PART

Air Conditioning

1. Psychrometric of Air Conditioning

 Introduction
• The psychrometry is that branch of engineering science which deals with the study of moist air
• It also includes the study of behaviour of dry air and water vapour mixture under various sets of conditions.
• The properties of moist air are called psychrometric
Psychrometric Terms
1. Dry air. The pure dry air is a mixture of a number of gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, argon, neon,
helium etc.
The molecular mass of dry air is taken as 28.966 and the gas constant of air (Ra) is equal to 0.287 kJ/kg K or 287 J/kg K.
2. Moist air. It is a mixture of dry air and water vapour. The amount of water vapour presented in the air depends upon the absolute
pressure and temperature of the mixture.
3. Saturated air. It is a mixture of dry air and water vapour, when the air has diffused the maximum amount of water vapour into it.

4. Degree of saturation. It is the ratio of actual mass of water vapour in a unit mass of dry air to the mass of water vapour in the
same mass of dry air when it is saturated at the same temperature.
5. Humidity. It is the mass of water vapour present in 1 kg of dry air. It is also called specific humidity or humidity ratio
6. Dry bulb temperature. The actual temperature t of moist air.

7. Dew point temperature. It is the temperature of air, when the moisture (water vapour) present in it begins to condense or
saturation temperature
Cont. ..
8. Dew point depression. It is the difference between the dry bulb temperature and de point temperature of air.

9. Degree of Saturation The ratio of the actual specific humidity to the specific humidity s of saturated air at temperature T

• Enthalpy of Moist Air

The enthalpy of moist air h is equal to the sum of the enthalpies of dry air and associated water vapour

where

• In air-conditioning processes we are concerned with the changes in enthalpy Δh, which is independent of the
reference point selected.

Example 5.1: Calculate, (i) relative humidity, (ii) humidity ratio, (iii) dew point temperature, (iv) density
and (v) enthalpy of atmospheric air when the DBT is 35°C, WBT is 23°C and the barometer reads 750 mm
Hg.
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Psychrometric charts provide a graphical representation of the thermodynamic properties of moist air, various
air conditioning processes, and air conditioning cycles.

All data essential for the complete thermodynamic and

psychrometric analysis of air-conditioning processes can be
summarised in a psychrometric chart

The chart which is most commonly used is the ω – t chart

The chart is normally constructed for a standard
atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg or 1.01325 bar,
corresponding to the pressure at the mean sea level

Example For a sample of air having 22°C DBT,

relative humidity 30 per cent at barometric
pressure of 760 mm of Hg, calculate : I. Vapour
pressure, 2. Humidity ratio, 3. Vapour density,
and 4. Enthalpy.
Psychrometric Processes
An air-conditioning process describes the change in thermodynamic properties of moist air
between the initial and final stages of conditioning as well as the corresponding energy and mass
transfers between the moist air and a medium.

• The psychrometric chart also serves as a valuable aid in visualizing the air-
conditioning processes
psychrometric processes involved in air conditioning
1. Sensible heating,
sensible
2. Sensible cooling,
sensible
3. Humidification and dehumidification,
4. Cooling and adiabatic humidification,
5. Cooling and humidification by water injection,
6. Heating and humidification,
7. Humidification by steam injection,
8. Adiabatic chemical dehumidification,
9. Adiabatic mixing of air streams.
Sensible Heating
• The heating of air, without any change in its specific humidity
The amount of heat added during sensible heating

The term (cpa + W cps) is called humid specific heat (𝐶𝑝𝑚 ) and its value is
taken as 1.022 kJ /kg K.

Psychrometric process and

Psychrometric chart.
Example
1. A quantity of air having a volume of 300 m3 at 30 °C dry bulb temperature and 25 °C wet bulb
temperature is heated to 40 °C dry bulb temperature. Estimate the amount of heat added, final
relative humidity and wet bulb temperature. The air pressure is 1.013 25 bar.

