CH 4 Triangle Congruence

Triangle
Congruence
4A Triangles and Congruence
4-1 Classifying Triangles
Lab Develop the Triangle Sum
Theorem
4-2 Angle Relationships in Triangles
4-3 Congruent Triangles
4B Proving Triangle
Congruence
Lab Explore SSS and SAS Triangle
Congruence
4-4 Triangle Congruence: SSS
and SAS
Lab Predict Other Triangle
Congruence Relationships
4-5 Triangle Congruence: ASA,
AAS, and HL
4-6 Triangle Congruence: CPCTC
4-7 Introduction to Coordinate Proof
4-8 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles
Ext Proving Constructions Valid
When you turn a kaleidoscope,

the shapes flip to form a variety of
designs. You can create flexagons
that also flip to form patterns.
KEYWORD: MG7 ChProj
212 Chapter 4
Vocabulary
Match each term on the left with a definition on the right.
1. acute angle A. a statement that is accepted as true without proof
2. congruent segments B. an angle that measures greater than 90° and less than 180°
3. obtuse angle C. a statement that you can prove
4. postulate D. segments that have the same length
5. triangle E. a three-sided polygon
F. an angle that measures greater than 0° and less than 90°
Measure Angles
Use a protractor to measure each angle.
6. 7.
Use a protractor to draw an angle with each of the following measures.

8. 20° 9. 63° 10. 105° 11. 158°
Solve Equations with Fractions

Solve.
9 x + 7 = 25
12. _ 2 =_
13. 3x - _ 4
2 3 3
14. x - _1 =_12 21
15. 2y = 5y - _
5 5 2
Connect Words and Algebra

Write an equation for each statement.
16. Tanya’s age t is three times Martin’s age m.
17. Twice the length of a segment x is 9 ft.
18. The sum of 53° and twice an angle measure y is 90°.
19. The price of a radio r is $25 less than the price of a CD player p.
20. Half the amount of liquid j in a jar is 5 oz more than the amount of liquid b in a bowl.
Triangle Congruence 213

Key
Vocabulary/Vocabulario
Previously, you acute triangle triángulo acutángulo
• measured and classified angles.
congruent polygons polígonos congruentes
• wrote definitions for triangles
and other polygons. corollary corolario
• used deductive reasoning.
equilateral triangle triángulo equilátero
• planned and wrote proofs.
exterior angle ángulo externo
interior angle ángulo interno
isosceles triangle triángulo isósceles
obtuse triangle triángulo obtusángulo
right triangle triángulo rectángulo

You will study
scalene triangle triángulo escaleno
• classifying triangles.
• proving triangles congruent.
• using corresponding parts of
congruent triangles in proofs.
Vocabulary Connections
• positioning figures in the
coordinate plane for use in To become familiar with some of the
proofs. vocabulary terms in the chapter, consider
• proving theorems about the following. You may refer to the chapter,
isosceles and equilateral the glossary, or a dictionary if you like.
triangles.
1. The Latin word acutus means “pointed”
or “sharp.” Draw a triangle that looks
pointed or sharp. Do you think this is
an acute triangle ?
2. Consider the everyday meaning of
the word exterior. Where do you think
You can use the skills an exterior angle of a triangle is located?
learned in this chapter
3. You already know the definition of an
• in Algebra 2 and Precalculus. obtuse angle. Use this meaning to make
• in other classes, such as in a conjecture about an obtuse triangle .
Physics when you solve for
various measures of a triangle 4. Scalene comes from a Greek word that
and in Geography when you means “uneven.” If the sides of a scalene
identify a location using triangle are uneven, draw an example of
coordinates. such a triangle.
• outside of school to make

greeting cards or to design
jewelry or whenever you
create sets of objects that
have the same size and shape.
214 Chapter 4
Reading Strategy: Read Geometry Symbols
In Geometry we often use symbols to communicate information.
When studying each lesson, read both the symbols and the words slowly and
carefully. Reading aloud can sometimes help you translate symbols into words.
� ��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
� � �
��
��
Throughout this course, you will use these symbols and combinations of these
symbols to represent various geometric statements.
Symbol Combinations Translated into Words

ST
 ǁ UV
 Line ST is parallel to line UV.
̶̶ ̶̶̶
BC ⊥ GH Segment BC is perpendicular to segment GH.
p→q If p, then q.
m∠QRS = 45° The measure of angle QRS is 45 degrees.
∠CDE ≅ ∠LMN Angle CDE is congruent to angle LMN.
Try This
Rewrite each statement using symbols.
1. the absolute value of 2 times pi 2. The measure of angle 2 is 125 degrees.
3. Segment XY is perpendicular to line BC. 4. If not p, then not q.
Translate the symbols into words.

5. m∠FGH = m∠VWX 6. ZA
 ǁ TU

7. ∼p → q 8. ST
 bisects ∠TSU.
Triangle Congruence 215

4-1 Classifying
Triangles
Objectives Who uses this?
Classify triangles by Manufacturers use properties of
their angle measures and triangles to calculate the amount of
side lengths. material needed to make triangular
Use triangle classification objects. (See Example 4.)
to find angle measures
and side lengths.
A triangle is a steel percussion instrument
in the shape of an equilateral triangle.
Vocabulary
acute triangle
Different-sized triangles produce
equiangular triangle different musical notes when struck
right triangle with a metal rod.
obtuse triangle
equilateral triangle
Recall that a triangle (△) is a polygon
isosceles triangle with three sides. Triangles can be
scalene triangle classified in two ways: by their angle
measures or by their side lengths.
�
�
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
AB, BC, and AC are the sides of △ABC.
A, B, and C are the triangle’s vertices.
�
Triangle Classification By Angle Measures
Acute Triangle Equiangular Triangle Right Triangle Obtuse Triangle
Three acute Three congruent One right One obtuse

angles acute angles angle angle
EXAMPLE 1 Classifying Triangles by Angle Measures

�
Classify each triangle by its angle measures.
��
A △EHG
∠EHG is a right angle. So △EHG is
��
a right triangle. � �
�
B △EFH
∠EFH and ∠HFG form a linear pair, so they are supplementary.
Therefore m∠EFH + m∠HFG = 180°. By substitution,
m∠EFH + 60° = 180°. So m∠EFH = 120°. △EFH is an
obtuse triangle by definition.
1. Use the diagram to classify △FHG by its angle measures.
216 Chapter 4 Triangle Congruence

Triangle Classification By Side Lengths
Equilateral Triangle Isosceles Triangle Scalene Triangle
Three congruent sides At least two No congruent sides

congruent sides
EXAMPLE 2 Classifying Triangles by Side Lengths

Classify each triangle by its side lengths. �
A △ABC
When you look at a ̶̶ ̶̶ ��
From the figure, AB ≅ AC. So AC = 15,
figure, you cannot and △ABC is equilateral.
assume segments are � �
congruent based on ��
B △ABD
their appearance.
By the Segment Addition Postulate,
They must be marked
as congruent. BD = BC + CD = 15 + 5 = 20.
Since no sides are congruent, △ABD is scalene.
2. Use the diagram to classify △ACD by its side lengths.
EXAMPLE 3 Using Triangle Classification �
Find the side lengths of the triangle. ��

��
Step 1 Find the value of x.
̶̶ ̶̶ � �
JK ≅ KL Given
��
JK = KL Def. of ≅ segs.
(4x - 1.3) = (x + 3.2) Substitute (4x - 13) for JK and (x + 3.2) for KL.
3x = 4.5 Add 1.3 and subtract x from both sides.
x = 1.5 Divide both sides by 3.
Step 2 Substitute 1.5 into the expressions to find the side lengths.
JK = 4x - 1.3
= 4 (1.5) - 1.3 = 4.7
KL = x + 3.2
= (1.5) + 3.2 = 4.7
JL = 5x - 0.2
= 5 (1.5) - 0.2 = 7.3
3. Find the side lengths of �

equilateral △FGH.
��
� �
��
4-1 Classifying Triangles 217

EXAMPLE 4 Music Application
A manufacturer produces
musical triangles by bending
pieces of steel into the shape
of an equilateral triangle. ��
The triangles are available in
side lengths of 4 inches, 7 inches,
and 10 inches. How many
4-inch triangles can the
manufacturer produce from ��
a 100 inch piece of steel?
The amount of steel needed to
make one triangle is equal to ��
the perimeter P of the
equilateral triangle.
P = 3 (4)
= 12 in.
To find the number of triangles
that can be made from 100 inches.
of steel, divide 100 by the amount
of steel needed for one triangle.
1 triangles
100 ÷ 12 = 8_
3
There is not enough steel to complete a ninth triangle.
So the manufacturer can make 8 triangles from a
100 in. piece of steel.
Each measure is the side length of an equilateral triangle.

Determine how many triangles can be formed from a
100 in. piece of steel.
4a. 7 in. 4b. 10 in.
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. For △DEF, name the three pairs of consecutive sides and the vertex
formed by each.
2. Sketch an example of an obtuse isosceles triangle, or explain why it is
not possible to do so.
3. Is every acute triangle equiangular? Explain and support your answer
with a sketch.
4. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to explain why you cannot draw an
equilateral right triangle.
5. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete ��
the graphic organizer. In each box, ��
describe each type of triangle.
��

4-1
Exercises KEYWORD: MG7 4-1
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
Vocabulary Apply the vocabulary from this lesson to answer each question.
1. In △JKL, JK, KL, and JL are equal. How does this help you classify △JKL by
its side lengths?
2. △XYZ is an obtuse triangle. What can you say about the types of angles in △XYZ?
�
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Classify each triangle by its angle measures. ��
p. 216 3. △DBC 4. △ABD 5. △ADC ��
��
� �
�
�
SEE EXAMPLE 2 Classify each triangle by its side lengths.
p. 217 6. △EGH 7. △EFH 8. △HFG
�
��
� �
� �
SEE EXAMPLE 3 Multi-Step Find the side lengths of each triangle.

p. 217 9. 10.
��
��
��
SEE EXAMPLE 4 11. Crafts A jeweler creates triangular earrings by bending

p. 218 pieces of silver wire. Each earring is an isosceles triangle
with the dimensions shown. How many earrings can be
made from a piece of wire that is 50 cm long?
��
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Independent Practice Classify each triangle by � �
For See its angle measures. ��
Exercises Example
12. △BEA ��
12–14 1
15–17 2 � ��
13. △DBC
��
18–20 3 � �
14. △ABC
21–22 4
�
Extra Practice Classify each triangle by its side lengths. ��
Skills Practice p. S10 15. △PST 16. △RSP 17. △RPT
Application Practice p. S31 � �
��
Multi-Step Find the side lengths of each triangle.
18. �� 19.
��
��
��
��
20. Draw a triangle large enough to measure. Label the vertices X, Y, and Z.
a. Name the three sides and three angles of the triangle.
b. Use a ruler and protractor to classify the triangle by its side lengths
and angle measures.

Carpentry Use the following information for Exercises 21 and 22. �
A manufacturer makes trusses, or triangular supports,
for the roofs of houses. Each truss is the shape of an
̶̶ ̶̶
isosceles triangle in which PQ ≅ PR. The length of the
̶̶ __4
base QR is 3 the length of each of the congruent sides.
21. The perimeter of each truss is 60 ft.
Find each side length. � �
22. How many trusses can the manufacturer make from 150 feet of lumber?
Draw an example of each type of triangle or explain why it is not possible.

23. isosceles right 24. equiangular obtuse 25. scalene right
26. equilateral acute 27. scalene equiangular 28. isosceles acute
29. An equilateral triangle has a perimeter of 105 in.
What is the length of each side of the triangle? �
Classify each triangle by its angles and sides. �

Architecture
30. △ABC 31. △ACD ��
� �
32. An isosceles triangle has a perimeter of 34 cm. The congruent sides measure
(4x - 1) cm. The length of the third side is x cm. What is the value of x?
33. Architecture The base of the Flatiron Building is a triangle bordered by three
streets: Broadway, Fifth Avenue, and East Twenty-second Street. The Fifth Avenue side
is 1 ft shorter than twice the East Twenty-second Street side. The East Twenty-second
Street side is 8 ft shorter than half the Broadway side. The Broadway side is 190 ft.
a. Find the two unknown side lengths.
b. Classify the triangle by its side lengths.
34. Critical Thinking Is every isosceles triangle equilateral? Is every equilateral
Daniel Burnham triangle isosceles? Explain.
designed and built
the 22-story Flatiron
Building in New York Tell whether each statement is sometimes, always, or never true. Support your
City in 1902. answer with a sketch.
Source: 35. An acute triangle is a scalene triangle.
www.greatbuildings.com
36. A scalene triangle is an obtuse triangle.
37. An equiangular triangle is an isosceles triangle.
38. Write About It Write a formula for the side length s of an equilateral triangle,
given the perimeter P. Explain how you derived the formula.
39. Construction Use the method for constructing congruent segments to construct
an equilateral triangle.
40. This problem will prepare you for the Multi-Step Test Prep on page 238.
Marc folded a rectangular sheet of paper, ABCD, in half ��
̶̶
along EF. He folded the resulting square diagonally and �
then unfolded the paper to create the creases shown. � �
a. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find DE and CE. ��
b. What is the m∠DEC? � �

�
c. Classify △DEC by its side lengths and by its angle measures.

41. What is the side length of an equilateral triangle with a perimeter of 36__23 inches?
36_ 2 inches 12_1 inches
3 3
1
18_ inches 12_2 inches
3 9
42. The vertices of △RST are R(3, 2), S(-2, 3), and T(-2, 1). Which of these best
describes △RST?
Isosceles Scalene Equilateral Right
43. Which of the following is NOT a correct

classification of △LMN? �
Acute Isosceles
��
Equiangular Right
��
� �
��
̶̶ ̶̶
44. Gridded Response △ABC is isosceles, and AB ≅ AC. AB = __12 x + __14 , and ( )
( )
BC = __52 - x . What is the perimeter of △ABC ?
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND

45. A triangle has vertices with coordinates (0, 0), (a, 0), and (0, a), where a ≠ 0.
Classify the triangle in two different ways. Explain your answer.
46. Write a two-column proof. �
Given: △ABC is equiangular.
EF ǁ AC � �
Prove: △EFB is equiangular.
� �
47. Two sides of an equilateral triangle measure (y + 10) units and (y 2 - 2) units.
If the perimeter of the triangle is 21 units, what is the value of y?
48. Multi-Step The average length of the �
sides of △PQR is 24. How much longer ��
��
then the average is the longest side?
� �
��
SPIRAL REVIEW
Name the parent function of each function. (Previous course)
49. y = 5x 2 + 4 50. 2y = 3x + 4 51. y = 2(x - 8)2 + 6
Determine if each biconditional is true. If false, give a counterexample. (Lesson 2-4)

52. Two lines are parallel if and only if they do not intersect.
53. A triangle is equiangular if and only if it has three congruent angles.
54. A number is a multiple of 20 if and only if the number ends in a 0.
Determine whether each line is parallel to, is perpendicular to, or

coincides with y = 4x. (Lesson 3-6)
55. y = 4x + 2 56. 4y = -x + 8
1 y = 2x
57. _ 1x
58. -2y = _
2 2

4-2
Develop the Triangle
Sum Theorem
In this lab, you will use patty paper to discover a relationship between
the measures of the interior angles of a triangle.
Use with Lesson 4-2
Activity
1 Draw and label △ABC on a sheet of
notebook paper.
2 On patty paper draw a line ℓ and label

a point P on the line.
3 Place the patty paper on top of the

triangle you drew. Align the papers
̶̶
so that AB is on line ℓ and P and B
coincide. Trace ∠B. Rotate the triangle
and trace ∠C adjacent to ∠B. Rotate
the triangle again and trace ∠A
adjacent to ∠C. The diagram shows
your final step.
Try This
1. What do you notice about the three angles of the triangle that you traced?
2. Repeat the activity two more times using two different triangles. Do you get the
same results each time?
3. Write an equation describing the relationship among the measures of the angles
of △ABC.
4. Use inductive reasoning to write a conjecture about the sum of the measures of
the angles of a triangle.

4-2 Angle Relationships
in Triangles
Find the measures of Surveyors use triangles
interior and exterior to make measurements
angles of triangles. and create boundaries.
Apply theorems about (See Example 1.)
the interior and exterior
angles of triangles.
Triangulation is a method
used in surveying. Land is
Vocabulary
divided into adjacent triangles.
auxiliary line
corollary By measuring the sides and
interior angles of one triangle and
exterior applying properties of triangles, This engraving shows the county
interior angle surveyors can gather information surveyor and commissioners laying
exterior angle about adjacent triangles. out the town of Baltimore in 1730.
remote interior angle
Theorem 4-2-1 Triangle Sum Theorem
The sum of the angle measures of a triangle is 180°. �

m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180°
� �
The proof of the Triangle Sum Theorem uses an auxiliary line. An auxiliary line
is a line that is added to a figure to aid in a proof.
PROOF Triangle Sum Theorem

Given: △ABC �
�
Prove: m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 = 180° � � �
� �
� �
Proof:
��
Whenever you draw
an auxiliary line, ��
you must be able to
justify its existence. ��
Give this as the ��
reason: Through any
two points there is
exactly one line. ��
��
��
��
4-2 Angle Relationships in Triangles 223

EXAMPLE 1 Surveying Application
The map of France commonly
used in the 1600s was significantly 70°
revised as a result of a triangulation
land survey. The diagram shows
part of the survey map. Use the 104°
diagram to find the indicated
angle measures.
88° 48°
A m∠NKM
m∠KMN + m∠MNK + m∠NKM = 180° △ Sum Thm.
88 + 48 + m∠NKM = 180 Substitute 88 for m∠KMN
and 48 for m∠MNK.
136 + m∠NKM = 180 Simplify.
m∠NKM = 44° Subtract 136 from both sides.
B m∠JLK
Step 1 Find m∠JKL.
m∠NKM + m∠MKJ + m∠JKL = 180° Lin. Pair Thm. & ∠ Add. Post.
44 + 104 + m∠JKL = 180 Substitute 44 for m∠NKM
and 104 for m∠MKJ.
148 + m∠JKL = 180 Simplify.
m∠JKL = 32° Subtract 148 from both sides.
Step 2 Use substitution and then solve for m∠JLK.
m∠JLK + m∠JKL + m∠KJL = 180° △ Sum Thm.
m∠JLK + 32 + 70 = 180 Substitute 32 for m∠JKL and
70 for m∠KJL.
m∠JLK + 102 = 180 Simplify.
m∠JLK = 78° Subtract 102 from both sides.
1. Use the diagram to find m∠MJK.
A corollary is a theorem whose proof follows directly from another theorem.

