Chapter 2 Psychrometric Chart

CHAPTER 2 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
DR HAMID YUSOFF MEC 351
9/3/2014
CHAPTER 2 CONTENTS
2.1 Atmosphere presure and moisture 2.2 What is a Psychrometric Chart? 2.3 Psychrometric Processes: Sensible Cooling and Sensible Heating of Air 2.4 Psychrometric Processes: Heating & Humidification 2.5 Psychrometric Processes: Cooling with dehumidification 2.6 Psychrometric Processes: Cooling with Adiabatic humidification (Water injection) 2.7Psychrometric Processes: Heating with Adiabatic dehumidification (sorbent/desiccants) 2.8 Psychrometric Processes: mixing of two streams of air
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2.1 Atmosphere presure and moisture

Air is a mixture of N2, O2 and small amount of other gasses. Atmospheric air: Air in the atmosphere normally contains some water vapor (a moisture) and is referred to as atmospheric air. Dry air: Air that contains no water vapor is called dry air. The temperature of air in air-conditioning application ranges between -10OC to 50OC.
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Taking 0OC as reference temperature, enthalpy and enthalpy change of dry air can be determined from
hdry air C PT 1.005kJ / kg.O C T
kJ kg
hdry air CP T 1.005kJ / kg.O C T
In air-conditioning processes we are concerned with the changes in the enthalpy

h
Daltons Law of Partial Pressures in Moist Air
The atmospheric air can be treated as a n idealgas mixture whose pressure is the sum of the partial pressure of dry air Pa and that of water vapor Pv. P Pa Pv kPa where p = total pressure of air (Pa, N/m2) pa = partial pressure dry air (Pa, N/m2) pw = partial pressure water vapor (Pa, N/m2 ) Vapor Pressure: The partial pressure of water vapor is usually referred to as the vapor pressure. It is the pressure water vapor would exert if it existed alone at the temperature and volume of atmospheric air.
Absolute or specific humidity: The mass of water vapor present in a unit mass of dry air. [Note: Also called humidity ratio]
mv ma
(kg water vapor / kg dry air)
mv PvV Rv Tv Pv Rv Pv 0.622 ma PaV Ra Ta Pa Ra Pa

0.662 Pv P Pv
For dry air:
Saturated Air: There is a limit on the amount of vapor the air can hold at a given temperature. Air that is holding as much moisture as it can at a given temperature is called saturated air. Any moisture introduced into saturated air will condense.
Relative Humidity (): The amount of moisture the air holds relative to the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at the same temperature.
mv P V RvT Pv v mg PgV RvT Pg
where
Pg Psat @ T
0.622 Pg Pgdr y air to 1 for The relative humidity ranges from P 0 for saturated air.
0.622Pg
See Example 13.1 (Text Book)
Total enthalpy of atmospheric air is the sum of the enthalpies of dry air and water vapor:
H H a H v ma ha mv hv (kJ/kg dry air)
h ha hg
Dry bulb temperature (Tdb): The ordinary temperature of the atmospheric air is refereed to as the dry bulb temperature. Dew point temperature (Tdp): The temperature at which condensation begins when the air is cooled at constant pressure.
Tdp Tsat @ Pv
When the temperature of a cold drink is below the dew-point temperature of the surrounding air, it sweats.
Relative humidity and Sp. Humidity of air can be determined by measuring the adiabatic saturation temperature of air, which is the temperature air attains after flowing over water in a long adiabatic channel until it is saturated
C P T2 T1 2 h f g hg1 h f 2
0.622Pg 2 P2 Pg 2
Wet bulb temperature (Twb): A thermometer whose bulb is covered with a cotton wick saturated with water and to blow air over the wick as shown in figure. The temperature measure in this manner is called wet bulb temperature.
Sling Psychrometer: The wet bulb temperature can also be measured by placing the wet wicked thermometer in a holder attached to a handle and rotating the holder rapidly. A device that works on this principle is called Sling Psychrometer.
2.1 What is a Psychrometric Chart?

