EAPP Lessons

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reader to follow your line of thinking

EAPP without difficulty. Formal language and


the third person point-of-view should be
Academic Language used. Technical language appropriate to
area of study may also be used,
used from Various however, it does not mean using “big
words” just for the sake of doing so.
Disciplines
Citation
NATURE AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN Citing sources in the body of the
ACADEMIC TEXT paper and providing a list of references
as either footnotes or endnotes is a very
An academic text is a written important aspect of an academic text. It
language that provides information, is essential to always acknowledge the
which contain ideas and concepts that source of any ideas, research findings,
are related to the particular discipline. data, or quoted text that have been used
Essay, Research Paper, Report, Project, in a paper as a defense against
Article, Thesis, and Dissertation are allegations of plagiarism.
considered as academic texts.
Complexity
Structure
An academic text addresses complex
The basic structure that is used by an issues that require higher-order thinking
academic text is consist of three (3) skills to comprehend.
parts introduction, body, and conclusion
which is formal and logical. This kind of Evidence-based Arguments
structure enables the reader to follow the What is valued in an academic text is
argument and navigate the text. In that opinions are based on a sound
academic writing a clear structure and a understanding of the pertinent body of
logical flow are imperative to a cohesive knowledge and academic debates that
text. exist within, and often external to a
Tone specific discipline.

This refers to the attitude conveyed in Thesis-driven


a piece of writing. The arguments of The starting point of an academic text
others are fairly presented and with an is a particular perspective, idea or
appropriate narrative tone. When position applied to the chosen research
presenting a position or argument that problem, such as establishing, proving,
disagrees with one’s perspectives, or disproving solutions to the questions
describe the argument accurately posed for the topic.
without loaded or biased language.
Features of Academic Texts:
Language
It is important to use unambiguous
language. Clear topic sentences enable a
1. Complex - Written language has no - It usually takes place after research
longer words, it is lexically more varied and evaluation, according to specific
vocabulary. purpose and plan.
- Written texts are shorter and the Purposes in Reading an Academic Text
language has more grammatical
1. To locate a main idea;
complexity, including more subordinate
2. To scan for information;
clauses and more passives.
3. To identify gaps in existing
2. Formal - Should avoid colloquial studies;
words and expressions. 4. To connect new ideas to existing
ones;
3. Precise - Facts are given accurately
5. To gain more pieces of
and precisely.
information;
4. Objective - has fewer words that 6. To support a particular writing
emphasize on the information you want assignment; and,
to give and the arguments you want to 7. To deeply understand an existing
make idea.

