1-States of Matter

1.
States of Matter :
Matter: is anything that occupies a volume and has a
mass
States of
Matter:
Matter exists in three forms: Solids, Liquids and

Gases· Each state responds differently to change in
temperature and pressure
When temperature increases the volume increases (expansion occurs) and vice versa
Evaporation and condensation take place over a range of temperatures;boiling takes place at a
specific temperature.
Sublimation:a few solids change directly from solid to gas on heating;the term sublimation is
used for the change in either direction.
.
Melting: a pure substance Note that sublimation is melts suddenly at a particular not
required knowledge. temperature
Freezing:the reverse takes place sharply at the same temperature.

Comparison between solid, Liquid and gases properties:
Physical state Volume Density Shape Fluidity

solid has a fixed volume high has a definite shape does not flow
moderate no definite shape-takes generally flows
liquid has a fixed volume the shape of the easily
to high container
no fixed volume- no definite shape-takes
gas expands low the shape of the flows easily
to fill the container container
boiling: the process of change from liquid to gas at the boiling point of the substance; a condition under
which gas bubbles are able to form within a liquid-gas molecules escape from the body of a liquid,not
just from its surface
boiling point: the temperature at which a liquid boils, when the pressure of the gas created above the
liquid equals atmospheric pressure
volatile: term that describes a liquid that evaporates easily; it is a liquid with a low boiling point
because there are only weak intermolecular forces between the molecules in the liquid
volatility: the property of how easily a liquid evaporates
condensation: the change of a vapour or a gas to the surroundings

The change between states of matter:
Heating and cooling curves:
Changing the state of a matter is a physical change

And it is done by either heating or cooling (depends
on the kinetic particle theory)
Melting is defined as: "The change from solid state to liquid state".
The Melting point is defined as:" The temperature at which a solid melt
Note that: Melting point in heating curve is itself the freezing point in the cooling curve
Evaporation:"The change of state from liquid to gas".The boiling point is:“The temperature at
which liquid start to evaporates".
Some substances never exist in a liquid form· lf they are solid and you heat them they turn into a gas,
and if they are a gas and you cool them they turn into a solid· This process is called Sublimation
On the other hand, when gas is cooled, its particles lose their kinetic energy and move closer and
slower. Eventually the forces of attraction will hold them together forming a liquid (condensation).
And if a liquid is cooed, its particles will move closer and slower until the forces of attraction are
strong enough to hold them tight together forming a solid (freezing)·
Note that: Boiling point in heating curve is itself the condensation point in the cooling curve
Purity of
substances:
Pure substance: is a substance that has no particles of any other substance mixed with it
Impure substance: is a substance which is mixed with other unwanted substance(s)

(Unwanted substances are called impurities).
To check if a substance is pure, you have to check its melting point if (solid) and boiling point (if
a liquid or a gas)
· Pure substances have sharp boiling and melting points, while those of impure substances are ranging
· Impurities decrease the melting point and increases the boiling point of a substance, soas the
amount of impurities increase, the wider and bigger the change in melting and boiling point.
Example: pure water· (Boils at 100° C and freezes at 0°;at 0° c)
Some liquids evaporate extremely quickly at room temperature; they are said to be
volatile liquids.
Example: ethanol's boiling point is 78 C·

The kinetic theory of matter
states:
□ All matter is made up of tiny (very small), microscopic moving particles· And each matter has a
different type of particles with different size and mass·
□All particles are moving all the time in random directions (Brownian motion)·
The speed of movement depends on the mass of the particle (when the mass of particles decreases the
faster they move) and the temperature (i·e· The more the temperature the faster the movement)·
Diffusion:
diffusion: the process by which different

fluids mix as a result of the random motions of
their particles
Diffusion rate depends on several factors, these are
1. Mass of the substance: The lighter the substance the faster it diffuses.
2·Temperature: The more kinetic energy the particles have, the faster they move and diffuse.
3·Presence of other substance: Diffusion is faster when it occurs in an area where there are fewer
particles of other substances present· This is why diffusion is extremely fast in vacuums· This is because
the diffusing particles have less other particles to stand in their way.
4.Intermolecular spaces: This is why gases diffuse faster than liquids and solids do not diffuse
Diffusion of gases can be proved very
easily.
We can prove it by putting some bromine liquid in a cylinder and sealing it, then putting another inverted
cylinder above it· When the bromine liquid evaporates, we remove the lid between the two cylinders; the
brown bromine gas will diffuse upwards filling the available space
We can also prove diffusion in liquids bya very simple experiment· Pour some water in a beaker, and then
add crystals of potassium manganite in the water. After a period of time, you will find that the pink color
spread throughout the water and turned it into full pink all over the solution· Also appliedif a dye is put in a
beaker of water it will spread as well, this was caused by diffusion
N·B·: Gases (compounds) can be separated using relative molecular mass (get its mass no·)
C3Hs (12×3)+(7×8)= 8)=44
NO2 (14×1)+(16×2)=46
SO2 (32×7)+(76×2)=64
C- Diffusion of ammonia and
hydrogen chloride:
Deduce from the followingfigure

why a white cloud appears near
the middle of the glass tube?
Very important note : The less molecular mass substance will diffuse faster as it is lighter and
cover a longer distance
Key
terms:
Key
:
7- (Dissolve, Diffusion, spread, slowly and randomly)·
2- (Mixing, Diffusion, spread, slowly and randomly)·
3- (Evaporation, Diffusion, spread, fast, free and randomly)·

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1.

Matter exists in three forms: Solids, Liquids and

Freezing:the reverse takes place sharply at the same temperature.

Physical state Volume Density Shape Fluidity

volatility: the property of how easily a liquid evaporates

condensation: the change of a vapour or a gas to the surroundings

Heating and cooling curves:

Changing the state of a matter is a physical change

Impure substance: is a substance which is mixed with other unwanted substance(s)

Example: ethanol's boiling point is 78 C·

diffusion: the process by which different

Diffusion rate depends on several factors, these are

C3Hs (12×3)+(7×8)= 8)=44

Deduce from the followingfigure

2- (Mixing, Diffusion, spread, slowly and randomly)·

3- (Evaporation, Diffusion, spread, fast, free and randomly)·

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