Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning

UNIT – IV , PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

DR. SHIVLING M. PISE,

Dean SETM
TATYASAHEB KORE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
( Autonomous),
7th Oct. 2024
1
 PSYCHROMETRY
• The name “ Psychrometry ” is given to the study
of the properties of air-water vapour mixtures.
• Atmospheric air is considered to be a mixture of
dry air and water vapour.
Content :
 Properties of Air and Water Vapour mixture
 Total Pressure
 Dry Bulb Temperature, Wet Bulb Temperature and Dew
Point
 Absolute humidity and Relative humidity
 Psychrometric Chart
 Fundamentals
 How to read it
 Locating a point
 Some important points to note
 Human Comfort
 Definition
 Factors affecting Human Comfort
 Total Pressure
◉ Both dry air and water vapour in air generally follow the ideal gas law.

So, the total pressure, P = Pa + Pw as per Dalton’s Law of Partial pressure. Here, both Pa and Pw are partial
pressures

Saturation point Humidity:

There is a limit to the number the water molecules which the
dry air can accommodate, at a given Temperature and
Pressure.
 Dew Point
◉The temperature at which the air
becomes saturated with water when it
is cooled at constant pressure is
called Dew Point.

dp
T = T sat @ Pv
◉Examples:

WATER DROPLETS ON COLD CAN Dew on leaves

 Absolute humidity: The mass of water vapor present in a unit

humidity ratio Specific Humidity, 𝜔 = 𝑚𝑣/𝑚𝑎

mass of dry air. It is also called specific humidity or

It can also be expressed as,

 Relative Humidity: Ratio of the amount of moisture the air

holds (mv) to the maximum amount of moisture the air
can hold at the same temperature (mg).

Absolute Humidity
Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapour present in a given
volume or mass of air.
 TEMPERATURES
 Dry Bulb Temperature : DBT( tdb) the actual temperature of gas or
mixture of gases indicated by an error-free temperature measuring
device.
 Wet bulb temperature : WBT(twb) It is the temperature obtained by
an accurate thermometer having a wick moistened with distilled
water .
 Dew point temperature: DPT(tdp) It is the temperature at which the
liquid droplets just appear when the moist air is cooled continuously.
 The equipment used for measuring the dry bulb temperature and
wet bulb temperature simultaneously is known as Psychrometer.
WET BULB THERMOMETER
PSYCHROMETE
R
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
 Absolute humidity :

 Humidity ratio (Relative humidity)

 Degree of saturation :
 MIXING PROCESS

[a]Adiabatic Mixing of Air [b] Mixing Process on

streams Psychrometric chart
• Simplifying the expression :

m a1t1  ma2t 2
t3
 ma3
 BASIC PROCESSES IN CONDITIONING OF AIR

1. Sensible heating – Process OA

2. Sensible cooling – Process OB

3. Humidifying Process - Process OC

4. Dehumidifying Process- Process OD

5. Heating and Humidifying– Process OE

6. Cooling and Dehumidifying – Process OF

7. Cooling and Humidifying – Process OG

8. Heating and Dehumidifying– Process OH

  SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS – HEATING OR
COOLING
Heating or cooling of air without addition or subtraction of
moisture is termed as SENSIBLE HEATING OR COOLING .

Heating can be achieved by passing the air over heating coil

like electric resistance heating coils or steam coils.

Sensible cooling can be achieved by passing the air over

cooling coli like evaporating coil of the refrigerant cycle or
secondary brine coil.
 HEATING COILS
 Sensible heating : Air flows over a heating coil
 Surface temperature ts higher than tdb of air
 Heating medium flowing through the coil – steam, hot gases
from furnace

Methods employed for winter heating of air:

1.Hot water or steam coils
2. direct-fired furnace gases coils
3. finned eclectic strip heaters
SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS – HEATING OR COOLING
 SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS – HEATING OR COOLING
 This heat denoted by S is called Sensible heat.
 If a building to be air conditioned receives or losses
heat due to transmission or other reasons, it is supposed to
have sensible heat load
 LATENT HEAT PROCESS- HUMIDIFICATION/DEHUMIDIFICATION
 When the state of air is altered along t = constant moisture in the form of
vapour has to be transferred to change in humidity ratio of air
Latent heat transfer