Here are two corollaries to the Triangle Sum Theorem.
Corollaries
COROLLARY HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSION

4-2-2 The acute angles of �
a right triangle are ∠D and ∠E are
complementary. complementary.
m∠D + m∠E = 90°
� �
4-2-3 The measure of �

each angle of
m∠A = m∠B = m∠C = 60°
an equiangular
triangle is 60°.
� �
You will prove Corollaries 4-2-2 and 4-2-3 in Exercises 24 and 25.

EXAMPLE 2 Finding Angle Measures in Right Triangles
One of the acute angles in a right triangle measures 22.9°. What is the
measure of the other acute angle?
Let the acute angles be ∠M and ∠N, with m∠M = 22.9°.
m∠M + m∠N = 90 Acute  of rt. △ are comp.
22.9 + m∠N = 90 Substitute 22.9 for m∠M.
m∠N = 67.1° Subtract 22.9 from both sides.
The measure of one of the acute angles in a right triangle is

given. What is the measure of the other acute angle?
2a. 63.7° 2b. x ° 2c. 48_ 2°
5
The interior is the set of all points inside the figure. The exterior is the set
of all points outside the figure. An interior angle is formed by two sides of
a triangle. An exterior angle is formed by one side of the triangle and the
extension of an adjacent side. Each exterior angle has two remote interior angles.
A remote interior angle is an interior angle that is not adjacent to the
exterior angle.
� ��
∠4 is an exterior angle.
Its remote interior
��
angles are ∠1 and ∠2.
� � �
Theorem 4-2-4 Exterior Angle Theorem
The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal

�
to the sum of the measures of its remote interior angles.
m∠4 = m∠1 + m∠2
� � �
You will prove Theorem 4-2-4 in Exercise 28.
EXAMPLE 3 Applying the Exterior Angle Theorem �

��
Find m∠J.
m∠J + m∠H = m∠FGH Ext. ∠ Thm.
��
5x + 17 + 6x - 1 = 126 Substitute 5x + 17 �
� � ��
for m∠J, 6x - 1
for m∠H, and 126 for m∠FGH.
11x + 16 = 126 Simplify.
11x = 110 Subtract 16 from both sides.
x = 10 Divide both sides by 11.
m∠J = 5x + 17 = 5 (10) + 17 = 67°
3. Find m∠ACD. � ��

�
��
� � �

Theorem 4-2-5 Third Angles Theorem
THEOREM HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSION

If two angles of one triangle �
�
are congruent to two angles
of another triangle, then ∠N ≅ ∠T
� �
the third pair of angles �
are congruent. �
You will prove Theorem 4-2-5 in Exercise 27.
EXAMPLE 4 Applying the Third Angles Theorem �
Find m∠C and m∠F. ��

�
∠C ≅ ∠F Third  Thm.
m∠C = m∠F Def. of ≅ . � �
y 2 = 3y 2 - 72 2
Substitute y for m∠C
��
and 3y 2 - 72 for m∠F.
You can use -2y 2 = -72 Subtract 3y 2 from both sides. � �
substitution to verify 2
y = 36 Divide both sides by -2.
that m∠F = 36°.
So m∠C = 36°.
m∠F = (3·36 - 72)
= 36°. Since m∠F = m∠C, m∠F = 36°.
4. Find m∠P and m∠T. �

��
�
�
�
��
�
�
�
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. Use the Triangle Sum Theorem to explain why the supplement of one
of the angles of a triangle equals in measure the sum of the other two
angles of the triangle. Support your answer with a sketch.
2. Sketch a triangle and draw all of its exterior angles. How many exterior
angles are there at each vertex of the triangle? How many total exterior
angles does the triangle have?
3. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete the graphic organizer.
In each box, write each theorem in words and then draw a diagram
to represent it.
��

��
��
��

4-2
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
1. To remember the meaning of remote interior angle, think of a television remote
control. What is another way to remember the term remote?
2. An exterior angle is drawn at vertex E of △DEF. What are its remote interior angles?
3. What do you call segments, rays, or lines that are added to a given diagram?
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Astronomy Use the following

p. 224 information for Exercises 4 and 5. ��
An asterism is a group of stars that is ��
��
easier to recognize than a constellation. ��
One popular asterism is the Summer
Triangle, which is composed of the
stars Deneb, Altair, and Vega.
4. What is the value of y?
5. What is the measure of each
angle in the Summer Triangle?
��
��
SEE EXAMPLE 2 The measure of one of the acute angles

p. 225 in a right triangle is given. What is the
measure of the other acute angle?
6. 20.8° 7. y ° 2°
8. 24_
3
SEE EXAMPLE 3 Find each angle measure.
p. 225 9. m∠M 10. m∠L
� � �
�
��
��
��
�
� �
�
11. In △ABC, m∠A = 65°, and the measure of an exterior angle at C is 117°.
Find m∠B and the m∠BCA.
SEE EXAMPLE 4 12. m∠C and m∠F 13. m∠S and m∠U
p. 226 � � �
�
�
��
� � ��
� �
��
14. For △ABC and △XYZ, m∠A = m∠X and m∠B = m∠Y.
Find the measures of ∠C and ∠Z if m∠C = 4x + 7 and m∠Z = 3(x + 5).

Independent Practice 15. Navigation A sailor on ship A measures
For See the angle between ship B and the pier
Exercises Example Pier
and finds that it is 39°. A sailor on ship B
15 1
measures the angle between ship A Ship B
16–18 2
and the pier and finds that it is 57°. Ship A
19–20 3
What is the measure of the angle between
21–22 4 39º 57º
ships A and B?
Extra Practice
Skills Practice p. S10
Application Practice p. S31
The measure of one of the acute angles in a right triangle is given.
What is the measure of the other acute angle?
1°
16. 76_ 17. 2x° 18. 56.8°
4
Find each angle measure.
19. m∠XYZ 20. m∠C
��
� �
� ��
��
��
��
� � �
21. m∠N and m∠P 22. m∠Q and m∠S

� � � ��
��
� �
� �
� � � ��
23. Multi-Step The measures of the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 4 : 7.
What are the measures of the angles? (Hint: Let x, 4x, and 7x represent the
angle measures.)
24. Complete the proof of Corollary 4-2-2. �
Given: △DEF with right ∠F

Prove: ∠D and ∠E are complementary.
Proof: � �
Statements Reasons
1. △DEF with rt. ∠F 1. a. ?

̶̶̶̶
2. b. ? 2. Def. of rt. ∠
̶̶̶̶
3. m∠D + m∠E + m∠F = 180° 3. c. ?
̶̶̶̶
4. m∠D + m∠E + 90° = 180° 4. d. ?
̶̶̶̶
5. e. ? 5. Subtr. Prop.
̶̶̶̶
6. ∠D and ∠E are comp. 6. f. ?
̶̶̶̶
25. Prove Corollary 4-2-3 using two different methods of proof.

Given: △ABC is equiangular.
Prove: m∠A = m∠B = m∠C = 60°
26. Multi-Step The measure of one acute angle in a right triangle is 1__14 times the
measure of the other acute angle. What is the measure of the larger acute angle?
27. Write a two-column proof of the Third Angles Theorem.

28. Prove the Exterior Angle Theorem. �
Given: △ABC with exterior angle ∠ACD
Prove: m∠ACD = m∠A + m∠B
(Hint: ∠BCA and ∠DCA form a linear pair.) �
� �
Find each angle measure. �
29. ∠UXW 30. ∠UWY ��
�
31. ∠WZX 32. ∠XYZ ��
� �
33. Critical Thinking What is the measure of any exterior angle of an equiangular
triangle? What is the sum of the exterior angle measures? � �
34. Find m∠SRQ, given that ∠P ≅ ∠U, ∠Q ≅ ∠T,
and m∠RST = 37.5°.
� �
� �
35. Multi-Step In a right triangle, one acute angle measure is 4 times the other acute
angle measure. What is the measure of the smaller angle?
36. Aviation To study the forces of lift and drag,
the Wright brothers built a glider, attached two Drag
ropes to it, and flew it like a kite. They modeled
the two wind forces as the legs of a right triangle.
Lift xº
a. What part of a right triangle is formed by
each rope? yº Rope
b. Use the Triangle Sum Theorem to write zº

an equation relating the angle measures
in the right triangle.
c. Simplify the equation from part b. What is the relationship between x and y?
d. Use the Exterior Angle Theorem to write an expression for z in terms of x.
e. If x = 37°, use your results from parts c and d to find y and z.
37. Estimation Draw a triangle and two exterior angles at each vertex. Estimate the
measure of each angle. How are the exterior angles atge07sec04ll02005a
each vertex related? Explain.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ �
ABoehm
38. Given: AB ⊥ BD, BD ⊥ DC, ∠A ≅ ∠C �
̶̶ ̶̶
Prove: AD ǁ CB
�
�
39. Write About It A triangle has angle measures of 115°, 40°, and 25°.
Explain how to find the measures of the triangle’s exterior angles.
Support your answer with a sketch.
40. This problem will prepare you for the Multi-Step Test Prep � �
on page 238.
�
One of the steps in making an origami crane � �
involves folding a square sheet of paper into the shape shown.
̶̶
a. ∠DCE is a right angle. FC bisects ∠DCE,
̶̶
and BC bisects ∠FCE. Find m∠FCB. �
b. Use the Triangle Sum Theorem to find m∠CBE.

41. What is the value of x?
ÝÂ
19 57
52 71
Ç£Â £ÓnÂ
42. Find the value of s.

23 34 xnÂ
28 56 ÈÈÂ ÓÃÊÊ£ä®Â
43. ∠A and ∠B are the remote interior angles of ∠BCD in ABC. Which of these
equations must be true?
m∠A - 180° = m∠B m∠BCD = m∠BCA - m∠A
m∠A = 90° - m∠B m∠B = m∠BCD - m∠A
44. Extended Response The measures of the angles in a triangle are in the ratio
2 : 3 : 4. Describe how to use algebra to find the measures of these angles. Then find
the measure of each angle and classify the triangle.

45. An exterior angle of a triangle measures 117°. Its remote interior angles measure
(2y 2 + 7)° and (61 - y 2)°. Find the value of y.
46. Two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal. What type of triangle is formed
by the intersection of the angle bisectors of two same-side interior angles? Explain.
(Hint: Use geometry software or construct a diagram of the angle bisectors of two
same-side interior angles.)
47. Critical Thinking Explain why an exterior angle of a triangle cannot be congruent
to a remote interior angle.
48. Probability The measure of each angle in a triangle is a multiple of 30°.
What is the probability that the triangle has at least two congruent angles?
49. In ABC, m∠B is 5° less than 1__12 times m∠A. m∠C is 5° less than 2__12 times m∠A.
What is m∠A in degrees?
SPIRAL REVIEW
Make a table to show the value of each function when x is -2, 0, 1, and 4.
(Previous course)
50. f(x) = 3x - 4 51. f(x) = x 2 + 1 52. f(x) = (x - 3)2 + 5
−−−
53. Find the length of NQ. Name the theorem ÈÊ°
or postulate that justifies your answer. * +
(Lesson 1-2) {Ê° {Ê°
Classify each triangle by its side lengths. (Lesson 4-1)

54. ACD 55. BCD 56. ABD
57. What if…? If CA = 8, What is the effect on the

classification of ACD?
n
Ç°x

{ Ó
ge07se_c04_0223_0230.indd 230 5/8/06 12:28:30 PM

4-3 Congruent
Triangles
Use properties of
Machinists used triangles
congruent triangles.
to construct a model of the
Prove triangles congruent International Space Station’s
by using the definition of support structure.
congruence.
Geometric figures are congruent if
Vocabulary
they are the same size and shape.
corresponding angles
corresponding sides Corresponding angles and corresponding sides are in the
congruent polygons same position in polygons with an equal number of sides.
Two polygons are congruent polygons if and only if their
corresponding angles and sides are congruent. Thus triangles
that are the same size and shape are congruent.
Properties of Congruent Polygons
CORRESPONDING CORRESPONDING
DIAGRAM ANGLES SIDES
� � �
̶̶ ̶̶
� ∠A ≅ ∠D AB ≅ DE
̶̶ ̶̶
∠B ≅ ∠E BC ≅ EF
Two vertices that ̶̶ ̶̶
� � ∠C ≅ ∠F AC ≅ DF
are the endpoints
of a side are called △ABC ≅ △DEF
consecutive vertices. ̶̶ ̶̶̶
� � ∠P ≅ ∠W PQ ≅ WX
For example, P and
Q are consecutive � � ̶̶ ̶̶
∠Q ≅ ∠X QR ≅ XY
vertices. ̶̶ ̶̶
� � � � ∠R ≅ ∠Y RS ≅ YZ
̶̶ ̶̶
polygon PQRS ≅ polygon WXYZ ∠S ≅ ∠ Z PS ≅ WZ
To name a polygon, write the vertices in consecutive order. For example, you
can name polygon PQRS as QRSP or SRQP, but not as PRQS. In a congruence
statement, the order of the vertices indicates the corresponding parts.
EXAMPLE 1 Naming Congruent Corresponding Parts �
△RST and △XYZ represent the triangles

of the space station’s support structure. �
If △RST ≅ △XYZ, identify all pairs � �
of congruent corresponding parts. �
Angles: ∠R ≅ ∠X, ∠S ≅ ∠Y, ∠T ≅ ∠Z
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
Sides: RS ≅ XY, ST ≅ YZ, RT ≅ XZ
�
1. If polygon LMNP ≅ polygon EFGH, identify all pairs of

corresponding congruent parts.
4-3 Congruent Triangles 231

EXAMPLE 2 Using Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles

Given: EFH GFH Ó£°ÈÂ

ÈÝÊÊ£Ó®Â
A Find the value of x.
∠FHE and ∠FHG are rt. . Def. of ⊥ lines
∠FHE ∠FHG Rt. ∠ Thm.
m∠FHE = m∠FHG Def. of
(6x - 12)° = 90° Substitute values for m∠FHE and m∠FHG.
When you write 6x = 102 Add 12 to both sides.

a statement such x = 17 Divide both sides by 6.
as ABC DEF,
you are also stating B Find m∠GFH.
which parts are m∠EFH + m∠FHE + m∠E = 180° Sum Thm.
congruent. m∠EFH + 90 + 21.6 = 180 Substitute values for m∠FHE
and m∠E.
m∠EFH + 111.6 = 180 Simplify.
m∠EFH = 68.4 Subtract 111.6 from both sides.
∠GFH ∠EFH Corr. of are .
m∠GFH = m∠EFH Def. of
m∠GFH = 68.4° Trans. Prop. of =
Given: ABC DEF

2a. Find the value of x. xÎÂ
ÓÝÊÊÓ È
2b. Find m∠F. £ä
EXAMPLE 3 Proving Triangles Congruent +

Given: ∠P and ∠M are right angles.
−− ,
R is the midpoint of PM. *
−− −−− −− −−
PQ MN, QR NR
Prove: PQR MNR
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. ∠P and ∠M are rt. 1. Given

2. ∠P ∠M 2. Rt. ∠ Thm.
3. ∠PRQ ∠MRN 3. Vert. Thm.
4. ∠Q ∠N 4. Third Thm.
−−−
5. R is the mdpt. of PM. 5. Given
−− −−−
6. PR MR 6. Def. of mdpt.
−− −−− −− −−
7. PQ MN; QR NR 7. Given
8. PQR MNR 8. Def. of
−− −−
3. Given: AD bisects BE.
−− −−
BE bisects AD.
−− −−
AB DE, ∠A ∠D
Prove: ABC DEC
ge07se_c04_0231_0237.indd 232 5/8/06 12:36:34 PM

Overlapping Triangles
“With overlapping triangles, it helps me to redraw the triangles separately.

That way I can mark what I know about one triangle without getting confused
by the other one.”
��

��
��
Cecelia Medina ��
Lamar High School
EXAMPLE 4 Engineering Application

The bars that give structural support
to a roller coaster form triangles.
� �
Since the angle measures and the
lengths of the corresponding sides are
the same, the triangles are congruent.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
Given: JK ⊥ KL, ML ⊥ KL, ∠KLJ ≅ ∠LKM,
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ �
JK ≅ ML, JL ≅ MK
Prove: △JKL ≅ △MLK
Proof:
Statements Reasons � �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶
1. JK ⊥ KL, ML ⊥ KL 1. Given
2. ∠JKL and ∠MLK are rt. . 2. Def. of ⊥ lines
3. ∠JKL ≅ ∠MLK 3. Rt. ∠ ≅ Thm.
4. ∠KLJ ≅ ∠LKM 4. Given
5. ∠KJL ≅ ∠LMK 5. Third  Thm.
̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶
6. JK ≅ ML, JL ≅ MK 6. Given
̶̶ ̶̶
7. KL ≅ LK 7. Reflex. Prop. of ≅
8. △JKL ≅ △MLK 8. Def. of ≅ 
4. Use the diagram to prove the following.

̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶
Given: MK bisects JL. JL bisects MK. JK ≅ ML, JK ǁ ML
Prove: △JKN ≅ △LMN
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. A roof truss is a triangular structure that
supports a roof. How can you be sure that
two roof trusses are the same size and shape?
��
2. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete
the graphic organizer. In each box, name the
congruent corresponding parts. ��

4-3
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
1. An everyday meaning of corresponding is “matching.” How can this help you find the
corresponding parts of two triangles?
2. If △ABC ≅ △RST, what angle corresponds to ∠S?
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Given: △RST ≅ △LMN. Identify the congruent corresponding parts.
p. 231
̶̶ ̶̶
3. RS ≅ ? 4. LN ≅ ? 5. ∠S ≅ ?
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
̶̶
6. TS ≅ ? 7. ∠L ≅ ? 8. ∠N ≅ ?
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
SEE EXAMPLE 2 Given: △FGH ≅ △JKL. Find each value. �
p. 232 9. KL 10. x � ��
��
��
� �
� �
̶̶ ̶̶
SEE EXAMPLE 3 11. Given: E is the midpoint of AC and BD. � �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
p. 232 AB ≅ CD, AB ǁ CD �
Prove: △ABE ≅ △CDE
Proof: � �
Statements Reasons
̶̶ ̶̶
1. AB ǁ CD 1. a. ?
̶̶̶̶
2. ∠ABE ≅ ∠CDE, ∠BAE ≅ ∠DCE 2. b. ?
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
3. AB ≅ CD 3. c. ?
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
4. E is the mdpt. of AC and BD . 4. d. ?
̶̶̶̶
5. e. ? 5. Def. of mdpt.
̶̶̶̶
6. ∠AEB ≅ ∠CED 6. f. ?
̶̶̶̶
7. △ABE ≅ △CDE 7. g. ?
̶̶̶̶
SEE EXAMPLE 4 12. Engineering The geodesic dome

p. 233 shown is a 14-story building that
models Earth. Use the given
information to prove that the
triangles that make up the sphere
are congruent.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
Given: SU ≅ ST ≅ SR, TU ≅ TR,
U S
∠UST ≅ ∠RST,
and ∠U ≅ ∠R
Prove: △RTS ≅ △UTS
� T R
�
�
�

Independent Practice Given: Polygon CDEF ≅ polygon KLMN. Identify the congruent corresponding parts.
For See ̶̶ ̶̶
Exercises Example 13. DE ≅ ? 14. KN ≅ ?
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
13–16 1 15. ∠F ≅ ? 16. ∠L ≅ ?
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
17–18 2
19 3 Given: △ABD ≅ △CBD. Find each value. �
20 4 ��
17. m∠C 18. y
Extra Practice � �
�
��
Application Practice p. S31 ̶̶̶
19. Given: MP bisects ∠NMR. P is the midpoint of �
̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶̶
NR. MN ≅ MR, ∠N ≅ ∠R
Prove: △MNP ≅ △MRP � �
Proof: �
Statements Reasons
1. ∠N ≅ ∠R 1. a. ?
̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
2. MP bisects ∠NMR. 2. b. ?
̶̶̶̶
3. c. ? 3. Def. of ∠ bisector
̶̶̶̶
4. d. ? 4. Third  Thm.
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶
5. P is the mdpt. of NR. 5. e. ?
̶̶̶̶
6. f. ? 6. Def. of mdpt.
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶
̶̶̶
7. MN ≅ MR 7. g. ?
̶̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
8. MP ≅ MP 8. h. ?
̶̶̶̶
9. △MNP ≅ △MRP 9. Def. of ≅ 
20. Hobbies In a garden, triangular flower A B

beds are separated by straight rows of
grass as shown.
Given: ∠ADC and ∠BCD are right angles.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ E
AC ≅ BD, AD ≅ BC
∠DAC ≅ ∠CBD
Prove: △ADC ≅ △BCD
D C
21. For two triangles, the following
corresponding parts are given:
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
GS ≅ KP, GR ≅ KH, SR ≅ PH,
∠S ≅ ∠P, ∠G ≅ ∠K, and ∠R ≅ ∠H.
Write three different congruence statements.
�
ge07se_c04l03005a �
22. The two polygons in the diagram are congruent.
�
Complete the following congruence
�
statement for the polygons. � �
polygon R ? ≅ polygon V ?
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶ �
�
Write and solve an equation for each of the following. �
23. △ABC ≅ △DEF. AB = 2x - 10, and DE = x + 20.
Find the value of x and AB.
24. △JKL ≅ △MNP. m∠L = (x 2 + 10)°, and m∠P = (2x 2 + 1)°. What is m∠L?
25. Polygon ABCD ≅ polygon PQRS. BC = 6x + 5, and QR = 5x + 7.
Find the value of x and BC.

Many origami models begin with a square piece of paper, � �
JKLM, that is folded along both diagonals to make the
̶̶ ̶̶̶
creases shown. JL and MK are perpendicular bisectors
of each other, and ∠NML ≅ ∠NKL.
̶̶ ̶̶̶ �
a. Explain how you know that KL and ML are congruent.
b. Prove △NML ≅ △NKL. � �
27. Draw a diagram and then write a proof.

̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
Given: BD ⊥ AC. D is the midpoint of AC. AB ≅ CB, and BD bisects ∠ABC.
Prove: △ABD ≅ △CBD
28. Critical Thinking Draw two triangles that are not congruent but have an area of
4 cm 2 each.
� �
29. /////ERROR ANALYSIS///// Given △MPQ ≅ △EDF.
Two solutions for finding m∠E are shown.
Which is incorrect? Explain the error.
��
� � � �
� �
��
��
��
30. Write About It Given the diagram of the � �

triangles, is there enough information to prove
that △HKL is congruent to △YWX? Explain.
� � � �
31. Which congruence statement correctly indicates � �

that the two given triangles are congruent? �
△ABC ≅ △EFD △ABC ≅ △DEF

△ABC ≅ △FDE △ABC ≅ △FED �
�
�
32. △MNP ≅ △RST. What are the values of x and y? �
��
x = 26, y = 21_1 x = 25, y = 20_2 � �
3 3 ��
��
x = 27, y = 20 1
x = 30 , y = 16_
_ 2
��
3 3 � �
��
�
33. △ABC ≅ △XYZ. m∠A = 47.1°, and m∠C = 13.8°. Find m∠Y.
13.8 76.2
42.9 119.1
34. △MNR ≅ △SPQ, NL = 18, SP = 33, SR = 10, RQ = 24, � �

and QP = 30. What is the perimeter of △MNR?
�
79 87
85 97 �
� �
�

CHALLENGE AND EXTEND ��
35. Multi-Step Given that the perimeter of TUVW is 149 units, � �
find the value of x. Is △TUV ≅ △TWV? Explain. ��
� �
��
36. Multi-Step Polygon ABCD ≅ polygon EFGH. ∠A is a right angle.

m∠E = (y 2 - 10)°, and m∠H = (2y 2 - 132)°. Find m∠D.
̶̶ ̶̶ �
37. Given: RS ≅ RT, ∠S ≅ ∠T
Prove: △RST ≅ △RTS
� �
SPIRAL REVIEW
Two number cubes are rolled. Find the probability of each outcome.
(Previous course)
38. Both numbers rolled are even. 39. The sum of the numbers rolled is 5.
Classify each angle by its measure. (Lesson 1-3)

40. m∠DOC = 40° 41. m∠BOA = 90° 42. m∠COA = 140°
Find each angle measure. (Lesson 4-2) �

43. ∠Q 44. ∠P 45. ∠QRS
��
��
��
�
� �
KEYWORD: MG7 Career

Q: What math classes did you take in high school?
A: Algebra 1 and 2, Geometry, Precalculus
Q: What kind of degree or certification will you receive?

A: I will receive an associate’s degree in applied science.
Then I will take an exam to be certified as an EMT
or paramedic.
Q: How do you use math in your hands-on training?

A: I calculate dosages based on body weight and age. I also
calculate drug doses in milligrams per kilogram per hour or
set up an IV drip to deliver medications at the correct rate.
Jordan Carter Q: What are your future career plans?

Emergency Medical
Services Program
A: When I am certified, I can work for a private ambulance service
or with a fire department. I could also work in a hospital,
transporting critically ill patients by ambulance or helicopter.

Triangles and Congruence
Origami Origami is the Japanese art of paper folding.
The Japanese word origami literally means “fold paper.”
This ancient art form relies on properties of geometry to
produce fascinating and beautiful shapes.
Each of the figures shows a step in making an origami

swan from a square piece of paper. The final figure shows
the creases of an origami swan that has been unfolded.
�
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
� � �
� �
� �
� �
� � �
�
Fold the paper in half Fold corners A and C Fold in half along the
̶̶
diagonally and crease it. to the center line and center crease so that DE
̶̶
Turn it over. crease. Turn it over. and DF are together.
Step 4 Step 5 Step 6

�
��
�
� �
� � �
� �
Fold the narrow point Fold the tip downward Fold up the flap to
upward at a 90° angle and crease. Push in the form the wing.
and crease. Push in the fold so that the head is
fold so that the neck is inside the neck.
inside the body.
�
� �
1. Use the fact that ABCD is a square
to classify △ABD by its side
lengths and by its angle measures.
̶̶ ̶̶
2. DB bisects ∠ABC and ∠ADC. DE
bisects ∠ADB. Find the measures �
of the angles in △EDB. Explain
how you found the measures.
̶̶
3. Given that DB bisects ∠ABC and
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ � �
∠EDF, BE ≅ BF, and DE ≅ DF,
prove that △EDB ≅ △ FDB.

SECTION 4A
Quiz for Lessons 4-1 Through 4-3

4-1 Classifying Triangles ÎäÂ
ÎäÂ
Classify each triangle by its angle measures.
1. ACD 2. ABD 3. ADE
ÈäÂ ÈäÂ

Classify each triangle by its side lengths.
*
4. PQR 5. PRS 6. PQS
n°Ç x
+ -
4-2 Angle Relationships in Triangles ,
7. m∠M 8. m∠ABC
n{Â
ÈÞÊÊÎ®Â £x£ÊÊÓÞ®Â ÓäÝÊÊ£x®Â

xÝÂ
9. A carpenter built a triangular support structure for a roof. Two of the ,

angles of the structure measure 37° and 55°. Find the measure of ∠RTP, xxÂ
the angle formed by the roof of the house and the roof of the patio.
ÎÇÂ
-
/ *
4-3 Congruent Triangles
Given: JKL DEF. Identify the congruent corresponding parts.
−− −−
10. KL ? 11. DF ? 12. ∠K ? 13. ∠F ?
−−−− −−−− −−−− −−−−
, 1
Given: PQR STU. Find each value. + /
14. PQ 15. y
ÓÊÊ£
£{ ÎÊÊÓ
{ÈÂ ÓÞÂ
−− −− −− −−
, AB CD, AC BD,
CD
16. Given: AB
−− −− −− −− * -
AC ⊥ CD, DB ⊥ AB
Prove: ACD DBA
Proof:

Statements Reasons
1. AB
CD 1. a. ?
−−−−−
2. ∠BAD ∠CDA 2. b. ?
−− −− −− −− −−−−−

3. AC ⊥ CD, DB ⊥ AB 3. c. ?
−−−−−
4. ∠ACD and ∠DBA are rt.
4. d. ?
−−−−−
5. e. ? 5. Rt. ∠ Thm.
−−−−−
6. f. ? 6. Third
Thm.
−−−−−−−
−− −− −−
7. AB CD, AC BD 7. g. ?
−−−−−
8. h. ? 8. Reflex Prop. of
−−−−−
9. ACD DBA 9. i . ?
−−−−−
Ready to Go On? 239
ge07se_c04_0238_0239.indd 239 5/8/06 12:42:16 PM

4-4
Explore SSS and SAS
Triangle Congruence
In Lesson 4-3, you used the definition of congruent triangles to prove
triangles congruent. To use the definition, you need to prove that all
three pairs of corresponding sides and all three pairs of corresponding
Use with Lesson 4-4 angles are congruent.
In this lab, you will discover some shortcuts for proving triangles congruent.
Activity 1
1 Measure and cut six pieces from the straws:
two that are 2 inches long, two that are
4 inches long, and two that are 5 inches long.
2 Cut two pieces of string that are each about

20 inches long.
3 Thread one piece of each size of straw onto

a piece of string. Tie the ends of the string
together so that the pieces of straw form a
triangle.
4 Using the remaining pieces, try to make

another triangle with the same side lengths
that is not congruent to the first triangle.
Try This
1. Repeat Activity 1 using side lengths of your choice. Are your results the same?
2. Do you think it is possible to make two triangles that have the same side lengths
but that are not congruent? Why or why not?
3. How does your answer to Problem 2 provide a shortcut for proving triangles
congruent?
4. Complete the following conjecture based on your results. Two triangles are
congruent if ? .
̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶

Activity 2
1 Measure and cut two pieces from the straws:
one that is 4 inches long and one that is
5 inches long.
2 Use a protractor to help you bend a paper

clip to form a 30° angle.
3 Place the pieces of straw on the sides of the

30° angle. The straws will form two sides of
your triangle.
4 Without changing the angle formed by the

paper clip, use a piece of straw to make a
third side for your triangle, cutting it to fit
as necessary. Use additional paper clips
or string to hold the straws together in a
triangle.
Try This
5. Repeat Activity 2 using side lengths and an angle measure of your choice.
Are your results the same?
6. Suppose you know two side lengths of a triangle and the measure of the angle
between these sides. Can the length of the third side be any measure? Explain.
7. How does your answer to Problem 6 provide a shortcut for proving triangles
congruent?
8. Use the two given sides and the given angle from Activity 2 to form a triangle
that is not congruent to the triangle you formed. (Hint: One of the given sides
does not have to be adjacent to the given angle.)
9. Complete the following conjecture based on your results.
Two triangles are congruent if ? .
̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶
4- 4 Geometry Lab 241

4-4 Triangle Congruence:
SSS and SAS
Apply SSS and SAS to Engineers used the property of
construct triangles and triangle rigidity to design the
to solve problems.
internal support for the Statue
Prove triangles congruent of Liberty and to build bridges,
by using SSS and SAS. towers, and other structures.
(See Example 2.)
Vocabulary
triangle rigidity
In Lesson 4-3, you proved triangles congruent
included angle
by showing that all six pairs of corresponding
parts were congruent.
The property of triangle rigidity gives you a shortcut

for proving two triangles congruent. It states that if
the side lengths of a triangle are given, the triangle
can have only one shape.
For example, you only need to know that two triangles

have three pairs of congruent corresponding sides.
This can be expressed as the following postulate.
Postulate 4-4-1 Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence
POSTULATE HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSION

If three sides of one
triangle are congruent {ÊV
{ÊV ÇÊV
to three sides of ÈÊV ABC FDE
another triangle, then
the triangles ÈÊV
ÇÊV
are congruent.
EXAMPLE 1 Using SSS to Prove Triangle Congruence +
Use SSS to explain why PQR PSR.

−− −− −− −− * ,
It is given that PQ PS and that QR SR. By
−− −−
Adjacent triangles the Reflexive Property of Congruence, PR PR.
share a side, so Therefore PQR PSR by SSS. -
you can apply the
Reflexive Property
1. Use SSS to explain why
to get a pair of ABC CDA.
congruent parts.

An included angle is an angle formed by two
adjacent sides of a polygon. ∠B is the included
−− −−
angle between sides AB and BC.

ge07se_c04_0242_0249.indd 242 5/8/06 12:47:39 PM

It can also be shown that only two pairs of congruent corresponding sides are
needed to prove the congruence of two triangles if the included angles are
also congruent.
Postulate 4-4-2 Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence

If two sides and the included �
�
angle of one triangle are �
congruent to two sides � △ABC ≅ △EFD
and the included angle of
another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent. � �

The figure shows part of the support
structure of the Statue of Liberty.
Use SAS to explain why
△KPN ≅ △LPM. K M
The letters SAS ̶̶ ̶̶
are written in that It is given that KP ≅ LP
̶̶ ̶̶̶ P
order because the and that NP ≅ MP.
congruent angles By the Vertical Angles
must be between Theorem, ∠KPN ≅ ∠LPM.
pairs of congruent Therefore △KPN ≅ △LPM N L
corresponding sides. by SAS.
�
2. Use SAS to explain
why △ABC ≅ △DBC.
�
ge07se_c04l04009a �
3rd pass
4/25/5 �
cmurphy
The SAS Postulate guarantees that if you are given the lengths of two sides and
the measure of the included angle, you can construct one and only one triangle.
Construction Congruent Triangles Using SAS
Use a straightedge to draw two segments and one angle,

or copy the given segments and angle.
  
�
� � �
� � �
̶̶ ̶̶
Construct AB congruent to one Construct ∠A congruent to Construct AC congruent to
̶̶
of the segments. the given angle. the other segment. Draw CB
to complete △ABC.
4-4 Triangle Congruence: SSS and SAS 243

EXAMPLE 3 Verifying Triangle Congruence
Show that the triangles are congruent
for the given value of the variable.
A UVW YXW, x = 3 1 8
ZY = x - 1
=3-1=2 Ó
ÎÝÊÊx
{
XZ = x = 3 Ý
7
XY = 3x - 5 Î
< 9
= 3 (3) - 5 = 4 6 ÝÊÊ£
−− −− −−− −− −−− −−
UV YX. VW XZ, and UW YZ.
So UVW YXZ by SSS.
B DEF JGH, y = 7

JG = 2y + 1
£x
= 2 (7) + 1 £ÓÈÂ Ó{
= 15
GH = y 2 - 4y + 3 ÞÓÊÊ{ÞÊÎ
ÓÞÊÊ£ £ÓÞÊÊ{Ó®Â
= (7) 2 - 4 (7) + 3

= 24
m∠G = 12y + 42
= 12 (7) + 42
= 126°
−− −− −− −−−
DE JG. EF GH, and ∠E ∠G.
So DEF JGH by SAS.

3. Show that ADB CDB ÎÌÊÊ£
when t = 4.
ÎÓÂ

Ê ÊÓÌÊÓÊ
ÊÂ
{ÌÊÊÎ

EXAMPLE 4 Proving Triangles Congruent

Ű
−− −−
Given: m, EG HF
Prove: EGF HFG

Proof:
Statements Reasons
−− −−
1. EG HF 1. Given
2. m 2. Given
3. ∠EGF ∠HFG 3. Alt. Int. Thm.
−− −−
4. FG GF 4. Reflex Prop. of
5. EGF HFG 5. SAS Steps 1, 3, 4
−− −− +
bisects ∠RQS. QR QS
4. Given: QP
Prove: RQP SQP
*
, -
ge07se_c04_0242_0249.indd 244 5/8/06 1:12:02 PM

THINK AND DISCUSS

1. Describe three ways you could
prove that ABC DEF.

2. Explain why the SSS and SAS

Postulates are shortcuts for
proving triangles congruent.
3. GET ORGANIZED Copy and --- --
complete the graphic organizer.
Use it to compare the SSS and ÜÊ>ÀiÊÌiÞÊ>i¶ ÜÊ>ÀiÊÌiÞÊ`vviÀiÌ¶
SAS postulates.
4-4
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
−− −−
1. Vocabulary In RST which angle is the included angle of sides ST and TR?
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Use SSS to explain why the triangles in each pair are congruent.
p. 242 2. ABD CDB 3. MNP MQP

+
SEE EXAMPLE 2 4. Sailing Signal flags are used to communicate J H

p. 243 messages when radio silence is required.
The Zulu signal flag means, “I require a tug.” G
GJ = GH = GL = GK = 20 in. Use SAS to
explain why JGK LGH.
K L
SEE EXAMPLE 3 Show that the triangles are congruent for the given value of the variable.
p. 244 5. GHJ IHJ, x = 4 6. RST TUR, x = 18
È£
Î ÎÝÊÊ , -
ÎÈÂ

ÓÝÂ
x 1 /
ÓÝÊÊÎ {ÝÊÊ££
ge07se_c04_0242_0249.indd 245 5/8/06 12:48:27 PM

̶̶ ̶̶̶
SEE EXAMPLE 4 7. Given: JK ≅ ML, ∠JKL ≅ ∠MLK � �
p. 244 Prove: △JKL ≅ △MLK
Proof: � �
Statements Reasons
̶̶ ̶̶̶
1. JK ≅ ML 1. a. ?
̶̶̶̶
2. b. ? 2. Given
̶̶̶̶̶̶
̶̶
3. KL ≅ LK 3. c. ?
̶̶̶̶
4. △JKL ≅ △MLK 4. d. ?
̶̶̶̶

Independent Practice Use SSS to explain why the triangles in each pair are congruent.
For See
Exercises Example 8. △BCD ≅ △EDC 9. △GJK ≅ △GJL
8–9 1 � ��
10 2 � �
11–12 3 ��
13 4 � �
� � �
��
Extra Practice
Skills Practice p. S11 10. Theater The lights shining on a stage appear
to form two congruent right triangles. � �
̶̶ ̶̶
Given EC ≅ DB, use SAS to explain why
△ECB ≅ △DBC.
��
Show that the triangles are congruent for the given
value of the variable.
11. △MNP ≅ △QNP, y = 3 12. △XYZ ≅ △STU, t = 5
� � � ��
� �
��
�
� �
��
��
��
�
�
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ �
13. Given: B is the midpoint of DC. AB ⊥ DC
Prove: △ABD ≅ △ABC
� �
�
Proof:
Statements Reasons
̶̶
1. B is the mdpt. of DC. 1. a. ?
̶̶̶̶
2. b. ? 2. Def. of mdpt.
̶̶̶̶
3. c. ? 3. Given
̶̶̶̶
4. ∠ABD and ∠ABC are rt. . 4. d. ?
̶̶̶̶
5. ∠ABD ≅ ∠ABC 5. e. ?
̶̶̶̶
6. f. ? 6. Reflex. Prop. of ≅
̶̶̶̶
7. △ABD ≅ △ABC 7. g. ?
̶̶̶̶

Which postulate, if any, can be used to prove the triangles congruent?
14. 15.
16. 17.
ÓÊvÌ ÓÊvÌ
ÎäÂ ÎäÂ
ÎÊvÌ ÎÊvÌ
18. Explain what additional information, if any, you would

need to prove ABC DEC by each postulate.

a. SSS b. SAS

Multi-Step Graph each triangle. Then use the Distance Formula and the
SSS Postulate to determine whether the triangles are congruent.
19. QRS and TUV 20. ABC and DEF
Q (-2, 0), R (1, -2), S (-3, -2) A (2, 3), B (3, -1), C (7, 2)
T (5, 1), U (3, -2), V (3, 2) D (-3, 1), E (1, 2), F (-3, 5)
21. Given: ∠ZVY ∠WYV,

∠ZVW ∠WYZ,
−−− −− 6 7
VW YZ
Prove: ZVY WYV 8
Proof: 9 <
Statements Reasons
1. ∠ZVY ∠WYV, ∠ZVW WYZ 1. a. ?

