University of Bologna

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PhD in Electrical Engineering
XIV course

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Chapter 1

Introduction
____________________________________________________________________________

This chapter gives to the reader a brief overview on the static AC/AC power frequency
conversion structures and introduces the matrix converter, which is the topic of this thesis. The
matrix converter is a flexible power converter whose employment has been proposed in many
different applications. The focus of this thesis will be upon the application of the matrix
converter to induction motor drives or AC drives.
Fistly proposed in 1976, the interest in matrix converter has steadily growth, pushed by the
progress of the power electronics device technology and the prospect of realising a very compact
and reliable all-silicon AC/AC converter. The historical path of the matrix converter technology
is shortly covered, pointing out what the main issues are.
Finally, the reasons and the aims of the research work that has led to the present thesis as
well as the structure of the thesis are explained.
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In general, the conversion of an input ac power at a given frequency to an output power at
a different frequency can be obtained with different systems, employing rotating electrical
machinery, nonlinear magnetic devices or static circuits containing controllable power electronic
switches [1]. Restricting the analysis of AC/AC power frequency conversion to static circuits,
the available structures can be divided in direct and indirect power conversion schemes.
Indirect schemes consists of two or more stages of conversion and an intermediate DC-link
stage is always present. A typical example of two stage indirect AC/DC/AC power frequency
conversion is the diode-bridge rectifier-inverter structure, in which an AC power is firstly
converted to a DC power (diode rectifier), and then converted back to an AC power at variable
frequency (inverter). In direct conversion schemes a single stage carries out the AC/AC power
frequency conversion.
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In Fig. 1 two indirect schemes are shown. The scheme shown in Fig.1.1.(a) represents the
well-known Diode-Bridge Voltage Source Inverter (DB-VSI) topology that is today the preferred
solution in AC drive technology, especially in the low- and medium-power range.
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Fig.1.1. AC/AC indirect power frequency converter, with intermediate DC-link stage.
a) Diode rectifier-PWM VSI converter. b) PWM rectifier-PWM VSI converter.

The diode-bridge converts the electrical power from AC to DC, realizing along with the
DC-link filter the rectification stage, while the voltage source inverter converts DC back to AC
with variable amplitude and frequency voltages, carrying out what is usually named inversion
stage.
This is a very popular and consolidated conversion scheme. It is a reliable solution with
low production costs, simple to implement and with high performance modulation strategies
available (Pulse Width Modulation, Space Vector Modulation, etc.). But it has also some
drawbacks. The input AC currents drawn by the diode-bridge rectifier contain a large amount of
harmonics that produces distortion of the input line voltages, having a negative impact on the
performance of sensitive loads and equipments connected to the same supply. These current
harmonics cause additional harmonic losses on the utility system and may excite electrical
resonance, leading to large overvoltages. The greater use of this type of power electronics
converter scheme that has been experienced in the last years have raised the problem of the
utility power quality and serious concern.

As the current direction in a diode rectifier cannot reverse, some mechanism must be
implemented to handle an eventual energy flow reversal, as during an electromagnetic braking of
the motor, in order to avoid that the DC-bus voltage can reach destructive levels. In the DB-VSI
conversion scheme such mechanisms are always dissipative ones and hence they can be
effectively employed only when the energy to dissipate is low [2].
The DC-link capacitor represents another weak point of the indirect conversion scheme,
particularly for those using electrolytic capacitors. These capacitors have a high energy storage
capability but also a high temperature sensitivity which reduces their lifetime, as shown in
Fig.1.2, determining higher maintenance costs of the conversion system. It should be noted that
the electrolytic capacitor have by far the shortest lifetime of any element, active or passive, used
in power electronic converters [2].

Fig.1.2. Capacitor life-time expectation depending on the ambient temperature in a low-power

industrial diode-bridge VSI (reprinted from [41], pp. A-19, Appendix 5)

The topology of the indirect conversion scheme (b), shown in Fig.1.1, differs from (a) for
the rectification stage, where the diode-bridge rectifier is replaced by PWM-controlled rectifier.
This solution makes possible for the conversion system a bidirectional power flow from the main
to the motor, which might become attractive for those medium and high power range
applications in which regenerative operations and speed reversals are involved in steady state
operating conditions, as in hoisting applications like elevators and cranes. Moreover, a PWMcontrolled rectifier allows for a strong reduction of the input currents harmonic distortion
content, due to the high switching frequency of the rectifier, and a consequent reduction of the
filtering components required.
But there are also some disadvantages. The cost is higher, due to a higher number of power
semiconductor devices, the combined control of the PWM-controlled rectifier and inverter is
quite complicated. In addition, the reliability problem related to the reduced lifetime of the DClink capacitor holds. For these reasons, the indirect conversion scheme (b) of Fig. 1.1. is still
scarcely employed.

