IX-1-Matter in Our Surroundings

NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA SAMITI, NOIDA
E-CONTENT PREPARATION
FOR CLASS 9TH SCIENCE
CHAPTER-: MATTER IN OUR
SURROUNDINGS
BY
G.R. Maskeri, PGT CHEMISTRY
JNV, Dharwad
LEARNING OUTCOMES AND GOALS
Students will be able to:
•Discuss the physical nature of mater
•List out the characteristics of particles of matter
•Explain the states of matter
•Identify the shape and volume of solids, liquids
and gases
•List out the characteristics and properties of
matter
•Discuss the diffusion states of matter
•Explain the forces of attraction between the
particles of matter
•Describe the effect of temperature on matter
1a) Matter:
Matter is anything which

occupies space and has mass.
Examples : Air, Rice. Water. Chair, etc.
Non examples : Feelings like love,
Smell, etc.
b) Classification of matter:
i) Early Indian philosophers classified in the
form of five basic elements as air, earth, fire,
sky and water called Panch Tatva.
ii) On the basis of the physical state matter is
classified as solids, liquids and gases.
iii) On the basis of chemical composition
matter is classified as pure substances and
mixtures.
Pure substances may be elements or
compounds.
Mixtures may be homogeneous mixtures or
heterogeneous mixtures.
2) Physical nature of matter :-
i) Matter is made up of particles.
ii) The particles of matter are very
tiny.
iii) The particles of matter have space
between them.
iii) The particles of matter are
continuously moving.
iv) The particles of matter attract each
other.
a) Matter is made up particles
Activity :- Take some water in a beaker and
note its level. Dissolve some salt or sugar in it
with the help of a glass rod. The salt dissolves
in the water but the level of water does not
change. This is because the particles of water
get into the space between the particles of
water. This shows that matter is made up of
particles.
b) The particles of matter are very tiny :-
Activity :- Dissolve 2 – 3 crystals of potassium permanganate
in 100ml of water in a beaker. Take 10ml of this solution and
dissolve in 100ml of water. Take 10ml of this solution and
dissolve in 100ml of water. Repeat this process 5 – 6 times.
This shows that a few crystals of potassium permanganate can
colour a large volume of water because there are millions of
tiny particles in each crystal.
10ml 10ml 10ml
I00ml 100ml 100ml 100ml

C) The particles of matter have space
between them :-
Activity :- Take some water in a beaker and note
its level. Dissolve some salt or sugar in it with the
help of a glass rod. The salt dissolves in the water
but the level of water does not change. This is
because the particles of salt get into the space
between the particles of water.
d) Particles of matter are continuously moving :-
Activity :- Take some water in a beaker and put a drop of
blue or red ink slowly along the sides of the beaker. Leave
it undisturbed for a few hours. The ink spreads evenly
throughout the water due to the movement of the particles
of water and ink.
The intermixing of two or more different types of matter
on their own is called diffusion.
e) Particles of matter attract each other :-
Activity :- Take an iron nail, a piece of chalk and a rubber
band. Try breaking them by hammering, cutting or
stretching. It is more easier to break the chalk, less
easier to break the rubber band and difficult to break the
iron nail. This is because the particles in the iron nail are
held together with greater force than in the rubber band
or chalk.
3) States of matter
• Matter exists in three different
states.
They are :-
i) Solid
ii) Liquid
iii) Gas
States of matter
Solid
A substance is said to be solid if it possesses
a definite volume and definite shape
e.g. sugar, rock , table , gold , iron etc.
In solids, the constituent particles are held

very close to each other in an orderly
fashion and there is not much freedom of
movement .
LIQUID
A substance is said to be liquid, if it possesses a
definite volume but no definite shape. They take
up the shape of the vessel in which they are put.
e.g. water, milk, petrol, oil, mercury, alcohol etc.
In liquids the particle are close to each other

but they can move around .
Gas
A substance is said to be a gas if it
neither possesses a definite volume nor a
definite shape. e.g. hydrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, air etc.
In gaseous matter, the particles are far