−−−−
2. m∠ZVY = m∠WYV, 2. b. ?
−−−−
m∠ZVW = m∠WYZ
3. m∠ZVY + m∠ZVW = 3. Add. Prop. of =
m∠WYV + m∠WYZ
4. c. ? 4. ∠ Add. Post.
−−−−
5. ∠WVY ∠ZYV 5. d. ?
−−− −− −−−−
6. VW YZ 6. e. ?
−−−−
7. f. ? 7. Reflex. Prop. of
−−−−
8. ZVY WYV 8. g. ?
−−−−
22. This problem will prepare you for the Multi-Step Test Prep
on page 280. The diagram shows two triangular trusses
that were built for the roof of a doghouse.
a. You can use a protractor to check that ∠A and ∠D
are right angles. Explain how you could make just
two additional measurements on each truss to

ensure that the trusses are congruent.
b. You verify that the trusses are congruent and find
−−
that AB = AC = 2.5 ft. Find the length of EF to the

nearest tenth. Explain.
ge07se_c04_0242_0249.indd 247 5/8/06 12:48:46 PM

23. Critical Thinking Draw two isosceles triangles that are �
not congruent but that have a perimeter of 15 cm each. ��
24. △ABC ≅ △ADC for what value of x? Explain why � �
Ecology the SSS Postulate can be used to prove the two ��
triangles congruent. �
25. Ecology A wing deflector is a triangular structure made of logs that is filled
with large rocks and placed in a stream to guide the current or prevent erosion.
Wing deflectors are often used in pairs. Suppose an engineer wants to build two
wing deflectors. The logs that form the sides of each wing deflector are perpendicular.
How can the engineer make sure that the two wing deflectors are congruent?
Wing deflectors are

designed to reduce the
width-to-depth ratio ��
of a stream. Reducing
the width increases the
velocity of the stream.
26. Write About It If you use the same two sides and included angle to repeat the
construction of a triangle, are your two constructed triangles congruent? Explain.
27. Construction Use three segments (SSS) to construct a scalene triangle. Suppose
you then use the same segments in a different order to construct a second triangle.
Will the result be the same? Explain.
��
28. Which of the three triangles below can be proven congruent by SSS or SAS?
��
I and II II and III I and III I, II, and III
29. What is the perimeter of polygon ABCD? �

��
29.9 cm 49.8 cm
��
39.8 cm 59.8 cm � �
��
�
30. Jacob wants to prove that △FGH ≅ △JKL using SAS.

̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
He knows that FG ≅ JK and FH ≅ JL. What additional
piece of information does he need?
∠F ≅ ∠J ∠H ≅ ∠L
∠G ≅ ∠K ∠F ≅ ∠G
31. What must the value of x be in order to prove that �

△EFG ≅ △EHG by SSS?
��
1.5 4.67
4.25 5.5 � �
��
�

�
32. Given:. ∠ADC and ∠BCD are
̶̶ ̶̶ �
supplementary. AD ≅ CB
�
Prove: △ADB ≅ △CBD
(Hint: Draw an auxiliary line.) �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
33. Given: ∠QPS ≅ ∠TPR, PQ ≅ PT, PR ≅ PS �
Prove: △PQR ≅ △PTS
� �
� �
Algebra Use the following information for Exercises 34 and 35. � �

Find the value of x. Then use SSS or SAS to write a paragraph
proof showing that two of the triangles are congruent.
̶̶ �
34. m∠FKJ = 2x° 35. FJ bisects ∠KFH. � �
m∠KFJ = (3x + 10)° m∠KFJ = (2x + 6)°
KJ = 4x + 8 m∠HFJ = (3x - 21)°
HJ = 6(x - 4) FK = 8x - 45
FH = 6x + 9
SPIRAL REVIEW
Solve and graph each inequality. (Previous course)
x -8≤5
36. _ 37. 2a + 4 > 3a 38. -6m - 1 ≤ -13
2
Solve each equation. Write a justification for each step. (Lesson 2-5)
39. 4x - 7 = 21 40. _ a + 5 = -8 41. 6r = 4r + 10
4
Given: △EFG ≅ △GHE. Find each value. (Lesson 4-3) � �
��
42. x
43. m∠FEG
44. m∠FGH
��
� �
Using Technology
Use geometry software to complete the following.

1. Draw a triangle and label the vertices A, B, and C.
Draw a point and label it D. Mark a vector from A to B
and translate D by the marked vector. Label the image E.
. Mark ∠BAC and rotate DE
Draw DE  about D by the
marked angle. Mark ∠ABC and rotate DE  about E by
the marked angle. Label the intersection F.
2. Drag A, B, and C to different locations.
What do you notice about the two triangles?
3. Write a conjecture about △ABC and △DEF.
4. Test your conjecture by measuring the sides and angles of △ABC and △DEF.

4-5
Predict Other Triangle
Congruence Relationships
Geometry software can help you investigate whether certain
combinations of triangle parts will make only one triangle.
If a combination makes only one triangle, then this arrangement
Use with Lesson 4-5 can be used to prove two triangles congruent.
Activity 1
1 Construct ∠CAB measuring 45° and 2 Move ∠EDF so that DE .
 overlays BA
∠EDF measuring 110°.  intersect, label the
 and AC
Where DF
point G. Measure ∠DGA.
3 Move ∠CAB to the left and right without changing the measures of the angles.
Observe what happens to the size of ∠DGA.
4 Measure the distance from A to D. Try to change the shape of the triangle
without changing AD and the measures of ∠A and ∠D.
Try This
1. Repeat Activity 1 using angle measures of your choice. Are your results the same?
Explain.
2. Do the results change if one of the given angles measures 90°?
3. What theorem proves that the measure of ∠DGA in Step 2 will always be the same?
4. In Step 3 of the activity, the angle measures in △ADG stayed the same as the size
of the triangle changed. Does Angle-Angle-Angle, like Side-Side-Side, make only
one triangle? Explain.
̶̶ ̶̶
5. Repeat Step 4 of the activity but measure the length of AG instead of AD. Are your
results the same? Does this lead to a new congruence postulate or theorem?
6. If you are given two angles of a triangle, what additional piece of information
is needed so that only one triangle is made? Make a conjecture based on your
findings in Step 5.

Activity 2
−−
1 Construct YZ with a length of 6.5 cm.
−−
2 Using YZ as a side, construct ∠XYZ
measuring 43°.
3 Draw a circle at Z with a radius of 5 cm.

−−−
Construct ZW, a radius of circle Z.
4 Move W around circle Z. Observe the possible

shapes of YZW.
Try This
7. In Step 4 of the activity, how many different triangles were possible?
Does Side-Side-Angle make only one triangle?
8. Repeat Activity 2 using an angle measure of 90° in Step 2 and a circle with a
radius of 7 cm in Step 3. How many different triangles are possible in Step 4?
9. Repeat the activity again using a measure of 90° in Step 2 and a circle with a radius
of 8.25 cm in Step 3. Classify the resulting triangle by its angle measures.
10. Based on your results, complete the following conjecture. In a Side-Side-Angle
combination, if the corresponding nonincluded angles are ? , then only one
−−−−
triangle is possible.
4- 5 Technology Lab 251
ge07se_c04_0250_0251.indd 251 5/8/06 12:50:13 PM

4-5 Triangle Congruence:
ASA, AAS, and HL
Objectives Why use this?
Apply ASA, AAS, and HL Bearings are used to convey direction,
to construct triangles and helping people find their way to
to solve problems.
specific locations.
Prove triangles congruent
by using ASA, AAS,
Participants in an orienteering race use a
and HL.
map and a compass to find their way to
checkpoints along an unfamiliar course.
Vocabulary
included side Directions are given by bearings, which are
based on compass headings. For example,
to travel along the bearing S 43° E, you face
south and then turn 43° to the east.
An included side is the common side of two

consecutive angles in a polygon. The following
postulate uses the idea of an included side.
�
̶̶
� PQ is the included side
of ∠P and ∠Q.
�
Postulate 4-5-1 Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence

If two angles and the included � �
side of one triangle are �
congruent to two angles and △ABC ≅ △DEF
the included side of another �
triangle, then the triangles
are congruent. � �
EXAMPLE 1 Problem-Solving Application

Organizers of an orienteering race are Bearing Distance
planning a course with checkpoints A,
B, and C. Does the table give enough A to B N 55° E 7.6 km
information to determine the location B to C N 26° W
of the checkpoints?
C to A S 20° W
1 Understand the Problem
The answer is whether the information in the table can

be used to find the position of checkpoints A, B, and C.
List the important information: The bearing from A
to B is N 55° E. From B to C is N 26° W, and from C
to A is S 20° W. The distance from A to B is 7.6 km.

2 Make a Plan

Draw the course using vertical lines to show north-south

directions. Then use these parallel lines and the alternate ÓÈÂ
interior angles to help find angle measures of ABC. ÓäÂ
ÓäÂ

3 Solve xxÂ
ÎxÂ Ç°ÈÊ
m∠CAB = 55° - 20° = 35°

m∠CBA = 180° - (26° + 55°) = 99°
You know the measures of ∠CAB and ∠CBA and the length of the included
−−
side AB. Therefore by ASA, a unique triangle ABC is determined.
4 Look Back
One and only one triangle can be made using the information in the table,
so the table does give enough information to determine the location of all
the checkpoints.
1. What if...? If 7.6 km is the distance from B to C, is there

enough information to determine the location of all the
checkpoints? Explain.
EXAMPLE 2 Applying ASA Congruence

Determine if you can use ASA to prove UVX WVX. Explain.
∠UXV ∠WXV as given. Since ∠WVX is 8
a right angle that forms a linear pair with
−− −−
∠UVX, ∠WVX ∠UVX. Also VX VX
by the Reflexive Property. Therefore
UVX WVX by ASA.
1 6 7
2. Determine if you can use ASA to

prove NKL LMN. Explain.
Construction Congruent Triangles Using ASA
Use a straightedge to draw a segment and two angles,

or copy the given segment and angles.

CDE
−−
Construct CD congruent to Construct ∠C congruent Construct ∠D congruent Label the intersection of
the given segment. to one of the angles. to the other angle. the rays as E.
4-5 Triangle Congruence: ASA, AAS, and HL 253
ge07se_c04_0252_0259.indd 253 5/8/06 12:51:27 PM

You can use the Third Angles Theorem to prove another congruence relationship
based on ASA. This theorem is Angle-Angle-Side (AAS).
Theorem 4-5-2 Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence

If two angles and a nonincluded �
side of one triangle are
�
congruent to the corresponding
angles and nonincluded side � △GHJ ≅ △KLM
of another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.
� � �
PROOF Angle-Angle-Side Congruence � �

̶̶ ̶̶̶
Given: ∠G ≅ ∠K, ∠J ≅ ∠M, HJ ≅ LM
Prove: △GHJ ≅ △KLM
� � � �
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. ∠G ≅ ∠K, ∠J ≅ ∠M 1. Given
2. ∠H ≅ ∠L 2. Third  Thm.
̶̶ ̶̶̶
3. HJ ≅ LM 3. Given
4. △GHJ ≅ △KLM 4. ASA Steps 1, 3, and 2
EXAMPLE 3 Using AAS to Prove Triangles Congruent

Use AAS to prove the triangles congruent. �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ �
Given: AB ǁ ED, BC ≅ DC
Prove: △ABC ≅ △EDC �
Proof: � �
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
3. Use AAS to prove the triangles congruent. �

̶̶
Given: JL bisects ∠KLM. ∠K ≅ ∠M
Prove: △JKL ≅ △JML � �
There are four theorems for right triangles that are not used for acute or obtuse
triangles. They are Leg-Leg (LL), Hypotenuse-Angle (HA), Leg-Angle (LA), and
Hypotenuse-Leg (HL). You will prove LL, HA, and LA in Exercises 21, 23, and 33.

Theorem 4-5-3 Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Congruence

If the hypotenuse and a leg of

a right triangle are congruent
to the hypotenuse and a leg of ABC DEF
another right triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.
You will prove the Hypotenuse-Leg Theorem in Lesson 4-8.
EXAMPLE 4 Applying HL Congruence

Determine if you can use the HL Congruence Theorem to prove the
triangles congruent. If not, tell what else you need to know.
A VWX and YXW
According to the diagram, VWX and 6 9
<
YXW are right triangles that share
−−− −−− −−−
hypotenuse WX. WX XW by the Reflexive
−−− −−
Property. It is given that WV XY, 7 8
therefore VWX YXW by HL.
B VWZ and YXZ

This conclusion cannot be proved by HL. According
to the diagram, VWZ and YXZ are right triangles,
−−− −− −−−
and WV XY. You do not know that hypotenuse WZ
−−
is congruent to hypotenuse XZ.
4. Determine if you can use the HL

Congruence Theorem to prove
ABC DCB. If not, tell what
else you need to know.
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. Could you use AAS to prove that these
two triangles are congruent? Explain. ÈäÂ {xÂ ÈäÂ {xÂ
2. The arrangement of the letters in ASA matches the arrangement

of what parts of congruent triangles? Include a sketch to support
your answer.
In each column, write a description of the method and then
sketch two triangles, marking the appropriate congruent parts.
*ÀÛ}Ê/À>}iÃÊ
}ÀÕiÌ
iv°Êv̱ÊɁ --- -- - -
7À`Ã
*VÌÕÀiÃ
ge07se_c04_0252_0259.indd 255 5/8/06 12:53:53 PM

4-5
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
−−
1. Vocabulary A triangle contains ∠ABC and ∠ACB with BC “closed in” between
them. How would this help you remember the definition of included side?
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Surveying Use the table for Exercises 2 and 3. A

p. 252 A landscape designer surveyed the boundaries of
a triangular park. She made the following table for
the dimensions of the land.
115 ft
A to B B to C C to A
Bearing E S 25° E N 62° W
Distance 115 ft ? ? B
C
2. Draw the plot of land described by the table.
Label the measures of the angles in the triangle.
3. Does the table have enough information to
determine the locations of points A, B, and C ? Explain.
SEE EXAMPLE 2 Determine if you can use ASA to prove the triangles congruent. Explain.
p. 253 4. VRS and VTS, given that 5. DEH and FGH
−−
VS bisects ∠RST and ∠RVT
/
- 6

,
SEE EXAMPLE 3 6. Use AAS to prove the triangles congruent. + ,

p. 254 Given: ∠R and ∠P are right angles.
−− −−
QR SP
Prove: QPS SRQ
* -
Proof:
>°ÊÊÊÊ¶ÊÊÊ
,iviÝ°Ê*À«°ÊvÊɁ
+,ÊȡÊ*- L°ÊÊÊÊ¶ÊÊÊ ̱+*-ÊɁÊ̱-,+

Ûi Ì°ÊÌ°ÊѐÊ/° `°ÊÊÊÊ¶ÊÊÊ
Ȝ,Ê>`ÊȜ*Ê>ÀiÊÀÌ°Êѐ° Ȝ,ÊɁÊȜ*
Ûi V°ÊÊÊÊ¶ÊÊÊ
SEE EXAMPLE 4 Determine if you can use the HL Congruence Theorem to prove the triangles
p. 255 congruent. If not, tell what else you need to know.
7. ABC and CDA 8. XYV and ZYV
6
8 <
9
ge07se_c04_0252_0259.indd 256 5/8/06 12:54:02 PM

Independent Practice Surveying Use the table for Exercises 9 and 10.
For See From two different observation towers a fire is sighted. The locations of the towers
Exercises Example
are given in the following table.
9–10 1
11–12 2 X to Y X to F Y to F
13 3 Bearing E N 53° E N 16° W
14–15 4
Distance 6 km ? ?
Extra Practice
Skills Practice p. S11 9. Draw the diagram formed by observation tower X, observation tower Y,
and the fire F. Label the measures of the angles.
10. Is there enough information given in the table to pinpoint the location of
the fire? Explain.
Determine if you can use ASA to prove the triangles congruent. Explain.
Math History 11. △MKJ and △MKL 12. △RST and △TUR
�
� �
� �
� �
�
̶̶ ̶̶ �
13. Given: AB ≅ DE, ∠C ≅ ∠F � �
Prove: △ABC ≅ △DEF
� � �
Euclid wrote the Proof:
mathematical text
The Elements around ��
2300 years ago. It may ��
be the second most
reprinted book in history. ��
��
��
��
Determine if you can use the HL Congruence Theorem to prove the triangles
congruent. If not, tell what else you need to know.
14. △GHJ and △JKG � � 15. △ABE and △DCE, �
given that E is � �
the midpoint �
̶̶ ̶̶
� � of AD and BC
�
Multi-Step For each pair of triangles write a triangle congruence statement.