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Direct static AC/AC power frequency converters basically consist of an array of static
power switches connected directly between the input and output terminals. The basic operating
principle is to piece together an output voltage waveform with the desired fundamental
component from selected segments of the input voltage waveforms. The most-known example of
this type of power frequency converter probably is the classical cycloconverter, proposed in the
early 1930s [1]. Although the family of direct power frequency converters does not include just
the cycloconverters, the following analysis will be limited to only these type of direct frequency
converters.
There are two type of cycloconverters: the naturally commutated cycloconverter (NCC)
and the forced commutated cycloconverter (FCC).
In NCC the switches are naturally turned-off by the voltages of the AC supply. Also for
these reasons thyristors are commonly used as switches. As a consequence of such operating
mode, in NCC the maximum output frequency is limited to a value that is only a fraction , onethird or one-half, of the source frequency. This upper output frequency limit is a serious
constraint in AC motor drive applications, which can be overcome only when the AC power
supply for the cycloconverter is generated by an engine-driven high frequency generator [3].
In FCC the turn-off of the switches is independent of the source and load voltages allowing
by proper switching techniques the output frequency to be higher than the input frequency. For
FCC thyristors are not the best-suited switches as they do not have self-turn off-capability;
auxiliary commutating circuits and components should be added.
A cycloconverter can be viewed as made up of a number of phase-controlled converter
circuits connected to an AC supply system. Each converter circuit is controlled so that a
different-frequency output voltage waveform is generated from segments of the same polyphase
input voltages. In Fig. 1.3 a three-phase to three-phase cycloconverter consisting of three-phase,
half wave, phase-controlled converters is shown.
In NCC the control of the output voltage and frequency is carried out by a proper
modulation of the thyristors firing angle . For given input supply voltages and number of input
phases, the thyristors firing angle represents the unique control variable of converters output
[3]. In Fig. 1.4 it is shown the voltage and current waveforms for one of the positive group
converter of the phase-controlled cycloconverter in Fig. 1.3. as result of a proper modulation of
the thyristors firing angle.
For a naturally commutated cycloconverter the theoretical maximum input/output voltage
transfer ratio UPD[ is given by

9R PD[
P

= UPD[ = VLQ
9L PD[

where P is the number of the input phases. In the case of three input phases UPD[ 0.827 [1, pp.
73].

Fig.1.3. Three-phase to three-phase half wave cycloconverter: (a) schematic diagram;

(b) basic circuit (reprinted from [3], pp. 203, Fig.5.5).

Fig. 1.4. Voltage and current waveforms for the positive group of a phase-controlled cycloconverter
when feeding an inductive load at 0.6 power factor (reprinted from [3], pp. 201, Fig.5.3).

Since based on a phase-controlled operating mode, the cycloconverter draws from and feed
to the AC supply nonsinusoidal currents. Moreover, due to the direct connection between the
input and output phases, when a reactive load has to be fed by the AC supply through a
cycloconverter, a reactive power transfer must take place through the cycloconverter itself. As a

consequence, power factor, fundamental input displacement angle and harmonic distortion have
to be considered as functional characteristics of the converter; this holds for all the direct power
frequency converters.
In NCC the input current always lags the supply voltage, because phase delay is always
present, irrespective of the nature of the load. This means that the fundamental input
displacement factor can be never at unity, as it is shown in Fig. 1.5. The harmonic distortion
factor of input currents is also significant.

Fig. 1.5. Variation of the input displacement factor for a phase-controlled cycloconverter (reprinted
from [3], pp. 207, Fig.5.7).