 If a building gains or lose moisture, it is supposed to have Latent

heat.
 A gain of moisture will require the condensation of moisture
(Dehumidification ) – Hence cooling load
 Loss of moisture – require evaporation of water (Humidification) –
 Hence Heating load
 SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR [SHF]
 The ratio of the sensible heat transfer to the total heat transfer is sensible
heat factor
 Pont B divides hC-hA - SHF: 1-SHF
 Sensible heat - along AB
 Latent heat along BC
 The process line AC is called Sensible Heat factor line or Process or
condition line
 Sensible factor – unity- No latent heat transfer- SHF line is
horizontal in psychrometric chart
 Zero SHF line – vertical on psychrometric chart – No Sensible heat
 SHF = 0.75 to 0.8 common in Air conditioning practice – at
normal dry climate.
 A lower value of SHF such as 0.65 – implies a high latent heat
load
 – common in a humid climate
 0.0204(tc  t ADP )
SHF
 0.0204(t c  t ADP )  50(wc  w ADP )

 Where tc, wc at the conditions at C

 tADP is known as Apparatus dew point temperature

 It is the temperature at point S where the SHF- line CA cuts

the saturation curve when extended.
 PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES IN
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT

 Eight basic parametric processes together cannot be achieved

in practice in air conditioning equipment.

 Different types of equipments are used for this purpose.

 By pass factor is a vital parameter signifying the performance

of A/C equipment
 1. COOLING & DEHUMIDIFICATION
 Industrial applications: air conditioning, cold storages, paper
industry, photography.
 Lowering the temperature & reducing the moisture content in air.
 Process used in summer air conditioning : air passes over cooling
coil or through cold spray.
 COOLING & DEHUMIDIFICATION
 The removal of water vapour from the air is termed as
dehumidification of air. The dehumidification of air is only possible if
the air is cooled below the dew point temperature of the air..
 It is necessary to maintain the coil surface temperature of air for
effective dehumidification.
 COOLING & DEHUMIDIFICATION
 Air may be cooled and dehumidified by
1. By placing the evaporator coil across the air flow
2. By circulating chilled water in a tube placed across the air flow
3. By spraying chilled water to air in the form of fine mist to expose a
large surface area.
[b] by circulating chilled water in [c] By spraying chilled water to air in
a tube across the air flow the form of fine mist
 HEATING AND HUMIDIFICATION

 In winter air conditioning , heating and humidification are very

common.
 System consists of a coil for sensible heating of air from state 1 to 3
then along the wet bulb temperature line through state 2. then
humidification along wet bulb line until the required moisture is
added to reach state 2.
HEATING AND HUMIDIFICATION
 BYPASS FACTOR & CONTACT FACTOR
 For large commercial systems, adopt simpler and
economical
technique.
 Part of air should be cooled to such a low temperature that the
desired mass of moisture is removed.
 Air at state 1 is at much higher temperature than at state 2, it would
work as heating of the cooled air. Hence no extra energy for heating
and cooling is needed.
 This type of cooling and dehumidification is accomplished using
 By-pass as shown in fig.
 A part of the inlet air is by passed without being cooled and rest air
is cooled over the coil.
 X- By pass factor, 1-X amount of air cooled over the coil from state 1
to temp ts of the coil surface, is mixed with the rest air to get it at
state 2, a desired value.
 This desired lowest temperature is called apparatus dew point ADP
BYPASS FACTOR & CONTACT FACTOR
COOLING & DEHUMIDIFYING COILS –ADP OF COIL
 AIR WASHER:
An air washer is a device for conditioning air. In an air
washer air comes in direct contact with a spray of water and
there will be an exchange of heat and mass (water vapour)
between air and water. The outlet condition of air depends
upon the temperature of water sprayed in the air washer.
AIR WASHER
 Kirloskar Central Air Washer System

Kirloskar Central Air Washer System

किर्लोस्कर सेंट्रल एयर वॉशर सिस्टम
Get Latest Price
Capacity 5000-10000 cfm, 10000-20000 cfm
Motor Brand Kirloskar, Crompton Greaves
Motor Power 2 HP
Cooling Area 10-20 square feet, 20-40
square feet
Cooler Type Evaporator
Material Galvanized Iron, Mild Steel
 Air washer – flow of air through a spray of water.

