EMI-EMC - SHORT Q and A

ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE AND COMPATIBILITY
1. Define EMI/EMC
EMI: Electromagnetic interference is the degradation in the performance of a device or
equipment or a system caused by an electromagnetic disturbance.
EMC: Electromagnetic compatibility is making system /equipment/circuit compatible
and immune to sustain the electromagnetic interference and to avoid the degradation in
the performance of a device or equipment or a system caused by an electromagnetic
disturbance.
2. Give some examples of EMI
TRANSMISSION LINES- high intensity electric and magnetic fields near

transmission lines cause unintentional activation or explosion of electro explosive
devices apart from presenting radiation hazards to humans.
MAINS POWER SUPPLY- easily picks up EM noises from lightning and
thunderstorm; transients from circuit breakers, switches etc, and impair the operation of
computers and many IT products.
3. What is the purpose of TEMPEST?

TEMPEST (Total Electrical and Mechanical Protection against Emission
Spurious Transmission) is used to denote a whole set of highly sensitive
specifications and special measurement procedures for ensuring compliance with these
specifications.
4. What is the difficulty in using TEMPEST?
Difficulty in TEMPEST specifications:

 Cost effective.
 Testing involves specially designed equipment which is sensitive and precision
calibrated more frequently.
 Receivers often have a cursor controlled integrated sweep capability, which allows the
test engineer to stop and perform interactive analysis of the signal.
5. What are the classifications of EMIC?
i. Radiated Emission
(RE) ii. Radiated
Susceptibility (RS) iii.
Conducted Emission
(CE)
iv. Conducted Susceptibility (CS)
6. Define Electromagnetic disturbance.
Electromagnetic disturbance is any electromagnetic phenomenon which may degrade

the performance of a device, or equipment or a system.
6.1
EMC STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
1. Define standard (R)
Standards are nothing but which provides enhanced compatibility, reliability and
maintainability over the appliances.
2. List five national and international standards used for CE and RE:
ANSI, FCC, DOD, IEC, CNELEC
3. What is MIL-STD-461/462?
MIL-STD 461 Requirements of the control of EMI emissions and susceptibility MIL-
STD 462 EMI characteristics, measurements.
4. What is the abbreviation of CE?
Conformity European
5. What is frequency assignment?
The term frequency assignment is used for easier functioning of radio–based
services to function harmoniously without causing electro-magnetic interference.
6. What are the objectives of EMC standards?
 Enhanced compatibility, reliability and maintainability
 Competitiveness of product in multi vendor market
 Inbuilt quality improvements to meet intended performance
7. What are the approaches for efficient spectrum utilization?
 Reduction of bandwidth per
hannel
 Increase in information
ransmitted.
8. Differentiate the near and far fields
In an radiating system or an antenna the region or the fields near the antenna is
called as near field and the fields at some other distance is called as the far fields.
9. Name four CE standards adapted in India :
10. Why are EMC regulations needed?

Compliance to EMC regulation is mandatory now for importing and exporting
of products in respective countries. EMC regulations cover entire spectrum of electrical
products, from computing devices to microwave oven to aircraft.
EMI CONTROL METHODS AND FIXES
1. What is grounding?
Grounding is a technique that provides a low resistance path between electrical or
electronic equipment and the earth or common reference low impedance plane to
bypass fault current or EMI signal.
2. What are the precautions used in earthing for EMC?
i. Moisturization ii. Chemical salting iii.
Cathode protection iv. Material, size, coatings
and method of bonding.
3. What is single point grounding? In this each subsystem is grounded to separate
planes (structural grounds, signal grounds shield grounds, AC primary and secondary
power grounds
4. What is multi point grounding?
In this scheme, every equipment is heavily bonded to a solid ground conducting
plane which is then earthed for safety purpose.
5. What is hybrid grounding?
In this scheme, the ground appears as a single point ground at low frequencies
and a multi point ground at high frequencies.
6. What is floating ground?

This system is electrically isolated from the equipment cables, building, ground
and other conductive objects to avoid a coupling loop for noise. Currents present in the
ground systems and their flow in signal circuits.
7. What is cable shield grounding?
When shielded cable is used for interconnection of two subsystems or system,

the shield must be single ground reference at both ends.
8. What is single shield?
For a conductor used below optical frequencies, the conduction current is
normally much greater than the displacement current.
9. What is multimedia laminated shield?
In this shielding, where there are n-number os shields of impedances z1, z2,..
zm including both metals and air gaps. The total reflection loss can be expressed as the
sum of the reflection losses at earth interface.
10. What is isolated double shield?
In a big shielding enclosure, a very high shielding is normally provided with
double isolated conducting metal sheets separated by an inner core made up of dry
plywood.
11. What is shielding?
It’s a technique that reduces or prevents coupling of undesired radiated

electromagnetic energy into equipment to enable it to operator compatibly in its
electromagnetic environment.
12. What is bonding?
Electrical bonding is a process in which components or modules of an

assembly, equipment or subsystems are electrically connected by means of a low
impedance conductor.
13. What is filtering?
Filtering is an important mitigation for suppressing undesired conducted
electromagnetic interference (EMI). When a system incorporates shielding, undesired
coupling caused by radiated EMI is reduced.
14. What is EMC gasket?

EMC gaskets are shielding arrangements used to reduce the leakage of
electromagnetic energy at metal-to-metal joints. Conductive gaskets, when properly
compressed, provide electrical continuity between seam-mating surfaces.
15. What is the purpose of isolation transformer?

To suppress the common and differential mode interference the isolation
transformed is used.
16. What is the purpose of opto-isolator?
Electromagnetic interference problems are greatly reduced in signal
transmission lines when optical isolators are used for coupling signals in both digital
and analog forms.
17. What are the factors that influence the EMI performance of bonding?
i. Generation of intermediation products because of nonlinear effects at
contacts between similar and dissimilar metals. ii. Development of
potential differences caused by DC and AC resistances and inductance
of a given length of the bond strap.
iii. Adverse impedance response because of resonance of inductance and the
residual capacitance of the bond strap.
18. Write in brief how opto-isolator is used to control EMI.
Electromagnetic interference problems are greatly reduced in signal

transmission lines when optical isolators are used for coupling signals in both digital
and analog forms. The guided wave propagation of modulated optical signals through
optical fibers does not involve radiation, and interference signal cannot enter fiber-optic
transmission lines

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ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE AND COMPATIBILITY

TRANSMISSION LINES- high intensity electric and magnetic fields near

3. What is the purpose of TEMPEST?

4. What is the difficulty in using TEMPEST?

Difficulty in TEMPEST specifications:

Electromagnetic disturbance is any electromagnetic phenomenon which may degrade

10. Why are EMC regulations needed?

6. What is floating ground?

7. What is cable shield grounding?

When shielded cable is used for interconnection of two subsystems or system,

9. What is multimedia laminated shield?

It’s a technique that reduces or prevents coupling of undesired radiated

Electrical bonding is a process in which components or modules of an

14. What is EMC gasket?

15. What is the purpose of isolation transformer?

Electromagnetic interference problems are greatly reduced in signal

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