EE153 Notes No. 1 - The Electric Distribution System
EE153 Notes No. 1 - The Electric Distribution System
EE 153
Electric Power Distribution Systems
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 2
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 3
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 4
End
Hydro Plant Users
End
Users
Generation Transmission Distribution
System System System
Small-Hydro
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The Electric Distribution System 5
Distribution System
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The Electric Distribution System 6
Distribution of Electricity
Primary Distribution Lines
Subtransmission Lines
(Main Feeder)
Substation
Power Primary Distribution Lines
Transformer (Laterals)
Misc Loads
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 7
Distribution Substation
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Electric Distribution System 8
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 9
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 10
Electricity Consumers
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
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The Electric Distribution System 11
Load Characteristics
100 PEAK
80
Percent of Peak Load
60
40 OFF-
20 PEAK Load Profile of
Residential
Customer
12 4 8 12 4 8 12
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 12
Load Characteristics
100 PEAK
80
Percent of Peak Load
60
OFF-
40
Load Profile of
20 PEAK Commercial
Customer
12 4 8 12 4 8 12
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 13
Load Characteristics
100 PEAK
80
OFF-
Percent of Peak Load
60 PEAK
40
20
Load Profile of
Industrial
0 Customer
12 4 8 12 4 8 12
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University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 14
Load Characteristics
Average Demand
Load Factor PEAK
Peak Demand
Energy
Average Demand AVERAGE
Time
Annual kWh
8760 hrs
Distribution Substation
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 16
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 18
*Wikipedia
Elements of a Substation
6. Circuit breaker
A. Primary power lines' side 7. Current transformer
B. Secondary power lines' side 8. Lightning arrester
1. Primary power lines 9. Main transformer
2. Ground wire 10. Control building
3. Overhead lines 11. Security fence
4. Potential transformer 12. Secondary power lines
5. Disconnect switch
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 19
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 20
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 21
HV Side Buswork
& Protection
Radial Sub-transmission
Supply
*Willis, 2004
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 22
*Willis, 2004
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 23
*Willis, 2004
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 24
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 25
*USDA, 2001
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 26
*USDA, 2001
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 27
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 28
Sectionalized Bus
*USDA, 2001
Physically, the equipment can be organized similar to that for the single bus arrangement.
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 29
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 30
*USDA, 2001
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 31
*USDA, 2001
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Electric Distribution System 32
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Electric Distribution System 33
Ring Bus
*USDA, 2001
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The Electric Distribution System 34
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The Electric Distribution System 35
Breaker-and-a-Half
*USDA, 2001
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The Electric Distribution System 36
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The Electric Distribution System 37
Double Breaker-
Double Bus
*USDA, 2001
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The Electric Distribution System 38
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 39
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 40
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 41
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 42
Q15 Q25 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
Q15
Q0
Q0 Q25
Q9
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 43
Q15 Q25 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
Q15
Q0
Q0 Q25
Q9
Q8
When the bus-ties is closed, a second disconnect switch (Q1 or
Q2) belonging to the tied system can be closed, one of the closed
disconnect switches can then be opened (change of bus under
load)
Disconnect switches Q1 and Q2 can be operated only if the related
bus earthing switch Q15 or Q25 is open
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Electric Distribution System 44
Q15 Q25 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
Q15
Q0
Q0 Q25
Q9
Q8
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Electric Distribution System 45
Q15 Q25 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
Q15
Q0
Q0 Q25
Q9
Q8
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Q15 Q25 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
Q15
Q0
Q0 Q25
Q9
Q8
The tie-breaker Q0 can be opened only if not more than one
bus disconnect switch in each branch is closed (tie-breaker
lock-in)
One bus earthing switch Q15 or Q25 can be operated if in
the respective bus section all bus disconnect switches of
the corresponding bus system are open
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 47
Q15 Q25 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
Q15
Q0
Q0 Q25
Q9
Q8
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Electric Distribution System 48
The Transformer
Distribution Substations utilize
one (1) to six (6) Transformers to
convert incoming power from
sub-transmission voltage to the
primary distribution voltage.
Transformers are not only the
raison d etre for distribution
substations but often represent the
largest portion of the cost, typically
representing from 1/2 to 2/3 of the
total substation cost.
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Transformer
Substation Capacity
- Sum of all the rated capacity of each transformer
e.g., Substation Capacity for 2 25MVA transformers is 50MVA.
Transformers Types
- Separate Single-Phase Transformers in a rural one-
transformer substation
- Three-Phase Transformers
- Special Types
(low footprints, high impedance, & Three-Winding)
Number of Transformers in a Substation
- Single Transformer
- Multiple Transformers
Reliability & contingency support
Size & transportability
Expandability
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Transformer
Transformer Configuration in
Substations
1. Multiple transformers are all
served from a common source.
2. Exclusive feeder service by
each transformer.
