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Order or sequence- the text structure that gives readers
a chronological of events or a list of steps in a

Academic writing- forms of expository and
procedure.
argumentative prose used by university students…
Problem solution- an essay in which a problem is
Academic writing is expected to be precise, semi-
described, and a response or solution is proposed or
formal, impersonal, and objective.
explained.
Academic writing has its own purpose, process,
IMRAD/IMRD
language, and style.
INTRODUCTION- Why did you do this study?
Process of academic writing
METHODS- How did you do it?
1. Posing a question
2. Problematizing a concept RESULTS- What did you find?
3. Evaluating an opinion
DISCUSSION- What does it mean?
4. Answering the question
5. Clarifying the problem
6. Arguing for a stand
IMRAD
Purpose of academic writing
 General-specific-general
 Inform  Manuscript format
 Argue a specific point  Core part of your research
 Persuade  Vase shaped
Language of academic writing
1. Choice of words- avoid colloquialisms and THESIS STATEMENT- (argumentative) it gives the reader
idioms the idea of what your paper is all about. End of the first
2. Grammar- use nominalizations, use positive paragraph.
words, avoid shortening of words, avoid “you”
word TOPIC SENTENCE- shows what the paragraph is about.
3. Signposting- makes the text as clear as possible. Beginning of a paragraph.
Use signal words and linking words and phrases. OUTLINING- a plan for or a summary of a writing project
4. Hedging- make statements as accurate as or speech.
possible.
SUMMARIZING- clear, crisp, and concise way. To
Academic text- formal in structure and style. They restate the main points without given examples or
might be textbooks or just straightforward texts. details such as dates, numbers, or statistics.
Academic Language- these are words and syntactic Note-taking- the practice of recording information
structures that students are likely to encounter in captured from another source
textbooks and tests, but not in every day, spoken
English. CRITIQUE- a text that expresses judgement on anything
that can be procured so that its readers will have initial
Text structures information before making any related decisions about
 Organized it.
 General to specific PARAPHRASING- a technique of a reader in which they
 Something new every paragraph state something written or spoken in different words or
 Use topic sentence their own words, especially in a shorter and simpler
form to make the meaning clearer.
ANNOTATING- a technique of a reader in which they

Examples of text structures
underline, circle, or highlight words, phrases or
Descriptive/description- a type of 3-part essay sentences that contain important details.
structure that features a detailed description of
WAYS TO EXPLAIN A CONCEPT
something to give the reader a mental picture.
1. DEFINITION- method of identifying a given term
Cause and effect
and making its meaning clearer.
Comparison and contrast- this essay discusses the
Formal- explain a term to be defined, category, and
similarities and differences between two or more
details
people.
Informal- done through a parenthetical or brief
explanation
Extended- detailed way of defining and term and

usually composed of at least one paragraph.
SIGNAL WORDS FOR DEFINITION: as defined, for

example, for instance, is defined as, such as, to illustrate
2. EXPLICATION- method of explanation in which

sentences, verses, quotes or passages are taken
from a literary work then interpreted and
explained in a detailed way.
3. CLARIFICATION- method of explanation in
which the points are organized from a general
abstract idea to specific and concrete examples.
SIGNAL WORDS FOR CLARIFICATION: after all, in other

words, in particular, specifically, to clarify, to be specific
CRITICAL APPROACHES IN STUDYING LITERATURE
Reader-response criticism- affirms that the meaning of

texts depends on how a reader reacts to it.
Reader-response approach- primarily deals with the

process of creating meaning and experiencing the text
as it is being read.
Formalistic criticism- asserts that the meaning of text

depends on the form.
Psychological criticism- based on Sigmund Freud’s

psychoanalytic approach. Asserts that any text is a
reflection of its author’s mind and personality.
Sociological criticism- claim that the social environment

must be considered in analyzing and interpreting a text.
Focuses on the values of a society…
Marxist criticism- focuses on the economic and political

elements of art, often emphasizing the ideological
content of literature.
Biographical criticism- to better understand any text,

the author’s life and background must be taken in to
account.
Feminist criticism- concerned with the role, position,

and influence of women in a literary text.
New historicist criticism- claims that every literary text

is a product of its time and its world. Utilizing this
approach emphasizes the background information
imperative to better understand how literary texts were
perceived in their time

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Order or sequence- the text structure that gives readers

a chronological of events or a list of steps in a

ANNOTATING- a technique of a reader in which they

Extended- detailed way of defining and term and

SIGNAL WORDS FOR DEFINITION: as defined, for

2. EXPLICATION- method of explanation in which

SIGNAL WORDS FOR CLARIFICATION: after all, in other

CRITICAL APPROACHES IN STUDYING LITERATURE

Reader-response criticism- affirms that the meaning of

Reader-response approach- primarily deals with the

Formalistic criticism- asserts that the meaning of text

Psychological criticism- based on Sigmund Freud’s

Sociological criticism- claim that the social environment

Marxist criticism- focuses on the economic and political

Biographical criticism- to better understand any text,

Feminist criticism- concerned with the role, position,

New historicist criticism- claims that every literary text

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