Identify the transformation that moves one triangle to the position of the
other triangle.
16. � 17. � � �
� � �
� �
�
18. Critical Thinking Side-Side-Angle (SSA) cannot be used to prove two

triangles congruent. Draw a diagram that shows why this is true.

A carpenter built a truss to support the roof of a doghouse. �
̶̶ ̶̶
a. The carpenter knows that KJ ≅ MJ. Can the carpenter
conclude that △KJL ≅ △MJL? Why or why not?
b. Suppose the carpenter also knows that ∠JLK is
a right angle. Which theorem can be used to � �
show that △KJL ≅ △MJL? �
� �
20. /////ERROR ANALYSIS///// Two proofs that △EFH ≅ △GHF
are given. Which is incorrect? Explain the error.
� �
� �
��
��
��
��
��
21. Write a paragraph proof of the Leg-Leg (LL) Congruence Theorem. If the legs of
one right triangle are congruent to the corresponding legs of another right triangle,
the triangles are congruent.
22. Use AAS to prove the triangles congruent. � �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
Given: AD ǁ BC, AD ≅ CB
�
Prove: △AED ≅ △CEB
Proof: � �
Statements Reasons
̶̶̶ ̶̶
1. AD ǁ BC 1. a. ?
̶̶̶̶
2. ∠DAE ≅ ∠BCE 2. b. ?
̶̶̶̶
3. c. ? 3. Vert.  Thm.
̶̶̶̶
4. d. ? 3. Given
̶̶̶̶
5. e. ? 4. f. ?
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
23. Prove the Hypotenuse-Angle (HA) Theorem. �
̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶
Given: KM ⊥ JL, JM ≅ LM, ∠JMK ≅ ∠LMK
� �
Prove: △JKM ≅ △LKM
�
24. Write About It The legs of both right △DEF and right △RST are 3 cm and 4 cm.
They each have a hypotenuse 5 cm in length. Describe two different ways you could
prove that △DEF ≅ △RST.
25. Construction Use the method for constructing perpendicular lines to construct
a right triangle.
26. What additional congruence statement is necessary to prove �

△XWY ≅ △XVZ by ASA?
̶̶ ̶̶̶
∠XVZ ≅ ∠XWY VZ ≅ WY � �
̶̶ ̶̶ �
∠VUY ≅ ∠WUZ XZ ≅ XY � �

27. Which postulate or theorem justifies the congruence � �
statement △STU ≅ △VUT?
ASA HL
SSS SAS � �
28. Which of the following congruence statements is true? � �

∠A ≅ ∠B △AED ≅ △CEB
̶̶ ̶̶ �
CE ≅ DE △AED ≅ △BEC
� �
29. In △RST, RT = 6y - 2. In △UVW, UW = 2y + 7. ∠R ≅ ∠U, and ∠S ≅ ∠V.
What must be the value of y in order to prove that △RST ≅ △UVW?
1.25 2.25 9.0 11.5
30. Extended Response Draw a triangle. Construct a second triangle that has the
same angle measures but is not congruent. Compare the lengths of each pair of
corresponding sides. Consider the relationship between the lengths of the sides
and the measures of the angles. Explain why Angle-Angle-Angle (AAA) is not a
congruence principle.

31. Sports This bicycle frame includes △VSU
and △VTU, which lie in intersecting planes.
From the given angle measures, can you
conclude that △VSU ≅ △VTU? Explain. �
m∠VUS = (7y - 2)° m∠VUT = 5_

2(
1x - _1 °
2 ) �
2y°
m∠USV = 5_ m∠UTV = (4x + 8)° �
3
m∠SVU = (3y - 6)° m∠TVU = 2x ° �
32. Given: △ABC is equilateral. C is the midpoint of � �

̶̶
DE. ∠DAC and ∠EBC are congruent
and supplementary.
��
Prove: △DAC ≅ △EBC � � �
33. Write a two-column proof of the Leg-Angle (LA) Congruence Theorem. If a leg and
an acute angle of one right triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of
another right triangle, the triangles are congruent. (Hint: There are two cases
to consider.)
34. If two triangles are congruent by ASA, what theorem could you use to prove that the
triangles are also congruent by AAS? Explain.
SPIRAL REVIEW
Identify the x- and y-intercepts. Use them to graph each line. (Previous course)
35. y = 3x - 6 36. y = -_1x + 4 37. y = -5x + 5
2
38. Find AB and BC if AC = 10. (Lesson 1-6) � ��
39. Find m∠C. (Lesson 4-2) ��
� ��
� �
� ��

4-6 Triangle
Congruence: CPCTC
Objective Why learn this?
Use CPCTC to prove You can use congruent triangles to
parts of triangles are estimate distances.
congruent.
Vocabulary CPCTC is an abbreviation for the phrase

CPCTC “Corresponding Parts of Congruent
Triangles are Congruent.” It can be used
as a justification in a proof after you
have proven two triangles congruent.

To design a bridge across a canyon, you
need to find the distance from A to B.
Locate points C, D, and E as shown in
SSS, SAS, ASA, the figure. If DE = 600 ft, what is AB?
AAS, and HL use
∠D ∠B, because they are both right angles.
corresponding parts −− −− xääÊvÌ
xääÊvÌ
to prove triangles DC CB ,because DC = CB = 500 ft.
congruent. CPCTC ∠DCE ∠BCA, because vertical angles
uses congruent are congruent. Therefore DCE BCA
triangles to prove −− −−
by ASA or LA. By CPCTC, ED AB, so
corresponding AB = ED = 600 ft.
parts congruent.
1. A landscape architect sets up the

triangles shown in the figure to
find the distance JK across a pond.
What is JK? £ÊvÌ ÎäÊvÌ
ÎäÊvÌ £ÊvÌ

{£ÊvÌ
EXAMPLE 2 Proving Corresponding Parts Congruent

−− −−
Given: AB DC, ∠ABC ∠DCB
Prove: ∠A ∠D
Proof:
ÊɁÊ

Ûi
Ȝ
ÊɁÊȜ
̱
ÊɁÊ̱
ȜÊɁÊȜ
Ûi --
*
/

ÊɁÊ

,iviÝ°Ê*À«°ÊvÊɁ
−− +
2. Given: PR bisects ∠QPS and ∠QRS.
−− −−
Prove: PQ PS * ,
ge07se_c04_0260_0265.indd 260 5/8/06 1:02:36 PM

EXAMPLE 3 Using CPCTC in a Proof
−− −− −− −−
Given: EG DF, EG DF
−− −−
Prove: ED GF
Proof:
Work backward Statements Reasons

when planning −− −−
1. EG DF 1. Given
a proof. To show −− −−
−− −− 2. EG DF 2. Given
that ED GF, look
for a pair of angles 3. ∠EGD ∠FDG 3. Alt. Int. Thm.
that are congruent. −−− −−−
4. GD DG 4. Reflex. Prop. of
Then look for
5. EGD FDG 5. SAS Steps 1, 3, and 4
triangles that contain
these angles. 6. ∠EDG ∠FGD 6. CPCTC
−− −−
7. ED GF 7. Converse of Alt. Int. Thm.
−−− −−
3. Given: J is the midpoint of KM and NL.
−− −−−
Prove: KL MN
You can also use CPCTC when triangles are on a coordinate plane.
You use the Distance Formula to find the lengths of the sides of each triangle.
Then, after showing that the triangles are congruent, you can
make conclusions about their corresponding parts.
EXAMPLE 4 Using CPCTC in the Coordinate Plane

Given: A(2, 3), B(5, -1), C(1, 0), {
Þ

D(-4, -1), E(0, 2), F(-1, -2)

Prove: ∠ABC ∠DEF
Ý
Step 1 Plot the points on a coordinate plane. Ó ä
Step 2 Use the Distance Formula to find the

lengths of the sides of each triangle.
{
D= √
(x 2 - x 1)2 + (y 2 - y 1)2
AB = √
(5 -2)2 + (-1 - 3)2 DE = √
(0 - (-4)) + (2 - (-1))
2 2
= √
9 + 16 = √
25 = 5 = √
16 + 9 = √
25 = 5
BC = √
(1 - 5) + (0 - (-1))
2 2
EF = √
(-1 - 0)2 + (-2 - 2)2
= √
16 + 1 = √
17 = √
1 + 16 = √
17
AC = √
(1 - 2)2 + (0 - 3)2 DF = √
(-1 - (-4)) + (-2 - (-1))
2 2
= √1

+ 9 = √
10 = √
9 + 1 = √
10
−− −− −− −− −− −−
So AB DE, BC EF, and AC DF. Therefore ABC DEF by SSS,
and ∠ABC ∠DEF by CPCTC.
4. Given: J(-1, -2), K(2, -1), L(-2, 0), R(2, 3), S(5, 2), T(1, 1)
Prove: ∠JKL ∠RST
4-6 Triangle Congruence: CPCTC 261
ge07se_c04_0260_0265.indd 261 5/8/06 1:03:57 PM

THINK AND DISCUSS
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ � �
1. In the figure, UV ≅ XY, VW ≅ YZ,
and ∠V ≅ ∠Y. Explain why
△UVW ≅ △XYZ. By CPCTC, which
additional parts are congruent? � � � �
Write all conclusions you can make using CPCTC.
��
��
4-6
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE �
1. Vocabulary You use CPCTC after
proving triangles are congruent.
Which parts of congruent triangles
are referred to as corresponding parts?
SEE EXAMPLE 1 2. Archaeology An archaeologist

p. 260 wants to find the height AB of a
�
rock formation. She places a � �
marker at C and steps off the
distance from C to B. Then she
walks the same distance from
C and places a marker at D.
If DE = 6.3 m, what is AB?
�
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ �
SEE EXAMPLE 2 3. Given: X is the midpoint of ST. RX ⊥ ST
p. 260
̶̶ ̶̶
Prove: RS ≅ RT
Proof: � �
�
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��

̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
SEE EXAMPLE 3 4. Given: AC ≅ AD, CB ≅ DB �
̶̶
p. 261 Prove: AB bisects ∠CAD.
� �
�
Proof:
Statements Reasons
̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
1. AC ≅ AD, CB ≅ DB 1. a. ?
̶̶̶̶
2. b. ? 2. Reflex. Prop. of ≅
̶̶̶̶
3. △ACB ≅ △ADB 3. c. ?
̶̶̶̶
4. ∠CAB ≅ ∠DAB 4. d. ?
̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
5. AB bisects ∠CAD 5. e. ?
̶̶̶̶
SEE EXAMPLE 4 Multi-Step Use the given set of points to prove each congruence statement.
p. 261 5. E(-3, 3), F(-1, 3), G(-2, 0), J(0, -1), K(2, -1), L(1, 2); ∠EFG ≅ ∠JKL
6. A(2, 3), B(4, 1), C(1, -1), R(-1, 0), S(-3, -2), T(0, -4); ∠ACB ≅ ∠RTS

Independent Practice 7. Surveying To find the distance AB across A
For See a river, a surveyor first locates point C.
Exercises Example
He measures the distance from C to B.
7 1 500 ft
Then he locates point D the same distance B D
8–9 2 500 ft C
east of C. If DE = 420 ft, what is AB?
10–11 3
E
12–13 4
̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶
8. Given: M is the midpoint of 9. Given: WX ≅ XY ≅ YZ ≅ ZW
Extra Practice ̶̶ ̶̶
PQ and RS. Prove: ∠W ≅ ∠Y
ge07sec04l06004_A
̶̶ ̶̶
Application Practice p. S31 Prove: QR ≅ PS
� � �
� �
�
� �
�
̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
10. Given: G is the midpoint of FH. 11. Given: LM bisects ∠JLK. JL ≅ KL
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
EF ≅ EH Prove: M is the midpoint of JK.
Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠2
� �
� � � �
�
� � �
Multi-Step Use the given set of points to prove each congruence statement.
12. R(0, 0), S(2, 4), T(-1, 3), U(-1, 0), V(-3, -4), W(-4, -1); ∠RST ≅ ∠UVW
13. A(-1, 1), B(2, 3), C(2, -2), D(2, -3), E(-1, -5), F(-1, 0); ∠BAC ≅ ∠EDF
̶̶
14. Given: △QRS is adjacent to △QTS. QS bisects ∠RQT. ∠R ≅ ∠T
̶̶ ̶̶
Prove: QS bisects RT.
̶̶ ̶̶
15. Given: △ABE and △CDE with E the midpoint of AC and BD
̶̶ ̶̶
Prove: AB ǁ CD

16. This problem will prepare you for the Multi-Step Test ��
Prep on page 280. ��
The front of a doghouse has the dimensions shown. ��

�
a. How can you prove that △ADB ≅ △ADC?
̶̶ ̶̶
b. Prove that BD ≅ CD.
̶̶ ̶̶
c. What is the length of BD and BC to the nearest tenth?
Multi-Step Find the value of x. ��
17. 18.
��
��
��
��
Use the diagram for Exercises 19–21.

19. Given: PS = RQ, m∠1 = m∠4 �
Prove: m∠3 = m∠2
� �
20. Given: m∠1 = m∠2, m∠3 = m∠4 � �
�
�
Prove: PS = RS
�
21. Given: PS = RQ, PQ = RS
̶̶ ̶̶
Prove: PQ ǁ RS
� �
22. Critical Thinking Does the diagram contain
enough information to allow you to conclude
̶̶ ̶̶̶
that JK ǁ ML? Explain. � �
23. Write About It Draw a diagram and explain how a surveyor can set up triangles
to find the distance across a lake. Label each part of your diagram. List which
sides or angles must be congruent.
24. Which of these will NOT be used as a reason in a proof �

̶̶ ̶̶
of AC ≅ AD?
SAS ASA
CPCTC Reflexive Property
� � �
25. Given the points K(1, 2), L(0, -4), M(-2, -3), and N(-1, 3),
which of these is true?
∠KNL ≅ ∠MNL ∠MLN ≅ ∠KLN
∠LNK ≅ ∠NLM ∠MNK ≅ ∠NKL
26. What is the value of y?

10 35 ��
��
��
20 85 ��
27. Which of these are NOT used to prove angles congruent?

congruent triangles parallel lines
noncorresponding parts perpendicular lines

28. Which set of coordinates represents the vertices of a �
triangle congruent to △RST ? (Hint: Find the lengths � � �
of the sides of △RST.) �
(3, 4), (3, 0), (0, 0) (3, 1), (3, 3), (4, 6) �
�
( ) ( ) ( )
3, 3 , 0, 4 , 0, 0 (3, 0), (4, 4), (0, 6)
�
� � � �
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND � �

29. All of the edges of a cube are congruent. All of
�
the angles on each face of a cube are right angles. �
Use CPCTC to explain why any two diagonals on
̶̶ ̶̶
the faces of a cube (for example, AC and AF ) �
must be congruent. �
�
̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
30. Given: JK ≅ ML, JM ≅ KL 31. Given: R is the midpoint of AB.
̶̶
Prove: ∠J ≅ ∠L S is the midpoint of DC.
̶̶ ̶̶
(Hint: Draw an auxiliary line.) RS ⊥ AB, ∠ASD ≅ ∠BSC
Prove: △ASD ≅ △BSC
� � � � �
� �
� � �
32. △ABC is in plane M. △CDE is
in plane P. Both planes have �
��
C in common and ∠A ≅ ∠E. �
What is the height AB to the �
�
nearest foot? ��
SPIRAL REVIEW
33. Lina’s test scores in her history class are 90, 84, 93, 88, and 91. What is the minimum
score Lina must make on her next test to have an average test score of 90?
(Previous course)
34. One long-distance phone plan costs $3.95 per month plus $0.08 per minute of use.
A second long-distance plan costs $0.10 per minute for the first 50 minutes used
each month and then $0.15 per minute after that. Which plan is cheaper if you use
an average of 75 long-distance minutes per month? (Previous course)
A figure has vertices at (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 2), and (4, 3). Identify the transformation of
the figure that produces an image with each set of vertices. (Lesson 1-7)
35. (1, -3), (2, -2), (3, -2), (4, -3)
�
36. (-2, -1), (-1, -2), (0, -2), (1, -1)
� �
37. Determine if you can use ASA to prove
△ACB ≅ △ECD. Explain. (Lesson 4-5) �
�

Quadratic Equations
Algebra A quadratic equation is an equation that can be written in the
form ax 2 + bx + c = 0.
See Skills Bank

page S66
Example
̶̶ ̶̶ �
Given: △ABC is isosceles with AB ≅ AC. Solve for x.
� ��
Step 1 Set x 2 – 5x equal to 6 to get x 2 – 5x = 6.
Step 2 Rewrite the quadratic equation by subtracting 6
from each side to get x 2 – 5x – 6 = 0.
� �
Step 3 Solve for x.
Method 1: Factoring Method 2: Quadratic Formula
x 2 - 5x - 6 = 0 -b ± √
b 2 - 4ac
x = __
(x - 6)(x + 1) = 0 Factor. 2a
-(-5) ± √(
-5)2 - 4(1)(-6) Substitute 1 for
x - 6 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 Set each factor x = ___
equal to 0. 2(1) a, -5 for b,
5 ± √ 49 and -6 for c.
x=6 or x = -1 Solve. x=_ Simplify.
2
5±7
_
x= Find the square root.
2
x=_ 12 or x = _ -2 Simplify.
2 2
x = 6 or x = -1
Step 4 Check each solution in the original equation.

x 2 - 5x = 6 x 2 - 5x = 6
2 2
(6 ) - 5 (6 ) 6 (-1) - 5 (-1 ) 6
36 - 30 6 1+5 6
6 6 ✓ 6 6 ✓
Try This
Solve for x in each isosceles triangle.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ �
1. Given: FE ≅ FG � 2. Given: JK ≅ JL
��
� ��
� � � �
��
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ �
3. Given: YX ≅ YZ � �� 4. Given: QP ≅ QR
� �
�
� ��
� �

4-7 Introduction to
Coordinate Proof
Position figures in the The Bushmen in South Africa use
coordinate plane for use the Global Positioning System to
in coordinate proofs. transmit data about endangered
Prove geometric animals to conservationists.
concepts by using (See Exercise 24.)
coordinate proof.
You have used coordinate geometry
Vocabulary
to find the midpoint of a line segment
coordinate proof
and to find the distance between
two points. Coordinate geometry can
also be used to prove conjectures.
A coordinate proof is a style of proof that uses coordinate geometry

and algebra. The first step of a coordinate proof is to position the given
figure in the plane. You can use any position, but some strategies can
make the steps of the proof simpler.
Strategies for Positioning Figures in the Coordinate Plane
• Use the origin as a vertex, keeping the figure in Quadrant I.