Making a comparison with indirect DC-link converter, the naturally commutated

cycloconverter has the advantages of having lower commutation and conduction losses, allowing
for a more compact power circuit design, and of having inherent bidirectional power flow
capability. But it has also some relevant disadvantages, as the low output frequency upper limit,
the lower input/output voltage transfer ratio, the large number of thyristors which requires
complex control circuitry, and last, but not least, the poor input power factor. Because of these
features, the major applications of naturally commutated cycloconverters have been restricted to
low-speed, high power reversible AC drives.
Many of the above NCC limitations can be overcome with forced-commutated
cycloconverter. By introducing semiconductor devices with self-turn-off capability it becomes
possible to implement more sophisticated control algorithms that using high switching frequency
allow the output frequency to be higher than the input frequency, the input power factor and the
input/output voltage transfer ratio to be improved.

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The matrix converter is nothing but a three-phase to three-phase forced commutated
cycloconverter. It consists of nine bidirectional switches that connect each output phase to each
input phase, as it is shown in Fig.1.6.
SAa
SAb

SAc
a

SBa

SBb

SBc

SCa
SCb

SCc
Fig. 1.6. Schematic circuit of a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter.

The matrix converter topology was originally presented in 1976 by Gyugyi-Pelly [1]
but it was in 1980 that the basic configuration and control of three-phase matrix converter were
introduced by Venturini in [4] and [5]. These papers, along with the progress of the power
semiconductor devices technology experienced at that time, boosted a renewed interest in direct
AC/AC power frequency converter, as an elegant silicon-intensive and efficient way to convert
electric power for motor drives, uninterruptible power-supply, variable frequency generators, and
reactive energy control [6]. Since then, many different names have been used in literature to
define this converter topology: Unrestricted Frequency Changer and Direct Frequency Changer
[1], Generalized Transformer [4], Forced-Commutated Cycloconverter [7]-[9], Matrix Converter
[10]-[13], Direct AC/AC Converter [6], Forced-Commutated Direct Frequency Changer [14],
Direct Frequency Changer [15] and Venturini Converter [16]. In the last years the name Matrix
Converter has established itself as the commonly used in literature and it is also used throughout
this thesis.
At the time the matrix converter was originally presented as unrestricted frequency changer
in [1], although it provided better performance compared to naturally commutated cycloconverters, it still had significant output voltage limitations and serious waveforms distortion.
In 1980 Venturini proposed in [3] an alternative high switching frequency control
algorithm which was more effective than traditional control techniques but still had an output

voltage limitation equal to half of the input voltage and restriction in the input power factor
control. During the 1980s other approaches conceptually based on the classical rectifier-inverter
control methods were proposed [7],[10],[17],[18]. These works yielded an improvement in the
maximum output voltage capability and waveforms of the matrix converter but did not reach the
full utilization of the matrix converter potential. At the end of the 1980s Venturini proposed an
improved control strategy [19] that raised the maximum input-output voltage transfer ratio to
0.866, which was demonstrated to be the theoretical upper limit under the constraint of
sinusoidal input and output waveforms.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s space vector modulation schemes were also introduced
by several authors [9],[13],[15]. The space vector modulation of matrix converter allows to
obtain the full theoretical input-output voltage transfer ratio, sinusoidal input current and output
voltage waveforms and to control the converter input power factor [11],[ 13].
Despite of such academic research activity the matrix converter did not succeed to attract
the AC drive industry interest, basically because of a number of practical implementation
problems related to the bidirectional switch realization and commutation, the protection strategy
but also to the inherent voltage transfer ratio limitation. Till the early of the 1990s very few
prototypes of matrix converter were built.
Since then, the focus of the academia activity, which had mainly dealt with modulation and
control algorithms, started to concentrate also on implementation and hardware problems related
to the matrix converter technology [20][29]. The results yielded by this research work, along
with the continuous development of power electronic devices and integration, and the increasing
pressure of the AC drives market for higher reliability and cost reduction, convinced the AC
drive industry to invest in the matrix converter technology and today we are close to see the
breakthrough of matrix converter in the market of AC drives [28]-[31].
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If someone looks at the development and progress of power electronics technology since the
advent of power semiconductor devices in the 1950s, he might be astonished by seeing how
many inventions of devices, converter circuits, controls and applications have enriched this
technology [32],[33]. During the last three decades the use of power electronics has been
growing extensively in industrial, commercial, residential and aerospace environments for
various applications as heating and lighting control, AC and DC power supplies, electrochemical
processes, machine drives, electrical welding and harmonic filtering just for mentioning some of
them. Looking at the future, power electronics is expected to have an increasing influence on a
nations industrial productivity and energy consumption.

