LESSON1 -Matter In Our surroundings

Definition of Matter – Any substance that occupies space, has mass and can be felt by our sense
organs is called matter For e.g. iron ,air, sugar, water, hydrogen , oxygen, sand, etc.
Characteristics of particles of Matter ---
➢ Matter is made up of particles.
➢ Particles of matter are very, very small.
➢ Particles of matter have space between them which are known as interparticle spaces.
➢ Particles of matter are continuously moving.The particles possess kinetic energy.
➢ There are forces of attraction between the particles which are known as the inter particle
forces of attraction.
Two properties which show particle nature of matter are-
1. Diffusion -The intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion.
The rate of diffusion becomes faster with increase in temperature because at higher temperature, the
particles have more kinetic energy and hence move faster.
Diffusion among solids is rare and very slow .For e.g. chalk particles stick to the green board if not rubbed
for few days’
Diffusion in liquids is easier as compared to solids.For e.g. salt or sugar in water (diffusion of solid in liquid)
, oxygen or carbon dioxide in water (diffusion of gas in liquid) , milk in water(diffusion of lquid in liquid).
2. Brownian Motion - The zig zag movement of the particles suspended in a liquid or gas is called
Brownian motion.
Brownian motion can be observed in gases. Sometimes, when a beam of sunlight enters a room, we can se
tiny particles suspended in air which are moving rapidly in a very haphazard way. The tiny dust particles
move here and there because they are constantly hit by the fast moving particles of air.
Physical Classification of Matter:
Matter

Solid Liquid Gas Plasma B.E.C

B.E.C – Bose Einstein condensate

I.Solids: A solid is a substance which is hard , rigid, incompressible and has a definite shape and volume.
Examples are table, iron, etc.
II.Liquid : A liquid is a substance which has a define volume but no define shape, possesses fluidity and is
almost incompressible . Examples are milk, water, oil, kerosene,etc.
III.Gases: A gas neither has a definite shape nor a define volume , is highly compressible and can flow
easily. It takes the shape and volume of the vessel containing it. Examples are steam, oxygen, nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, chlorine, etc.
Comparison of Some Important Characteristics of Solid, Liquid and Gas
 S/ Characteristics Solid Liquid Gas
No
1. Shape and Solids have fixed Liquids have fixed volume Gases have no
Volume shape and definite but no definite shape fixed volume and
volume shape
2. Packing of Solid particles are Liquid particles are not so Gaseous particles
particles tightly or closely closely packed like solid are very loosely
packed. particles. packed.
3. Interparticle are very strong . Interparticle forces are Interparticle
forces of strong enough to keep the forces are very
attraction particles together but not weak and the
strong enough to keep them particles are free
in fixed position to move
4. Inter particle Very small inter Inter particle spaces are Inter particle
spaces particle spaces larger as compared to spaces are quite
solids. large.
5. Density Solids have high Liquids have high density Gases have low
(Ratio of mass density but lesser than solids. density
and volume of a
substance)=
Mass/ volume

6. Rigidity Hard and rigid Do not. possess rigidity. Do not. possess

(tendency to rigidity.
maintain shape
when force is
applied)
7. Fluidity Solids do not flow Liquids generally flow Gases flow freely
(tendency to easily
flow)
8. Compressibility Incompressible Almost incompressible Highly
(tendency to compressible.
reduce volume
when pressure is
applied)
9. Kinetic energy Molecules of solid Molecules of liquid have Molecules of
(Energy due to have least K.E. more K.E than solids gases have
Motion of maximum K.E.
particles)
10. Diffusion Diffusion is rare and Diffusion can occur easily. Diffusion is easy
very slow. and very fast.

CAN MATTER CHANGE ITS STATE

Matter can exist in three physical states: solid, liquid and gas. We can change the physical state of matter in
the following two ways:
➢ By changing the temperature
➢ By changing the pressure
I.Effect of Change of Temperature:
By increasing the temperature, a solid can be converted into liquid state and a liquid can be converted into
gaseous state. The change of temperature can bring about the following changes:
(i)Melting or fusion – The conversion of solid into liquid on heating is known as melting or fusion.
(ii)Boiling or vapourisation - The conversion of liquid into gas on heating is known as boiling or
vapourisation .
(iii) Condensation – The conversion of gas into liquid on cooling is known as condensation.
(iv) Freezing – The conversion of liquid into solid on cooling is known as freezing.
Heat (Melting) Heat (Boiling)
Solid State Liquid State Gaseous State
Cool (Freezing) Cool (Condensation)