• Center the figure at the origin.
• Center a side of the figure at the origin.
• Use one or both axes as sides of the figure.
EXAMPLE 1 Positioning a Figure in the Coordinate Plane

Position a rectangle with a length of 8 units and a width of 3 units in the
coordinate plane.
Method 1 You can center the longer Method 2 You can use the origin as
side of the rectangle at the origin. a vertex of the rectangle.
� �
��
� �
� �
��
Depending on what you are using the figure to prove, one solution may
be better than the other. For example, if you need to find the midpoint
of the longer side, use the first solution.
1. Position a right triangle with leg lengths of 2 and 4 units in

the coordinate plane. (Hint: Use the origin as the vertex of
the right angle.)
4- 7 Introduction to Coordinate Proof 267

Once the figure is placed in the coordinate plane, you can use slope, the
coordinates of the vertices, the Distance Formula, or the Midpoint Formula
to prove statements about the figure.
EXAMPLE 2 Writing a Proof Using Coordinate Geometry

Write a coordinate proof. �
Given: Right △ABC has vertices A(0, 6), � �
B(0, 0), and C(4, 0). D is the
̶̶ �
midpoint of AC. �
Prove: The area of △DBC is one half the �
area of △ABC. �
Proof: △ABC is a right triangle with height � � � �
AB and base BC.
area of △ABC = __12 bh
= __12 (4)(6) = 12 square units
By the Midpoint Formula, the coordinates of
(
0 + 4 ____
D = ____
2 )
, 6 +2 0 = (2, 3). The y-coordinate of D is the height
of △DBC, and the base is 4 units.
area of △DBC = __12 bh
= __12 (4)(3) = 6 square units
Since 6 = __12 (12), the area of △DBC is one half the area of △ABC.
2. Use the information in Example 2 to write a coordinate proof

showing that the area of △ADB is one half the area of △ABC.
A coordinate proof can also be used to prove that a certain relationship is

always true. You can prove that a statement is true for all right triangles
without knowing the side lengths. To do this, assign variables as the coordinates
of the vertices.
EXAMPLE 3 Assigning Coordinates to Vertices

Position each figure in the coordinate plane and give the coordinates of
each vertex.
A a right triangle with leg B a rectangle with
Do not use both axes lengths a and b length c and width d
when positioning
� � ��
a figure unless you ��
know the figure
has a right angle. � �
��
3. Position a square with side length 4p in the coordinate plane

and give the coordinates of each vertex.
If a coordinate proof requires calculations with fractions, choose coordinates

that make the calculations simpler. For example, use multiples of 2 when
you are to find coordinates of a midpoint. Once you have assigned the
coordinates of the vertices, the procedure for the proof is the same, except
that your calculations will involve variables.

EXAMPLE 4 Writing a Coordinate Proof
̶̶
Given: ∠B is a right angle in △ABC. D is the midpoint of AC.
Prove: The area of △DBC is one half the area of △ABC.
Step 1 Assign coordinates to each vertex. Since you will use the
The coordinates of A are (0, 2 j), Midpoint Formula to find the
coordinates of D, use multiples
the coordinates of B are (0, 0),
of 2 for the leg lengths.
and the coordinates of C are (2n, 0).
Step 2 Position the figure in the coordinate plane. �
��
Step 3 Write a coordinate proof. �
�
Proof: △ABC is a right triangle with height 2j
Because the x- and ��
and base 2n.
y-axes intersect at
right angles, they area of △ABC = __12 bh
can be used to form
= __12 (2n)(2j)
the sides of a right
triangle. = 2nj square units
By the Midpoint Formula, the coordinates of D = _____

2
, 2 (
2j + 0
0 + 2n _____
= (n, j). )
The height of △DBC is j units, and the base is 2n units.
area of △DBC = __12 bh
= __12 (2n)(j)
= nj square units
Since nj = __12 (2nj), the area of △DBC is one half the area of △ABC.
4. Use the information in Example 4 to write a coordinate

proof showing that the area of △ADB is one half the
area of △ABC.
THINK AND DISCUSS

1. When writing a coordinate proof why are variables used instead of
numbers as coordinates for the vertices of a figure?
2. How does the way you position a figure in the coordinate plane affect
your calculations in a coordinate proof?
3. Explain why it might be useful to assign 2p as a coordinate instead
of just p.
In each row, draw an example of each strategy that might be used
when positioning a figure for a coordinate proof.
��
��
��
��
��

4-7
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
1. Vocabulary What is the relationship between coordinate geometry,
coordinate plane, and coordinate proof ?
SEE EXAMPLE 1 Position each figure in the coordinate plane.

p. 267 2. a rectangle with a length of 4 units and width of 1 unit
3. a right triangle with leg lengths of 1 unit and 3 units
SEE EXAMPLE 2 Write a proof using coordinate geometry. �

p. 268 4. Given: Right △PQR has coordinates P(0, 6), Q(8, 0), �
̶̶
and R(0, 0). A is the midpoint of PR.
̶̶ �
B is the midpoint of QR. �
Prove: AB = __12 PQ �
�
SEE EXAMPLE 3 Position each figure in the coordinate plane and give
� � � � �
p. 268 the coordinates of each vertex.
5. a right triangle with leg lengths m and n
6. a rectangle with length a and width b
SEE EXAMPLE 4 Multi-Step Assign coordinates to each vertex and write a coordinate proof.
p. 269
̶̶
7. Given: ∠R is a right angle in △PQR. A is the midpoint of PR.
̶̶
B is the midpoint of QR.
Prove: AB = __12 PQ

Independent Practice Position each figure in the coordinate plane.
For See
Exercises Example 8. a square with side lengths of 2 units
8–9 1 9. a right triangle with leg lengths of 1 unit and 5 units
10 2
11–12 3 Write a proof using coordinate geometry. �
13 4 � �
10. Given: Rectangle ABCD has coordinates A(0, 0), ��
Extra Practice B(0, 10), C(6, 10), and D(6, 0). E is the
̶̶ ̶̶ �
Skills Practice p. S11 midpoint of AB, and F is the midpoint of CD.
Application Practice p. S31 Prove: EF = BC �
� �
Position each figure in the coordinate plane and give �
the coordinates of each vertex.
�
11. a square with side length 2m
� � �
12. a rectangle with dimensions x and 3x � � � �
Multi-Step Assign coordinates to each vertex and write a coordinate proof.

̶̶ ̶̶
13. Given: E is the midpoint of AB in rectangle ABCD. F is the midpoint of CD.
Prove: EF = AD
14. Critical Thinking Use variables to write the general form of the endpoints
of a segment whose midpoint is (0, 0).

15. Recreation A hiking trail begins at E(0, 0). Bryan hikes from the start of the trail to
a waterfall at W (3, 3) and then makes a 90° turn to a campsite at C(6, 0).
a. Draw Bryan’s route in the coordinate plane.
b. If one grid unit represents 1 mile, what is the total distance Bryan hiked?
Round to the nearest tenth.
Find the perimeter and area of each figure.

16. a right triangle with leg lengths of a and 2a units
17. a rectangle with dimensions s and t units
Find the missing coordinates for each figure.

18. Þ 19. Þ
«]Êµ®
ä]Ê® ÊÊÊ]ÊÊÊÊ®
Conservation Ý Ý
ä]Êä® ]Êä® ä]Êä® ÊÊÊ]ÊÊÊÊ®
20. Conservation The Bushmen have sighted animals at the following coordinates:
(-25, 31.5), (-23.2, 31.4), and (-24, 31.1). Prove that the distance between two of
these locations is approximately twice the distance between two other.
21. Navigation Two ships depart from a port at P(20, 10). The first ship travels to
a location at A(-30, 50), and the second ship travels to a location at B(70, -30).
The origin of the
Each unit represents one nautical mile. Find the distance to the nearest nautical
springbok’s name may
come from its habit of mile between the two ships. Verify that the port is at the midpoint between the two.
pronking, or bouncing.
When pronking, a Write a coordinate proof.
springbok can leap up
22. Given: Rectangle PQRS has coordinates P(0, 2), Q(3, 2), R (3, 0), and S(0, 0).
to 13 feet in the air. −− −−
Springboks can run up PR and QS intersect at T (1.5, 1).
to 53 miles per hour. Prove: The area of RST is __14 of the area of the rectangle.
( y +y
x 1 + x 2 _____
23. Given: A(x 1, y 1), B(x 2, y 2), with midpoint M _____
2
, 12 2 )
Prove: AM = __12 AB
24. Plot the points on a coordinate plane and connect them to form KLM and
MPK. Write a coordinate proof.
Given: K (-2, 1), L(-2, 3), M(1, 3), P(1, 1)
Prove: KLM MPK
25. Write About It When you place two sides of a figure on the coordinate axes,
what are you assuming about the figure?
Þ
Paul designed a doghouse to fit against the side of his house. ÓÈÊ°
His plan consisted of a right triangle on top of a rectangle. £äÊ°
a. Find BD and CE.
b. Before building the doghouse, Paul sketched his plan

on a coordinate plane. He placed A at the origin ÓnÊ°
−−
and AB on the x-axis. Find the coordinates of B, C, D,
and E, assuming that each unit of the coordinate
plane represents one inch. Ý
ge07se_c04_0267_0272.indd 271 5/8/06 1:07:36 PM

27. The coordinates of the vertices of a right triangle are (0, 0), (4, 0), and (0, 2).
Which is a true statement?
The vertex of the right angle is at (4, 2).
The midpoints of the two legs are at (2, 0) and (0, 1).
The hypotenuse of the triangle is √6  units.
The shortest side of the triangle is positioned on the x-axis.
28. A rectangle has dimensions of 2g and 2f units. If one vertex is at the origin,
which coordinates could NOT represent another vertex?
(2f, g) (2f, 0) (2g, 2f) (-2f, 2g)
29. The coordinates of the vertices of a rectangle are (0, 0), (a, 0), (a, b), and (0, b).
What is the perimeter of the rectangle?
a+b ab 1 ab
_ 2a + 2b
2
30. A coordinate grid is placed over a map. City A is located at (-1, 2) and city C is
located at (3, 5). If city C is at the midpoint between city A and city B, what are
the coordinates of city B?
(1, 3.5) (-5, -1) (7, 8) (2, 7)

Find the missing coordinates for each figure.
31. � � 32. � ��
��
�
��
33. The vertices of a right triangle are at (-2s, 2s), (0, 2s), and (0, 0). What coordinates
could be used so that a coordinate proof would be easier to complete?
34. Rectangle ABCD has dimensions of 2f and 2g units. � ��
̶̶ g ��
The equation of the line containing BD is y = __f x, and �
̶̶ g
the equation of the line containing AC is y = - __f x + 2g. �
Use algebra to show that the coordinates of E are (f, g). ��
SPIRAL REVIEW
Use the quadratic formula to solve for x. Round to the nearest
hundredth if necessary. (Previous course)
35. 0 = 8x 2 + 18x - 5 36. 0 = x 2 + 3x - 5 37. 0 = 3x 2 - x - 10
Find each value. (Lesson 3-2)

38. x
39. y ��
��
40. Use A(-4, 3), B(-1, 3), C (-3, 1), D(0, -2), E(3, -2), and F (2, -4) to prove
∠ABC ≅ ∠EDF. (Lesson 4-6).

4-8 Isosceles and
Equilateral Triangles
Prove theorems about Astronomers use geometric methods.
isosceles and equilateral (See Example 1.)
triangles.
Apply properties of Recall that an isosceles triangle has at least
isosceles and equilateral
two congruent sides. The congruent sides
triangles.
are called the legs . The vertex angle is
the angle formed by the legs. The side
Vocabulary
legs of an isosceles
opposite the vertex angle is called the base ,
triangle and the base angles are the two angles
vertex angle that have the base as a side.
base �
base angles ∠3 is the vertex angle.
∠1 and ∠2 are the
base angles.
� �
Theorems Isosceles Triangle

4-8-1 Isosceles Triangle Theorem �
If two sides of a triangle are ∠B ≅ ∠C
congruent, then the angles opposite
the sides are congruent. � �
4-8-2 Converse of Isosceles �

Triangle Theorem ̶̶ ̶̶
If two angles of a triangle are DE ≅ DF
congruent, then the sides opposite
those angles are congruent. � �
Theorem 4-8-1 is proven below. You will prove Theorem 4-8-2 in Exercise 35.
PROOF Isosceles Triangle Theorem �

̶̶ ̶̶
Given: AB ≅ AC � �
Prove: ∠B ≅ ∠C
Proof: �
Statements Reasons
The Isosceles ̶̶
1. Draw X, the mdpt. of BC. 1. Every seg. has a unique mdpt.
Triangle Theorem is ̶̶
2. Draw the auxiliary line AX. 2. Through two pts. there is exactly one line.
sometimes stated as ̶̶ ̶̶
“Base angles of an 3. BX ≅ CX 3. Def. of mdpt.
̶̶ ̶̶
isosceles triangle 4. AB ≅ AC 4. Given
are congruent.” ̶̶ ̶̶
5. AX ≅ AX 5. Reflex. Prop. of ≅
6. △ABX ≅ △ACX 6. SSS Steps 3, 4, 5
7. ∠B ≅ ∠C 7. CPCTC
4-8 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles 273

EXAMPLE 1 Astronomy Application
The distance from Earth to nearby �
stars can be measured using the
parallax method, which requires
observing the positions of a star
6 months apart. If the distance LM
to a star in July is 4.0 × 10 13 km, ��
explain why the distance LK to the ��
star in January is the same. (Assume � � �
��
the distance from Earth to the Sun Not drawn to scale
does not change.)
m∠LKM = 180 - 90.4, so m∠LKM = 89.6°. Since ∠LKM ≅ ∠M,
△LMK is isosceles by the Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem.
Thus LK = LM = 4.0 × 10 13 km.
1. If the distance from Earth to a star in September is 4.2 × 10 13 km,

what is the distance from Earth to the star in March? Explain.
��
��
��
��
EXAMPLE 2 Finding the Measure of an Angle
��
A m∠C
m∠C = m∠B = x° Isosc. △ Thm. ��
m∠C + m∠B + m∠A = 180 △ Sum Thm. � �
x + x + 38 = 180 Substitute the given values.
2x = 142 Simplify and subtract 38 from both sides.
Thus m∠C = 71°.
� ��
B m∠S
m∠S = m∠R Isosc. △ Thm.
2x° = (x + 30)° Substitute the given values. �
x = 30 Subtract x from both sides. ��
Thus m∠S = 2x° = 2(30) = 60°. �
� �
Find each angle measure. �
��
2a. m∠H 2b. m∠N ��
� � �
The following corollary and its converse show the connection between
equilateral triangles and equiangular triangles.
Corollary 4-8-3 Equilateral Triangle

If a triangle is equilateral, then it is �
equiangular. ∠A ≅ ∠B ≅ ∠C
(equilateral △ → equiangular △)
� �
You will prove Corollary 4-8-3 in Exercise 36.

Corollary 4-8-4 Equiangular Triangle

�
If a triangle is equiangular, then it is
equilateral. ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
DE ≅ DF ≅ EF
(equiangular △ → equilateral △)
� �
You will prove Corollary 4-8-4 in Exercise 37.
EXAMPLE 3 Using Properties of Equilateral Triangles

Find each value.
A x �
△ABC is equiangular. Equilateral △ → equiangular △
(3x + 15)° = 60° The measure of each ∠ of
an equiangular △ is 60°.
3x = 45 Subtract 15 from both sides. � �
��
B t �
△JKL is equilateral. Equiangular △ → equilateral △
4t - 8 = 2t + 1 Def. of equilateral △ ��
2t = 9 Subtract 2t and add 8 to

� �
both sides. ��
t = 4.5 Divide both sides by 2.
3. Use the diagram to find JL.
EXAMPLE 4 Using Coordinate Proof

�
Prove that the triangle whose vertices are the ��
midpoints of the sides of an isosceles triangle
is also isosceles.
A coordinate proof
̶̶ � �
may be easier if you Given: △ABC is isosceles. X is the mdpt. of AB.
place one side of the
̶̶ ̶̶
Y is the mdpt. of AC. Z is the mdpt. of BC.
triangle along the �
Prove: △XYZ is isosceles.
x-axis and locate a ��
vertex at the origin Proof:
or on the y-axis. Draw a diagram and place the coordinates of △ABC and △XYZ as shown.
By the Midpoint Formula, the coordinates of X are _____
2 (
2a + 0 _____
, 2b 2+ 0 = (a, b), )
(
2a + 4a _____
the coordinates of Y are ______2 )
, 2b 2+ 0 = (3a, b), and the coordinates of Z
(4a + 0 ____
are _____
2 )
, 0 + 0 = (2a, 0).
2
By the Distance Formula, XZ = √(2a - a) + (0 - b) = √
 2 2
a 2 + b 2 , and
YZ = √
(2a - 3a)2 + (0 - b)2 = √
a2 + b2.
̶̶ ̶̶
Since XZ = YZ, XZ ≅ YZ by definition. So △XYZ is isosceles.
4. What if...? The coordinates of △ABC are A(0, 2b), B(-2a, 0),
and C(2a, 0). Prove △XYZ is isosceles.
4- 8 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles 275

THINK AND DISCUSS
1. Explain why each of the angles in an equilateral triangle measures 60°.
2. GET ORGANIZED Copy and complete the ��
graphic organizer. In each box, draw and
mark a diagram for each type of triangle. ��
4-8
KEYWORD: MG7 Parent
GUIDED PRACTICE
1. Vocabulary Draw isosceles △JKL with ∠K as the vertex angle. Name the legs, base,
and base angles of the triangle.
SEE EXAMPLE 1 2. Surveying To find the distance QR across a river, a surveyor locates three points Q,
p. 274 R, and S. QS = 41 m, and m∠S = 35°. The measure of exterior ∠PQS = 70°. Draw a
diagram and explain how you can find QR.
SEE EXAMPLE 2 Find each angle measure.

p. 274 3. m∠ECD � � 4. m∠K � �
�
��
��
� �
�
5. m∠X � 6. m∠A �
��
� �
��
� �
SEE EXAMPLE 3 Find each value.
p. 275 7. y � � 8. x �
��
� ��
� �
9. BC � 10. JK �
��
��
��
� �
��
SEE EXAMPLE 4 11. Given: △ABC is right isosceles. X is the �

̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ��
p. 275 midpoint of AC. AB ≅ BC
Prove: △AXB is isosceles. �
�
��

Independent Practice 12. Aviation A plane is flying parallel
� �
For See
Exercises Example to the ground along AC . When the ��
�
12 1 plane is at A, an air-traffic controller
13–16 2 in tower T measures the angle to
17–20 3
the plane as 40°. After the plane has
traveled 2.4 mi to B, the angle to the
21 4
plane is 80°. How can you find BT? ��
Extra Practice
Skills Practice p. S11 ��
�
13. m∠E � 14. m∠TRU �
��
� ��
� � � �
�
� ��
��
15. m∠F ��
� 16. m∠A ��
��
� �
� ��
�
Find each value.
17. z � 18. y �
� ��
��
��
�
� �
�
19. BC �� 20. XZ �
�
� � ��
��
�
�
��
�
�
21. Given: △ABC is isosceles. P is the midpoint � ��

̶̶ ̶̶
of AB. Q is the midpoint of AC.
̶̶ ̶̶
AB ≅ AC
̶̶ ̶̶ � �
Prove: PC ≅ QB
�
��
Tell whether each statement is sometimes, always, or never true.

