Chapter 6

Chemistry – IX Chapter No.
06 ----- States Of Matter
CHAPTER # 6
STATES OF MATTER
MATTER:
Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter.
Example: Oxygen, Iron, Water etc.
STATE OF MATTER:
The three common states of matter are:
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
COMPARE PROPERTIES OF SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS:
SOLID LIQUID GAS
In solid state, molecules are In liquid state, molecules are In gaseous state, molecules
tightly packed. not tightly packed. are lying away.
They have only back and Their positions are not fixed They can move in all
forth motion about their and they can move in all direction easily.
fixed position. direction.
They possess definite shape They do not have any They have no definite shape
and definite volume. definite shape and volume. and volume.
Solids are incompressible. Liquids are incompressible. Gases are compressible.
Solid cannot diffuse in Liquids can diffuse in each Gases can diffuse in each
other solids in same. other. other.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY:

POSTULATES:
1. Matter is composed of very tiny particles called molecules.
2. These molecules are always in motion.
3. They possess kinetic energy.
4. There are 3 states of matter which are according to arrangements of molecule.
SUBLIMATION:
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Chemistry – IX Chapter No. 06 ----- States Of Matter
Some solids upon heating instead of changing into liquid state are converted directly into
gaseous state. This process is called sublimation.
Example: Iodine, ammonium chloride and naphthalene.
MELTING POINT:
The temperature at which, solid starts melting is called melting point. At this point solid
particles lose their fixed positions as well as their arrangements and thus solids converted into
liquid.
Example: Melting point of ice is 0◦C or 32◦F.
FUSION:
The rise in temperature is used in change of state from solid to liquid and it is called fusion.
Example: Ice is solid and it converts into liquid on heating.
EVAPORATION:
Due to increase of kinetic energy certain molecules start escaping from the surface of liquid
and this escape of molecule is called evaporation.
Example: Water evaporate at 100◦C, ethyl alcohol evaporate at 78◦C.
BOILING POINT:
The temperature at which the vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal to the external
pressure and at this temperature liquid starts boiling. This temperature is called boiling point.
Example: Boiling point of water is 100◦C; boiling point of olive oil is 300◦C.
VAPORIZATION:
The rise in temperature is used in change of state from liquid to gas, this change is called
vaporization.
Example: Liquid nitrogen vaporizes at -196◦C.
DIFFUSION:
The spreading of a substance through medium is called diffusion.
Example: Air or Liquid.
DIFFUSION IN LIQUID:
Liquid is intermediate between gaseous and solid states. Like gases, liquid molecules are able
to move and flow and diffuse. The rate of movement of liquid molecules is smaller than
gases, hence they diffuse slower than gases.

Example: Add 2 drops of blue ink in 200 ml of water in a beaker. It’s seen that blue color of
ink spread slowly in water and the whole water becomes bluish after sometime.
It means that the diffusion also occurs in liquid but the rate of diffusion in liquid is slower
than gases.
DIFFUSION IN GASES:
It is observed that when a sample of gas is free in one part of the closed container, its
molecule very quickly spread throughout the container. In some cases we can smell a gas as it
diffuses throughout the room.
Example: Molecule of perfume spread throughout the room, smell of H2S gas spread in
laboratory etc.
GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION:

STATEMENT:
“The rate of diffusion of gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density or the
square root of the molecular mass of the gas”.
MATHEMATICAL FORMULA:
1
r∝
√d
Where, r =rate of diffusion
d=density of gas
Example: Ammonia (NH3) gas diffuses much faster than hydrogen chloride gas (HCL) (due
to less molecular mass of NH3 than HCL) as a result white fumes of ammonium chloride
(NH4CL) are formed.
BROWNIAN’S MOTION:
In 1827, an English scientist Robert Brown gave an idea about the molecular movement
(motion) of particles through medium.
STATEMENT:
“The continuous, rapid, zig-zag motion of suspended particles through a medium is called
Brownian’s Motion.
Brownian motion can be explained by the following experiment:
EXPERIMENT:
Mix some powdered Sulphur in water and stir it. Filter the suspended Sulphur. Some of the
Sulphur particles are very small and they can pass through pores of filter paper into filtrate.
Now put a drop of filtrate on a slide and examine it under high power microscope.

OBSERVATION:
It is observed that sulphur particles (yellow in color) perform rapid zig-zag movement
through the water molecules.
CONCLUSION:
Brownian movement of the suspended particles reflects the movement of the water
molecules.

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Chemistry – IX Chapter No.

06 ----- States Of Matter

COMPARE PROPERTIES OF SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS:

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Solids are incompressible. Liquids are incompressible. Gases are compressible.

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY:

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GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION:

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