apart as compared to those present in
solid or liquid state and their movement is
easy and fast.
3) States of matter :-
a) Properties of solids :-
i) Solids have definite shapes and fixed volume.
ii) The space between the particle is minimum.
iii) The force of attraction between the particles is maximum.
iv) The movement of the particles is minimum.
v) They are least compressible.
vi) Their rate of diffusion is least.
b) Properties of liquids :-
i) Liquids have no definite shape but have fixed volume.
Liquids take
the shape of the container.
ii) The space between the particles is intermediade.
iii) The force of attraction between the particles is
intermediate.
iv) The movement of the particles is intermediate.
v) They are less compressible.
vi) Their rate of diffusion is more than solids.
C) Properties of gases :-
i) Gases have no definite shape or fixed volume. Gases
occupy the
whole space of the container.
ii) The space between the particles is maximum.
iii) The force of attraction between the particles is minimum.
iv) The movement of the particles is maximum.
v) They are most compressible.
vi) Their rate of diffusion is more than solids and liquids.
4) Change of state :-
When a solid is heated it changes into liquid. When a liquid is heated
it changes into gas.
When a gas is cooled it changes to liquid. When a liquid is cooled it
changes into solid.
Eg:- If ice is heated it changes into water. If water is heated it changes
into steam. If steam is cooled it changes into water. If water is cooled it
changes into ice.
Heat Heat
Solid state Liquid state Gaseous state
Cool Cool
a) Melting (Fusion) :-
When a solid is heated, the particles begin to vibrate with greater
speed and begin to move more freely. Then at a particular temperature
the solid melts and changes into liquid. The process of melting is also
known as fusion.
The temperature at which a solid melts is called its melting point. The
melting point of ice is 00C or 273 K.
Latent heat of fusion :-
The amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of a solid into
liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is called the latent
heat of fusion.
b) Boiling :-
When a liquid is heated, its particles begin to move even
faster. Then at a particular temperature the liquid begins
to boil and changes into gas (vapour).
Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. When a liquid boils the
bulk of the liquid changes into vapour.
The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling is called
its boiling point. The boiling point of water is 1000C or
373K ( 273 + 100).
Latent heat of vaporisation :-
The amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of a
liquid into gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point
is called the latent heat of vaporisation.
TO FIND THE BOILING POINT OF WATER
c) Sublimation :-
The change of state directly from solid to gas or from gas to solid is
called sublimation.
Eg :- If solid camphor or ammonium chloride is heated, it changes
into vapour. If the vapours are cooled it changes into solid.
Cotton
Inverted funnel
Ammonium chloride
solidified Ammonium chloride
vapours
China dish Ammonium chloride
Ammonium chloride
Burner
d) Effect of pressure on gases :-
When pressure is applied on gas the particles come closer and the
gas changes into liquid.
We can liquefy gases by applying pressure and reducing the
temperature.
Compressed solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice. If the pressure is
reduced it changes directly to gas without coming into liquid state.
So solid carbon dioxide is known as dry ice.
5) Interconversion of the three states of matter :-
The states of matter are inter convertible. The state of matter can be
changed by changing the temperature or pressure.
Solid
n o
Fu
ati
on
So
si
lim
at i
on
lid
b
lim
ifi
Su
atc
b
Su
io
n
Vaporisation
Gas Liquid
Condensation
6a) Evaporation :-
The change of a liquid into vapour at any temperature below its
boiling point is called evaporation.
Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Particles from the surface
gain enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction and changes
to vapour state.
b) Factors affecting evaporation :-
The rate of evaporation depends upon surface area, temperature,
humidity and wind speed.
Increase in the surface area increases the rate of evaporation.
Increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation.
Increase in humidity decreases the rate of evaporation.
Increase in wind speed increases the rate of evaporation.
c) Evaporation causes cooling :-
When a liquid evaporates, the particles of the liquid absorb heat
from the surroundings and evaporates. So the surroundings become
cold.
Eg :- People sprinkle water on the roof or open ground because
during evaporation water absorbs heat makes the hot surface cool.
During summer we sweat more because during evaporation the
sweat absorbs heat from our body making the body cool.
Wearing cotton clothes in summer keeps us cool because cotton
absorbs sweat and when the sweat evaporates it absorbs heat from our
body making the body cool.
Desert Cooler
ND
E
HE
T

IX-1-Matter in Our Surroundings

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IX-1-Matter in Our Surroundings

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

IX-1-Matter in Our Surroundings

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA SAMITI, NOIDA

Matter is anything which

I00ml 100ml 100ml 100ml

In solids, the constituent particles are held

In liquids the particle are close to each other

In gaseous matter, the particles are far

China dish Ammonium chloride

You might also like