Matter in Our Surrounding.

Chapter -1 Matter In Our
Surrounding
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
------------------------ MATTER ------------------
Solids Liquids Gases
Particles are too

loosely packed
Particles of water
magnified millions
of times
When we dissolve salt in water, the particles
of salt get into the spaces between particles
of water.
Particles are varying and have spaces between them
a, b and c show the magnified schematic pictures of the three states

of matter. The motion of the particles can be seen and compared in
the three states of matter. Dig. Three states of matter
Matter
The matter is the material of which everything in this universe, in and around us
is made up of in different shapes. It is anything that occupies space and has mass and
offers resistance to any applied force.
Physical Nature of Particles :
Matter is made up of particles. The particles of matter are very-very small.
Characteristics of Particles :
(i) Particles of matter are continuously moving i.e., they possess kinetic
energy. As the temperature rises, particles moves faster because kinetic
energy of the particles increases.
(ii) Particles of matter have space between them. When we make tea, coffee
or lemonade (nimbu pani), particles of one type of matter get into the
space between particles of the other. This shows that there is enough
space between particles of matter.
(iii) Particles of matter attract each other. When we open a water tap, try to
break the stream of water with your fingers, can we do this ? No,
because the stream of water remains together. Particles of water are held
together because of the force of attraction between them.
• The space between the particles and kinetic energy of particles is minimum
in solids, intermediate in liquids and maximum in gases.
• The force of attraction between the particles is strongest in solids,
intermediate in liquids and weakest in gases.
Movement of particles is minimum in solids, more in liquids and maximum

in gases.
Solid Liquid Gas

Arrangement of particles in three states of matter and their
movements
States of Matter
The physical states of a matter are : (i) Solid, (ii) Liquid, (iii) Gas.
We can classify our body into three states of matter i.e.,
(i) Bones and teeth are solids.
(ii) Blood and water present in our body are liquids.
(iii) Air in our lungs is gaseous and also there is 70% of water is in our body.
(i) Solid State:
Characteristics of solid states are :
(a) Have definite shape.
(b) Have distinct boundaries.
(c) Have rigidity and incompressibility.
(d) Have definite volume.
Example : Rubber band is a solid because it can change its shape under force
and regains its shape when force is removed. If excessive force is applied, it breaks.
The solids have fixed and rigid shape. The kinetic energy of the particles in the
solid state is very less and therefore, solids have fixed and rigid shape.
• We can compress sponge as its pores are filled with air but it is solid.
• Salt and sugar take the shape of the container in which they are placed but
shape of their crystals do not change, so they are solids.
(ii) Liquid State:
The characteristics of liquid state are :
(a) Have fluidity i.e., they are not rigid.
(b) Low compressibility.
(c) No definite shape and boundaries. They take the shape of the
vessels.
(d) Have definite volume.
• Force of attraction between the particles of liquid keeps its volume same.
• Liquids are substances having fixed (definite volume) and no fixed shape.
They take the shape of the container in which they are stored.
• The gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere diffuse and
dissolve in water. Due to these gases aquatic plants and animals are able to
survive. Diffusion is much more in liquids than in solids due to free
movement of particles of liquids.
(iii) Gaseous State:
The characteristics of gaseous state are :
(a) Have fluidity.
(b) Have high compressibility.
(c) Have no definite boundaries.
(d) Have no definite shape.
(e) Have no definite volume.
• The particles in a gas are free to move in any direction hence gases can flow.
• Gases are substances that do not have fixed volume and occupy all the
volume available to them.
• Pressure of gas is the force applied on the walls of vessel by the irregular
moving gas particles.
Change of State of Matter :
• Water can exist in three states of matter i.e., solid - ice, liquid - water, gas - water
vapour.
• On heating ice melts into water and then converts into water vapours. Change in
the physical state of matter can be done in two ways :
(A) By Changing the Temperature :
Thermometer
Stirrer
Calorimeter
Ice cubes-
03
(a) Melting of ice to form water (b) Boiling of water to form water vapour
(i) Melting Point : The temperature at which a solid melts to form liquid at
atmospheric pressure is called its melting point. Melting point of ice is
273.16 K (0° C). During melting the temperature of ice does not rise
even though heat is being supplied continuously due to latent heat of
fusion. This latent heat of fusion is used up to overcome the forces of
attraction between ice particles. At 0° C energy of water particles is
much more than the energy of particles of ice at 0° C.
• Latent Heat of Fusion : The amount of heat required to change 1 kg solid to its
liquid state (at its melting point) at atmospheric pressure.
(ii) Boiling Point : The temperature at which a liquid boils to form vapours
at atmospheric pressure is called its boiling point. Boiling point of water
is 373 K (100° C + 273 = 373 K).
• Latent Heat of Vapourization : The amount of heat required to change 1 kg
liquid to its gaseous state (at its boiling point) at atmospheric pressure.
• During boiling the temperature of water does not rise even though heat is
being supplied continuously as this heat of vapourization is used up to over
the forces of attraction between water particles.
At 100° C, energy of water vapours is much more than the energy of water at
100° C.
So, we can change one state of matter to another state by changing temperature.
Heat Heat
Solid State Liquid State Gaseous State
Cool Cool
• At 25°C, water is liquid.

