ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL  Supporting Idea – the sentence that

PURPOSES REVIEWER develops or supports the main idea of a

paragraph.
LESSON 1
TEXT
 is defined in linguistic as a “stretch of PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH
language which is perceived as a purposeful DEVELOPMENT
connected whole.  DEDUCTIVE pattern – a paragraph
 may be spoken or written whose topic sentence is stated in the
 created by text-internal cohesion and text- beginning.
external coherence.  INDUCTIVE pattern- a paragraph
 Moreover, a text is not a grammatical unit, pattern whose topic sentence stated in
but “a product of communication or piece of the end
language whose shape is motivated by its  Deductive-inductive pattern- a
semantic purposes and pragmatics roles paragraph whose topic sentence is stated
(Collins and Hollo,2000).” in the beginning to end.
 Inductive-deductive pattern – a
COHESION: Text Internal – connection made
paragraph whose topic sentence stated in
between sentences
COHERENCE: Text External – based on the the middle.
interpretation of the reader  HINTED pattern- a paragraph whose
topic sentence is not stated but implied.
ACADEMIC TEXT 
 therefore is a product of communication or CLASSIFICATION OF PARAGRAPHS
piece of language used for academic Paragraphs are also classified according to
purposes or in relation to academic courses functions. Some serve to introduce the thesis or
(subject). main idea of the entire composition. Most of the
 may come in the form of minor grammatical support the thesis.
units such as words, phrases, clauses, and
sentences.  INDEPENDENT Paragraph – a paragraph
 Moreover, they may come in the form of that stands on its own; it usually serves a
major grammatical units such as paragraphs
composition, having a thesis of its own.
and compositions.
 INTRODUCTORY Paragraph – a
MINOR GRAMMATICAL UNITS paragraph that introduces the main idea of
1. WORDS – single unit of meaningful speech the entire composition; it is also called first,
2. PHRASE – small group of words opening, starting or beginning paragraph.
3. CLAUSES – subject and predicate  DEVELOPMENTAL Paragraph – a
4. SENTENCES – complete idea paragraph that develops/supports the thesis
5. MORPHEME – smallest grammatical unit of the entire composition; it is called
(prefix, sufix) developing or supporting paragraph.
 TRANSITIONAL Paragraph – a paragraph
* A paragraph is a set of related sentences having that connects two or more paragraphs; it is
only one idea embodied in a topic sentence. It also called connecting, linking, or joining
consists of a topic sentence and a supporting paragraph.
sentence.
 CONCLUDING Paragraph – a paragraph
that serve to end the entire composition; it is
PARTS OF A PARAGRAPH
 Topic sentence – the sentence that also called closing, ending finishing, or last
contains the thesis statement or main paragraph.
idea of a paragraph
  When summarizing, make sure that you
capture all the major points of a text, leaving
ACADEMIC TEXT AS ENTIRE out details which may confuse the readers.
COMPOSITIONS  Length- shorter than the original material
 Idea- similar to the original material, only
the main ideas included
The ABC or IBC format can also be translated to  Wording- different to original material
PRV (Preview- View- Review) format. Thus, the
writer tells the reader in the preview or introduction, PROCEDURES
then tells him in the view or body, and tells him
again in the review or conclusion. 1. Read the selected original material
carefully.
2. Reread the selection.
Language Used in Academic Texts 3. Write the summary as whole unit of
 Ordinarily, the language used in writing composition
academic text such as those in language and 4. Do not used to many words.
social science courses is the language used 5. Follow the order of the original select
by laymen. 6. Compare your summary with the original
 However, among the natural sciences and selection.
technical fields, a language specific to the 7. After doing the comparison, revise your
discipline is used; such language is called summary if there is a need for additions and /or
jargon, the language of a certain profession omissions
or occupation. 8. Remember that a good summary is
grammatically correct.