- Mostly use nouns (adjectives), rather Factors to Consider in Writing


than verbs (adverbs). Academic Text

5. Explicit - It is the responsibility of 1. State critical questions and


the writer in English to make it clear to issues;
the reader how the various parts of the 2. Provide facts and evidence from
text are related. credible sources;
3. Use precise and accurate words
6. Accurate - Uses vocabulary while avoiding jargon;
accurately - Most subjects have words 4. Take an objective point of view;
with narrow specific meanings. 5. List references; and,
7. Hedging - It is necessary to make 6. Use cautious language
decisions about your stance on a ACADEMIC LANGUAGE
particular subject, or the strength of the
claims you are making. Academic language is the language
needed by students to do the work in
8. Responsible - You must be schools. It includes, for example,
responsible for and must be able to discipline-specific vocabulary, grammar
provide evidence and justification for and punctuation, and applications of
any claims you make. rhetorical conventions and devices that
9. Organize - Well-organized. are typical for a content area (e.g.,
essays, lab reports, discussions of a
- It flows easily from one section to controversial issue.) Students who
the next in a logical fashion. master academic language are more
10. Plan - Well-planned. likely to be successful in academic and
professional settings.
Social language is the set of  Instead…
vocabulary that allows us to  Consider, monitor
communicate with others in the context  Look at Revise, review
of regular daily conversations.  Go over
Social Language Academic Language  Solve, repair, and amend
In everyday In textbooks, research  Fix
interactions in papers, conferences
B. Objective - This means it is
spoken/written in spoken/written
form form unbiased. It should be based on facts and
For everyday Used in school/work evidence and are not influenced by
conversation conversations personal feelings.
Used to write to Appropriate for C. Impersonal - This involves avoiding
friends, family, or written papers, the personal pronouns ‘I’ and ‘we’. For
for other social classwork, homework
example, instead of writing ‘I will
purposes
show’, you might write ‘this report will
Informal, such as Very formal and
words like ''cool,'' more sophisticated in show’. The second person, ‘you’, is also
''guy,'' ''kidding'') its expressions, such to be avoided.
as words like An academic text is a reading
''appropriate,'' material that provides information which
''studies,''
include concepts and theories that are
''implementation''
related to the specific discipline.
Can use slang Don't use slang
expressions Common text includes introduction,
Can be repetitive Uses a variety of body, and conclusion. On one hand,
terms students who master academic language
Can use phrases Uses sentences are more likely to be successful in
Sentences don't Sentences begin with academic and professional settings.
follow grammar appropriate
conventions transitions, like, Thesis Statement and
necessarily, with ''moreover'' or ''in
phrases like, addition'') Outline Reading Text
''you're hungry?''
A thesis statement is the controlling
idea that you will develop in your paper.
CHARACTERISTICS OF This can be found usually at the end of
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE an introduction. A thesis statement can
be one sentence. However, if necessary,
A. Formal - It should not sound
it can also be two or three sentences.
conversational or casual. Colloquial,
idiomatic, slang or journalistic ELEMENTS OF A THESIS
expressions should particularly be STATEMENT
avoided.
1. Topic: The topic of your paper.
Examples: 2. Argument/Claim: This depends on
the type of paper you are writing. If it
 Use…
is an argumentative paper, then this An outline is a design to follow
should express your opinion. If it is a when writing a structure, a discourse, or
research or explanatory paper, this a article. It arranges a material in a
should explain the purpose of your logical way into main ideas, supporting
paper. ideas, and supporting details.
3. Evidence: The support for your
The main idea or topic is the main
argument/claim.
topic of the outline. All main topics are
- AIf you already have these three indicated by Roman numeral. Subtopics
elements, you can combine them to are noted by letters and supporting
create your thesis statement. details are indicated by Arabic
Numerals.
Example 1: (argumentative)
An outline can be a sentence outline or
1. Topic – The Harry Potter book
topic outline. A sentence outline is
series
written in full sentence while a topic
2. Argument – stole many fantastical
outline is in words or phrases.
elements from The Lord of the Rings
series GUIDELINES IN WRITING AN
3. Evidence – giant spiders, dangerous OUTLINE
hooded undead creatures (Dementors
1. Place the title at the center above the
and Nazgul), and a wise mentor.
outline.
2. Every level of the outline must have
Rings series. Some of the uncanny
at least two items (I and II, A and B, 1
similarities include giant spiders,
and 2).
dangerous hooded undead creatures,
3. Put a period after each numeral and
and a wise mentor that the hero must
letter.
learn to survive without.
4. Indent each new level of the outline.
Example 2: (Research/explanatory) 5. All items of one kind (roman
numerals, capital letters, Arabic
1. Topic – Chesse
numerals) should lineup with each
2. Argument – has healthy tendencies
other.
3. Evidence – calcium helps bones and
6. Capitalize the first letter of each
teeth, boosts the growth of good
item.
bacteria in the gut, and the protein
7. The terms Introduction, Body, and
helps cells repair themselves Research
Conclusion do not have to be included
has shown that cheese has healthy
in the outline. They are not topics; they
tendencies because its calcium
are merely organizational units in the
provides necessary nutrients for the
writer’s mind.
growth of bone and teeth, it boosts the
growth of food bacteria in the gut, and
Example:
it has protein that helps cells repair
themselves. Benjamin Franklin – Scientist and
Inventor
OUTLINE
I. Experiments with Electricity
A. Studied nature of Electricity recognition that (for example) a given
B. Discovered Lightning Equals text compares two entities, or that it
Electricity presents a problem and a solution to that
C. Invented Lightning Rod problem. Readers who can identify the
II. Other Scientific Work structure of a text are better able to
A. Inventions locate the information they need for
1. Bifocal Glasses successful comprehension.
2. Franklin Stove
TYPE OF TEXT STRUCTURES
3. Daylight Saving Time
B. Scientific Studies 1. Sequence (Process) Structure—in
1. Charted Gulf Stream this pattern, steps or phases of a
2. Worked on Soil process or project are specified
Improvement without cause-effect relationships
III. Importance as a Scientist being implied; a recipe or procedure
A. Scientific Honors for a science investigating would be
B. Writing Translated into Other examples of differing complexity.
Languages
C. Experts’ Comments Example: During flooding, one thing
that may probably save your life is an