2. The air enters a duct at 10° C and 80% RH at the rate of 150m3/min and is heated to 30° C without
adding or removing any moisture. The pressure remains constant at 1 atmosphere. Determine the
relative humidity of air at exit from the duct and the rate of heat transfer.
Sensible Cooling
The amount of heat rejected during sensible cooling

Efficiency of heating and cooling coils

The term (1 - BPF) is known as efficiency of coil or contact factor.

Humidification and Dehumidification

humidification Dehumidification

where ℎ𝑓𝑔 is the latent heat of vaporization

at dry bulb temperature (𝑡𝑑1 ).
Methods of Humidification and Dehumidification
1. Direct method; n this method, the water is
sprayed in a highly atomized state into the
room to be air-conditioned.

• Indirect method. In this method, the water is

introduced into the air in the air-conditioning
plant, with the help of an air-washer. This
conditioned air is then supplied to the room to
be air-conditioned.

air-washer
Cooling and Humidification by Water Injection (Evaporative Cooling)
• Evaporative cooling is based on principle: As water evaporates, the latent
heat of vaporization is absorbed from the water body and the surrounding
air. As a result, both the water and the air are cooled during the process.

• The evaporative cooling process is essentially identical to the adiabatic

saturation process since the heat transfer between the airstream and the
ω2
surroundings is usually negligible. Therefore, the evaporative cooling
process follows a line of constant wet-bulb temperature on the ω1

psychrometric chart.
The mass and enthalpy balances give

where h𝑓 is the enthalpy of liquid water. (m𝑣 )

m𝑣 = Mass of water supplied
m𝑎 = Mass of dry air
Evaporative cooling.
Heating and Humidification by Steam Injection
The steam is normally injected into the air in order to increase its specific humidity

the mass and energy balance

Cooling and Dehumidification &Heating and Humidification
Total Heat Process

𝑄𝑆 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝐵 – ℎ𝐴 )
• sensible heat load
= 𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑃 (𝑡𝑑𝑐 – 𝑡𝐴 )
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝐶 – ℎ𝐵
sensible heat load = 𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑤𝐶 – 𝑤𝐵
Adding the above we obtain an expression for total heat load as
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝐿
= 𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝐶 – ℎ𝐴

= 𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝 (𝑡𝐶 – 𝑡𝐴) + ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑤𝐶 – 𝑤𝐴

Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) The ratio of the sensible heat transfer to the total heat transfer is termed as the sensible
heat factor.
example
1. 200 m3 of air per min. is passed through the adiabatic humidifier. The condition of air at inlet is 40° C dry bulb temperature
and 15% relative humidity and the outlet condition is 25 °C dry bulb temperature and 20 °C wet bulb temperature. Find the
dew point temperature and the amount of water vapour added to the air per minute.

2. A drying room is to be maintained at 32°C and 30% RH. The sensible heat gain to the room is 150 000 kJ/h. The moisture
to be evaporated from the objects during drying is 18 kg/h. If there is no direct heat source to provide for evaporation in the
room, calculate the state and rate of supply air at 15 °C dry bulb temperature.

3. The atmospheric air at 40 °C dry bulb temperature and 18° C wet bulb temperature is flowing at the rate of 100 m3 /min
through the space. Water at 18 °C is injected into the air stream at the rate of 48 kg/h.· Determine the specific humidity and
enthalpy of the leaving air. Also determine the dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and relative humidity of the
leaving air.

4. The atmospheric air at 25 °C dry bulb temperature and 12 °C wet bulb temperature is flowing at the rate of 100 m3 /min
through the duct. The dry saturated steam at 100 °C is injected into the air steam at the rate of 72 kg per hour. Calculate the
specific humidity and enthalpy of the leaving air. Also determine the dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and
relative humidity of the leaving air.
Adiabatic Mixing of Two Air Streams
• When two quantities of air having different enthalpies and different
specific humidity's are mixed, the final condition of the air mixture
depends upon the masses involved, and on the enthalpy and specific
humidity of each of the constituent masses which enter the mixture

The mass and energy balances for the adiabatic mixing of two airstreams

Temperature of the mixture

example

1. 30 𝑚3 /min of a stream of moist air at 15°C DBT and 13°C WBT are mixed with 12 m3/min of
a second stream at 25°C DBT and 18°C WBT. Barometric pressure is one standard
atmosphere. Determine the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures of the resulting mixture.