At 0° C, water is solid (ice).
At 100° C, water is gaseous state (steam).
(iii) Sublimation : The change of solid directly into vapours on heating
and of vapours into solid on cooling without passing through the intervening liquid state
is called sublimation.
Example : When camphor or ammonium chloride is heated in a China dish
covered by a inverted funnel (with cotton plug in its upper open end), the vapours of
ammonium chloride are converted into solid ammonium chloride on coming in contact
with the cold inner walls of the funnel.
China dish
Mixture of
NH4C1 + NaCl
Wire gauge
Burner
Stand
Sublimation of Ammonium Chloride (B)

Effect of Change of Pressure :
If we compress a gas in a cylinder, the distance between the particles of gas is
reduced and finally gas is liquefied on lowering temperature.
• By applying high pressure, the particles of a gas can be brought close
together.
• Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) is changed into carbon dioxide gas directly
without changing into liquid when pressure is reduced to one
atmospheric pressure.
• Thus, states of matter i.e., solid, liquid, gas are determined by
temperature & pressure.
Evaporation : A surface phenomenon in which liquid changes into vapours at any

temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation. Particles on the surface of a
liquid have higher kinetic energy than others, so they break. The forces of attraction
between the particles & escape from the surface of liquid in the form of vapours.
Factors affecting evaporation : Rate of evaporation depends on :
(a) Exposed surface area : On increasing surface area of liquid, rate of
evaporation increases.
(b) Increase in temperature : Increases kinetic energy of particles hence
rate of evaporation increases.
(c) Humidity : When the humidity of air (degree of dampness of air) is low,
evaporation rate is increased. More humidity, less evaporation.
(d) Wind : When wind speed increases, rate of evaporation also increases.
Evaporation always causes cooling : The cooling caused by evaporation is based on the
fact that when a liquid evaporates, it takes latent heat of vaporization from surroundings
which on losing heat get cooled.
Examples:
(i) When we put acetone on our hand, it gets evapourized by taking heat
from our hand and our hand feels cool.
(ii) We should wear cotton clothes in summer to keep cool and comfortable
as cotton is good absorber of water, so it absorbs the sweat from our
body and exposes it to air for evaporation of sweat
thus cools our body.
(iii) Often people sprinkle water on ground during summer. This water takes
heat from ground and surrounding air to evaporate, thus making the
place cool.

Matter in Our Surrounding.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Matter in Our Surrounding.

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Matter in Our Surrounding.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter -1 Matter In Our

Solids Liquids Gases

Particles are too

a, b and c show the magnified schematic pictures of the three states

Movement of particles is minimum in solids, more in liquids and maximum

Solid Liquid Gas

• At 25°C, water is liquid.

Sublimation of Ammonium Chloride (B)

Evaporation : A surface phenomenon in which liquid changes into vapours at any

You might also like