Melting point - The temperature at which a solid melts and changes into liquid at atmospheric pressure is
called the melting point of the substance. Melting point of ice is 00C or 273K.
It is the measure of the force of attraction between the particles. Higher melting point of a substance
indicates strong forces of attraction between its particles.
Latent Heat of Fusion:The latent heat of fusion of a solid is the quantity of heat in joules required to
convert one kg of solid into liquid at its melting point and atmospheric pressure.For Example : Latent heat of
fusion of ice is 3.34 x 105 J/kg.
At 00 C, ice starts melting and converts to water. Once the ice starts melting, the temperature remains
constant at 00 C until all the ice is converted to water because the heat energy supplied is used in changing
the state of ice from solid to liquid by overcoming the force of attraction between the particles. Latent heat
does not increase the kinetic energy of water particles and hence, no rise in temperature takes place during
melting of ice.
(ii) Boiling/vapourisation - The process in which a liquid substance changes into vapour or gas on heating
at atmospheric pressure is called boiling.
Boiling point - The temperature at which a liquid boils and changes into gas or vapour at atmospheric
pressure is called the boiling point of the substance. Boiling point of water is 1000C or 373K.
Latent Heat of Vapourisation : Latent heat of vapourisation of liquid is the quantity of heat in joules
required to convert one Kg of liquid into vapour at its boiling point and atmospheric pressure. Latent heat of
vapourisation of water = 22.5 x 105 J/Kg.
At 1000 C, water starts boiling and converts to steam. Once the water starts boiling, the temperature remains
constant at 1000 C until all the water is converted to steam because the heat energy supplied is used in
changing the state of water from liquid to vapour by overcoming the force of attraction between the
particles. Latent heat does not increase the kinetic energy of water particles and hence, no rise in
temperature takes place during boiling of water.
(iii)Sublimation:The changing of a solid directly into vapour on heating and changing of vapour into solid
on cooling is known as sublimation.
Heating
Solid Vapour (or Gas)
Cooling
The common substances which undergo sublimation are : Ammonium chloride, Iodine, Camphor,
naphthalene . carbon dioxide and anthracene.
Scales of Measuring the Temperature:
Temperature is a measure of degree of hotness or coldness of a substance.There are three scales in which
temperatures can be measured. These are known as Celsius scale (oC) Fahrenheit (0F) and Kelvin scale
(K).The SI unit of temperature is K.
• Thermometers with Celsius scale are calibrated from 00C to 1000 C.
• Thermometers with Fahrenheit scale are calibrated from 320 F to 2120F.
• Kelvin scale of temperature is S.I Scale .
Formula relating Kelvin scale and Celsius scale is K = 0C + 273

II.Effect of Change of pressure:Difference in various states of matter is due to the difference in the
distances between constituent particles. It has been observed that on applying pressure and reducing
temperature, gases may be liquefied.
When gas is cooled and a high pressure is applied to a gas, particles of the gas come so close together that
they start attracting each other sufficiently to form liquid. Thus, gases can be liquefied by applying high
pressure and temperature.
Solid carbon dioxide known as dry ice is stored under high pressure because on decreasing the pressure on
it, it gets converted directly into carbon dioxide gas. This change in state directly from solid to gas is known
as sublimation.

EVAPORATION - The process during which a liquid changes into vapour (or gas) even below its boiling
point is called evaporation.
Evaporation of a liquid can take place even at room temperature, though it is faster at higher temperature. It
is a surface phenomenon because it occurs at the surface of a liquid only.The particles at the surface of the
liquid become energetic on colliding with each other and they are able to overcome the interparticle forces
and escape into the air in the form of vapour.
Factors Affecting Evaporation : The evaporation of a liquid depends mainly on the following factor:-
(i) Temperature : With the increase in temperature, more particles acquire sufficient kinetic energy to go
into vapor state. Hence, the rate of evaporation increases on increasing the temperature.
(ii) Surface Area : Evaporation is a surface phenomenon . If the surface area of a liquid exposed to air in
increased, the rate of evaporation of the liquid increases.
(iii) Wind speed - With the increase of wind speed , the water vapour is carried away easily.This increases
the rate of evaporation of water.
(iv)Humidity of Air : Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. High humidity in air decreases
the rate of evaporation as the air already contains large amount of water vapour.
Evaporation Cause Cooling:When a liquid evaporates, it absorbs latent heat of vapourisation from the
system or surroundings. By losing heat, the system and surroundings get cooled.

Difference between boiling and evaporation

Boiling Evaporation
1. Boiling is a bulk phenomenon.It occurs Evaporation is a surface phenomenon and
from the surface as well as from below occurs only from the surface of the liquid.
the surface of the liquid.
2. Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature Evaporation takes place at a temperature
known as the boiling point of the liquid. below boiling point.
3. Heating is required for boiling. Evaporation may occur without heating
too.
4. No cooling is caused during boiling. Cooling is always caused during
evaporation.