2. A stream of moist air at 2°C dry bulb and 80 per cent relative humidity mixes with another
stream of moist air at 30°C dry bulb and 10°C dew point in the-ratio by mass of one part of
the first to two parts of the second. Calculate the temperature and specific humidity of the air
after mixing.

3. 800 𝑚3 /min of recirculated air at 22 °C DBT and 10° C dew point temperature is to be mixed
with 300 𝑚3 /min of fresh air at 30 °C DBT and 50% RH. Determine the enthalpy, specific
volume, humidity ratio and dew point temperature of the mixture
Comfort conditions

• Human comfort is that condition of mind, which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment.
• A human body feels comfortable when the heat produced by metabolism of human body is equal to the sum of the
heat dissipated to the surroundings and the heat stored in human body by raising the temperature of body tissues
Cont. ..
• The heat loss by convection (Qc ) from the body to the surroundings is given by

When 𝑄𝐸 , 𝑄𝑅 and 𝑄𝐶 are high and positive and (𝑄𝐵 + 𝑄𝑅 + 𝑄𝐶 ) is greater than (𝑄𝑀 - W ), then the heat stored
in the body (𝑄𝑆 ) will be negative i.e. the body temperature falls down.

The human body feels comfortable when there is no change in the body temperature, i.e. when the heat stored in the body 𝑄𝑆 is
zero. Any variation in the body temperature acts as a stress to the brain which ultimately results in either perspiration or
shivering.
Humans generally feel comfortable between temperatures of 22 °C to 27 °C and a relative humidity of 40% to 60%.

human comfort zone on a psychrometric chart

Factors Affecting Human Comfort
• The important Factors In designing of air conditioning system are
1. Effective temperature,
2. Heat production and regulation in human body,
3. Heat and moisture losses from the human body,
4. Moisture content of air,
5. Quality and quantity of air.
6. Air motion,
7. Hot and cold surfaces, and
8. Air stratification
Effective Temperature
• The degree of warmth or cold felt
by a human body depends mainly
on the following three factors:
• 1. Dry bulb temperature, 2.
Relative humidity, and 3. Air
velocity.
• In order to evaluate the combined
effect of these factors, the term
effective temperature is employed.
• It is defined as that index which
correlates the combined effects of
air temperature, relative humidity
and air velocity on the human
body.
• It is presented by the comfort
chart,
Heat production and regulation in human body
• The human body acts like a heat engine which gets its energy from the combustion of food within the body
• The rate of heat production depends upon the individual's health, his physical activity and his environment
Quality and Quantity of Air
• The air in an occupied space should, at all times, be free from toxic, unhealthful or disagreeable fumes such as
carbon dioxide
• It should also be free from dust and odour. In order to obtain these conditions, enough clean outside air must
always be supplied to an occupied space to counteract or adequately dilute the sources of contamination
Air Motion
• The air motion which includes the distribution of air is very important to maintain uniform temperature in the
conditioned space.
• The air velocity in the occupied zone should not exceed 8 to 12 m / min.
• The proper and perfect distribution of air in the air-conditioned space, down flow should be preferred instead of
up flow.
Cold and Hot Surfaces The cold or hot objects in a conditioned space may cause discomfort to the occupants
Air Stratification
• The movement of the air to produce the temperature gradient from floor to ceiling is termed as air stratification.
• In order to achieve comfortable conditions in the occupied space, the air conditioning system must be designed to reduce
the air stratification to a minimum.
Air Conditioning Systems
• deals with the study of conditioning of air i.e. supplying and maintaining desirable internal
atmospheric conditions for human comfort, industrial purposes, food processing, storage of food and
other materials; irrespective of external conditions.

