To Be

1. Michael Jackson _____ a singer.

2. I ____ ____ teacher.
3. Bill Clinton _____ _____ from Italy.
4. What ______ your name?
5. Spain ____ _____ Europe.
6. _____ you from Spain? Yes, I am.
7. Tony Blair and Paul McCartney _____ British.
8. How old ____ your sister?
9. She ____ _____ a nurse, she ____ a doctor.
10. Demi Moore and Sharon Stone _________ actresses.
Choose the correct form of the verb ‘to be’ for each space.
1. My teacher _________ English.
2. I ________ married.
3. My favourite colour _______ blue.
4. My favourite sports _______ tennis and windsurfing.
5. My best friend ______ a student.
6. Peru _______ in Asia.
7. _________ you from Britain?
8. __________ Sean Connery from Scotland? Yes, _____ _______.
9. How old ______ your sisters?
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate personal pronouns and possessives.

THE KINDS OF PRONOUNS

Pronouns are classified as follows:

1. personal pronouns
2. possesive pronouns
Singular

Person Subject Object Possessive

1st I me My/mine

2nd you you your/yours

3rd he/she/it him/her/it his/hers

Plural

Person Subject Object Possessive

1st we us Our/ours

2nd you you Your/yours

3rd they them Their/theirs

1. Personal pronouns have two cases: the nominative case (subject) and the objective case (object). Look at the table.
 It is used for things, babies, animals:
Ex. Where is my book? Have you seen it?

We saw a baby in the bed and it was her son.

 It is used in impersonal sentences:

Ex. It’s raining

It’s four o’clock

  It is used at the beginning of a sentence to emphasize a part of the sentence
Ex. It was you who said it.

 We use the objective case if the personal pronoun is used as a predicative or in exclamations:
Ex. That’s him. It’s not me.

Let us repeat the words!

2. Possessive pronouns.
 Possessive Form used before a Noun : my, your, his, our, your, their
Ex. My bicycle is new.

He is our friend.

Their house is new.

 Possessive Form used Independently: mine, yours, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs
Ex. The book is mine

The red bicycle is his

I forgot my umbrella and she gave me hers.

Relative pronouns

3. Interrogative pronouns
4. Demonstrative pronouns

Relative Interrogative Demonstrative

That Who This Such

Which Whose That The same

Who What These

Whom Whom Those

Whose Which

3. Relative pronouns.
 Who and Whom are used for persons.
Ex. The student who sits next to Peter is my brother

 Whose may be used for persons, animals and things

Ex. The officer whose son is my classmate spoke at the meeting

 Which as relative pronoun is used for animals and things.

Ex. The songs which were sung at the concert made a great impression.

 That is used for animals, things and may be used for persons
Ex. You are the only person that can help me

 If the verb in the relative clause has a subject, the relative pronoun may be omitted
Ex. The man (whom) we saw at the museum is an artist.

4. Interrogative promouns
 The interrogative pronouns are used to from special questions
 The pronouns who (whom), whose refer to persons, what – to things, animals, professions. Which may refer
to persons and things.
Ex. Which exercise do you like?

 In informal speech who is used instead of whom

Ex. Who (Whom) do you meet every day?
 Who are you waiting for?

 What….like? is used to ask for a description

Ex. What is the weather like today?

What is the new teacher like?

 Whatever, whoever have an emphatic meaning

Ex. Take whichever you like best

Whoever wants to may stay here

1. Mum, have you seen __________ money-box? I'd like to put a couple of coins in.
2. "She met a boy yesterday, and says that she loves __________ deeply."
"__________ can't love __________ deeply! __________ only met yesterday!
3. This is Tom, and this is __________ father.
4. "Is there anything __________ can do to help you"
"No, there isn't anything you can do to help __________."
5. That dog is almost never in __________ kennel. __________ doesn't like __________.
6. Peter and __________ family do not live in London. __________ say that __________ is too big a city for
__________.
7. Can you lend __________ __________ rubber, please? I've lost mine.
8. __________ house is very small, but comfortable. We love __________.
9. __________ son is a very bad student, but __________ daughter is brilliant. We wish __________ would
study harder.
10. "Please send __________ a postcard when you are on holiday?"
"Don't worry, mum and dad. We'll send __________ one."
11. __________ is raining cats and dogs, so __________ had better stay at home. We can go to the cinema
tomorrow.
12. "Where shall I put this book?"
"Put __________ on the table, please."
13. "I've just bought some big ice-creams for lunch, mum."
"Put __________ in the fridge, sweetheart."
14. "Is this __________ pen, Peter?"
"No, __________ isn't __________. __________ is __________."
"Where is __________, then?"
"__________ is on the floor!"
"OK! Thank you."
15. This is a picture of __________ house. We've been living there since 1999.
16. "How do you know that your neighbours are at home?"
"Because __________ car is over there."
17. "Where is __________ sister, Paul?"
"__________ sister is at home. __________ is studying for an exam. Would you like me to tell __________
something when I get home?"
18. "John and __________ family do not live here any longer."
"Where do __________ live now?"
19. "This table has a missing leg."
"Here is __________ leg."
20. "Can __________ give __________ a glass of water, please? I'm very thirsty."
"Yes, of course."