Support your answer with a sketch.
22. An equilateral triangle is an isosceles triangle.
23. The vertex angle of an isosceles triangle is congruent to the base angles.
24. An isosceles triangle is a right triangle.
25. An equilateral triangle and an obtuse triangle are congruent.
26. Critical Thinking Can a base angle of an isosceles triangle be an obtuse angle?
Why or why not?

27. This problem will prepare you for the Multi-Step Test �
Prep on page 280.
� �
The diagram shows the inside view of the support
̶̶ ̶̶
structure of the back of a doghouse. PQ ≅ PR,
̶̶ ̶̶
PS ≅ PT, m∠PST = 71°, and m∠QPS = m∠RPT = 18°.
a. Find m∠SPT.
b. Find m∠PQR and m∠PRQ. � �
Multi-Step Find the measure of each numbered angle.

��
28. 29.
��
� ��
30. Write a coordinate proof.

�
Given: ∠B is a right angle in isosceles right △ABC.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
X is the midpoint of AC. BA ≅ BC �
Prove: △AXB ≅ △CXB
� �
31. Estimation Draw the figure formed by (-2, 1), (5, 5), and (-1, -7). Estimate
the measure of each angle and make a conjecture about the classification of the
figure. Then use a protractor to measure each angle. Was your conjecture correct?
Why or why not?
32. How many different isosceles triangles have a perimeter of 18 and sides whose
lengths are natural numbers? Explain.
Multi-Step Find the value of the variable in each diagram.

33. 34.
��
��
��
35. Prove the Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem.

�
36. Complete the proof of Corollary 4-8-3.
Navigation ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
Given: AB ≅ AC ≅ BC
Prove: ∠A ≅ ∠B ≅ ∠C � �
̶̶ ̶̶
Proof: Since AB ≅ AC, a. ? by the Isosceles Triangle Theorem.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
Since AC ≅ BC, ∠A ≅ ∠B by b. ? . Therefore ∠A ≅ ∠C by c. ? .
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
By the Transitive Property of ≅, ∠A ≅ ∠B ≅ ∠C.
37. Prove Corollary 4-8-4.
The taffrail log is
dragged from the stern 38. Navigation The captain of a ship traveling along AB  �
of a vessel to measure sights an island C at an angle of 45°. The captain measures
the speed or distance
the distance the ship covers until it reaches B, where
traveled during a
voyage. The log consists the angle to the island is 90°. Explain how to find the
��
of a rotator, recording distance BC to the island. � �
device, and governor. 39. Given: △ABC ≅ △CBA
Prove: △ABC is isosceles.
40. Write About It Write the Isosceles Triangle Theorem and its converse
as a biconditional.

41. Rewrite the paragraph proof of the
Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Congruence � �
Theorem as a two-column proof.
Given: △ABC and △DEF are right triangles.
∠C and ∠F are right angles.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
AC ≅ DF, and AB ≅ DE. � � � � �
Prove: △ABC ≅ △DEF
̶̶ ̶̶
Proof: On △DEF draw EF . Mark G so that FG = CB. Thus FG ≅ CB. From the diagram,
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
AC ≅ DF and ∠C and ∠F are right angles. DF ⊥ EG by definition of perpendicular
lines. Thus ∠DFG is a right angle, and ∠DFG ≅ ∠C. △ABC ≅ △DGF by SAS.
̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶
DG ≅ AB by CPCTC. AB ≅ DE as given. DG ≅ DE by the Transitive Property.
By the Isosceles Triangle Theorem ∠G ≅ ∠E. ∠DFG ≅ ∠DFE since right angles
are congruent. So △DGF ≅ △DEF by AAS. Therefore △ABC ≅ △DEF by the
Transitive Property.
42. Lorena is designing a window so that ∠R, ∠S, ∠T, and ��
̶̶ ̶̶
∠U are right angles, VU ≅ VT, and m∠UVT = 20°. � �
What is m∠RUV? �
10° 20° �
�
70° 80°
43. Which of these values of y makes △ABC isosceles? �

1_1 1
7_ ��
4 2 ��
2_1 1
15_ �
2 2 � ��
44. Gridded Response The vertex angle of an isosceles

triangle measures (6t - 9)°, and one of the base angles
measures (4t)°. Find t.

̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶ �
45. In the figure, JK ≅ JL, and KM ≅ KL. Let m∠J = x°.
Prove m∠MKL must also be x°. ��
�
46. An equilateral △ABC is placed on a coordinate plane.
Each side length measures 2a. B is at the origin, and
C is at (2a, 0). Find the coordinates of A. � �
47. An isosceles triangle has coordinates A(0, 0) and B(a, b).
What are all possible coordinates of the third vertex?
SPIRAL REVIEW
Find the solutions for each equation. (Previous course)
48. x 2 + 5x + 4 = 0 49. x 2 - 4x + 3 = 0 50. x 2 - 2x + 1 = 0
Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points. (Lesson 3-5)
51. (2, -1) and (0, 5) 52. (-5, -10) and (20, -10) 53. (4, 7) and (10, 11)
54. Position a square with a perimeter of 4s in the coordinate plane and give the
coordinates of each vertex. (Lesson 4-7)

SECTION 4B
Proving Triangles Congruent

Gone to the Dogs You are planning to build
a doghouse for your dog. The pitched roof of
the doghouse will be supported by four trusses.
Each truss will be an isosceles triangle with the
dimensions shown. To determine the materials
you need to purchase and how you will construct
the trusses, you must first plan carefully.

Ê°

Ó{Ê°
1. You want to be sure that all four

trusses are exactly the same size
and shape. Explain how you
could measure three lengths
on each truss to ensure this.
Which postulate or theorem
are you using?
2. Prove that the two triangular
halves of the truss are congruent.
−−
3. What can you say about AD
−−
and DB? Why is this true?
Use this to help you find the
−− −− −− −−
lengths of AD, DB, AC, and BC.
4. You want to make careful plans on a coordinate plane
before you begin your construction of the trusses.
Each unit of the coordinate plane represents 1 inch.
How could you assign coordinates to vertices A, B, and C?
5. m∠ACB = 106°. What is the measure of each of the acute
angles in the truss? Explain how you found your answer.
6. You can buy the wood for the trusses at the building
supply store for $0.80 a foot. The store sells the wood in
6-foot lengths only. How much will you have to spend
to get enough wood for the 4 trusses of the doghouse?
ge07se_c04_0280_0281.indd 280 5/8/06 1:08:20 PM

SECTION 4B
Quiz for Lessons 4-4 Through 4-8
4-4 Triangle Congruence: SSS and SAS
1. The figure shows one tower and the cables of a suspension bridge. �
̶̶ ̶̶
Given that AC ≅ BC, use SAS to explain why △ACD ≅ △BCD.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
2. Given: JK bisects ∠MJN. MJ ≅ NJ �
� � �
Prove: △MJK ≅ △NJK
� �
4-5 Triangle Congruence: ASA, AAS, and HL

Determine if you can use the HL Congruence Theorem to prove the triangles
congruent. If not, tell what else you need to know.
3. △RSU and △TUS � � 4. △ABC and △DCB � �
� �
� �
Observers in two lighthouses K and L spot a ship S.

K to L K to S L to S
5. Draw a diagram of the triangle formed by the
lighthouses and the ship. Label each measure. Bearing E N 58° E N 77° W
6. Is there enough data in the table to pinpoint Distance 12 km ? ?

the location of the ship? Why?
4-6 Triangle Congruence: CPCTC � �

̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
7. Given: CD ǁ BE, DE ǁ CB
Prove: ∠D ≅ ∠B � �
4-7 Introduction to Coordinate Proof

8. Position a square with side lengths of 9 units in the coordinate plane
9. Assign coordinates to each vertex and write a coordinate proof.
̶̶ ̶̶
Given: ABCD is a rectangle with M as the midpoint of AB. N is the midpoint of AD.
Prove: The area of △AMN is __18 the area of rectangle ABCD.
4-8 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles

Find each value.
� �
10. m∠C 11. ST
��
� ��
��
� � �
12. Given: Isosceles △JKL has coordinates J(0, 0), K (2a, 2b), and L(4a, 0).
̶̶ ̶̶
M is the midpoint of JK, and N is the midpoint of KL.
Prove: △KMN is isosceles.
Ready to Go On? 281

EXTENSION Proving Constructions Valid
Objective When performing a compass and straight edge construction, the compass
Use congruent triangles setting remains the same width until you change it. This fact allows you to
to prove constructions construct a segment congruent to a given segment. You can assume that two
valid. distances constructed with the same compass setting are congruent.
The steps in the construction of a figure can be justified by combining the

assumptions of compass and straightedge constructions and the postulates and
theorems that are used for proving triangles congruent.
You have learned that there exists exactly one midpoint on any line segment.
The proof below justifies the construction of a midpoint.
EXAMPLE 1 Proving the Construction of a Midpoint

Given: diagram showing the steps �
in the construction
̶̶
Prove: M is the midpoint of AB .
� �
�
Proof:
To construct a
midpoint, see the Statements Reasons
construction of ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶
a perpendicular 1. Draw AC, BC, AD, and BD . 1. Through any two pts. there is
bisector on p. 172. exactly one line.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶ ̶̶
2. AC ≅ BC ≅ AD ≅ BD 2. Same compass setting used
̶̶ ̶̶
3. CD ≅ CD 3. Reflex. Prop. of ≅
4. △ACD ≅ △BCD 4. SSS Steps 2, 3
5. ∠ACD ≅ ∠BCD 5. CPCTC
̶̶̶ ̶̶̶
6. CM ≅ CM 6. Reflex. Prop. of ≅
7. △ ACM ≅ △BCM 7. SAS Steps 2, 5, 6
̶̶̶ ̶̶̶
8. AM ≅ BM 8. CPCTC
̶̶
9. M is the midpt. of AB. 9. Def. of mdpt.
1. Given: above diagram

̶̶
 is the perpendicular bisector of AB.
Prove: CD

EXAMPLE 2 Proving the Construction of an Angle
Given: diagram showing the steps in the construction
Prove: ∠A ≅ ∠D � �
To review the
construction of an
angle congruent to � � � �
another angle, see
page 22. Proof: Since there is a straight line through any two points, you can draw
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
BC and EF. The same compass setting was used to construct AC, AB, DF,
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
and DE, so AC ≅ AB ≅ DF ≅ DE. The same compass setting was used
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
to construct BC and EF, so BC ≅ EF. Therefore △BAC ≅ △EDF by SSS,
and ∠A ≅ ∠D by CPCTC.
2. Prove the construction for

bisecting an angle. (See page 23.)
� �
� �
EXTENSION
Exercises
Use each diagram to prove the construction valid.

1. parallel lines 2. a perpendicular through a point not
(See page 163 and page 170.) on the line (See page 179.)
�
�
� �
� � �
� � �
3. constructing a triangle using SAS 4. constructing a triangle using ASA

(See page 243.) (See page 253.)
� � � �
� � � � � � � �
Extension 283
For a complete
list of the
postulates and
theorems in
this chapter,
see p. S82.
Vocabulary
acute triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 CPCTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 isosceles triangle . . . . . . . . . . . 217
auxiliary line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 equiangular triangle . . . . . . . . 216 legs of an isosceles triangle . . 273
base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 equilateral triangle . . . . . . . . . 217 obtuse triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
base angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 exterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 remote interior angle . . . . . . . 225
congruent polygons . . . . . . . . . 231 exterior angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 right triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
coordinate proof . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 included angle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 scalene triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
corollary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 included side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 triangle rigidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
corresponding angles . . . . . . . 231 interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 vertex angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
corresponding sides. . . . . . . . . 231 interior angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Complete the sentences below with vocabulary words from the list above.
1. A(n) ? is a triangle with at least two congruent sides.
̶̶̶̶
2. A name given to matching angles of congruent triangles is ? .
̶̶̶̶
3. A(n) ? is the common side of two consecutive angles in a polygon.
̶̶̶̶
4-1 Classifying Triangles (pp. 216–221)

EXAMPLE EXERCISES
■ Classify the triangle by its angle measures Classify each triangle by its angle measures and
and side lengths. side lengths.
isosceles right triangle 4. 5.
��
��
4-2 Angle Relationships in Triangles (pp. 223–230)

EXAMPLE EXERCISES
■ Find m∠S. 12x = 3x + 42 + 6x Find m∠N.
�� 12x = 9x + 42 6. �
�� 3x = 42 ��
��
� �
x = 14 ��
�
m∠S = 6 (14) = 84° �
7. In△LMN, m∠L = 8x °, m∠M = (2x + 1)°, and

m∠N = (6x - 1)°.

4-3 Congruent Triangles (pp. 231–237)
EXAMPLE EXERCISES
■ Given: △DEF ≅ △JKL. Identify all pairs of Given: △PQR ≅ △XYZ. Identify the congruent
congruent corresponding parts. corresponding parts.
Then find the value of x. ̶̶
8. PR ≅ ? 9. ∠Y ≅ ?
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶
�
Given: △ABC ≅ △CDA � �
� Find each value. ��
� �
�� 10. x
��
� � 11. CD
The congruent pairs follow: ∠D ≅ ∠J, ∠E ≅ ∠K, � �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ��
∠F ≅ ∠L, DE ≅ JK, EF ≅ KL, and DF ≅ JL.
Since m∠E = m∠K, 90 = 8x - 22. After 22 is
added to both sides, 112 = 8x. So x = 14.
4-4 Triangle Congruence: SSS and SAS (pp. 242–249)

EXAMPLES EXERCISES
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
■ Given: RS ≅ UT, and � � 12. Given: AB ≅ DE, �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
VS ≅ VT. V is DB ≅ AE �
the midpoint Prove: △ADB ≅ △DAE
̶̶ �
of RU.
� �
� �
Prove: △RSV ≅ △UTV �
Proof: ̶̶ ̶̶ �
13. Given: GJ bisects FH, �
̶̶ ̶̶
and FH bisects GJ.
Statements Reasons �
Prove: △FGK ≅ △HJK
̶̶ ̶̶
1. RS ≅ UT 1. Given
̶̶ ̶̶
2. VS ≅ VT 2. Given � �
̶̶ 14. Show that △ABC ≅ △XYZ when x = -6.
3. V is the mdpt. of RU. 3. Given
̶̶ ̶̶ �
4. RV ≅ UV 4. Def. of mdpt.
5. △RSV ≅ △UTV 5. SSS Steps 1, 2, 4 � ��
� ��
��
■ Show that △ADB ≅ △CDB when s = 5. � �
��
� � �
��
� �� 15. Show that △LMN ≅ △PQR when y = 25.

��
�
� � ��
��
AB = s 2 - 4s AD = 14 - 2s � �
��
= 5 - 4 (5 )
2
= 14 - 2 (5 )
�
=5 =4 �
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ��
BD ≅ BD by the Reflexive Property. AD ≅ CD
̶̶ ̶̶ � �
and AB ≅ CB. So △ADB ≅ △CDB by SSS. ��
Study Guide: Review 285

4-5 Triangle Congruence: ASA, AAS, and HL (pp. 252–259)
EXAMPLES EXERCISES
−−
■ Given: B is the midpoint of AE. 16. Given: C is the midpoint
−−
∠A ∠E, of AG.
−− −−
∠ABC ∠EBD HA GB
Prove: ABC EBD
Prove: HAC BGC

−−− −−
17. Given: WX ⊥ XZ, 9
−− −−
Proof: YZ ⊥ ZX,
−−− −−
Statements Reasons WZ YX
Prove: WZX YXZ 8
1. ∠A ∠E 1. Given <
2. ∠ABC ∠EBD 2. Given
−−
3. B is the mdpt. of AE. 3. Given 7
−− −−
4. AB EB 4. Def. of mdpt.
18. Given: ∠S and ∠V ,
5. ABC EBD 5. ASA Steps 1, 4, 2 are right angles.
RT = UW.
m∠T = m∠W
Prove: RST UVW - /
1
6 7
4-6 Triangle Congruence: CPCTC (pp. 260–265)

EXAMPLES EXERCISES
−− −−
■ Given: JL and HK bisect each other. 19. Given: M is the midpoint
−−
Prove: ∠JHG ∠LKG of BD.
−− −−
BC DC
Prove: ∠1 ∠2 £ Ó

−− −−
Proof: 20. Given: PQ RQ, +
−− −−
PS RS
Statements Reasons −−
−− −−
Prove: QS bisects ∠PQR.
1. JL and HK bisect 1. Given
each other.
−− −−
2. JG LG, and 2. Def. of bisect -
−−− −−
HG KG.
* ,
3. ∠JGH ∠LGK 3. Vert. Thm.
−−
4. JHG LKG 4. SAS Steps 2, 3 21. Given: H is the midpoint of GJ.
−−−
L is the midpoint of MK.
5. ∠JHG ∠LKG 5. CPCTC −−− −− −− −−−
GM KJ, GJ KM ,
∠G ∠K
Prove: ∠GMH ∠KJL

ge07se_c04_0284_0293.indd 286 5/8/06 1:09:12 PM

4-7 Introduction to Coordinate Proof (pp. 267–272)
EXAMPLES EXERCISES
■ Given: ∠B is a right angle in isosceles right Position each figure in the coordinate plane and give
̶̶
△ABC. E is the midpoint of AB. the coordinates of each vertex.
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
D is the midpoint of CB. AB ≅ CB 22. a right triangle with leg lengths r and s
̶̶ ̶̶
Prove: CE ≅ AD
23. a rectangle with length 2p and width p
Proof: Use the coordinates A(0, 2a) , B(0, 0),
̶̶ ̶̶ 24. a square with side length 8m
and C(2a, 0). Draw AD and CE.
�
� For exercises 25 and 26 assign coordinates to each
vertex and write a coordinate proof.
� 25. Given: In rectangle ABCD, E is the midpoint of
̶̶ ̶̶
AB, F is the midpoint of BC, G is the
� ̶̶
midpoint of CD, and H is the midpoint
� � � ̶̶
of AD.
̶̶ ̶̶̶
By the Midpoint Formula, Prove: EF ≅ GH
(
0 + 0 2a + 0
E = _, _ = (0, a) and
2 2 ) 26. Given: △PQR has a right ∠Q .
̶̶
M is the midpoint of PR .
D= _
(
0 + 2a _
2
,
0+0
2 )
= (a, 0) Prove: MP = MQ = MR
27. Show that a triangle with vertices at (3, 5), (3, 2),
By the Distance Formula,
and (2, 5) is a right triangle.
CE = √
(2a - 0)2 + (0 - a)2
= √
4a 2 + a 2 = a √
5
AD = √
(a - 0)2 + (0 - 2a)2
= √
a 2 + 4a 2 = a √
5
̶̶ ̶̶
Thus CE ≅ AD by the definition of congruence.
4-8 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles (pp. 273–279)