• It provides heating and cooling from its central plant or rooftop units. It also controls and maintains the
temperature, humidity, air movement, air cleanliness, sound level, and pressure differential in a space
within predetermined limits for the comfort and health of the occupants of the conditioned space or for the
purpose of product processing.

INDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS

 The indoor design parameters to be maintained in an air conditioned space are specified in the design
document and become the targets to be achieved during operation.
Cont. ..
Indoor design parameters are shown below and grouped as follows:

1. Basic design parameters

• Indoor air temperature and air movements • maintenance of any desired temperature
• decreasing or increasing of moisture contents of air in
• Indoor relative humidity order to produce comfortable and healthy conditions.

2. Indoor air quality

• Air contaminants proper filtration, cleaning and purification of air is
• Outdoor ventilation rate provided essential to keep it free from dust and other
• Air cleanliness for processing impurities

3. Specific design parameters

• Sound level
• Pressure differential between the space and surroundings
Equipment's Used in an Air Conditioning System

1. Circulation fan. The main function of this fan is to move air to and from the room.

2. Air conditioning unit. It is a unit which consists of cooling and dehumidifying processes for summer air
conditioning or heating and humidification processes for winter air conditioning.

3. Supply duct. It directs the conditioned air from the circulating fan to the space to be air conditioned at
proper point.

4. Supply outlets. These are grills which distribute the conditioned air evenly in the room.

5. Return outlets. These are the openings in a room surface which allow the room air to enter the return duct.

6. Filters. The main function of the filters is to remove dust, dirt and other harmful bacteria from the air.
Classification of Air Conditioning Systems

• The inside design conditions depend on the particular air-conditioning application

1. According to the purpose

(a) Comfort air conditioning system, and
(b) Industrial air conditioning system.
2. According to season of the year
(a) Winter air conditioning system,
(b) Summer air conditioning system, and
(c) Year-round air conditioning system
3. According to the arrangement of equipment
(a) Unitary air conditioning system, and
(b) Central air conditioning system.
Load Calculations
• The total heat required to be removed from or added to the space in order to bring it at the desired temperature
by the air conditioning and refrigeration equipment is known as cooling/heating load.

• Heating and cooling loads are the rates of energy input (heating) or removal (cooling) required to maintain an
indoor environment at a desired temperature and humidity condition.

• The purpose of a load estimation is to determine the size of the air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
that is required to maintain inside design conditions during periods of maximum outside temperatures.

• The two main components of a cooling load imposed on an air conditioning plant operating during hot weather
are
1. Sensible heat gain.
2. Latent heat gain.
 The total heat load to be removed by the air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment is the sum of sensible
and latent heat loads
Cont. ..

• Source of Load usually can be classified into four

External : Walls, roof, windows, partitions, ceiling, and floor
Internal : Lights, people (occupancy), appliances, and equipment
Infiltration : Air leakage and moisture migration
System: Outside air, duct leakage and heat gain, reheat, fan and pump energy, and energy recovery
External Cooling Loads.
• These loads are formed because of heat gains in the conditioned space from external sources
through the building envelope or building shell and the partition walls. Sources of external
loads include the following cooling loads:

1. Heat gain entering from the exterior walls and roofs

2. Solar heat gain transmitted through the fenestrations

3. Conductive heat gain coming through the fenestrations

4. Heat gain entering from the partition walls and interior doors

5. Infiltration of outdoor air into the conditioned space

Conduction Heat Gain through the walls, glass, doors, windows

Where Qw1 = heat transfer through walls

A1 = area of the wall
ΔT = change in temperature
Solar heat gain through the walls

𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴 𝑥 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑐 • Where; - CLTDc - corrected cooling load temperature difference