Psychrometric charts are graphic representations of the psychrometric properties of moist air. By using psychrometric charts HVAC engineers can graphically analyze different types of psychrometric processes and find solution to many practical problems without having to carry out long and tedious mathematical calculations. The psychrometric chart looks complicated with vast numbers of lines and curves in it, but is very easy to understand if you know the basic properties of air. You will also understand its worth when you actually use it considering the fact that you wont have to use any formulae to find the properties of air in different conditions, all you will have to know is two parameters of air and the rest are easily found on the chart.
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Various Lines and Curves in the Psychrometric Chart

Dry-bulb temperature It is temperature of the air measured with on ordinary thermometer. Dew point temperature: The remperature at which water by evaporating into moist air at given dry-bulb temperature and humidity ratio (w) can bring the air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature Twb while the pressure is maintained constant. Relative humidity: Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of the water vapour in moist air at given temperature T, to the partial pressure of the water vapour in saturated air, at the same temperature T. Specific humidity/humidity ratio: As the mass of water vapour in kg which is associated with one kilogram of dry air water vapour mixture. Percentage saturation: The ratio of the moisture content of moist air at a given temperature, T, to the moisture content of saturated air at the same temperature T. Specific volume: Is the volume in cubic metres of one kilogram of dry air together with the mass of water vapour associated with it. Sensible heat: Heat which produces a change of temperature in a body is known as sensible heat. Latent heat: Heat which is necessary to produce a change of state of a material at a constant temperature
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The psychrometric chart

Wet Bulb & Saturation Curve G D A Absolute Humidity Axis
Enthalpy F
Dew Point E D Relative Humidity
B Specific Volume C Dry Bulb Axis
For a saturated air, the dry bulb, wet bulb and dew point temperature are identical.
Air Conditioning Processes Air-conditioning processes include: Simple heating (raising the temperature), Simple cooling (lowering the temperature) Humidifying (adding moisture), and Dehumidifying (removing moisture).
2.3 Psychrometric Processes: Sensible Cooling and Sensible Heating of Air

The basic function of the air-conditioners is to cool the air absorbed from the room or the atmosphere, which is at higher temperatures.
In HVAC systems, air is typically cooled by passing it over a cooling coil. Most cooling coils are finned-tube heat exchangers in which cool water or refrigerant flows through tubes, and the tubes have external fins to increase heat transfer area. If the air is cooled below the dew point temperature, water will condense and must be drained from the bottom of the cooling coil.
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2.3 Psychrometric Processes: Sensible Cooling Observable features of a sensible cooling process the dry bulb temperature decreases the relative humidity increases the enthalpy decreases the wet bulb temperature decreases the specific volume decreases the humidity ratio, vapor pressure and dew point remains constant
= = =
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CHAPTER 2 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART 2.3 Psychrometric Processes: Sensible heating In HVAC systems, air is typically heated by passing it over a heating coil or use of electrical strip heaters. A schematic of a cooling coil is shown below.
Observable features of a sensible heating process The dry bulb temperature increases the relative humidity decreases the enthalpy increases the wet bulb temperature increases the specific volume increases the humidity ratio, vapor pressure and dew point remains constant
= = =
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CHAPTER 2 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART 2.3 Psychrometric Processes: Governing Equation for Sensible Heating and Cooling The heat transfer is given by;
= = ( ) = 1.005 + 1.888 ( ) = 1.005 + 1.88 = 1.005 + (2501 + 1.88) is the ratio of volume flow rate to the specific volume
3 3
= () = 1 , = 2 , = ( ) = is the enthalpy of stream 1, (kJ/kg) = is the enthalpy of stream 2, (kJ/kg) = specific heat of moist air =
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2.5Psychrometric Processes: Heating & Humidification

h3 Observable features of a humidification process are: 1. Humidification adds moisture to the air which increase the absolute humidity 2. Water is added in vapor form 3. Water is converted from liquid to gas 4. There is an increase in the energy level Sensible heat added = 2 1 Latent heat added = (3 2 ) = 3 2 h2 h1
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2.6Psychrometric Processes: Cooling with dehumidification

Observable characteristics of a cooling and dehumidifying process are: 1. dry bulb temperature decreases 2. humidity ratio decreases 3. vapor pressure decreases 4. dew point temperature decreases 5. wet bulb temperature decreases 6. enthalpy decreases (there is a decrease in the energy level and with the loss of energy, condensation occurs) 7. relative humidity increases = 2 1 + ( 2 ) 1 2 = 1 2 = (1 ) = ( 2 ) = + = 9/3/2014 +
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2.7 Psychrometric Processes: Cooling with Adiabatic humidification (Water injection)