Sarah
Sarah ____ _____ actress. ____ is 23 and she ___ not married. ___ is ___ America. ___ house is
big and is ___ New York. _____ surname is Jones and ___ telephone number ____ 010-426-9273.
John
John ____ 34 and ____ is ____ England. ____ wife ____ Spanish and _____ _____ 34 also. John is
____ teacher and _____ school is in London. His wifeґs _____ is Maria. _______ house is very big
and expensive. _____ are happy.
Me
____ name is ________. ______ ______ from _______. _____ house is in _______ and it is very
______ . Am I married? ______ !! I _____ _____ years old. What do I do? I am ____ ______. My
telephone ________ is _____________ and _____ surname is _________ .

Time

Examples :
8:00 = it's eight o'clock
8:05 = it's five past eight
8:20 = it's twenty past eight
8:30 = it's half past eight
8:35 = it's twenty-five to nine
8:45 = it's (a) quarter to nine
It's ten past seven.
- 2.23 pm
- 3.45 pm
- It's twenty to six.
- 9.40 pm
- It's twenty to two.
- 6.45 pm
- It's ten to ten.
- It's half past four.
- It's eleven o'clock.
- It's five past six.
- 8.30 am
- It's midnight.
- 01.07 pm
- 9.58
- 10.05 am
- It's ten past six.
- It's 10 am.
- 06.15 am
- It's midday

THE FORMATION OF THE PLURAL

THE RULE:

1. The plural of nouns is generally formed by adding –s to the singular

Day – days, boy – boys, hat – hats

2. Nouns ending in –s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x and –z form their plural by adding –es to the singular:
Bus – busses, brush – brushes, watch – watches, box – boxes

3. Nouns ending in – o preceded by a consonant take – es in the plural:

Hero – heroes, potato – potatoes

But: photo – photos, piano- pianos

4. Nouns ending in –y preceded by a consonant change the – y into –ies in the plural:
Country – countries, city – cities

But nouns ending in –y preceded by a vowel take only – s in the plural:

Day – days, monkey – monkeys

5.Some nouns ending in –f or –fe change the – f (-fe) into –ves in the plural:

leaf – leaves, life – lives, wolf – wolves

But: roof – roofs, chief – chiefs

6. In compound nouns the plural ending is generally added to the principal word:
Step-father – step-fathers

Son-in-law – sons-in-laws

Tooth-brush – tooth-brushes

But: forget-me-nots, merry-go-rounds

7. A few nouns form their plural by changing the root vowel

Man – men, woman- women, foot-feet,tooth-teeth, goose – geese, mouse – mice

8. Compounds with -man change -man into -men in the plural:

Postman – postmen, workman – workmen, Englishman – Englishmen

But: German – Germans, Roman – Romans, Norman – Normans

9. If man or woman is the first element to indicate sex, both parts of the noun are changed in the plural:
 Man-friend – men-griends

Woman-doctor – women-doctors

10. There are two nouns which from their plural by adding – en to the singular:
Child – children

Ox-oxen

11. Some nouns have the same form in the singular and in the plural:
Sheep – sheep

Deer – deer

NOUNS USED ONLY IN THE SINGULAR OR IN THE PLURAL

1. Some nouns are used only in the singular: knowledge, information, advice, money, furniture.
Ex. Your knowledge is good

2. Some nouns are used only in the plural: trousers, stairs, riches, goods, scissors,etc.
Ex. The boy’s trousers are dirty.

Goods are transported by air, by sea and by land

3. Some nouns having a plural ending take a verb in the singular: news, physics, mathematics, politics.
Ex. The news are good

Physics is interesting

4. The noun people in the meaning of люди is used in the plural

Ex. Many people are present

The Noun people in the meaning of народ take singular

Ex. The Eskimos are a brave people

5. Nouns like fish, hair may be used both in the singular and in the plural. It depends on the meaning.
Ex. His hair is dark

He has some gray hairs

We had fish for dinnes

The boy caught three little fishes

Mother brought some fruit for children

There are geat many fruits in the basket (фрукты разных сортов)

1 story

2 box

3 monkey

4 dress

5 toothbrush

6 man

7 mouse
8 orange

9 sandwich

10 camera

11 strawberry

12 class

13 inch

14 foot

15 goose

berry roof cliff potato day wife match horse fox

bush bus watch city crocodile wolf