A - Area of the wall
The corrected cooling load temperature difference is obtained as follows
CLTDc = (CLTD+LM)× 𝑘+ (25.5-TR) + (To-29)
Where; - CLTD- cooling load temperature difference
LM - latitude and month correction
𝐾 - Color adjustment factor

heat gain inside the conditioned space through glass

𝑄𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛

Solar Heat Gain through Glass

𝑁𝑒𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
Heat Gain due to Infiltration
• The infiltration air is the air that enters a conditioned space through window cracks and opening of doors
There are two methods for calculation of the quantity of air infiltrated
 Air change method and
 Crack method

Infiltration (crack), 𝑄𝑖 = (𝐻𝑥𝐿𝑥𝑊𝑥𝐺)/60 𝑚3 /min

Where H - height of the room
L - length of the room
W - width of the room
G - number air changes per
Door infiltration
The values given in the following table for the door infiltration
Heat Gain due to Ventilation
• The ventilation (i.e. supply of outside air) is provided to the conditioned space in order to minimize odour, concentration of
smoke, carbon dioxide and other undesirable gases so that freshness of air could be maintained.
• The outside air adds sensible as well as latent heat

 Outside air sensible heat

𝑂𝐴𝑆𝐻 = 20.43 × 𝑄𝑚(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖)

 Outside air latent heat (OALH)

𝑂𝐴𝐿𝐻 = 50 × 𝑄𝑚 (𝑊𝑜 − 𝑊𝑖)
Where
Qm = volumetric flow of outside air entering the building
𝑄𝑚 = 𝑁 × 𝑂𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟/ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛
To= outside design condition in our location
Ti = room design condition for our design
Wo = specific humidity kg/kg outside air
Wi = specific humidity kg/kg inside air
INTERNAL HEAT GAIN
• Internal heat gains from people, lights, motors, appliances, and equipment can contribute the majority of the cooling load
in a modern building.

Internal Heat Gain due to Occupants (people)

Humans emit both sensible and latent heat to the room in different state of activities.

Sensible heat gain due to people (occupants)

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑆𝐻𝐺 × 𝐶𝐿𝐹
Where: - SHG- sensible heat gain
CLF – cooling load factor for people ( from 0.95 -1)

Latent heat gain due to occupants (QL)

𝑄𝐿 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 × 𝐿𝐻𝐺
Where: – LHG –latent heat gain
Internal heat gain due to light Other products and function that emit heat to the space
• Cooling load due to heat gain from light is  ELECTRIC MOTORS
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑊 × 𝐹𝑢𝑙 × 𝐹𝑠𝑎
 Cooking Appliances
Where 𝑄𝐿 –heat gain due to light
W – Total light wattage  Hospital and Laboratory Equipment

𝐹𝑢𝑙 – light use factor  Office Equipment

Fsa - lighting special allowance factor ( 0.95 - 1.0)  Any other
TOTAL HEAT GAIN TO THE ROOM
Calculated using
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 ) = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 + 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
The mass flow rate of air required to cool the total load
𝑄𝑠 Where 𝑄𝑠 = total sensible heat of the room, W
𝑚𝑎 = 𝐶𝑝𝑎 = specific heat of moist air =1.0246𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝑘
𝐶𝑝𝑎 (𝑇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑥 )
𝑇𝑖𝑛 = design indoor condition temperature, 0c
𝑇𝑥 = air temperature at the out let of cooling coil, 0c

specific humidity of supply air can be calculated from the latent heat balance

𝑄𝐿
𝑊𝑠 = 𝑊𝑖 – Where - QL = total latent heat of the room
𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝𝑤
ma = mass flow rate of air
Wi = specific humidity of room air
Ws = specific humidity of supply air
Cpw = latent heat of evaporation

For cooling and humidification to take place the surface temperature of cooling coil should be less than the dry bulb
temperature of the air and greater than the wet bulb temperature of air.
SELECTION OF AIR-CONDITIONING APPARATUS