*Willis, 2004
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 51
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 52
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Electric Distribution System 53
INDOOR
GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR
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The Electric Distribution System 54
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 55
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 56
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 57
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 58
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 59
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
The Electric Distribution System 60
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Electric Distribution System 61
Types of Substation
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Types of Substation
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The Electric Distribution System 63
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The Electric Distribution System 64
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The Electric Distribution System 66
4.56 mi 6.45 mi
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The Electric Distribution System 67
4.56 mi
9.12 mi
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The Electric Distribution System 68
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The Electric Distribution System 69
Subtransmission System
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Subtransmission System
Different Types of Subtransmission Systems
Radial-Type Subtransmission
Loop-Type Subtransmission
Grid or Network-Type
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Subtransmission System
Radial-type Subtransmission
Bulk power
source bus
Substransmission
Circuits
Distribution
Substations
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Subtransmission System
Dual-source Single-source,
Subtransmission radial
More reliable: Subtransmission
Faults on one Least reliable:
of the radial Faults on the
subtransmission radial
circuits should subtransmission
not cause circuit
interruptions to can cause
substations. interruptions to
Double-circuit multiple
faults can substations.
cause multiple
station
interruptions. *Short, 2006
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Electric Distribution System 73
Subtransmission System
Loop-type Subtransmission
Bulk power
source bus
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Subtransmission System
Grid-or-Network-Type Subtransmission
Bulk power
source buses
Distribution
Substations
Subtransmission
Circuits Has more than one bulk power
source. It has the greatest service
reliability but it requires costly
control of power flow and relaying.
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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81 MVA 54 MVA
15.6 sq. mi. 10.4 sq. mi.
4.56 mi
3.72 mi
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Electric Distribution System 77
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The Electric Distribution System 79
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The Electric Distribution System 80
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The Electric Distribution System 82
Distribution Feeders
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The Electric Distribution System 84
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The Electric Distribution System 87
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The Electric Distribution System 89
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The Electric Distribution System 90
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The Electric Distribution System 91
D X Y
2 2
D X Y
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Capacity
Constrained
Voltage
Drop
Constrained
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Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Electric Distribution System 96
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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The Electric Distribution System 97
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The Electric Distribution System 98
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Feeder Layout
Distribution Configuration
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Feeder Layout
Radial Feeder Layout
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Feeder
Layout
Radial
Feeder
Layout
Which is
best?
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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Feeder Layout
Sectionalization Targets SAIFI & MAIFI
Designing the protection scheme for the feeder so that it limits the
number of customers interrupted by any failure as much as practicable
Divides a feeder into sections in order to isolate faults
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Feeder Layout
Switching Design Targets SAIDI
Providing for alternate feed routes and a way to bring them into
operation so that the system can tolerate the outage of a major
component(s) while still providing good service
Switchable zones are contiguous portions of a feeder that lie between
switches
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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Feeder Layout
FOUR ASPECTS OF THE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
FOR FEEDER SECTIONALIZATION AND SWITCHING
CONFIGURATION
Does the feeder system have alternate pathways through which power
can be routed when outages close off normal pathway?
Are there switch points provided so that instantly, automatically, or
manually power can be re-routed as needed?
Configuration planning involves selecting layouts that fit the needs and
approach to contingency backup planning being used in the area.
CAPACITY
Do the alternative pathways that are being arranged for switchable
zones have sufficient capability, both in terms of current (load) and
voltage (load reach), to meet at least temporary (emergency,
contingency) criteria when serving the additional load?
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
University of the Philippines Prof. Rowaldo del Mundo
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Feeder Layout
SECTIONALIZATION
Isolate any fault or equipment malfunction in a manner that minimizes
the number of customers whose service is interrupted
At the poor end of the sectionalization scale:
A fault anywhere results in loss of service to all customers
served by the feeder
At the other end of the sectionalization scale:
A feeder where any fault can be isolated while interrupting
service to no more than one customer
SWITCH TIMING
Restore then Repair Strategy: Switching time affects only the duration
of interruptions
Hours (for manual operation of switch)
Instantaneous (with fast automatic rollover switch)
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Feeder Layout
OVERALL
PLANNING
APPROACH
FOUR ASPECTS OF
THE PLANNING
CONSIDERATIONS FOR
SECTIONALIZATION
AND SWITCHING
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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During contingencies, the feeder faces four times the total burden
(i.e. it must move twice its normal load, on average twice as far)
and it will cost nearly double what it would otherwise cost
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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Initial PW Cost of
Feeder increase
by 10% to
provide the
Contingency
Support
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Advantages:
Additional load
transferred to any
neighboring feeder is
only a fraction of a full
feeder load
Load reach increase for
power flow during Disadvantages:
emergency
More switch have to be operated
in order to restore service
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Normally open
switch
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E 1
MAX 1
T E , D 1.125
Zones Required
B2
Then, 6.8 1
MAX 1
12.3 6.8 , 1.44 1.125
Zones Required 2
1.1
MAX 2.24,3.17
2.62 3 Zones
1.21
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MAX 2.24,3.17
Zones Required 0.97 1 Zone
3.24
And the system can support contingency operation of feeders
and transformers with single zone/loop configurations
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58A
Optimal location of
600A Fault line
700A Fault
fuse
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Alternative protection and sectionalization scheme using one fuse to protect the pair
of lateral extensions on both sides of the trunk. Requires only 1/2 of the devices
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The Electric Distribution System 126
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Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute EE153 Electric Power Distribution Systems
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