EXAMPLE EXERCISES
■ Find the value of x. � Find each value.
m∠D + m∠E + m∠F = 180° �� 28. x � �
by the Triangle Sum � ��
Theorem. m∠E = m∠F
by the Isosceles �
Triangle Theorem. �
m∠D + 2 m∠E = 180° Substitution
29. RS �
42 + 2 (3x) = 180 Substitute the given
��
values.
6x = 138 Simplify. � �
30. Given: △ACD is isosceles with ∠D as the vertex
̶̶
angle. B is the midpoint of AC .
AB = x + 5, BC = 2x - 3, and CD = 2x + 6.
Find the perimeter of △ACD.
Study Guide: Review 287

1. Classify △ACD by its angle measures. �
��
Classify each triangle by its side lengths.
� �
2. △ACD 3. △ABC 4. △ABD � �
�
5. While surveying the triangular plot of land shown,
a surveyor finds that m∠S = 43°. The measure
of ∠RTP is twice that of ∠RTS. What is m∠R? ��
�
� �
Given: △XYZ ≅ △JKL
Identify the congruent corresponding parts.
̶̶ ̶̶
6. JL ≅ ? 7. ∠Y ≅ ? 8. ∠L ≅ ? 9. YZ ≅ ?
̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶ ̶̶̶̶
̶̶ ̶̶
10. Given: T is the midpoint of PR and SQ. �
Prove: △PTS ≅ △RTQ �
� �
11. The figure represents a walkway with �

̶̶ � �
triangular supports. Given that GJ bisects
∠HGK and ∠H ≅ ∠K, use AAS to prove
△HGJ ≅ △KGJ
̶̶ ̶̶ � � ̶̶ ̶̶ � �
12. Given: AB ≅ DC, �
13. Given: PQ ǁ SR,
̶̶ ̶̶
AB ⊥ AC, ∠S ≅ ∠Q
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
DC ⊥ DB Prove: PS ǁ QR
� � � �
Prove: △ABC ≅ △DCB
14. Position a right triangle with legs 3 m and 4 m long in the coordinate plane.
Give the coordinates of each vertex.
15. Assign coordinates to each vertex and write a coordinate proof.
Given: Square ABCD
̶̶ ̶̶
Prove: AC ≅ BD
Find each value.

16. y � 17. m∠S � �
��
� �
�
�
�
18. Given: Isosceles △ABC has coordinates A(2a, 0), B(0, 2b), and C(-2a, 0).
̶̶ ̶̶
D is the midpoint of AC, and E is the midpoint of AB.
Prove: △AED is isosceles.

FOCUS ON ACT
The ACT Mathematics Test is one of four tests in the There is no penalty for guessing on the
ACT. You are given 60 minutes to answer 60 multiple- ACT. If you are unsure of the correct
choice questions. The questions cover material typically answer, eliminate as many answer choices
taught through the end of eleventh grade. You will need as possible and make your best guess.
to know basic formulas but nothing too difficult. Make sure you have entered an answer
for every question before time runs out.
You may want to time yourself as you take this practice test.
It should take you about 5 minutes to complete.
1. For the figure below, which of the following 3. Which of the following best describes a triangle
must be true? with vertices having coordinates (-1, 0), (0, 3),
�
and (1, -4)?
(A) Equilateral
(B) Isosceles
�
� � (C) Right
I. m∠EFG > m∠DEF (D) Scalene
II. m∠EDF = m∠EFD (E) Equiangular
III. m∠DEF + m∠EDF > m∠EFG
(A) I only 4. In the figure below, what is the value of y?
(B) II only
��
(C) I and II only ��
(D) II and III only ��
(E) I, II, and III (F) 49

(G) 87
(H) 93
2. In the figure below, △ABD ≅ △CDB,
m∠A = (2x + 14)°, m∠C = (3x - 15)°, and (J) 131
m∠DBA = 49°. What is the measure of ∠BDA? (K) 136
� �
5. In △RST, RS = 2x + 10, ST = 3x - 2, and

RT = __12 x + 28. If △RST is equiangular, what
� �
is the value of x?
(F) 29°
(A) 2
(G) 49° 1
(B) 5_
(H) 59° 3
(C) 6
(J) 72°
(D) 12
(K) 101°
(E) 34
College Entrance Exam Practice 289

Extended Response: Write Extended Responses
Extended-response questions are designed to assess
your ability to apply and explain what you have learned. Scoring Rubric
These test items are graded using a 4-point 4 points: The student shows an
scoring rubric. understanding of properties relating to
parallel lines, triangle congruence, and the
differences between ASA, SSS, and SAS.
3 points: The student correctly chooses
which theorem to use but does not
completely defend the choice or leaves out
Extended Response Given � �
� crucial understanding of parallel lines.
p ǁ q, state which theorem, AAS,
ASA, SSS, or SAS, you would use 2 points: The student chooses the correct
to prove that △ ABC ≅ △DCB. theorem but only defends part of it.
�
Explain your reasoning. � � 1 point: The student does not follow
directions or does not provide any
4-point response:
explanation for the answer.
��
0 points: The student does not attempt
��
to answer.
��
�
��
� �
��
��
��
� � �
��
The student gave a complete, correct response to the question and provided
an explanation as to why the other theorems could not be used.
3-point response:
The reasoning is correct, but the student did not explain why other theorems could
not be used.
2-point response:
��
��
��
��
The answer is correct, but the student did not explain why the included angles
are congruent.
1-point response:
The student did not provide any reasoning.

To receive full credit, make sure all parts of the
Item B
problem are answered. Be sure to provide a
complete explanation for your reasoning.
Can an equilateral triangle be an obtuse
triangle? Explain your answer. Include a sketch
to support your reasoning.
Read each test item and answer the questions

that follow. 5. What should a full-credit response to this
test item include?
Scoring Rubric: 6. A student wrote this response:

4 points: The student demonstrates a thorough
understanding of the concept, correctly
answers the question, and provides a complete
explanation.
3 points: The student correctly answers the
question but does not show all work or does not
provide an explanation.
2 points: The student makes minor errors
resulting in an incorrect solution but shows and
explains an understanding of the concept.
1 point: The student gives a response showing
no work or explanation.
0 points: The student gives no response. Why will this response not receive a score
of 4 points?
7. Correct the response so that it receives
Item A full credit.
What theorem(s) can you use, other than the
HL Theorem, to prove that △MNP ≅ △XYZ ?
Explain your reasoning.
Item C
� An isosceles right triangle has two sides, each
� with length y + 4.
Describe how you would find the length of

� � � � the hypotenuse. Provide a sketch in your
explanation.
1. What should a full-credit response to this

test item include? 8. A student began trying to find the length of
2. A student wrote this response: the hypotenuse by writing the following:
What score should this response receive?

Why?
3. Write a list of the ways to prove triangles
congruent. Is the Pythagorean Theorem on
Is the student on his way to receiving a
your list?
4-point response? Explain.
4. Add to the response so that it receives
9. Describe a different method the student
a score of 4-points.
could use for this response.
Test Tackler 291

KEYWORD: MG7 TestPrep
CUMULATIVE ASSESSMENT, CHAPTERS 1–4

Multiple Choice 6. Which conditional statement has the same truth
value as its inverse?
Use the diagram for Items 1 and 2.
If n < 0, then n 2 > 0.
� If a triangle has three congruent sides, then
it is an isosceles triangle.
� � If an angle measures less than 90°, then it is
� an acute angle.
If n is a negative integer, then n < 0.
�
1. Which of these congruence statements can be 7. On a map, an island has coordinates (3, 5), and
proved from the information given in the figure? a reef has coordinates (6, 8). If each map unit
represents 1 mile, what is the distance between
△AEB ≅ △CED △ABD ≅ △BCA the island and the reef to the nearest tenth of a
△BAC ≅ △DAC △DEC ≅ △DEA mile?
4.2 miles 9.0 miles
2. What other information is needed to prove that
6.0 miles 15.8 miles
△CEB ≅ △AED by the HL Congruence Theorem?
̶̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶̶
AD ≅ AB CB ≅ AD 8. A line has an x-intercept of -8 and a y-intercept
̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶ ̶̶
BE ≅ AE DE ≅ CE of 3. What is the equation of the line?
y = -8x + 3 y=_ 8x - 8
3. Which biconditional statement is true? 3x + 3 3
y=_ y = 3x - 8
Tomorrow is Monday if and only if today is 8
not Saturday.  passes through points J(1, 3) and K(-3, 11).
9. JK
Next month is January if and only if this Which of these lines is perpendicular to JK
?
month is December. 1 _1 1
y=- x+_ y = -2x - _
Today is a weekend day if and only if 2 3 5
yesterday was Friday. 1
_
y= x+6 y = 2x - 4
2
This month had 31 days if and only if last
month had 30 days. 10. If PQ = 2(RS) + 4 and RS = TU + 1, which
equation is true by the Substitution Property
4. What must be true if PQ
 intersects ST
 at more of Equality?
than one point? PQ = TU + 5
P, Q, S, and T are collinear. PQ = TU + 6
P, Q, S, and T are noncoplanar. PQ = 2(TU) + 5
 and ST
PQ  are opposite rays. PQ = 2(TU) + 6
 and ST
PQ  are perpendicular.
11. Which of the following is NOT valid for proving
5. △ABC ≅ △DEF, EF = x 2 - 7, and BC = 4x - 2. that triangles are congruent?
Find the values of x. AAA SAS
-1 and 5 1 and 5 ASA HL
-1 and 6 2 and 3

Use this diagram for Items 12 and 13. Short Response
20. Given m with transversal n, explain why ∠2
and ∠3 are complementary.
£ääÂ

Î
Ű
Ó
£
12. What is the measure of ∠ACD?
40° 100°
80° 140° 21. ∠G and ∠H are supplementary angles.
m∠G = (2x + 12)°, and m∠H = x°.
13. What type of triangle is ABC? a. Write an equation that can be used to
Isosceles acute determine the value of x. Solve the equation
and justify each step.
Equilateral acute
b. Explain why ∠H has a complement but ∠G
Isosceles obtuse does not.
Scalene acute
22. A manager conjectures that for every 1000 parts
Take some time to learn the directions for filling a factory produces, 60 are defective.
in a grid. Check and recheck to make sure you are a. If the factory produces 1500 parts in one day,
filling in the grid properly. You will only get credit how many of them can be expected to be
if the ovals below the boxes are filled in correctly. defective based on the manager’s conjecture?
To check your answer, solve the problem using Explain how you found your answer.
a different method from the one you originally b. Use the data in the table below to show that
used. If you made a mistake the first time, you the manager’s conjecture is false.
are unlikely to make the same mistake when
you solve a different way. Day 1 2 3 4 5
Parts 1000 2000 500 1500 2500
Gridded Response
Defective
14. CDE JKL. m∠E = (3x + 4)°, and Parts
60 150 30 90 150
m∠L = (6x - 5)°. What is the value of x?
−− −−
23. BD is the perpendicular bisector of AC.
15. Lucy, Eduardo, Carmen, and Frank live on
the same street. Eduardo’s house is halfway a. What are the conclusions you can make from
between Lucy’s house and Frank’s house. this statement?
Lucy’s house is halfway between Carmen’s house −− −− −−
b. Suppose BD intersects AC at D. Explain why BD
and Frank’s house. If the distance between −−
is the shortest path from B to AC.
Eduardo’s house and Lucy’s house is 150 ft,
what is the distance in feet between Carmen’s
house and Eduardo’s house?
Extended Response
−− −−
16. JKL XYZ, and JK = 10 - 2n. XY = 2, and 24. ABC and DEF are isosceles triangles. BC EF,
−− −−
YZ = n 2. Find KL. and AC DF. m∠C = 42.5°, and m∠E = 95°.
a. What is m∠D? Explain how you determined
17. An angle is its own supplement. What is your answer.
its measure? b. Show that ABC and DEF are congruent.
c. Given that EF = 2x + 7 and AB = 3x + 2, find
18. The area of a circle is 154 square inches. the value for x. Explain how you determined
What is its circumference to the nearest inch? your answer.
19. The measure of ∠P is 3__12 times the measure of ∠Q.

If ∠P and ∠Q are complementary, what is m∠P
in degrees?
Cumulative Assessment, Chapters 1–4 293
ge07se_c04_0284_0293.indd 293 5/8/06 1:09:39 PM

MICHIGAN
��
��
The Queen’s Cup

The annual Queen’s Cup race is one of the most exciting sailing events of the
year. Traditionally held at the end of June, the race attracts hundreds of yachts
that compete to cross Lake Michigan—at night—in the fastest time possible.
Choose one or more strategies to solve each problem.

��
��
1. The race starts in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, ��
� �
and ends in Grand Haven, Michigan.
The boats don’t sail from the start to the ��
finish in a straight line. They follow a zigzag ��
� �
course to take advantage of the wind. � �
��
Suppose one of the boats leaves Milwaukee ��
at a bearing of N 50° E and follows the �
course shown. At what bearing does the
boat approach Grand Haven?
2. The Queen’s Cup race is 78.75 miles long. In 2004, the winning
sailboat completed the first 29.4 miles in about 3 hours and
the first 49 miles in about 5 hours. Suppose it had continued
at this rate. What would the winning time have been?
3. During the race one of the boats leaves Milwaukee M,
��
sails to X, and then sails to Y. The team discovers a problem
��
with the boat so it has to return directly to Milwaukee.
��
Does the table contain enough information to determine
the course to return to M? Explain. ��
� ��
�
Bearing Distance (mi)
��
M to X N 42° E 3.1 ��
�
X to Y S 59° E 2.4
Y to M �

Problem
Solving
Strategies
Draw a Diagram
Make a Model
Guess and Test
Work Backward
Find a Pattern
Make a Table
Solve a Simpler Problem
The Air Zoo Use Logical Reasoning
Use a Venn Diagram
Make an Organized List
Located in Kalamazoo,
Michigan, the Air Zoo offers
visitors a thrilling, interactive
voyage through the history of flight.
It features full-motion flight
simulators, a “4-D” theater,
and more than 80 rare aircraft.
The Air Zoo is also home to
The Century of Flight, the
world’s largest indoor mural.
Choose one or more strategies to

solve each problem.
Painting The Century of Flight
1. The Century of Flight mural
Amount
measures 28,800 square feet—
Months of Work Completed (ft 2)
approximately the size of three
football fields! The table gives data 2 5,236
on the rate at which the mural was 5 13,091
painted. How many months did it
7 18,327
take to complete the mural?
�
�� 2. Visitors to the Air Zoo can see a
� replica of a Curtiss JN-4 “Jenny,”
�
the plane that flew the first official
U.S. airmail route in 1918. The plane
� ̶̶ ̶̶
has two parallel wings AB and CD
that are connected by bracing wires.
� The wires are arranged so that
� ̶̶
m∠EFG = 29° and GF bisects ∠EGD.
What is m∠AEG?
�
3. The Air Zoo’s flight simulators let �

visitors practice takeoffs and landings.
To determine the position of a plane
during takeoff, an airport uses two ��
cameras mounted 1000 ft apart.
What is the distance d that the plane ��
has moved along the runway since
��
it passed camera 1?
��
Problem Solving on Location 295

CH 4 Triangle Congruence

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 4 Triangle Congruence

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 4 Triangle Congruence

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Triangle

When you turn a kaleidoscope,

KEYWORD: MG7 ChProj

Use a protractor to draw an angle with each of the following measures.

Solve Equations with Fractions

Connect Words and Algebra

Triangle Congruence 213

interior angle ángulo interno

isosceles triangle triángulo isósceles

obtuse triangle triángulo obtusángulo

right triangle triángulo rectángulo

• outside of school to make

Symbol Combinations Translated into Words

Translate the symbols into words.

Triangle Congruence 215

Triangle Classification By Angle Measures

Acute Triangle Equiangular Triangle Right Triangle Obtuse Triangle

Three acute Three congruent One right One obtuse

EXAMPLE 1 Classifying Triangles by Angle Measures

1. Use the diagram to classify △FHG by its angle measures.

216 Chapter 4 Triangle Congruence

Equilateral Triangle Isosceles Triangle Scalene Triangle

Three congruent sides At least two No congruent sides

EXAMPLE 2 Classifying Triangles by Side Lengths

2. Use the diagram to classify △ACD by its side lengths.

EXAMPLE 3 Using Triangle Classification �

Find the side lengths of the triangle. ��������

3. Find the side lengths of �

4-1 Classifying Triangles 217

Each measure is the side length of an equilateral triangle.

THINK AND DISCUSS

218 Chapter 4 Triangle Congruence

KEYWORD: MG7 Parent

SEE EXAMPLE 3 Multi-Step Find the side lengths of each triangle.

SEE EXAMPLE 4 11. Crafts A jeweler creates triangular earrings by bending

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

4-1 Classifying Triangles 219

Draw an example of each type of triangle or explain why it is not possible.

Classify each triangle by its angles and sides. �

a. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find DE and CE. ����

b. What is the m∠DEC? � �

220 Chapter 4 Triangle Congruence

43. Which of the following is NOT a correct

CHALLENGE AND EXTEND

Determine if each biconditional is true. If false, give a counterexample. (Lesson 2-4)

Determine whether each line is parallel to, is perpendicular to, or

4-1 Classifying Triangles 221

Use with Lesson 4-2

2 On patty paper draw a line ℓ and label

3 Place the patty paper on top of the

222 Chapter 4 Triangle Congruence

Theorem 4-2-1 Triangle Sum Theorem

The sum of the angle measures of a triangle is 180°. �

PROOF Triangle Sum Theorem

4-2 Angle Relationships in Triangles 223

1. Use the diagram to find m∠MJK.

A corollary is a theorem whose proof follows directly from another theorem.

COROLLARY HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSION

4-2-3 The measure of �

Find the side lengths of the triangle. ��

a. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find DE and CE. ��

3. Find m∠ACD. � ��

Find m∠C and m∠F. ��

��

28 56 ÈÈÂ ÓÃÊÊ£ä®Â

Given: ABC DEF

��