FORMS OF DISCOURSE HELPFUL TIPS

 Discourse is defined in linguistic as “any
stretch of language larger than a sentence, 1. Read the text over and over again
whether spoken or written, having 2. Identify the main idea. Present this as the
logically consistent and unified structure first sentence of your summary
 (e.g. a book, a glossary entry, a lecture, or 3. Put your feet into your reader’s shoes.
a speech. The term is often used as an 4. Explain unfamiliar words
equivalent of text (Collins and Hollo, 5. Ensure a smooth flow of ideas. Use
2000).” appropriate transition devices. Avoid
presenting your ideas in choppy manner.
1. Exposition – to explain 6. limit your summary to a few sentences
2. Description - to describe or state the 7. do not forget to proofread your works
qualities or characteristics of something
/someone. LESSON 3: PARAPHRASING
3. Narration – to narrate  is a process in which a writer restates the
4. Argumentation – to argue insights found in a reference using his or her
own words.
LESSON 2: SUMMARIZING  Whenever you paraphrased, always keep in
 is a synopsis or digest of the essence of an mind that your primary goal is to capture the
entire text essence of your selected passage using your
 a summary is included in reviews (as in a own words.
review of book or an academic text) or a
literally critique (as in a summary of short Paraphrase
story or a novel). LENGTH- almost the same as the original material
IDEA -similar to original material ;moreover both
the main and subordinate ideas are includes
WORDINGS -different from the original material  That is why referencing is a 'must' in
academic writing.
5 STEPS PARAPHRASING  Effective paraphrasing also demonstrates
your understanding of the information.
1. Read the original until you fully understand  Rephrasing or restating information from
it another source in your own words without
2. Paraphrase paragraphs without looking into changing the meaning.
the original  It is usually shorter than the original
3. Compare your paraphrasing with the
original LESSON 4: WRITING
4. Put quotation marks around any borrowed  is a process consisting of three stages-pre-
phrase/sentences writing, and post writing
5. Write the source or reference  One of the steps in the pre-writing stage us
organization of ideas or outlining.
HOW TO PARAPHRASE?
1. Change the structure of the sentence. Using OUTLINING
active voice is preferable to give impact  The writer list down all the ideas relevant to
except in the field of scientific text where the topic, sorts them all into major and
passive voice is usually used. In changing minor ones, and creates an outline out of
the structure of a sentence, the following them.
steps need be followed:
a. Read the original text a number of TWO SYSTEM OF OUTLINING
times to get and understand the
main ideas. ALPHANUMERIC SYSTEM
b. Write down the main ideas from  system which makes use of roman and
memory. Hindu-Arabic numbers as well as uppercase
c. Check what you have written and lowercase letters.
against the original text - make
sure you have retained the original DECIMAL SYSTEM
ideas and  makes use of symbols that look like decimal
2. Change the words in the sentence. One can numbers.
paraphrase by using synonyms that reflect
the intended meaning of the original text by CLASSIFICATION OF OUTLINE
the original author. The main ideas of the
original text could be the key words that  Outlines are classified into topic, sentence,
need be retained even when restated using and a paragraph outlines.
the preferred writing style of the writer.  The three types of outlines primarily differ
3. Look for words or phrases that can be based on the structures used as entries.
restated in a simpler way using simple
sentences.
4. Use a thesaurus or dictionary to find  Topic outlines have words and phrases as
synonymous words. entries, whereas sentence and paragraph
outlines have sentences.
 The last type however has a topic sentences
 Paraphrasing and summarizing require containing the main ideas of the
acknowledgment of the original authors paragraphs in the composition
where one took the information to avoid
intellectual stealing of ideas called LESSON 6: REACTION PAPER
plagiarism. ✓ According to Wikihow, a “reaction or response
 Plagiarism is against the ethics of writing paper “requires the
and it could be a form of stealing intellectual
properties.
writer to analyze a text, then develop commentary complexity of the text, its structure and
related to it. It is a organization, readership, authorship,
popular academic assignment because it requires the author’s writing style, language, diction, point
thoughtful reading, of view, and a similar items.
research, and writing.”
2. Meaningful counterclaims in response to
✓ As the term suggests, a reaction paper is a claims made in a text.
written discourse which These include the reader’s claims (fact, policy, and
expresses the writer’s reaction to a certain piece of value) that counteract the
writing or a claims made by the author in his/her text.
response to an event, incident, program, project, etc. Aside from formulating evaluative statements, the
reader must be able to
✓ Even if it’s primarily subjective because it determine textual evidences to validate
manifest the writer’s ideas assertions and counterclaims
and emotions regarding a certain thing, it is still made about a text read. The textual evidence
objective because it comes in the form of
is based on facts. quotations or citations.