 During the course of flow, the air may be cooled or heated or

dehumidified, depending on the mean surface temperature of water.
 Water accordingly, externally cooled or heated or
recalculated by a pump.
 Eliminator plates are provided to minimize the loss of water

 Droplets of water act as wetted surface, both sensible and latent

heat transfer take place.
• Different possible processes:
1. Process 1-2 A : Heating & Humidification[ ts > t1] ,

where ts is the mean surface temperature of water droplets.

Mean surface temperature (ts) greater than the dry bulb
temperature. Here water is externally heated.

2. Process 1-2 B : Humidification [ts =t1]

Enthalpy of air increases. Water is required to be externally heated.

3. Process 1-2 C: Cooling & Humidification[ t1 < ts < t1]

where is t1 wet temperature. Air is cooled, enthalpy increases as a

result of humidification. Water is required to be externally heated.

4. Process 1-2 D Adiabatic saturation [ t1 = ts ]

where is t1 wet temperature .Pumped circulation of water.

Without any external heating or cooling.
5. Process 1-2 E : Cooling & Humidification[ td < ts < t1 1]

Similar to 1-2C with difference that the enthalpy of air

decreases. Water is required to be externally cooled.

6. Process 1-2 F : Cooling [ts = td] where td is the dew point

temperature. . Water is required to be externally cooled.

7.Process 1-2 G: Cooling & Dehumidification[ts < td ] air

is simultaneously cooled and dehumidified.
Conclusions

1. If the spray water is cooled external to the washer,

the WBT of air decreases.

2. If the spray water is heated external to the washer,

the WBT of air increases.

3. If the spray water is neither heated nor cooled external to

washer, the WBT of air is not changed.
SIMPLE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
 WINTER AIR CONDITIONING
 The winter conditions are say 150C & 20% R.H.

 Required comfort conditions are 240C & 60%.

 Requrement is indoor conditions are :

 Air conditioning apparatus for winter air conditioning
for comfort – involves heating and humidifying.
 In winter – Building loss –sensible heat – partially compensated by
solar heat gains, internal heat gains – from occupancy, lighting etc.
 Latent heat loss – due low outside air humidity –
compensated by latent heat gains from occupancy.

 In winter – heating load is less than cooling load in summer. Actual

situation – depends – swing of the outside temperature and humidity
w.r.to inside conditions.
 SUMMER AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

• Example: Summer A/C system for Hot & Dry

Outdoor
conditions:
• Such systems are used places like Nagpur,
Delhi, Bhopal etc.
• Required comfort conditions are 240C & 60%..

• Atmospheric conditions in summer are 400C DBT

& 20%.
YEAR ROUND AIR CONDITIONING
SUMMER AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM WITH VENTILATION AIR
– ZERO BY PASS FACTOR
• 0 - represents the outside state
• i- Inside air state
• 1- is the state of air after the mixing of re4circulated room air with
ventilation air.
Mixture entering the conditioning apparatus comprises- recalculates
air + ma0
mai
Total load on the Air conditioning apparatus = Q
 • BREAK UP OF THE LOAD
• Room Load:
• Sensible RSH
• Latent RLH
•
• Total RTH = RSH + RLH

• Ventilation Load :
• Sensible OASH
• Latent OALH
•
• Total OASH + OALH

OATH =

• AirTotal Sensible Equipment

Conditioning TSH = load:
RSH + OASH
• Total latent TLH = RLH + OALH
•
• Grant Total GTH = TSH + TLH
SUMMER AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM WITH VENTILATION AIR
–BY PASS FACTOR