Inside the power electronics galaxy, the Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD) technology has a
relevant role. The World market for adjustable speed drives is still growing rapidly, at a rate of
approximately 10% per year, driven in part by a gradually growing base of installed polyphase
AC motors and more rapidly by increasing penetration of variable speed control into this
industrial motor base [34]. Nevertheless adjustable speed drives technology is not at the
maturity, but it is still an emerging technology, pushed by internal drivers as the evolution of
power electronic components and microprocessors, as well as external market drivers like
quality, reliability and efficiency, price, global standards, performance and features, size and
packaging, system integration, and product flexibility [34],[35].
At the time of this PhD work starting the matrix converter represented, and it still does, a
challenge to many of these market requirements since for many features the matrix converter is a
more attractive solution for adjustable speed drives than the standard ones. Moreover, the matrix
converter has the fascination of a planet not completely known yet, where there might be still a
lot of things to discover and to understand.
The all above was the reason to accept the proposal of my supervisor to work on the matrix
converter technology, and after three years of hard work carried out the conclusion is that my
expectations have not been betrayed.
The bulk of the scientific work carried out on matrix converters is basically concentrated on
the converter control strategies and on the bi-directional switches commutation issue.
With regard to the first topic, three control strategies based on the Space Vector Modulation
(SVM) technique have been analysed and compared under ideal and non ideal supply voltage
conditions. In general the control strategies are derived under the assumption that input voltages
are ideal, that are sinusoidal and balanced; but in practice the supply is usually unbalanced to a
certain extent and distorted, due to the presence of non-linear loads connected to the grid. Taking
into account that the matrix converter is, because of the absence of internal energy storage
components, sensitive to disturbances in the input voltages, it is mandatory for an effective
control strategy to be able to compensate such disturbances and it becomes of practical interest to
investigate the performance of different control strategies under non ideal supply voltages. The
three strategies performance have been experimentally verified on a 7 kVA matrix converter
prototype.
A fourth control strategy, based on the Direct Torque Control (DTC) scheme of induction
motor has been also analysed. The performance of the control scheme has been previously tested
by numerical simulations and then experimentally verified. A modified control strategy which
allows to reduce the input current harmonic distortion is also proposed.
As far as the bi-directional switches commutation problem is concerned it is tightly related
to the lack of a true forced-commutated bi-directional switch. The commutation issue has been
considered in the past as one of the main obstacle to the industrial development of the matrix
converter. A thorough survey of the today available commutation strategies is given and a new

10

commutation strategy is proposed. The proposed strategy relies on both output currents and input
voltages sensing and it allows to safely commutate within three steps. A description of the design
and implementation of this strategy on a Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) is also
presented.
With regard to the structure of this thesis, it consists of 5 chapters. Each chapter terminates
with a list of references used in the chapter. Introduction is given in each chapter and conclusions
are drawn for chapters 3,4, and 5 and a final conclusion ends the thesis.
Chapter 2 gives a general description of the fundamentals of matrix converters. The
topology is presented and the possible configurations which allow to implement a bi-directional
switch are discussed. A qualitative analysis of the matrix converter performance is carried out;
advantages and disadvantages are emphasized. The chapter also presents an overview of the
complete matrix converter drive, paying attention to some implementation aspects which are still
somehow outstanding matters like the input filter and the protection strategy of the converter.
Chapter 3 copes with the basic issue of the bi-directional switches commutation. The
possible different implementations of the bi-directional switch are reviewed . The today available
commutation strategies, based on either the input voltages or output currents measurement, are
presented and discussed. A new 3-Step commutation strategy, which relies on both voltage and
current sensing, is proposed and a brief description of its implementation on a Complex
Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) is given.
Chapter 4 focuses on the modulation and control of the three-phase matrix converter. A brief
review of the different control strategies proposed in literature is given. Then, three modulation
strategies based on the Space Vector modulation (SVM) technique are considered. The performance of these strategies under ideal and non-ideal supply voltage conditions are analysed in
details and compared. The results of the theoretical analysis and experimental tests carried out,
were presented in two papers [35],[36].
Chapter 5 presents a control algorithm which allow the use of matrix converter in Direct
Torque Control (DTC) for induction motor. The performance of this AC drive are analysed and
discussed on the basis of numerical and experimental results. A modified control strategy that
reduces the harmonic distortion of the input line current presented this year in a paper [37], is
proposed.

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5HIHUHQFHV
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14

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15