Text Structure
improvised flotation device. You can
make one using your pants. First, knot
off the leg holes of your pants. Then,
Text Structure is the organizational hold the open waist and swing the pants
structure used within paragraphs or around to fill the legs with air. Promptly
longer texts, appropriate to genre and knot the waist to trap the air and hold
purpose. the pants underwater so that the air
would not escape
What are the benefits of
understanding this in developing 2. Time order/Chronology—this
one’s comprehension skill? pattern is found in most narrative
texts, where the plot unfolds over
Text structure is one specific type of
time; more complex texts use
prior (or background) knowledge that
literary devices, such as
skilled readers possess. Good readers
flashback and foreshadowing to
can identify important information in a
implicitly establish time order
text and are aware of how other textual
information relates to the important Example: Ondoy began to develop from
propositions. They can do this even an active low-pressure area to a tropical
when, as often happens, the text is not cyclone on September 24, 2009. The
well organized. These readers are following day, PAGASA raised storm
applying cognitive patterns—rhetorical signals all over the Philippine
structures—that they have already archipelago. At that point, signal no. 2
acquired, first via their oral language was raised in Catanduanes and other
experience and later via their reading. parts of Luzon. By Saturday morning,
These patterns guide them to the reports of flooding started to pour in.
Meanwhile, President Arroyo declared a laptop also comes with an AC adapter
state of calamity in Metro Manila. which charges the battery and serves as
Immediately after President Arroyo’s the source of electric power when it is
declaration, various government plugged in.
agencies began the rescue and relief
operations. As soon as Typhoon Ondoy 4. Definition Structure—
exited the Philippines, more and more Typically this pattern includes a
relief and rescue operations were “definition” and examples of
conducted. class membership/type,
attributes, and functions; It may
3. Events/Enumeration/ also include the parts and the
Description Structure—this relationship between the parts or
pattern usually covers a larger structure and function; in some
piece of writing rather than a instances, it will include ways
single paragraph. An something is similar to or
introductory paragraph is different from other things.
provided which states the topic
and facilitates the listing or Example: Social engineering is defined
elaboration of important as any method which tricks people to
descriptions, characteristics, or share personal information through the
attributes. use of technology. The “social”
component in this scheme means that
Example: A laptop is one of the greatest there is reliance on various
inventions of the modern era. It is a psychological tricks and on the
lightweight device that can save a vast gullibility of users rather than technical
amount of information. The screen, hacking. Social engineering also refers
touchpad, speakers, keyboard, battery, to various malicious acts online, such as
and AC adapter are the basic parts of a phishing, spamming, and pretexting.
laptop. The most noticeable part of a
laptop is its screen, which is responsible 5. Compare-Contrast Structure
for displaying information. Another —this pattern shows similarities
major component is the keyboard. On it and dissimilarities between
are the keys needed to enter data into the objects, actions, ideas, or
computer. Near the keyboard you will processes; headings and
find a smooth, rectangular surface which subheadings generally provide
acts like a desktop computer mouse— extra support/signals to readers
this is the touchpad. At the bottom part about this structure; often one
of this rectangular surface, you will see paragraph is dedicated to
buttons that operate like a mouse button. similarities and another to
Below the keyboard and touchpad, built differences.
into the laptop itself are the speakers Example: Are you not sure yet which
which allow you to hear sounds and phone to buy? To help you decide, this
music. Found at the back of the review will help you inspect the basic
keyboard is the battery; it serves as the similarities and differences of the
lifeline of the computer. Finally, a
flagship phones of two giant companies: different forms; at one extreme,
Apple’s iPhone 6 and Samsung’s the problem and solution are
Galaxy S5. Both brag to be the best labelled as such; at the other
smart phones in market to date. While extreme, the pattern is a series of
these state-of-the art phones have questions and answers that may
similarities in the form of their sleek or may not lead to a resolution of
design, multi-touch screen, and the problem or issue.
multimedia features, they have their
Examples: Today, most of the energy
distinctive features as well. First, Galaxy
resources we have are generated from
S5 has a larger screen at 5.1 inches as
coal, oil, and natural gas. However,
compared to iPhone 6’s 4.7 inches.
these resources are limited. If
6. Cause-Effect (Antecedent- continuously consumed at an alarming
Consequence) Structure— rate, fossil fuels necessary for generating
unlike the sequence pattern, this power to operate vehicles and factories
pattern carries the implication will run out before long. Nonetheless,
that the effect is produced by a this problem can be resolved through the
specific cause or that the use of alternative sources of energy and
consequences follow from the conservation efforts. First, using
specified antecedents; this might alternative sources of energy such as
be found in a discussion of solar energy and fusion energy would
science investigation results or lessen pollution.
historical articles linking
multiple causes and effects.
Examples: The advancement in
technology and economy has created
major changes in modern society. One
of these changes is globalization. As we
know, globalization has affected the
world in many ways. First, it served as a
catalyst to worldwide trading, thus
allowing countries to access foreign
products. Although this had positive
effects, it also posed a real threat to the
merchandise of local traders. Second,
globalization affected the financial
market. As a result, different countries
had more access to funds, and the
exchange in national currencies
dramatically increased.
7. Problem Solution
(Hypothetical) Structure—this
pattern may follow a number of

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