SOURCES TO SUPPORT CLAIMS

FACT 1. Primarily sources are those which provide first-
- A fact is a truth, a reality, or a thing that exist or hand information to the
existed. researcher; these include persons, organizations,
plants and animals,
OPINION artifacts, documents and the likes.
- Opinion is a person’s view, appraisal or judgment
about, or attitude 2. Secondary sources are those which provide
towards a certain thing. second-hand information to
the researcher; these include books, periodicals
OPINION STATEMENT (newspaper and
- pure opinion; not provable; personal and magazines), internet or online materials, and other
changeable. Any statement sources not included
containing phrases such as I believe, I feel, in my among primary sources.
opinion are all
examples of an opinion statement. LANGUAGE USE
Language use is associated with register, “a term
Claim many modern linguists use
Counterclaim to describe what is also known as “ style ”, that is,
the variations in language
Claim: argument for an opinion which reflect such factors of “use” as whether the
Example: Children should have language used is spoken
cellphones or written, formal or informal, every day or
Counterclaim: Rebuttal to a claim belonging to a particular
occupation.
Example: Children should not have
cellphones Register varieties are defined according to their
social occupational origins;
1. Claims or assertions about the content and for instance, we can speak of a religious register, a
properties of a text register of advertising, or
read. a formal register (Collins & Hollo, 2000)”.
These textual properties include statements about
the length and Registers may be identified and defined in terms of
THREE DIMENSIONS:
1. Field – dimension of register which is associated 2. Formalistic or Literary Approach
with occupational A student employs the formalistic or literary
varieties, also known as jargons. Broadly speaking, approach when he focuses on
it refers to the subject of the structure or form of the reading selection.
the text. Therefore, in studying poetic
2. Tenor – dimension of register which is or prose narrative, his concerns are the elements
associated with the participants and such as setting, characters,
their relationship in the communication situation. It plot, theme, point of view, conflict symbolism.
refers to the social roles
filled by the people taking part and the personal 3. Historical Approach
relationships between them. A student should make use of historical approach if
3. Mode – dimension of register which is associated the reading selection
with the medium or deals with events having historical significance.
channel of communication that is primarily spoken Some written selections are
or written. based on actual happening; however, writers modify
real occurrence to
PRESENTING VIEWS create fiction.
The writer of reaction paper, review, or a critique This approach is especially useful if the selection
may have favorable and emphasizes event having
unfavorable views regarding a literary piece, book, great importance or influence or impact.
newspaper or magazine
article, film or movie or artwork. Positive views 4. Impressionistic Approach
may be presented ahead of Students express his/her impression of the entire
the negative ones, and vice versa. reading selection or of the
portion or element of it.
Lesson 7 For example, his/her impression of the protagonist.
Approaches in Writing a Critique What makes a reading
To appreciate a literary work better, a student selection memorable is his/her primary concern. As
should learn the inventory of he/she studies the
approaches to literary study and choose one that is selection, he/she looks for that thing regarding the
appropriate in reading selection which makes a
selection. lasting imprint in his/her mind. In short, he/she
looks for the unforgettable
Asuncion David-Maramba, in her book Philippine part in the selection.
Contemporary Literature,
offers seven of these approaches. 5. Moral or Humanistic Approach
1. Cultural Approach A student concerned about the morals or the
A student uses the cultural approach when he/she is morality of a character or of his
concerned about the acts, studies a reading selection moralistically or
culture of the race or group. humanistically.
Every ethnic group has a culture divided into two: Whether a character is moral or immoral or whether
a. Material Culture –which consists of group’s his act is good or evil is
tools, implement, what matters to a student who uses the moral or
objects, artifacts, and other items that have physical humanistic approach.
existence. (tangible)
b. Non-Material Culture- which consists of the 6. Psychological Approach
group’s A student who investigates on the mental
language, religion, beliefs, laws, folkways, customs, framework of the author as he
traditions, wrote the reading selection or on the psychological
and other items that have no physical existence. make-up of one or some
(intangible) of the characters in the narrative uses the
psychological approach.
He attempts to understand the behavior/s of the of the female, gays, or lesbians in the
character/s in the context of reading selection.
the circumstances that surround him/them. He tries
to answer this question: 4. Impressionistic or Reader-response
What factors must have caused him/them to act or Criticism
to behave in a certain manner a literary critic investigates on the positive
and negative responses of the readers to
7. Sociological Approach reading selection holistically or analytically.
A student who is concerned about societal problems
or social relationships 5. Historical Criticism
as they find expression in a reading selection uses a literary critic deals with the past events
the sociological and criticizes the manner by which the
approach. events influenced reading
selection.
He examines the kind of relationships that exists
between two characters, the 6. Linguistic Criticism or Rhetorical
degree of such relationship, and the factors that lead Criticism
to their good/bad a literary critic focuses on the etymology or
relationship. Otherwise, he looks into the problem origin of the words by the writer. He is
affecting the society concerned with the linguistic aspects of the
described in the selection, its causes and its impact literary text.
on the characters
interacting in it. 7. Political Criticism
a literary critic deals with the manner by
LESSON 8: DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF THE which politics, political systems, political
LITERARY CRITICISM parties and the likes affect the lives of the
character in the story or the ideology of the
Related to these approaches are the different writer.
schools of the literary criticism. Opposed to an
analysis done by a student who uses any of the 8. Sociological Criticism
above approaches, a critic does more than analysis; a literary critic investigates the way of
he comments positively and or/ negatively or a society affects the lives of the characters in
certain aspects of the reading selection. the reading selection.

There are schools of thought of some literary

criticism (C .John Holcombe, 2007) and they are
listed below

1. Biological Criticism
a literary critic depends on the life story of
the author in doing his critical analysis. He
investigates on the extent of influence of his
life or his experiences on his work.

2. Cognitive Scientific Criticism

a literary critic is guided by his knowledge
of science process to explain how a narrative
is structured

3. Gender Criticism (Feminist Criticism,

LGBT Criticism)
a literary critic comments on the treatment
Kinds of Jargon Meanings
Medicalese Language of doctors;
terms used in the field
of medicine.
Legalese Language of lawyer;
terms used in the field law.

Jouranalese Language of journalists;

terms used in the field
journalism/newspapering
Commercialese/ Language of businessmen;
Mercantilese term used in the field of
commerce and industry.
Technicalese Language used of technocrats;
terms used in the field of science and
technology
Diplomatese Language of diplomats; terms used in
the field of foreign service
Teacherese Language of teachers;term used in the
field of education
Motherese Language of mothers;term used in
parenting
Telegraphese Language of texters;term used in
telegrapy/texting
Computerese Language of computer
specialists;term used in the
information technology