiles
can be arranged as shown to form a rectangle.
How many tiles should the designer buy in
order to frame a 25 in. by 49 in. window?
3. A tile manufacturer wants to make a tile in £Ê°
the shape of a rhombus where one diagonal
is twice the length of the other diagonal.
What should the lengths of the diagonals be ÎÊ°
in order to make a tile with sides 7 cm long?
Round to the nearest hundredth.
ge07se_c06_0448_0449.indd 448 6/20/06 9:40:14 AM

Problem
Solving
Strategies
Draw a Diagram
Make a Model
The Millennium Force Guess and Test
Work Backward
Roller Coaster Find a Pattern
Make a Table
When it opened in May 2000, the Millennium Force roller Solve a Simpler Problem
Use Logical Reasoning
coaster broke all previous records and became Use a Venn Diagram
the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world. Make an Organized List
One of 16 roller coasters at Cedar Point in
Sandusky, Ohio, the Millennium Force takes
riders on a wild journey that features
1.25 miles of track, a top speed of 93 miles
per hour, and a breathtaking 310-foot drop!
Choose one or more strategies to solve

each problem.
1. The first hill of the Millennium Force
is 310 ft tall. The ascent to the top of
the hill is at a 45° angle. What is the
length of the ascent to the nearest
tenth of a foot?
2. The Millennium Force was the first
coaster in which an elevator lift
system was used to pull the trains to the
top of the first hill. The system pulls the
ÈäÊvÌ
trains at a speed of 20 ft/s. How long does
it take a train to reach the top of the hill?
The figure shows the support structure for

8 Î£äÊvÌ
the first hill of the Millennium Force. 9
For 3 and 4, use the figure.
−−
3. The length of the first descent CD
{xÂ
is 314.8 ft. To the nearest foot, what
is the total horizontal distance AD ÈäÊvÌ
that the train covers as it goes over
the first hill?
−−
4. Engineers designed the support beam XY
−−
so that X is the midpoint of the ascent AB
−−
and Y is the midpoint of the descent CD.
What is the length of the beam to the
nearest foot?
449
ge07se_c06_0448_0449.indd 449 5/10/06 3:58:13 PM

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Polygons and

Divide and Conquer

KEYWORD: MG7 ChProj

Triangle Sum Theorem

Parallel Lines and Transversals

Special Right Triangles

Polygons and Quadrilaterals 377

• studied properties of parallel isosceles trapezoid trapecio isósceles

You will study

Step 1 Make a statement of your mathematical claim.

Step 2 Give evidence to support your claim.

Step 3 Write a complete response.

1. Compare the circumcenter and the incenter of a triangle.

2. If you know the side lengths of a triangle, how do you determine

Polygons and Quadrilaterals 379

380 Chapter 6 Polygons and Quadrilaterals

Steps 1–3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6

6-1 Geometry Lab 381

EXAMPLE 1 Identifying Polygons

Tell whether each figure is a polygon. If it is a polygon,

382 Chapter 6 Polygons and Quadrilaterals

EXAMPLE 2 Classifying Polygons

irregular, convex regular, convex irregular, concave

Tell whether each polygon is regular or irregular. Tell whether it

Theorem 6-1-1 Polygon Angle Sum Theorem

The sum of the interior angle measures of a convex polygon

6- 1 Properties and Attributes of Polygons 383

A Find the sum of the interior angle measures of a convex octagon.

B Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular nonagon.

An exterior angle is ���� ���

Theorem 6-1-2 Polygon Exterior Angle Sum Theorem

EXAMPLE 4 Finding Exterior Angle Measures in Polygons

A Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular hexagon.

384 Chapter 6 Polygons and Quadrilaterals

4a. Find the measure of each exterior �

EXAMPLE 5 Photography Application

5. What if…? Suppose the shutter were formed by 8 blades.

THINK AND DISCUSS

6- 1 Properties and Attributes of Polygons 385

KEYWORD: MG7 Parent

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

386 Chapter 6 Polygons and Quadrilaterals

Algebra Find the value of x in each figure.

Multi-Step An exterior angle measure of a regular polygon is given. Find the

6- 1 Properties and Attributes of Polygons 387

Draw an example of each figure.

53. Which terms describe the figure shown?

54. Which statement is NOT true about a regular 16-gon?

CHALLENGE AND EXTEND

Find each side length for a 30°-60°-90° triangle. (Lesson 5-8)

388 Chapter 6 Polygons and Quadrilaterals

Step 2 Plot the points and connect them �

Step 3 Identify the domain and range.

Step 4 Determine whether the relation is a function.

Connecting Geometry to Algebra 389

4 Lay ABCD over QRST so that ∠A overlays ∠S. What do

390 Chapter 6 Polygons and Quadrilaterals

Objectives Who uses this?

A quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides is a parallelogram . To write the

Theorem 6-2-1 Properties of Parallelograms

An exterior angle is ��

WXYZ is a parallelogram. Find each measure. � ��

22. 23. ��