Evaporative cooling is an adiabatic process, that is, there is no net heat loss or gain. 1. Constant wet bulb temperature 2. Decreasing dry bulb temperature 3. Increasing humidity ratio 4. Increasing dew point temperature 5. Increasing vapor pressure 6. Essentially constant enthalpy 7. Decreasing specific volume 8. There is no loss or gain of heat within the system because the amount of sensible heat removed equals latent heat added to the water.
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2.8Psychrometric Processes: Heating with Adiabatic dehumidification (sorbent/desiccants)

When air is brought into contact with a desiccant or sorption material the moisture will be adsorbed and the air will become "drier". As this occurs, the heat of condensation will enter the air stream, thereby increasing its temperature. The process is essentially adiabatic or isenthalpic. Air can be dehumidified by passing it over sorbents/desiccants that have affinity for moisture. Examples; silica gel, activated alumina. Observable characteristics of a heating and dehumidification process are:
1. dry bulb temperature increases 2. humidity ratio decreases 3. dew point temperature decreases 4. vapor pressure decreases 5. relative humidity decreases 6. enthalpy remains essentially constant 7. wet bulb temperature remains essentially constant
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2.9 Psychrometric Processes: mixing of two streams of air
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Psychrometric Processes: mixing of two streams of air
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Example
Solved Problem 1 - Assume that the outside air temperature is 32C with a relative humidity = 60%. Use the psychrometric chart to determine the specific humidity [18 gmmoisture/kg-air], the enthalpy h [78 kJ/kg-air], the wet-bulb temperature Twb [25.5C], the dew-point temperature Tdp [23C], and the specific volume of the dry air v [0.89m3/kg]. Indicate all the values determined on the chart.
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Solved Problem 2: Assume that the outside air temperature is 8C. If the air in a room is at 25C with a relative humidity = 40%, use the psychrometric chart to determine if the windows of that room which are in contact with the outside will become foggy.
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The air in contact with the windows will become colder until the dew point is reached. Notice that under the conditions of 25C and 40% relative humidity the dew point temperature is slightly higher than 10C, At that point the water vapor condenses as the temperature approaches 8C along the saturation line, and the windows will become foggy.
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Solved Problem 3: One of the major applications of the Psychrometric Chart is in air conditioning, and we find that most humans feel comfortable when the temperature is between 22C and 27C, and the relative humidity between 40% and 60%. This defines the "comfort zone" which is portrayed on the Psychrometric Chart as shown below. Thus with the aid of the chart we either heat or cool, add moisture or dehumidify as required in order to bring the air into the comfort zone.
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Solved Problem 4: Outside air at 35C and 60% relative humidity is to be conditioned by cooling and heating so as to bring the air to within the "comfort zone". Using the Psychrometric Chart neatly plot the required air conditioning process and estimate (a) the amount of moisture removed [11.5gH20/kg-dry-air], (b) the heat removed [(1)-(2), qcool = 48kJ/kg-dry-air], and (c) the amount of heat added [(2)(3), qheat = 10kJ/kg-dry-air].
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Solved Problem 5: Hot dry air at 40C and 10% relative humidity passes through an evaporative cooler. Water is added as the air passes through a series of wicks and the mixture exits at 27C. Using the psychrometric chart determine (a) the outlet relative humidity [45%], (b) the amount of water added [5.4gH20/kg-dry-air], and (c) the lowest temperature that could be realized [18.5C].
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Solved Problem 6: Heating
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Solved Problem 7: Heating Determine the load (kW) required to raise 0.5 m3/s of air at 10 degree C and 80% RH to 30 deg C. What would be the final condition of air ?
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Solved Problem 8: Cooling
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Solved Problem 9: Cooling with dehumidification
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Solved Problem 10: Cooling with humidification
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Solved Problem 11: Cooling with adiabatic humidifier
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Solved Problem 12: Heating with dehumidifier adiabatic process
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CHAPTER 2 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART