2 Everyday Technical English Longman 2003

ENGLISH FOR WORK
EVERYDAY
TECHNICAL
ENGLISH
Valerie Lambert and Elaine Murray
II
Contents
Introduction page 5
Working in Dialogues 1 Dialogues 2
industry A manufacturing company Training
page 7 Products and markets Job responsibilities
Company size Being in charge
Company background Team-working
Hours and holidays
Shift systems
2 A tour of the Dialogues 1 Dialogues 2
workplace Arriving A new installation
page 15 Location Speed and capacity
Describing the layout Explaining the process
Showing a visitor around Automation
3 Tools and Dialogues 1 Dialogues 2
equipment Workshop facilities An inventory
page 23 The right tool for the job Measurements
In the storeroom The wrong size
An unfamiliar piece of equipment Describing things
4 Suppliers and Dialogues 1 Dialogues 2
sub-contractors Choosing suppliers A service contract
page 31 Guaranteed supply Extended warranty
Extra staff A product guarantee
A new supplier An insurance policy
A rush order
Buildings and Dialogues 1 Dialogues 2
installations A new warehouse Phase 1 of a pro1ect
page 39 The building schedule A new stock system
Project planning Going live
Making progress An upgrade
6 Maintenance Dialogues 1 Dialogues 2
page 47 A minor fault Preventive maintenance
Light or heavy use? Discussing frequency
Common problems Regular services
Jobs to do Non-urgent repairs
7 Troubleshooting Dialogues 1 Dialogues 2
page 55 A personnel problem A computer virus
An electrical problem The wrong soltware
A problem in the office The screen is frozen
Mechanical problem 1 Internet problems
Mechanical problem 2 Memory problems
8 Safety in the Dialogues 1 Dialogues 2
workplace A noisy environment Flammable materials
page 63 Warning signs The evacuation procedure
Hazards Dealing with a fire
Machine safety Accident 1 A cut hand
Accident 2 An ankle injury
Accident 3: A fall
9 Environmental Dialogues 1 Dialogues 2
matters Recycling Disposing of waste
page 71 Environmentally-friendly products Air pollution
Energy Water pollution
Legis\a\ion
Word List page 79
Glossary page 83
Answers page 92
O Working in indust[Y___
-A Some useful phrases.
Listen to the recording and repeat.
I work for a large, multinational company.

We manufacture components for our car production plants in Europe.
The company has operations in over fifty countries.
We export to Eastern Europe and the Far East.
The domestic market accounts tor about 40 per cent of our total production.
The company was founded in 1960.
We have over sixty employees.
What's your annual turnover?
What does IABS stand for?
What does your job involve?
I'm in charge of twenty-five assembly workers.
I have to liaise with our inspectors.
Who do you report to?
I'm on flexitime.
Do you do overtime?
We have a three-shift system.
I'm on the early shift.
-o Dialog_eu _s_1_______
0: So, who do you work for?
A manufacturing company
Q: I work for a large multinational company called OAK Group. We have five main area:
of business - construction, heavy industry, shipbuilding, motor vehicles and
telecommunications.
0: And which side of the business do you work in?
Q: The motor vehicles division. I work in our Belgian factory. We manufacture
0: Where are OAK headquarters?

tomponents for our car production plants in Europe.
Q: In Seoul. But fl!e company has operations in over fifty countries and thirty factories,
over the world.
0: What does your company do exactly?

Products and markets
Q: We design and assemble a wide range of electric generators for hospitals, hotels an<
small factories. We specialise in medium-sized generators but we're hoping to
diversify into larger models next year.
0: And who do you sell to?
Q: We export to Eastern Europe and the Far East The domestic market accounts for
,about 40 per cent of our total sales.
0: How many people does your company employ?

Company size
Q:f We have over sixty employees. We have about forty factory workers and technical
people and the rest are admin and sales staff. We started off with only ten people sc
our workforce has grown a lot.
Q: It was just over two million euros last year.

0: iWhat's your annual turnover?
0: How long has the company been in business?

Company background
Q: For over forty years. fhe original company - Davies Engineering -{iNas founded in 1!
by the Davies brothers in a small workshop near Manchester. They closed down the
workshop in 1980 and opened up a new factory in Leeds.
0: When did it become IABS?
Q: In 1997 - when it was bought by a German company. They set up two more business,
in the UK.
0: International Air Braking Systems.

0: What does IABS stand for?
Notes
I work for a large multinational company ... We have about forty factory workers and
Other ways of talking about company size: technical people ...
It's a medium-sized firm. Note the use of people: our maintenance
It's a small, family-owned business. people, our production people.
We manufacture components ... .,, the rest are admin and sales staff.
Note the use of the present simple for Admin is short for administrative.
situations which are generally true
... our workforce has grown a lot.
(NOT We are manufacturing ...):
Workforce is ohen used lor people who wt
We produce parts for the shipbuilding industry
for an industrial company:
We make boxes for packaging firms.
We need to reduce our workforce.
... for our car production plants in Europe.
Note the use of for.
Annual turnover is the money that comes ir
A plant is a place where things are produced:
the business each year (through sales,
a power plant, a steel plant.
services, etc.).
.. .
the company has operations in over fifty
The original company was founded in 1960, ..
countries ...
was founded means was started. Note the t
Other ways of talking about parts of the
of the passive. Other examples of passive
company in other countries:
usage-.
We have factories all over Europe.
It was bought by a German company.
We have production/warehousing facilities in
It was taken over last year.
more than twenty countries.
What does /ABS stand for?
We specialise in medium-sized generators ...
We use stand for when we want to know
Note the use of specialise in to refer to the
who\ letters \n a name represent:
main products of a company.
BP stands for British Petroleum.
We export to Eastern Europe and the Far East.
Note: the UK, the US, the EU, the Middle East. British/American differences
No the with most countries or continents: British American
France, Australia, South America.
Which side of the Which part of the
The domestic market accounts for about 40 per business do you business do you
cent of our total sales. work in? work in?
Note the use of account{s) for. (also used in British
Exports account for 60 per cent of our total English)
production. ...for our car . ..
for our auto(mobilE
Hotel generators account for about 10 per cent production plants production plants
of our range of products. specialise specialize
Other ways of talking about the number of
employees:
We employ 2 OOO people in our Lyons factory.
There are 200 people working here.
(o Dialog_ue_s_2 _______ _
0: What do you do?
Training
O: I'm an apprentice with a local engineering firm. My training lasts for two years. Two
days a week I study Engineering at a local college. If I pass all my exams,
I hope the company will take me on as an engineer.
Job responsibilities
0: I'm the Project Manager so I have to make sure our projects run smoothly. I work
0: {What does your job involve?
with three Project Engineers They take care of after-sales service and look after the
maintenance side of the business.
0: I'm a foreman in our assembly shop. I'm in charge of about twenty-live assembly
Being in charge
, workers. I have to liaise very closely with our inspectors. It's their job to check the
quality of the work.
0: I report to the Shift Supervisor, and he reports to the Factory Manager.

0: Who do you report to?
0: Tell me about how you work here.

Team-working
0: We work in teams. There are about four to six people in each team I'm training to be
a team leader. nch team member is responsible for the quality of the goods we
fproduce. 'JNe are multi-skilled so we can rotate jobs. I like that. It stops the work
getting boring.
0: How many hours do you work a week?

Hours and holidays
0: I do a forty-hour week./l'm on flexi-time. I usually start work at 8 a.m. and finish at

4:30 and have half an hour for lunch. But I can start and finish earlier or later if I
want.
0: And how many weeks holiday do you get a year?
0: Four - plus public holidays.1 usually take two weeks off in the summer and the rest
at New Year.
0: Yes, if we're busy. I'm paid double-time if I work at weekends.

0: Do you do overtime?
0: What sort of shift-system do you operate?

Shift systems
0: We have a three-shift system - that's three eight-hour shifts each weekday. We're
shut at weekends. This week,l'm on the early shift.
0: Do you ever have to do the night shih?
0: Yes, sometimes. I don't like working nights - I have problems sleeping during the day.
Notes
I'm an apprentice . . . I usually take two weeks off in the summer . . .
You can also say: Note the use of off to mean not working.
I'm a trainee. She's off sick today.
I'm doing an apprenticeship . I'm having New Year's Day off this year
. . . I hope the company will take me on as an Do you do overtime?
engineer. This means to work extra time, in addition
To take on someone means to employ to your normal hours.
someone. I'm working overtime this weekend
What does your job involve? I'm paid double-time if I work at weekends.
This is how we ask about 1ob duties. If This means you will earn twice what you
involve is followed by a verb, use - ing: normally earn.
My job involves checking the safety of our
We have a thre e -shift system
equipment.
Note: NOT a three-shifts system.
. . . I have to make sure our projects run Note the use of hour, NOT hours:
smoothly. Three eight-hour shifts.
Some other ways of talking about job A 40-hour week.
responsibilities and duties:
I'm 011 the early shift.
I take care of after-sales service.
Note the use of on. Other ways of talking
I look after the maintenance side ofthe business.
about shifts:
It's my iob to check quality.
/'m doing the night shift this week.
I'm in charge of about twenty-five assembly I donr like working nights.
workers.
This means you are the person in control and
British/American differences
you have responsibility. Note: NOT I am the
British American
responsible of the workshop.
to take someone on to hire someone
I have to liaise very closely with our inspectors. (Both British and American English also use
To liaise means to work closely with someone. the phrase to employ someone.)
Who do you report to? in each team on each team
This is how we ask who someone's flexi- time flexfime
immediate boss is. holiday vacation
Each team member is responsible for the quality I'm paid double-time I'm paid double-time
of the goods we produce. if I work at weekends. if I work on weekends.
Note the use of for after responsible. A verb We 're closed/shut We're closed/shut
must be in the -ing form: at weekends. on the weekend.
He's responsible for ordering spare parts. top-of-the- range top-of-the-li11e cars
We are multi-skilled so we can rotate jobs. cars, p12
This means you are skilled in many areas. To mobile phone, p13 cell(ular) phone
rotate Jobs means to take it in turns to do the automotive the auro(mob,1el
different jobs. industry, p 13 indUStly
I'm on flexi-time. fitter, p14 carpenterwoe*> be
This means yom hours are llexible. You used here a!so .:iseo
don't work fixed hours. in British Englis!: to
refer only to peogle
who won: _,
Practice
Write down a question from the dialogues for the following responses.
We sell mainly to domestic packaging companies.
An electronics company called Eurotron.

......'..... ?
We design jet engines.

b ..?
We have over 1 OOO employees worldwide.
I'm a computer engineer.

.?
.... ?
My job involves liaising carefully with our production people to plan our
production schedules.
.............................................?
I report to our shift supervisor.
I work on average thirty-five hours a week.

.................................... '?
.'......'.....'......'........'....?
Just over two million dollars a year.
EXAMPLE: I'm . . . 0 . . . . . the afternoon shift this week.

2 Complete the sentences with a preposition.
We produce components . . . . . . . . . . . . the car industry.

b Exports account . . . . . 70 per cent of total sales.
c We have factories all . . . . . . . . . . . . the world.
d We specialise . . . . . . top-of-the-range cars.
We're trying to diversify . . . . . more expensive models.
What does IBM stand ....?
g He's responsible . . . Quality Control.
h I'm in charge . . . . the workshop.
Who takes care . . . . . after-sales service?
I have to liaise . . . . our production planners.
3 Complete the sentences using a word from the box below.
apprentice components flexi-time workforce shift
operations plant people overtime
EXAMPLE: Our . . t-.1.>.v_"\\'.lVf.". . . this year will be about S500 OOO.

I'm doing . . . . this week so I'll earn more money.
My son is an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at a local furniture factory.
c She works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so she can start work any time between
8 a.m. and 9 a.m.
Our company has . . . . . . . . . . . in more than twenty countries.
e What . . . . . . . . . are you on this week?
Our . . has tleen cut because we don't have enough orders.
They manufacture electronic . for computers.
Our maintenance . . do all our repairs.
OAK is opening a new car . . . in the UK next year.
4 Match the products and industries. Use a dictionary to help you if

necessary.
diesel oil a the pharmaceutical industry.
car components b the construction industry.
buildings the textile industry.
4 drugs the electronics industry.
3
5 iet engines e the petrochemical industry.

cardboard boxes the aerospace industry.
semi-conductors the telecommunications industry.
8 gold the automotive industry.
7
9 cloth the packaging industry.

10 mobile phones the mining industry.
5 Add a verb to the preposition to make a two-part verb_
EXAMPLE: The company is planning to . . . . . !'f. ':\ . . . . . . . up a factory in China next year.
We will have to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on some more machine operators as we are
behind with orders.
Our IT people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . after the maintenance of our computer systems.
They had to . . . . . down their German factory because costs were too - ;-
d I'm going to . . . . . . off the whole of July this year. I need a good ho ::a,
e I would like to become self-employed and . . . . . . . up my own ea
repair business.
6 Add the if necessary to these geographical areas.
EXAMPLE: "J"V\<;'.. . . . Far East
. . . European Union !EU)
b . . . . . South-East Asia
. . . . China
d . . South America
e . . . . United States (US)
. . United Kingdom (UK)
. . . Russia
. . . Western Europe
. . . Germany
h
. . . . . Middle East
7 Match the following descriptions with one of the jobs below. Use your
dictionary if necessary.
production planner electronic engineer mechanic fitter

machine operator
r
inspector welder electrician lab technician
EXAMPLE: Someone who works with wood: . j_oi. "'- "." . .

Someone who works in a laboratory:
Someone who works with a machine on a production line:
Someone who puts together, adjusts or installs machinery or equipment:
Someone who works with electrical equipment:
e Someone who joins metal together, usually using heat:
Someone who repairs and maintains engines, especially car engines:
Someone who checks the quality of work or goods:
h Someone who schedules the order of producf1on runs:
Someone who works with things like computers, TVs, radios, etc.:
f) A tour of the workP._la_c_e_-=
-A Some u1>eful phrases.
-:: Listen to the recording and repeat.
We used to be on an industrial estate.

We moved to a gree11fie\d site last year.
l"d like to show you the layout of the factory.
This is the main factory area.
What's going on over there?
The goods are being wrapped and loaded onto pallets.
They're setting up the machine for a new run.
How long does that usually take?
Would you like me to show you our new cleaning unit?
This is our newest machine.
What's the running speed of the machine?
Our maximum output is 160 OOO tonnes per annum.
It passes through a series ot rollers.
Most of the water is extracted.
Is the factory fully-automated?
Some ot the work is still done manually.
(o Dialog,_eu _.;.....
s ...;,._
1 _______
0: I'm phoning about the factory visit next Friday. What should I do when I arrive?
Arriving
O jl>ark in the visitors' car park in front of the factory and then go to the gatehouse,
It's directly opposite the entrance to the car park. The Security people will sign you
in and give you a visitor's badge. My assistant will come down to meet you.
0: OK, thanks. Look forward to seeing you on Friday, then.
Location
0: Have you always been on this site?
0: No.JNe used to be on an industrial estate on the outskirts of Yo!\
0: Why did you move?
0 : / We needed larger premises so e moved to this greenfield site last year. It's
nearer the motorway so it's better for transportation.
Good morning, everybody. Welcome to IAM Technology. I'm very pleased so many
Describing the layout
of you could make it here today. My name ' s Sam Weiss. I'm the Production
Manager. fd like to show you the layout of the factory before we go and visit it. As
you can see from this diagram. everything is under one roof. We've designed it this
way to help the flow of materials and to avoid bottlenecks,
This area here is where we keep our raw materials./lhe main production area -
our machine hall - is situated next to it Maintenance is situated between the
stores and the production area. Just to the right of Maintenance, there are steps
up to the lab and the Admin Section. Process Control is also on the upper level. It's
located above the factory floor so that the operators can monitor everything that is
going on below.
0: OK, soithis is the main factory area. We're now walking past the printing machine.
Showing a visitor around
It's printing in four colours at the moment.

0: What's going on over there?
0: They're setting up the machine for a new run.
0: How long does that usually take?
0: About twenty minutes.
0: What's happening at the far end?
0: That's the packing line. The goods are being wrapped and loaded onto pallets
ready for transportat on.
i
Note s
Park in the visitors' car park in front of the They're setting up the machine for a new run.
factory . . . To set up means to prepare. A run means the
Some other express\ons to descr\be location: production of the same goods during a
It's directly opposite the entrance to the car park. period of time:
The power plant is on the left. We'll do a trial run of 10 OOO.
The staff canteen is behind the main The longer the production run, the lower the
warehouse. unit cost.
. . . we used to be on an industrial estate on the How long does that usually take?
outskirts of York. How to ask about the time needed for a job.
Outskirts means the edge of a town/area. Note the present simple:
Note used to is used when the past situation How long does 1t take co load up the trucks?
\s no longer true. lr rakes twenty mintJtes ro ser up the machine.
We used to have a sales office but it closed
The goods are being wrapped and loaded onto
down fast yeac
pallets . . .
We needed larger premises Goods are things that are produced t o be
Premises means the buildings and land occupied sold. It is a plural noun. Note the passive
by a business. Note premises is always plural. (is/are being done) for what is happening
now:
. . . we moved to this greenfield site last year.
The boiler is being repa,red at the moment
A greenfield site is a completely new site. A
The settings are being changed.
brownfield site is a redeveloped area.
/'d like to show you the layout of the factory . . .
Other ways o f starting a talk:
British American
I'd like to explain our production process.
I'll say a few words about our products. car park parking lot
rt/ tell you a bit about our company first. the gatehouse the security building/
the guardhouse
The main production area - our machine hall - Look forward to seeing
is situated next to it. you on Friday, then.
Some more ways of talking about where (American English does not usually use then
things are. at the end of a sentence.)
Maintenance is situated between the stores
be on an industrial be in an industrial
and the production area.
estate park
It's iust to the right of Maintenance.
this greenfield site similar to this
.. this is the main factory area. undeveloped site
Note the use of this to show something that a brownfield site similar to
is near. That is usecl ior something which is a redeveloped site
not so near. (The terms brownfield and greenfield are not
This is the machine shop. used in American English.)
What's that over rhere? motorway lreeway/expressway
Whats going on over there? Interstate
Note we use the present continuous for the stores the supplies
something happening at the time ot colour color
speaking:
We're now going into our finished goods area.
= o Dia log_e_
u_s _
2________
A new installation
0: Would you like me to show you our new cleaning unit? It's a clever design.
0: Yes, I'd like to see that. What does it clean exactly?
0: It washes the solvent off all the metal parts - the blades, trays etc. - and then sends it
back into the system.
0: Well, it's basically two tanks - one for the dirty solvent and one for the clean solvent - a
0: What does the unit consist of?
pump and a washing unit. Oh, and there's a cooling system and a filter. It's all controlled by
a PLC system - that stands for Process Logic Control.
Speed and capacity

0: OK, so this is our newest machine. It was only installed last year.
0: About 1 500 metres per minute. It's one of the fastest in the world. We had a few problems
0: What's the running speed of the machine?
with it after start-up but it's running very well now.

0: And what's the maximum output?
0: If we're running at full capacity, it's 160OOO tonnes per annum.
Explaining the process

0: Could you explain the paper-making process to us - in very simple terms - please?
0: Well, the pulp falls from a box onto the first part of the paper machine, which is basically
a wire bed with large holes in it, where most of the water is extracted.
0: So, is it actually paper at this stage?
0: Yes, it is. But we need to take out more water. So it then passes through a series of rollers,
where more water is squeezed out. After that it goes through the dryers, which are at a
very high temperature. The paper is then coated. And finally it's wound onto reels and cut
down into smaller lengths.
Automation
0: Is the factory fully-automated?
0: Not completely. Our production process is partially-automated. We use robots on the
production line for routine assembly jobs but some of the work is still done manually.
0: What about supply of parts to the production line?
0: Well, the parts are automatically selected from the store room using a bar-code system.
And there is an automatic feeder which takes them to the conveyor belt at the start of the
production line.
0: What about the smaller components?
0: They're transported to the workstations on automated vehicles - robot trucks - which run
on guide rails around the factory.
Notes
Would you like me to show you our new ... most of the water is extracted.
cleaning unit? Note the passive. This is commonly used in
Note: NOT Would you like that I show you .. ? process description:
Note other ways of offering/inviting: The paper is then coated.
Would you like to see the bottling pla11t? The components are tested individually.
Shall f show you the workshop?
... it then passes through a series of rollers, ...
What does tire unit consist of? Then shows that something happens next in
Other ways to say this: a process. Other commonly used markers:
What are the differe11t parts of the umt? First . . . Next . . . Afte r that . . . Finally
What's the unit made up of?
Is the factory fully-automated?
. . . this is our newest machine. Other useful phrases about automation:
Note how short adiectives have -est added. Our production process is partially-automated.
Long adjectives have most before them: They are transported on automated vehicles.
It's the latest technology. Automation is responsible for many Job losses
Our most complex design is this one.
. .. some of the work is still done manually.
This is the most difficult part of our process.
This means using people not machines. We
What's the running speed of tire machine ? can also say by hand.
Other ways of asking about production Most of our workers are manual workers
capability: Our goods are packed manually/by ha11d.
What's the maximum output?
... a bar-code system.
What's the capacity of your plant?
This is a label with stripes of different
How many pieces do you produce per hour?
thickness which uniquely identify a product.
If were running at fuH capacity ... It can be read by a scanner.
This means if the factory i s producing as
much as it can.
We're only at half capacity.
British American
Its running at three-quarters capacity at the
moment. About 1 500 metres About one mile a
per minute. minute.
it's 160 OOO tonnes per annum. The metric system is not in general use in
Note per annum means each year. It is less American English, but certain industries in the
formal to say a for per/each. USA may use i t for manufacturing.
It produces over 100 boxes per minute.
It's 160 OOO tonnes
It uses 50KW a day.
per annum.
the pulp falls from a box onto the first part of An American ton is 2 OOO pounds (short ton).
the paper machine, . . . A British ton is 2 240 pounds (long ton).
Note the present simple t o describe Tonne is not a British spelling of ton but a
processes. Also the use of onto and into to separate metric unit equal to 1 OOO kg.
describe movement: to run on guide rails to run on tracks
The plates go into an oven for drying. lorry/lorries truck/trucks
The pallets are loaded onto lorries. (truck is occasionally used in British English)
fibres, p21 fibers
steel works, p22 steel mill
Practice
Rewrite these sentences in the correct passive form - present simple
or present continuous.
EXAMPLE: They are setting up the machine for a new run.
:T.e. -""c..i .\:\e .is. bei.\:1 8 . set-. It..!' for .<!I. .11ew. r.V. \:\ .
We make the smaller models in our French factory.
b We print the paper on both sides.
They are repairing the A-line at the moment.
d The machine then winds the plastic onto reels.
We change the blades twice a week.
The men are loading the finished goods onto lorries.
g They are building a new plant just outside Cape Town.
A machine selects the components automatically.

We're located . . . . l\\_ . an industrial zone.
the far end of the production line?
EXAMPLE:
What's going on .
The goods are loaded . . . . . . pallets.
I look forward . . . . seeing you next week.
What does it consist . . . . . . . . . . . .?
e It is cut . . . . . . . . . . . . smaller lengths.
We moved . . . . . . . . . . . . this site last year.
g We're running . . . . . . . . . . half capacity at the moment.
h . . . . . . . . . . . . this stage the metal is painted.
The fabric then passes . . . . . a series of rollers .
Welcome . . HLB Engineering.
3 Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
premises capacity layout gatehouse

bar-codes estate brownlield conveyor outskirts
EXAMPLE: The laboratory is situated on the upper .

Our warehouse is located on the . . of the city.
If we build on a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . site, it will be mucl1 cheaper.
When you arrive, go to the . to get a visitor's badge.
d The , . . . . . . . . . . belt transports goods around the factory.
e We're moving to new . . next year.
The . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . on every product allow us to identify them.
We're not running at full at present.
h This diagram shows the . . . . . of the factory.
We're located on an industrial . . . . . by the motorway.
4 Rewrite these sentences about the paper-making process in the

passive. Then put them in the right order.
EXAMPLE: a The paper machine dries the paper with hot air. Order
E""P.E;'..Y . i. . .AYiE:'.cA w_it:11\ . \.\q _oo,iY . .

""tk. 7
A container drops the pulp onto the paper machine.
A machine breaks down the pieces of wood into fibres.
d A machine mixes the fibres with water to make pulp.
e A machine cuts the wood into linle pieces.
Someone transports the reels to the customers.
g Someone cuts down the trees.
The paper machine extracts water from the paper.
The paper machine winds the paper onto reels.

5 Match the questions and answers.
How long does it usually take? a Two tanks and a cooling system.
2 What's the maximum output? b No, we moved here last year.

3 What does it consist of? c No, only partially.
4 What's the running speed? d About twenty minutes.
5 Have you always been on this site? e 1 500 metres per minute.
Is the factory fully-automated? f About 50 OOO tonnes per annum.
6 Choose a word from the box to make the name of a place where
something is produced or processed. Use a dictionary if necessary.
factory mine yard refinery works mill reactor
EXAMPLE: power _st-t-\o \\

oil . . . nuclear
steel chocolate
e
b
coal g cotton
ship
7 Fill in the gaps with a preposition (or prepositions) to show location.
the staff car l

park
the assembly the
shop warehouse 1 the admin block
the
the gatehouse O park
visitors' car
the foundry the

shop
machine
The warehouse is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the assembly shop and the admin block.

b "The laundry is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the machine shop.
The gatehouse is . . . . . . . . . . . . . the entrance to the visitors' car park.
The staff car park is . . . . . . the admin block
The warehouse is . . . . . . . . . the machine shop.
The admin block is the warehouse.
e rools and egUiR_m_e_n_
t ____
-::. Listen to the recording and repeat.
We've got very good workshop facilities.

We do all our own servicing.
Is there anything you don't do in-house?
We send it out for maintenance.
I need something to tighten this up.
Where can I find a spare hose?
How many do you need?
We don't have any in stock.
It's a really useful piece of equipment.
What's it used for?
What does it look like?
It's made of metal.
I need to measure the length of this workbench.
We're going to replace it.
Could we increase it by about a third?
We need a piece of wood 3.5 m long by 1 m wide.
I Nff{) S OMETHING TO
TIGHTfN fHJS UP NOW' W1-/RE
'[> I D I PUT THAT SPANN[R1
=- o Dia log_
u_
es_1________
Workshop faeilities
): , We've got very good workshop facilities here. We do all our own servicing and
most repairs. We have separate areas for welding, grinding and sawing.
0: .Is there anything you don't do in-house?
0: Yes. If we don't have the facilities to deal with it here,o,ve send it out for
maintenance.
0: Is that more expens1ve?
): It depends on the job. It's actually more cost-effective than buying specialist
equipment that we don't use very often.
The right tool for the job

t): Can you help me? This fitting has come loose andJ need something to tighten it
up.
0: Let's have a look. Oh yes, you need a 10 mm ring spanner. Here you are. Just
leave it on the workbench when you finish.
0: Thanks tar your help.
0: l}llo problem.
In the storeroom
(): Where can I iind a spare hose 1ar the pump?
0: What size do you need?
(): 25 mm diameter.
0: Jhey're at the back of the stores, second shelf up on the right-hand side..,
0: Thanks. Have you got any light bulbs?
0: They're in the blue cupboard. Anything else?
(): Oh yes, same wire cutters.
0: I'll need to check. Sorry, l"'e don't have any in stock. But I can order some and
send through the order today . (tlow many do you need?
(): Just one pair.
0: Fine. They should be here 1the day after tomorrow.
An unfamiliar pieee of equipment

O: I haven't seen this machine before. What's it used for?,
O: It's a really useful piece of equipment. It's for smoothing rough edges. Here let
me show you how it works. It's very simple to operate.
Note s
We've got very good workshop facilities , . How many do you need?
Note t h e use o f facilities for equipment. Note the 1,..1se of many with couritable nouns:
How many bulbs do you want?
We do all our own servicing ,. ,
We don't hold many spare parts in stock
We can also say:
We handle our own servicing. We use much with uncountable nouns:
We carry out most repairs here. How much time do you need?
There isn't much equipment on site.
in-house means in the company or on site. , , . the day after tomorrow,
We have our own in-house design specialists. Note the following expressions:
the week after nexl
. we send it out for maintenance. the day before yesterday
Note the use of send out, for things not done
in-house. What's it used for?
We can also say:
It's actually more cost-effective , , , What do you use this for?
cost-effective means cheaper, better value for What does this do?
money.
It's a really useful piece of equipment,
,, , I need something ta tighten it up, Note equipment is uncountable.
Other examples: Note: NOT equipments.
I need something to seal this valve. We're going to invest in some new equipment.
Have you got something I can use to make this machines is used in the plural as it is a
hole bigger? countable noun.
I'm looking for something to support lhis drum. We're going to install two new packing
No problem, machines.
Some other ways ol responding:
You're welcome. British/American difference.a
Glad to help. British American
Where can I find a spare hose , , , ? We've got very good (got in this sense is
Other ways of asking: workshop facilities. not used in American
Where do you keep the adhesives ? English)
Can you tell me where the bearings are stored? specialist equipment specialized equipment
I'm looking for a pair of pliers. This fitting has come This fixture has come
They're at the back of the stores, second shelf loose, loose,
up on the right-hand side, a 10 mm ring spanner a half-inch box end
Note how to describe where things are: wrench
They're on the top she/I, Note: Wrench sets come in both metric sizes
You'll find them on the bottom shelf and in quarter, half, and three-quarter inch
They're under the plastic sheet in the corner of sizes.
the warehouse. mm, cm, m, kg
Note: The United States uses inch (in.J,
. we don't have any in stock,
foot(ft.), yard (yd), and mile for units of length
Other useful expressions:
and ounce (oz.) and pound (lb.J for units of
We've ru11 out of that component.
weight.
We haven'/ got any of those left.
: o Dia log_u_
es_2__-------
0: I've just taken a spanner set from the stores.
An inventory
Q: That's 1ine. i0on't forget to update the inventory!

0: Sorry, what do you mean?
Q: When you take something out of the stores you need to update the stores
database so we know when to reorder.
0: H1 Sven, can you help me? Could you hold the end ol the tape measure, please1
Measurements
Q: Of course, where do you want me to stand?

0: Just there by the door. I need to measure the length of this workbench. !We're
,going to replace it. OK - 3 m 47 cm. Let's round it up to 3 m 50.
0: I'm glad you're replacing it. We need more space to work on things. How deep
will the new workbench be?
0: Tell me what size you want and I'll order the wood.
0: Well, it's about 65 cm at the moment. Could we increase it by about a third?
0: Sure. So let's see. We need a 11iece of wood 3.5 m long by t m wide. I'll order it
right away and I'll be able to install it next Tuesday.
0: iCan you shorten this pipe for me? It's too long.
The wrong si:11e
0: Sure. I'll do it after lunch. What length do you need?

0: Can you take 15 mm olt it?
0: Yes, no problem. It'll be ready by 2 p.m
0: Has my package arrived?

Describing things
0: I'm not sure. What does it look like?

0: It's quite a delicate piece of equipment, so I hope it was well-packed. It's oblong
shaped, about 50 cm long. It's made of metal.
0: There's a large wooden crate in the corner which I haven't unpacked yet. It might
be in there.
N otes
Don' t forget to update the inventory! Can you shorten this pipe ... ?
We can also say: Note the verb forms:
Remember to update the inventory! shorten= to make shorter
Note the following expressions: widen : to make wider
to take an inventory lengthen = to make longer
to do a stock check tighten = to make tighter
. can you help me?
loosen = to make looser
Note the different ways of asking someone to Can you take 15 mm off it?
do something: We can also say:
Could you lift this for me? Can you reduce the length by 15 mm?
Would you mind helping me move this, I need to shorten it (see note above)
Note the use of the -ing form after Would you
mind . . . ,
We can also say:
I need to measure the length of this workbench. Can you describe it to me?
The adjective is long and the noun length.
It's oblong-shaped, . . .
Note also:
Note the following ways o f describing
It's 50 cm wide/The width is 50cm.
shapes:
It's 5 m deep.lit has a depth of 5 m.
It's square-shaped. It's a square.
It's 1.5 m high.(The height is 1.5 m.
It's shaped like a cube.
We're going to replace it. It's rectangular. lr's a triangle.
Note going to to talk about plans. It's shaped like the letter S.
We're going to increase sales.
It's made of metal.
Lets round it up to 3 m 50. Note the prepositions.
Note the following example: It's made Qf steel.
It weighs 99.5 kg, let's say 100, rounded up to It's made fil' a German company.
the nearest full kilogram. They're made fil' hand.
Could we increase it ...
We could also say: British/American differences
Could you make it longer? British American
... by about a third? spanner set wrench set
Other useful expressions: (An adjustable spanner in British English is a
We need to cut it in half. monkey wrench in American English.)
Make 11 twice as long. oblong-shaped rectangular
Divide it into quarters. (In American English an oblong is a shape
much longer than it is wide and can have
We need a piece of wood 3.5 m long by 1 m
curved sides, e.g. a leaf.)
wide.
Note how we give dimensions: to take an inventory to take inventory
ft's 90 cm by 60 by 50. to do a stock check to take stock
The shelves are 65 cm deep.
The pipe is 1 m in diameter.
... i11stall it next Tuesday.
install means put in and make ready for use.
,I
Practice
. . . . . . the stores.
Complete the sentences with prepositions.
a You'\\ find them . . . . . . . the back .
o It's 4 cm long . . . . . 8.5 cm wide.
A\\ the moving parts are made . . . . . . . hand. That's why they're so expensive.
d What's this used . . .?
It's made . . . . . . rubber.
They are manufactured . . . . . . . . our sister company.
It's 3.5 m . . . . . . diameter.
2 Choose the correct form of the word in brackets.
You need to . . ..l.0. <;'. "\ . . . . . . . it by another two metres. (wide)
How . . . . . is the tank? (wide)
EXAMPLE:
What's the . . . of the room? (wide)

How . . . . . is the axle? llong)
d Can you . . . . . . this workbench? (long)
e I think we need to adjust the . . . . . of the shelves. (long)
Do you know how . . the reservoir is? (deep)
g Please make sure the tank is the correct . . !deep)
h I can't reach that shelf. It's too. . . . . . (high)
We might need to increase the . . . of the new shed. (high)
3 Complete the sentences using a word from the box below.
loosen tape stored round

workbench check facilities
I'm afraid we don't have that item in . . $f-. <' \: .. . .

That makes a total of 59 897 tonnes. Say, 60 OOO tonnes if we . . . . . . . . . it up
EXAMPLE:
to the nearest thousand.

Please don't take anything from the stores room today. I'm trying to do a
stock .
This is too tight, could you . it a bit?
Where are the chemicals . ............ ?
The new workshop will have better .
Don't leave the tools lying on the . ! Put them away.
Have you seen my . . measure? I think I've lost it.
4 Picture crossword.
Use a dictionary to check the correct English terms and complete
the crossword.
1
1 I .

J

Across

3 5 /. [[]
mJ
0 (2]

m
-

7

. f;t
,c;
. . :i
6.,':::
8
Down
rL] [QJ
1 1

5 Match the two parts of the sentences.
Have you tried a out of stock
I'll order b by about 30 cm?

It's small, round and c new tank?
2
We carry out d using a pair of pliers?

3
Can you widen it another one for you.

4
I'm afraid they're made of plastic.

5 e
I can install it most repairs ourselves.

6
How deep is the as soon as it arrives.

7
8
6 Complete the chart.

The first one has been done as an example.
noun adjective Complete the sentence
6 triangle triangular
I
It's shaped like a . h\O\jk, . . . . .
It ' s
EJ ... ..
0 I It's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shaped.
<vv
I
It's a
G? It's a . . . . . ..... . shape.
0 It's
0 It's a(n) .......

O SURRliers and sub-contractors I
::: Listen to the recording and repeat.
We look for companies with a good track record.

We've built up very good relationships with our suppliers.
We tend to deal with three local companies.
At peak times we hire in casual workers.
We contract out certain services.
Our usual supplier has let us down.
I'm not happy with their response time.
We work to very low tolerance levels.
I'd like to check the terms and conditions of the contract.
It's due for renewal at the end of the month.
Is it still under guarantee?
We recommend you take out an extended warranty.
What does that include?
It covers all parts and labour.
There's no call-out fee.
It's included in the annual service contract
:-o Dia log._u_e__
s ___
1 --------
Choosing suppliers
0: How do you choose which companies to work with?
0: Well, there are lots of things to consider. Quality and delivery times are as important
as price. We also take into consideration technical support and after-sales service.
iWe look for companies with a good track recor4. We place a few trial orders and if
everything goes well, we put them on our approved list. It's important to choose
companies you feel you can work closely with.
Guaranteed supply
0: Quality is very important to us. We work to very low tolerance levels. We need to
have guaranteed supplies of consistently high quality raw materials. Over the years
0: Do you have many different suppliers?

e've built up very good relationships with our suppliers.
0: Yes. There are about fifty names on our approved supplier list, but for raw materials
we tend to deal with three local companies.
O. \ was surprised to see how lew people you have on-site. You provide a wide range of
Extra staff
goods and services but have a very small workforce.

0: It depends on the time of year. At peak times we hire in casual workers to help with
packing and dispatchJ We also contract out certain services all year round, for
example, cleaning. We run a very tight operation!
0: Do you handle the recruiting yourselves?
0: Sometimes we use a local employment agency. It depends on the job.
A: Hi Steve. What do you think of the new supplier?

A new supplier
0: We haven't had any problems so far. They offer a 24-hour technical back-up service.
We've called them in three times this month.jlhey always arrive witbin a couple of
0: That's good service. Do we have to pay extra for that?

/hours.
0: No. Jhere's no call-out fee. It's included in the annual service contract.
0: Our usual supplier has let us down and I've been looking through your parts
A rush order
catalogue. I need fifty GT670s . /How soon can you deliver?

0: Just a moment and I'll check. We're expecting a delivery on Friday. We've only got ten
in stock at the moment. I can deliver those/by first thing tomorrow morning. There'll
'be an extra charge for special delive!Y. \'\\ have to aend them by courier.
Note s
We look for companies with a good track There's no call-out fee. It's included in the
record. annual service contract.
Similar expressions: A call-out fee is often charged in addition to
We only use suppliers with a good reputation. the cost of repair.
All our suppliers have a good name.
Our usual supplier has let us down ...
We work to very low tolerance levels. If you let someone down you don't keep your
We could also say: promise or do as agreed.
We operate within very tight limits.
How soon can you deliver?
...we've built up very good relationships with We could also say:
our suppliers. How quickly can you get the goods here?
We've established good relations can also be
... by first thing tomorrow morning.
used, but is more formal.
Note the use of by for a deadline.
There are about fifty names on our approved We must have it by Monday.
supplier list. . . . first thing tomorrow morning means at the start
Note the use of the adjective approved. The of the working day.
noun is approval.
There'll be an extra charge for special delivery.
The Managing Director gave the project his
Extra charges are also called supplements or
approval.
surcharges.
The verb approve is followed by the
i
preposit on of: . send them by courier.
I don 't approve of the new system. Note the preposition by for types of
transport: by airfreight; by rail; by road
... we tend to deal with three local companies.
Note the preposition with after deal.
Similar expressions: British/American differences
We do most of our business with . British American
We source most of our materials from . We work to very low Similar to We work to
Tend to/have a tendency ro means this is tolerance levels. exacting standards.
normally the case. (not used in American
Look at the following example: English)
Prices tend to go up at this time of yeac We hire in casual We hire temporary
At peak times we hire in casual workers ... workers workers
peak times are busy periods. There's no call-out There's no house-ca/V
Traffic is very heavy during peak hours. fee. travel time/
Instead of h,re m we could also say bring in, service call fee.
take on or employ. catalogue catalog
We've taken on a new Transport Manager.
Managing Director ChiefExecutive Officer
We also contract out certain services ... We source most of We get/obtain/
We could also say . . .
our materials from ... purchase/ buy most of
We buy in certain services.
our materials from ..
A company or person providing a service
(also used in British
over a period of time is called a sub English)
contractor or just a contractor.
Transport Manager Transportation Manage,
They always arrive within a couple of hours.
Within means it will be a couple of hours at
the most.
= o Dia log _
u_s 2 ________
e_
A service contract
0: Do you have a copy of our service contract with Telecoms? I'm not happy with
their response time and J'd like to check the terms and conditions of the contract.
0: Sure. I've got a copy here. It's due for renewal at the end of next month. We've still
got time to look for another supplier if you're not happy.
Extended warranty
0: How long have we had the A3 printer in the sales department?
0: Just over a year I think. Why, what's the problem?
0: I'm not sure but there seems to be something wrong with it. ls it stil l under
guarantee?
0: I thinktthe guarantee's just run out. Let me check. Oh. it's OK. We took out an
extended warranty. It runs until next March.
A product guarantee
0: Can you tell me what's included in your warranty?
0: Certainly. The product has a two-year guarantee. If it breaks down during that
period we offer a replacement unit completely free of charge. Our products are
very reliable but we recommend you take out an extended warranty. This covers
you tor a further two years.
0: I see. What does that include?
0: lt coers all parts and labour, except tor normal wear and tear of course.
0: What sort of response time do you guarantee?
0: Our engineers are on call 24 hours a day. We guarantee someone will be with you
within four hours, but in practice it's ohen much sooner.
0: re there any exclusions?
0: Not really. Jt's a very comprehensive warranty. I'll put a copy in the post to you and
you can read through the small print.
An insurance policy
0: Bad news, I'm afraid. 1 0ur supplier has gone bust The parts you ordered have
arrived at the docks but the handling agent won't release them until someone pays
the invoice. We also need to arrange transport to the factory.
0: Don't worry about the cost. ,Our insurance policy covers us against situations like
this. We need those parts urgently. Could you please try to get them here
tomorrow?
Notes
I'm not happy with their response time ... Our engineers are on call Z4 hours a day.
Similar expressions: If you are on cafl, you are ready to come into
I'm dissatisfied with their turnaround time. work if necessary.
They don't respond promptly.
Are there any exclusions?
... I'd like to check the terms and conditions of An exclus;on is an exception, a situation
the contract. which is not covered by the policy.
terms and conditions is a common expression
It's a very comprehensive warranty.
for the details of a contract or agreement.
A comprehensive warranty has few exclusions.
It's due for renewal at the end of next month.
... read through the small print.
Other expressions:
The small print is the list of conditions and
The contract expires tomorrow.
exclusions of a contract or agreement.
It runs out next week.
We need to renew the contract soon. Our supplier has gone bust.
This means the company has gone out of
business, is bankrupt.
We could also say:
Is the guarantee still valid? Our insurance policy covers us against
Has the guarantee expired yet? situations like this.
This means the supplier/insurance company
. . . the guarantee's just run out.
will pay for new or replacement components
Note the use of run out to mean expired/is no
and for fitting or repair. Other examples of
longer valid.
cover.
Guarantee is also used as a verb.
The policy doesn't cover wear and tear.
It 1s guaranteed for two years.
We're covered against fire and theft.
We took out an extended warranty. Are you sure we're covered against accidental
take out means arrange and pay for. damage?
We decided not to take out fully comprehensive We need comprehensive cover for all goods in
cover. transit.
It runs until next March.
Note the use of until. Other examples: British/American differences
The contractors will be here until the end of British American
the year. A3, A4 (these paper Standard paper is
We can't pay the hauliers until we have sizes are not used legal size (14"x 8l>")
received the goods. in American English.) and letter size
... free of charge. ( 1 1 " x 8J.>")

This means at no extra cost. labour labor
. we recommend you take out . in the post in the mail
Note the verb pattern with recommend. arrange transpon to arrange transponation
The safety inspector recommended (that) we the factory to the factory
shut down the plant. hauliers haulers
We can also say;
What does the policy cover?
Practice
Complete the sentences with a preposition.
a The guarantee is valid . 0)". . . . . . three years.
If it breaks down, we will replace it free . . . . . . . . charge.
We can provide a new unit . . . . . . . . . no extra cost.
d We guarantee delivery . . . three working days
e We buy . . . . . . . . . . certain services when we're busy.
We have decided not to take . . . . . . . . . . the extended warranty.
Is the unit still . . . . . . . guarantee?
h We've b1Jilt . . . . . . very good relationships with 01Jr suppliers.
We don't deal . . . . that supplier any more.
1 Arewe covered a small workforce.

2 I'm glad we took out b due for renewal.

3 The service contract is c to break down quite ohen.
4 The policy doesn't provide cover against d for accidental damage?
5 We have a very theh.
6 The packing machine tends an extended warranty.
e
3 Complete the sentences using the words from the box below.
services charge suppliers tolerance bust deal

peak reputation conditions comprehensive approved
If we don't .<A.l.iv.v . this order on time. we will lose the contract.

a We're thinking of changing our raw material .
EXAMPLE:
b It's a very. . . . warranty. It covers everything.

c I work in the lab. I don't us1Jally . . with 01Jr C\Jstomers directly.
d We supply a wide range of goods and .
e We operate to very tight . . . . . . levels.
It's important to have a good . . . . . . . . . . in business.
Is the company on our . . . list?
We're very busy at the moment. It's one of our . . . . . . times.
I've just heard that our main supplier has gone
j Are you sure you've read the terms and . . . . . . carefully?
k We guarantee to replace it lree at .
The guarantee is valid until@bv three years.
4 Choose the correct time preposition
The warranty runs out within I in I until September.

EXAMPLE:
It's due for renewal at I on I in the beginning of the month.

The guarantee runs for I until I in next June.
We must l iave that part on I by Iin next Friday.
e It the machine breaks down on I during/ for the guarantee period, we offer an immediate
replacement.
We guarantee delivery for I by I within three working days.
g We usually take on extra fitters on I within I at peak times.
h We can't deliver the part untilI on I during next Monday.
If the job is urgent, we will get to you for/ during/ within a couple of hours.
5 Match the two parts of the expressions.
wear conditions
parts tear
goods and maintenance
terms labour
repair services
6 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.

We'.v.e. .e)(;p.ech\\8 . . . . . . (expect) another delivery on Friday.
We .
EXAMPLE:
. . . . . . . . . (build up) good relationships over the past few years.

b Have you heard the news? Our suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (go bust).
The contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (run out) tomorrow.
d Our engineers . . . (be) always on call 24 hours a day.
e . . . . . . . . (put) a copy of the contract in the post to you tomorrow.
When we're busy, we . . . . (hire in) casual workers.
g There . . . . (seem) to be something wrong with my laptop.
7 Write a suitable question for each answer. Refer to the dialogues
.
EXAMPLE: Have . yo.I.A .CO\\h.0.c.t eJ. . 0 1.. \l": . r?\\\y . .o.f. . y O.. \AY. .serV\C eS . ....?
and notes.
Yes, we've contracted out all our cleaning and catering services.
Is . . . . . . . . . . .......?
No, it's just run out.
Do
No, we use a local employment agency.
Do ......... ?
Yes, there are about thirty on our approved list.

d How ...?
We can deliver the order by the end of the week.
e When .....?
At the end of the month. Shall we renew it, or look for another supplier?
What .
It covers you tor tire, theft and accidental damage, but not wear and tear.
....?
g How ......?
It's valid for three years from date of purchase.
h Are there
Not really. It's a very comprehensive warranty.
Do we . .......'.....'''.'........'''. ?
No, tliere's no call-out fee. It's included in the contract.
What
It includes all parts and labour.
0 Buildings and i nstallations
V' Listen to the recording and repeat.
When is the building work due to start?

It'll take three weeks to demolish the old building.
How long will the sub-contractors be on site?
It must be ready on time.
The first phase of the project was finished three days ahead of schedule.
We're on target to complete phase two.
We've had a slight delay.
We're working to a really tight schedule.
We can still meet the deadline.
How long will the system be down for?
We've allowed forty-eight hours to be on the safe side.
The program ' s going live on Monday.
The crew is on stand-by.
We've taken on a civil engineer. OF COVl?SE. SIR, CERTAINLY
SIR ... . YES ... I UNC>ERST41'JJ).
I'M COf/FJD[NT WE CAN STILL
MHT Ti![ D[ADL!NE,
:-o Dialog_eu _s_1________
0: Here are the plans for the new finished goods warehouse. Do you have any
A new warehouse
thoughts or comments?
0: I think the plans look good. There's just one thing though.fm a bit concerned about
the main lorry entrance. What's the height clearance?
0: Let me check. It's 3.80 m.
(): Are you sure that's high enough?
0: That's a good point. I'll make a note to increase it to 4.80 to make sure we can
accept the new containers.
0: I see there are same workmen on the site. When is the building work due to start?
The building schedule
0: Well. jt'II take three weeks to demolish the old building and clear away the
debris. We should be ready to start the construction work in week 23.
0: How long will the sub-contractors be on site?
0: About ten weeks in total f everything goes according to plan.
0: I'm sure it will. So, we should be able to start moving the machinery in during week
34. I'll confirm that date with our suppliers.
0: Who's in charge of the construction project?

Project planning
0: We've taken on a civil engineer on a nine-month temporary contract. He'll

oversee the whole project. In fact we're having a project meeting at 3 p.m this
atternoonlto allocate responsibilities and finalise the time schedule. W'ny don't
you join us?
0: I can't I'm afraid. I've got another meeting scherluled for 2:30 p.m.
0: How's the building work going?

Making progress
Q: Well, I'm afraid f;Ne've had a slight delay.

0: What's the problem? We really can't have any delays at this stage. We're working
to a really tight schedule and we're already .ver budget.
0: The cement arrived late buc don't worry, I'm confident.we can still meet the
/deadline. (The crew is on stand-by and as soon as the concrete has set we can
get started again.
0: OK. Keep me informed./lt must be ready on time.
Notes
I'm a bit concerned about ... . .. we've had a slight delay.
We could also say: slight means minor or small.
I have some concerns about . Other expressions:
I'm a little worried about. I'm afraid we've got a slight problem.
There's been a slight change ofplan.
What's the height clearance?
clearance is used to describe the distance We're working to a really tight schedule ...
from the ground to the top of an Another expression with tight
e"trancelroo1lbridge. I hope the parts arrive in time. l(s going to be
very tight. (This means we have very little
That's a goad point.
time.I
A useful way of showing you agree with
what someone has said. ... over budget.
When discussing finance over budget means
something cost more than planned.
Note the use of due. An a\ternafrve expression:
When is it scheduled to start? ... we can still meet the deadline.
This means that you manage to do the work
... it'll take three weeks to demolish the old
by the date/time agreed.
building . . .
demolish means knock down. The crew is an stand-by . . .
Note the use of 1t"f/ take for the amount of I f you are on stand-by, you are ready to start
time needed. work if needed.
It'll take two hours to repair the generator.
We need twenty-four hours for the concrete
Note we don't use to after must
to set.
The delivery must arrive on time.
. . . clear away the debris, Note: NOT The delivery must to arrive on time.
debris is another word for rubbish.
How long will the sub-contractors be on site? British/American differences
on site means in the company grounds British American
and/or buildings. I'm a bit concerned I'm a little concerned
... if everything goes according to plan. (The words bit and little can be used in both
We could also say: British and American English, but would not
If everything goes as planned. be used in this context. For example, I'm a bit
If we can keep ro our schedule. concerned is a very British expression and
would not be used in American English in
We've taken on a civil engineer . . . this way.)
We could also say:
rubbish garbage
We've recruited(hired(brought in a
finalise finalize
... an a nin e -month temporary contract.
Other expressions:
on a temporary basis
temporarily
The opposite of temporary is permanenr.
. . . ta allocate responsibilities . . .
This means t o decide who i s going t o be
responsib\e for certa\n duties.
-; o Dia log_u_es_2________
Phase 1 of a project
0: Hi, Paula. Haw are things going?
0: Everything's going very well. The first phase of the project was finished three days
'ahead of schedule. We're on target to complete phase two by the beginning of
week 40.
0: That's good news. What stage are you at now?
0: Well, we've just fi nished laying the cabling and we're waiting for the safety
inspector to give us the go-ahead to continue. I'm just going to meet him. Do you
want to come?
A new stock system

0: Is the new computerised stock system in operation?
0: Not quite. The software engineers are testing it just now.
0: Have all the operators been trained on it?
0: Yes, most of them.1We trained on a dummy system last month. A couple of people
were away so we've organised two more training sessions on ,the live system for
the whole team this week.
Going live
0: Our new production control program's going live on Monday. The old and
/ the new programs will operate in tandem for four to six weeks. That should give
us time to iron out any little problems.
0: Hope it all goes well. We're very busy at the moment and certainly don't want any
problems at this time of year.
0: Yes, I realise that. We've spent a long time planning and preparing for the change
over. I'm confident we won't have any major problems.
An upgrade
0: We need to take the accounts system affline to carry out the upgrade. But don't
worry, it won't cause too much inconvenience. We're going to do it over the
weekend.
0: We'll be taking everything ofiline in about two hours' time. It'll be down for a
0: Row long will the system be down for?
minimum of twelve hou. If everything goes according to plan, it should be up

again by 6 pm on Saturday.
0: That's fine. We've allowed forty-eight hours to be on the safe side.
Notes
The first phase of the project ... . .. the new programs will operate in tandem ...
Note the use of phase to describe a stage in a in tandem means both systems will run at the
project. same time.
Phase two of the building work will soon be
. iron 0111 any little problems.
finished.
This means to discover and solve any
When describing a process we use the word
problems.
stage.
The first stage tn the process is to remove the How Jong will the system be down for?
toxins. Note the use of down. We can also say:
How long will 1t be offline ?
... three days ahead of schedule.
This means three days earlier than planned. . . . in about two hours' time.
The opposite is behind schedule (i.e. later Note the use of in + a period of time to say
than planned). when something will happen.
Despite the slight delay we're still on schedule It will be ready in twenty minutes.
to complete the project by the end of this month. The shift is changing in half an hour.
I'm sorry to inform you that the building works
... for a minimum for twelve hours.
have fallen behind schedule.
We use fo1 + a period of lime 10 say
Were on target to complete phase two ... how long something will last.
on target means the same as on schedule The warehouse will be out of use for three
(see above). Target can also be used to months.
describe sales or production goals. Our foreman is on holiday for ten days.
We met our sales target last month.
We've allowed forty-eight hours to be on the
Our tonnage is below target this quarter. sale side.
.. . give us the go-ahead to continue. Note the use of allow for time.
Other similar expressions: You should allow at least one hour for the
We've got approval for the proiect. machine to cool down.
I hope we get the green light. We allowed an extra two days for the machine
rebuild.
... in operation.
A common expression which means working.
We trained on a dummy system . . .
British American
We could also say:
a trial system computerised computerized
a test platform organised organized
. . . the live system . . . realise realize

the opposite of a dummy system in about two hours' time in abollf two hours
schedule schedule
Our new production control program's going live
on Monday. 'fed:,u:l. skedjll:I 'skcd:,;,I, 'skcd3ul
Note the use of going live. on holiday on vacation
We could also say:
The system will be fully operational on Monday.
Practice
It is very important to arrive at the meeting . . . time.
I'm happy to report we are . . . . . . . schedule and the building will be finished
. . . . . . June as planned.
The new parts cost more than we thought. I'm afraid the project is now .
budget.
d The builders still haven't finished the new warehouse We are three weeks . . . . . . . . . . . .
schedule and might need to find other temporary raw material storage facilities.
e The sub-contractors will be staying on site . . . . . . six weeks.
Good news! Despite the delay, we're still . . . target to f nish the project
i
this week.
Everyone has been trained a twenty new staff.

The engineer helped iron b meet the d eadline?

3 I'm a bit concerned away the debris.
4 We've taken on d ready to start phase two?
5 When are we going to e out a few problems.
6 Are the builders f take the network offline?
I hope they're going to clear about the delays we've had.
Do you think we can still h on the new system.
g
3 Complete the sentences using in or for.
We can move into the new building . . i. . . . . . a few weeks.

. . two days because it's being repainted.
EXAMPLE:
The workshop will be out of use . .

The Production Manager isn't in today. She's on holiday . . . two weeks.
The new offices will be ready . . . . . about a week trom now.
Starting today, the contractors will be on site . . . . . . . . ten weeks.
e The cement should arrive . . . . the next hour or so.
tight demolish down slight tandem live allowed

testing go-ahead safety installed
EXAMPLE: Are you sure we've got enough height . .d <?',".'?\\\_ Ce . . for the new trucks?
a When two processes are operating at the same time, we say they're running
in .
Good news! We've got the . . . . . . . . . . . . for the new buildings.
We don't have any spare time. We've got a really . . schedule.
How much time have you . . . . . . . . . for the cabling work?
e How long will it take to . . . . the old factory?
The . . . . inspector has condemned this warehouse.
I'm afraid there's been a . . . . delay.
The anti-virus software was . . . . . . last week.
g
h
When do you think the new computer system will go .
j How much longer do you think the network will be . . . for?
. . . . . ?
k The engineers are . . . the phone lines at the moment.
5 Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb
The engineers . ,;,,.ye r.esh\18 . (test) the system at the moment.

in brackets.
EXAMPLE:
The delivery must . . . (arrive) on time.

We're on target . . . . . . . . . (complete) the project ahead of schedule.
c It'll take three weeks, if everything . . . . (go) according to plan.
Everyone . . . . . . . . (be) very busy at the moment.
e I hope we can . . . (meet) the deadline.
How much time have you . . . . . . . . (allow) to clear the site?
g We . . . . . . . (finish) phase two of the project last week.
h When . . . . . . . \be) the new system due to go into operat on?
i
6 Write down a suitable question for the following answers.
How . .\.,\ . Will .t S.'.q<::"9.l".". Ol,c;:::tVS 'o.. - S.\.+- . ...?
About ten weeks in total.
EXAMPLE:
How ...?
Very well. We're ahead ol schedule.
Is
It's not quite ready. The software engineers are testing it now.
How .. ?
It'll be down for about thirty minutes.

What . ... .... ?
We've just finished phase one and are ready to start phase two.
What . . . . . . . ..?
It's 4.80 m. - high enough for our lorries.
7 Rearrange the letters to form a word used in the dialogues, then match
the word to its definition.
EXAMPLE: srebid .)..e'(:,YtS \ a opposite of temporary
1 smloedih \ b approval or permission to continue
2 brt-scctusroona c time or date when something must

be finished
3 neatenrpm d ready to work if needed
4 eldeandi e knock down a building
5 efoaegnr reiwstne f working (a machine or system)

\
6 daheoga r-. g rubbish or waste material
7 rp toaninioe h a person who writes or fixes
8 sa ndynotb
I computer proqrams
i people from another company employed
for a specific job
0 Maintenance
A Some useful phrases.
, Listen to the recording and repeat.
Someone has reported a fault.

This model's designed for heavy use.
It's usually very reliable.
I'd like to go over the list of jobs.
We might need to extend the shut.
We need lo reduce our downtime.
There have been too many unplanned shutdowns.
We need to establish routine maintenance procedures.
It's a crucial part of our process.
We try to replace components before they fail or wear out.
When was it serviced?
How ohen do you service the vans?
We can give the engines a major overhaul
We strip down the engine and replace the faulty component.
I'P LIK TO GO OYfR

rnr i1sr or JOBS roR
roMORROW.
-o Dia log_u_es_1________
0: Hi./Someone has reported a fault on one of your copiers.
A minor fault
Q: That's right. I'm glad you're here. It hasn't been working properly for the last few
days.
0: When was it serviced?
0: Just a couple of weeks ago.fit's usually very reliable.
0: What's actually wrong with it?
Q: Well, it's making a strange noise when we try to change paper trays.
0: I'm sure it's nothing serious. probably just a minor fault. fll have a look at it.
0: I've just got a new printer. How often do I need to replace the print heads?
Light or heavy use1
Q: Well, under normal conditions each head lasts about 5 OOO copies or so. It depends
on the user, but about once a month is average.
0: So if I don't print out very much, it could last a lot longer?
0: That's right. It could last six months or more. This model's designed for heavy use.
Don't worry- you'll get an error message telling you when to change the head.
0: What sort of problems do you have w i th these machines?

Common problems
Q: They're quite complex machines and they have a lot of different components. We
neetl to check the metal casing regularly for any signs of corrosion. We also check
the brushes once a fortnight to make sure they aren't worn down. It's important to
make sure everything is properly aligned and we adjust it if necessary. There is a
canvas belt at the end of the 'assembly line. If it gets wet, it might rot so we check
tha\ regularly \oo.
0: Hi, Xavier.ll'd like to go over the list of jobs for next week's maintenance shut.
Jobs to do
0: Sme. We've got a lot to tlo in a short time. We're planning to shut the line at midday
on Wednesday and start up again at 6 pm the following day/We might need to
extend the shut .6y about six hours.
0: Our production people won't be happy about that.lWe've got a full order book at
the moment. Is there any way you could speed things up?
Q: Not really. We need to dismantle the conveyor belt and replace the rollers.
Notes
Someone has reported a fault ... I'd like to go overthe list of jobs ...
Note the expression to report a fault. go over means look at and discuss.
We can also say go through:
I'd like to go through the new procedures
service is a noun and a verb. Note the
with you.
following expressions;
It is serviced regularly. . . at midday on Wednesday ..
We carry out regular services. Note t h e use o f prepositions:
at with time. on for days
at 2:30 p.m/at 18:30
The opposite is unreliable.
on Thursday/on Saturday
Other expressions:
in the morning/afternoon/evening
We rarely have any problems with it.
in January/Febmary
It generally runs very smoothly.
We might need to extend the shut ...
. . a minor fault.
extend means make longer.
minor means small/unimportant
shut is a common expression for a
the opposite is ma1or or a senous fault.
production shutdown.
/'II have a look at it.
1 . .. by about six hours.
Note the preposif o n at We can also say
Note this use of by:
/'II check it.
co
I need extend the meeting by one hour.
. each head lasts about 5 OOO copies or so. We've increased production by twenty per cent.
or so means approximately.
We've got a full order book ...
Other ways of commenting on how long
If talking about production capacity. we can
something lasts:
also say:
We get about 50 OOO print mns out of it.
We're fully booked.
We can use it approximately 150 times.
We expect around 200 hours' running time. speed things up.
This means do something faster. The opposite
is slow things down.
The opposite of heavy use is light use
It is only designed for light use.
... complex machines ...
British American
A complex machine has many parts.
The opposite is simple o r basic. ... has reported a . . . has reported a
fault. problem.
. once a fortnight . . .
(Problem is also used
A fartntght i s a period of two weeks.
in British English.)
We could also say:
a fortnight two weeks, fourteen
once every two weeks.
days (also used in
every other week.
British English)
. . . assembly line.
An assembly line is a production line where
products are put together from different
parts
(o Dia log_es_
u_ 2 ________
Preventive maintenance
0: There have been too many unplanned shutdowns over the past few months. We'll
have to make a few changes to the way we operate. We need to reduce our
0: I agree, but the maintenance team is fully stretched dealing with problems. We
downtime.
don't have time to carry out any preventive maintenance.

0: We need to establish routine maintenance procedures. It costs us too much in
lost production if we wait until something breaks down before we fix it.
Discussing frequency
0: How often do you service the pump?
0: We take very good care of this particular pump. It's a crucial part of our process.
We clean it and flush itthrough at the end of every shift. We check the high
pressure seals. recalibrate the gauges and lubricate all moving parts weekly.
We replace the gaskets every month.
0: How do you decide how often these things need to be done?
0: Well, from experience we can predict the lifespan of different components.
We try to replace components before they fail or wear out. This prevents the
equipment from breaking down. It also saves us a lot of trouble!
Regular services
0: This is our main service area. We do all the routine services here and have two
full-time mechanics.
0: How often do you service the vans?
0: They're serviced regularly. We give themra basic service every 10 OOO km or so
and a main service once a year, or every 100 OOO km.
0: I see. What does the service involve?
0: Well, the same as for private vehicles really, but we do it more often because they
0: Can you carry out major repairs here?

get a lot of wear and tear.
0: Yes, we've got all the necessary equipment. We can give the engines a major
overhaul. If there's a serious problem. i.ve strip down the engine and find the
(faulty component. Would you like to look around?
Non-urgent repairs
0: What rlo you do if you lind something that isn't on your list?
0: It depends what it is. Once we have disconnected the unit, we do as many jobs as
we can. If there is something that isn't broken but might cause a problem before
the next service then of course we repair it or replace that part. But if it's not
urgent, we make a note in the service record to carry out that repair next time.
Notes
There have been too many unplanned How often do you service the vans?
shutdowns ... This is the most common way of asking
Note the use of the prefix unto mean not. about frequency. Note how to reply:
Other examples: The filters are changed monthly.
Our vans run on unleaded petrol We test the system on a regular basis.
We need to unblock the pipe. We carry out a full diagnostic test twice a
month.
We need to reduce our downtime.
Downtime is when the production line is shut ... a basic service every 10 OOO km or so
because of a problem. Note the use of every:
We replace the bulbs every month .
. .. the maintenance team is fully stretched . . .
It has to be changed every 100 hours.
Fully stretched means working at full capacity
and unable to do any more work. . they get a lot of wear and tear.
wear and tea, is damage which happens
We need to establish routine maintenance
when something is used a lot.
procedures.
Note the use of establish. ... give the engines a major overhaul.
We could also say set up. An overhaul is a detailed service.
They are going to set up a preventive
. we strip down the engine and find the faulty
maintenance schedule.
component.
It's a crucial part of our process. stnp down means dismantle or take apart.
crucial means essential, vital. Another example:
We'll need to strip down the assembly line to
... flush it through .
replace the faulty part.
flush means to pass a lot of water or liquid
through a pipe, usually to clean it. Once we have disconnected the unit, ...
disconnect means undo the connection. Other
. recalibrate the gauges . . .
examples with dis:
Note the use o f the prefix re t o mean again.
Make sure the gears are disengaged.
Other examples:
Oiseogaged means not in position.
I've reset the levels.
Something has dislodged the bearing.
We're ready to re-assemble the unit.
Dislodged means moved it from its position.
We can reuse it. Don't throw it out.
. . . we make a note in the service record ...
. . . we can predictthe lifespan . . .
We could also say:
lifespan is how long a component o r piece of
Write it down in the service log.
equipment will work.
We try to replace components before they fail or

wear out.
British American
If a component or machine fa;/s, it breaks
down. The noun is failure. petrol gas(oline)
Our communication system has failed.
There's been a power failure.
Practice
Choose the correct verb make o r do.
We . . J.o. . . . . . the routine services on-site.
We've got a lot of work to . . . before the end of the month.
EXAMPLE:
b I think we need to . . . . . . a few changes to our document management procedures.

Does that engine always . . . . a strange noise?
d Will you have enough time to . . . all the jobs on your list?
Could you . . . a note to order a replacement unit?
2 Match an expression in column A with one in column B.
often annually
A B
everytwo weeks weekly

hardly ever frequently
once a year once a day
every week rarely
on a daily basis fortnightly
1 We need to carry out a the component fails.

2 H= on b regular backups.

3 I phoned the engineer to c some more time to complete all the repairs.
4 We don't wait until d some routine maintenance tasks.
5 It's important to take e do you do a diagnostic test?
We might need report a fault.
a It's not designed . . . heavy use .

b It's a very durable system. . . . normal operating conditions it will last

many years
Do you know what's wrong . . . . . it?
d Can you look . . . . . this pump? I don't think it's working properly.
e We're going to shut the line . . . . . midday.
The unit will be replaced . . January.
g It's a crucial part . . . . . our process.
h The electrician will be here . . . . Tuesday.
5 Match the two parts of the verbs and put them in the correct
sentences. You might need to change the verb form.
speed down
slow around
_
strip over
wear up
look through
go up
set down
flush down
EXAMPLE: We need to finish this job by Friday. We'd better . Spee,::1-. -P. .
First . . . . . . the engine and then clean all the parts.

We need to replace the roller brushes; they've .
Would you like me to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the job list with you?
d Don't forget to . . . the pipes . . . . . . with clean water.
e The safety inspector is going to . . . . . . the site.
We're going to . . . . . . . a new system for reporting faults.
We need to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the rotor. It's turning too fast.
moving often
capacity dismantle essential
EXAMPLE: The engine has been running very . . 5. \.:"\ <?<?.\:-1-\1y . . . since its last service.
This is an . . . part of our manufacturing process.

b Remember to lubricate all . . . . . parts.
We can't accept any more orders for next month. We're already working at full
d How. . . . . . . do you check the machine settings?

e I'm not sure how to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . this section of the machine. I'll need to check the
maintenance manual.
Once the liquid has cooled, we . . ye_ heat it to forty degrees.
7 Choose the correct prefix - un, re or dis.
Sorry about the delay. We had an . . . expected problem.

EXAMPLE:
b Don't forget to . calibrate the sensors before you switch the power on.
c Who lett this door . . . . . . locked?
d There's a mistake in the maintenance schedule. Could you . . . . . . print it. please?
e Something has . lodged the sensor.
You must . . . . connect tlle electricity supply before opening the casing.
g Most cars now run on . . . leaded petrol.
h We need to . . . . . . order these parts.
Remember to . . engage the gears before starting the engine.
The rubber ring a has tiroen down.

8 Match the material with the problem. Use a dictionary if necessary.
The brushes b has corroded.

3 The canvas belt c have worn down.
4 The component d has perished.
5 The metal casing e has rotted.
6 The engine has failed.
9 Using as many of the verbs as possible, make a list of the tasks done
during maintenance.
recalibrate drain check top up lubricate

clean d'1smantle replace service
<:::lO\', . . 0Y'."'-.l !'\ . CVleCf . . .<;".YYlq'. . . . 0ll;'\O\"lf:'k_ . a pump

EXAMPLE:
b a filter
the bearings
a seal
e the iluid levels
the sensors
A Some useful phrases.
, Listen to the recording and repeat.
Joh an hasn't turned up.

We're very short-staffed.
Tammi can stand in for an hour.
What's wrong with the photocopier?
Have you checked the fuse?
The toner has run out.
The gears have seized up.
You'll have to dismantle the unit.
I've been having problems getting onto the Internet.
Why don't you call the Help Desk?
The system keeps crashing.
You'll need to reboot your machine.
When did you last take a backup?
The server might be down.
I might have the wrong version.
You'll have to upgrade.
-o Dia log_u_es_1________
A personnel problem
0: (Johan hasn't turned up and Stefan is ill. Do we have anyone n stand-liy?
0: I'm afraid not, we're very short-staffed at the moment. Can you ask the shift
supervisor to ask one of his team to do some overtime? Perhaps Tammi can
stand in for an hour or two until we find a replacement.
An electrical problem
0: What's wrong?
0: There's no power.
0: Yes, the fuse had blown and I've changed it but now the motor keeps cutting out.
0: Have you checked the fuse box?
0: There might be a loose connection somewhere that's making the safety switch
trip. Check the settings on the trip-switch. If you can' t fix it yourself, call in an
electrician.
A problem in the office
0: IThe toner has run out and there's none in the stationery cupboard.
0: !What's wrong with the photocopier?
0: I need to make six copies of this report for the Board Meeting tomorrow. Ring
Office Supplies and ask if they have any in stock. If they can't deliver this
afternoon, I'll go and collect it.
Mechanical problem 1
0: What's happened? Is there a problem?
0: I think the gears have seized up.
0: You'll have to dismantle the unit and lubricate the bearings. Do it as quickly as
you can but make sure you lop up the oil before you start the motor up again.
Mechanical problem 2
0: Why have you stopped production?
0: We've had a few problems. One of the bolts has worked loose and a blade has
snapped off.
0: OK. Make sure the power is switched off then tighten up all the bolts on the unit
and replace the broken blade. Why is there oil all over the floor?
0: ff think the valve is faulty. I-couldn't regulate the pressure and the seal burst
I tried opening the emergency valve but it was jammed.
0: Clean up the mess first, then fit a new seal and check the valve.
Note s
Johan hasn't turned up ,.. Whats wrong with the photocopier?
This means he hasn't arrived. We could also Other ways of asking what the problem is:
say: Whats the matter with it?
He hasn't come in today. Whats happened to it?
He's off sick.
The toner has run out , , .
, ,, on stand-by, We use run out to say there is none left.
If someone is not actually working but is The new building isn't finished yet because the
ready to work, we say they are on stand-by. company has run out of money.
We can also say on call.
. .. the gears have seized up.
I won't be able to relax properly this weekend.
When moving machine parts get srvck and
I'm on call.
can't move we say they seize up. We can also
, we 're very short-staffed , . , say that something is/has jammed.
short-staffed means we don't have enough I can't move this lever. It's jammed.
staff.
You'll have to dismantle the unit . , .
We could also say:
You'll have to infinitive is a useful way of
We're short of staff.
telling someone what to do when
We're short of resources.
troubleshooting:
Note: NOT short-resourced.
Yau 'JI have to ask for help.
,.. Tammi can stand in for an hour . . , You'll have to call in a specialist.
Stand in for means temporarily replace ta Dismantle means to take someth"ing apart so
colleague). that it is in several pieces.
Can you stand in for me when I go on holiday ? The opposite is to assemble.
Have you checked the fuse box? I think the valve is faulty.
We can also say: faulty means not working properly.
Have you inspected/examined/looked at .
I couldn't regulate the pressure ...
,, . the fuse had blown ,.. regulate means control.
When a fuse breaks we say it blows. Noie This valve regulates the flow of water.
also:
... the seal burst.
It has fused.
If a seal tears, we say it bursts.
Check the settings on the trip-switch.
A trip-switch is a mechanical switch which
turns something on or off. It is often a safety
British American
device.
When a safety cut-out trips, it shuts down the
When a safety When a circuit breaker
power.
cut-out trips. trips.
The safety cut-out has tripped
The switch has tripped.
:- o Dia log_e_
u_s _
2 ________
A computer virus
0: I think I've got a virus on my computer. ,oo you know how to get rid of it? I haven't
had one before.
0: I'm afraid not. Why don't you call the Help Desk? Someone there will be able to
help you.
0: Have you got the number? I'll call them right now.
The wrong software

0: I can't open this email attachment our Paris office has sent me.
0: Are you sure you're using the right program?
0: Well, yes it's definitely the same program but I might have the wrong version.
Their system is newer than ours.
0: That's why you can't open it. You'll have to upgrade before you can read the file.
The screen is frozen

(:): Can you help me? The program is not responding and I don't know what to do.
@: Look at the icon in the bottom earner of your screen. Is it flashing?
(:): No. It isn't.
0: OK. Try closing down all the files you're not using at the moment.
0: But I can't move the cursor at all. My screen is frozen. What should I do?
(:): Yes, but nothing's happened.

0: Have you tried pressing the Escape key?
0: OK, you'll need to reboot your machine. Press Control, Alt and Delete at the same
time.
O I've never done that before. Will I lose all my files?
O You might lose the file you were working on, but don't worry, the help desk can
restore it. When did you last take a backup?
Internet problems
0:
0: Have you checked your connection settings?
I've been having problems getting onto the Internet.
0: Yes, they're fine. I suppose he server might be down again.

0: Yes, there have been a few problems recently. Why don't you call the IT
department?
Memory problems
O: The system keeps crashing when I try to access the personnel database.
0: I think the file is too big. You'll need to expand your memory. First, close down all
the files you have open, and then .
Notes
Do you know how to get rid of it? When did you last take a backup?
In computing get nd of means delete. We can We can also say make a backup (noun) or just
also say: back up (verb).
How do I delete it? You should back up your files at the end of each
Can you tell me how to delete it? week.
Why don't you call the Help Desk? I've been having problems getting onto the
There are many different ways of giving Internet.
advice: We can also say accessing the Internet.
You should save your work regularly Note the use of prepositions in the following
I think you should ask an experl. examples:
... I might have the wrong version. What's the password to get into the system?
--/ can't get onto/into the network.
Some other ways of saying what you think is
How do you get into the file/database?
wrong:
Which folder is the report in?
I suppose the server might be down.
You could have a vims on your system It's on the hard disk/a floppy/CD ROM
The program could be faulty. The information is in a tile on my hard drive.
I think there's a malfunction. ... the server might be down ...
You'll have to upgrade ... We use down to describe a computer
controlled system which is not in operation.
If you upgrade a computer program or
system, you get a better, more up-to-date The system keeps crashing ...
one. If something happens frequently, we say it
My screen is frozen. keeps happening. Note the -ing form after
In computing frozen means locked, unable to
keep:
Why do I keep getting this error message?
move.
The printer keeps jamming.
Have you tried pressing the Escape key?
This is another useful way of giving advice.
Note the use of try+ -ing.
Try holding down the Control key. British American
Have you tried saving it in a lower version? When did you last When did you last
take a backup? run a 6ackup?
... you'll need to reboot your machine.
You'll need to means the same as you'll
have to.
reboot means start your computer up again.
Another useful expression is
a boot disk. This means a start-up disk.
Have you made a boot disk?
Practice
I can't get . . . . . . . . . . . . the Internet.
b I've got a virus . . . . . . . . . . . . my computer.

c I've been having problems getting . . . . . . . . . . . . the prsonnel database.
The file is . . . . . . . . . the Accounts Folder . . . . . . the C drive .
What's wrong . . . . . my computer?
I'll have to reorder some new ink cartridges. We're . . . . . . . . . . . . of stock at the moment.
2 The following expressions appear in the dialogues or notes. Match

each verb with its preposition and complete each sentence with one o'i
the alternatives.
:: : :t
t h
ea" / up
clean up
tighten up
top off
turn out
cut up
run In
EXAMPLE: Can you pass me that spanner? I need to . +iB.v.-t.e . l>.p . this bolt.
Did you remember to . . . . . . . . the lubricating fluid aher we repaired the leak?
We've . . . . . . . . . of raw materials.
c One of our workers didn't . . . . . . . . . . . . yesterday.
d T his works hop is very dirty. . . . . . . . . it . . . . . . . . . . . . immediately!
e Don't forget to . . . the power before you remove the safety guard.
I h ope the motor doesn't . . . . . . . . . again.
If you don't lubricate th e mechanism regularly, it might . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . ,
h t think we need to . . . . . . an electrician.
g
,I
My computer keeps rebooting the system.
2 Have you checked the b to replace the bearings.
It might the toner cartridge.
You need
3
4 d phone an engineer?
Why don't you e pressure?
I think you crashing.
You'll have to replace
6
g should check the filters.
8 Try h be broken.
4 Use your dictionary and complete the sentences with the most suitable
word from the box.
lubricated tripped QJ.lwn snapped leak loose

crashed expand faul t jammed cursor restore
EXAMPLE: The fuse has . . . ,\;,,l C.W. .

I think you should . . . . . . . . . . . . the memory.
My computer has.
c The gearing mechanism has . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . again.
d Can you help me . . . . . . . the data?
The safety switch has .
The blade has . . . . off.
e
My mouse isn't working, I can't move the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

There has been an oil .
The bolt has worked
I think there is a . . . . . . . . in the program.
Have you . . . . . . . . . all the moving parts?
5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs
EXAMPLE: Why don't you . . f,Yl"'le. . . . . . . . !phone) the supplier?

in brackets.
You'll need to . . . . . (drain) the system completely.

b Try . . . . . I adjust) the release valve.
l think you should . . (switch ott) the power.
d You'll have to . . . . . !upgrade) your software.
e Have you tried . . . . (replace} the bearings?
Quick, . . . . (close) the valve!
\l The power keeps . . . . . (cut out\.
6 Write down a response to the following problems. Refer
I can't open this attachment

to the dialogues.
AvRc. y. <?C.... ;;4<-vg_ . Y "- 'vg 4'-5l.".j Jl,,. v \..t fVCj VP\I<( . . . . . . . . . . . .
EXAMPLE:
a What's wrong with the photocopier?
b The file is too big.
c I ca11't move the cursor.
d There' s 110 power.
e Oo you know how to get rid of a virus?

e
-A
SafetY. in the workQ_
Some useful phrases.
la_c_
e_-=
:: Listen to the recording and repeat.
You should put your ear plugs in.

You mustn't smoke here.
You must wear goggles in that area.
Mind out! Don't get too close.
Please be careful when you walk across the floor.
It might be slippery.
Make sure you know how to stop the machine.
Check that all the safety guards are fitted correctly.
Some of the materials we use are highly-flammable.
Could you just run through the evacuation procedure?
When you hear the fire alarm, go to the nearest fire exit.
Always shut the fire doors to prevent the fire spreading.
I think he's hurt his back.
What shall we do?
I'll get the first-aider.
We'd better not move him.
:- o Dia log_ue_s_1________
A noisy environment
"OK, so let's look round the factory now. It's quite a hazardous environment so you
need to take care. By the way,iou should put your ear plugs in when we go down
lo the factory. It's not compulsory but some of the machines are a bit noisy."
Warning signs
"This is the machine hall. Do you notice that sign over there - the red circle with a
diagonal line through it? lt means1you mustn't smoke here. A blue circle shows
something is compulsory - so that sign over there meansivou must wear goggles
,i n that area lo protect your eyes. The yellow triangle with a black border over there
is a warning sign. It means the floor might be wet."
Hazards
"Mind out. Don't get too close. It's very hot. We don't want you to burn yourself.
And please be careful when you walk across the floor. flt might be slippery."
"So, if you follow me into the Finished Goods Area now . . . Mind you don't trip when
you go past the packing area. Someone has left some wooden pallets on the floor.
And be careful when you walk across the warehouse /There might be a fork-lift
truck reversing into the storage area."
Machine safety
"I realise Jome of you are already familiar with the safety procedures for this type
of machine but l'II just explain some of the basics again. First of all, make sure you
know how to stop the machine before you start it. That seems obvious but it's
important."
"Now on this machine always check that all the safety guards are fitted correctly
before you operate the machine because if you don't, someone might have a bad
accident. What else? Oh yes, never try to clean a machine that' s in motion. Switch
it off and unplug it."
"And finally, tell your supervisor immediately if you think the machine is not
working properly or if you think there are any problems. Okay, so has anyone got
any questions?"
Notes
It's quite a hazardous environment ... . . . some of you are already familiar with the
j
Something that is hazardous is dangerous t o safety procedures ...
people's health or safety. You can also say:
Note also hazard: Some of you already know about the safety
The workshop is full of hazards. procedures.
Some of you have already been shown
... you should put your ear plugs in ...
the safety procedures.
Should is used to show that something is
A procedure is the correct way of doing
recommended (but not compulsory).
things, usually in a fixed order.
Some other ways of doing this:
I recommend you put your ear plugs in. make sure you know how to stop the
I suggest you wear goggles in this area machine . . .
Note other ways o f talking about safety
... you mustn't smoke here.
regulations:
Some other ways at saying th-1s:
Never attempt to clean a machine that's in
You can't smoke here.
motion.
You're not allowed to smoke here.
Tell your supervisor immediately.
Smoking is prohibited here.
Check that the area around the machine is
Smoking isn't allowed here.
clean and tidy.
. . . you must wear goggles in that area ... Wear goggles when you are weldmg.
We can also say: Don "t throw tools in the workshop.
Goggles must be worn. Note do not would be used in a written notice
Goggles are compulsory I obligatory. or in a strong spoken instruction. Usually in
speech we used the contracted form, don 't.
Some other expressions with mind to warn ... always check that all the safety guards are
someone of a possible danger: fitted correctly . . . if you don't, someone might
Mind you don't trip! have a bad accident.
Mind your head! Note the use of if to talk about possible
consequences if safety procedures aren't
. . . please be careful when you walk across the
followed:
floor.
Always wear goggles when welding. If you
Please be caret/JI when ... is another way of
don't, you might damage your eyes.
giving a warning.
Never smoke in the workshop. If you do, you
It might be slippery. m(ght start a fire.
Note might/may indicates that something is
possible. It might/may be is used with an
adjective:
British American
It might be hot. It may be noisy.
Mind out!
There might be a fork-lift truck reversing into the This expression is only used in British English.
storage area.
In both American and British English the
There might/mav be is used with a noun:
expression Watch out is used. For example:
There might/may be oil on the floor
Mind you don't trip. Watch you don't trip.
Mind your head! Watch your head!
(o Dia log_es_
u_ 2 ________
0: Is that a no-smoking sign?
Flammable materials
0: Yes, it is. As you know, some of the materials we use are highly-flammable so we
have a very strict non-smoking policy in the factory.
0: What does that sign mean?
0: It means there must be no naked flames or sparks anywhere near flammable
materials. If the materials ignite, it could cause a serious fire and the fumes they
(give off can be very dangerous it you inhale them.
The evacuation procedure
0: Yes, of course. When you hear the fire alarm, which is a very loud, continuous
0: /Could you just run through the evacuation procedure?
ringing noise. you should go to the nearest fire exit or fire escape as quickly as
possible.
0: Should we use the stairs?
0: Yes, don't use the lifts. We have regular fire drills so you'll soon become familiar
with the procedure. And jlways shutthe lire doors to preventthe fire spreading.
0: What should I do if I notice a fire?

Dealing with a fire
0: Raise the alarm by breaking the glass of the nearest fire alarm. Call Security, say
'Fire' and give your name and exact location. At night you should phone the fire
service from the nearest telephone
0: Should I try to put the fire out?
0: If you discover a small fire, you can try to put it out with a fire extinguisher but
only do this if you have been trained. Make sure you use the right extinguisher.
They are all colour-coded and contain ct1tterent substances ta put out the fire.
0: Your hand is bleeding. What have you done to it?

Accident 1 : A cut hand
0: I cut it on that blade.

0: 1 1'11 get the first aid box. There's some antiseptic cream and a bandage in there.
0: Ow! I've twisted my ankle. I slipped on that greasy patch over there. I don't think
Accident 2: An ,mkle injury
it's broken but it really hurts.

0: Sit down here - don't put any pressure an it. I'd better call the company doctor.
0: Marca has fallen off a ladder. I think he's hurt his back. What shall we do?
Accident 3: A fall
0: We'd better not move him. I'll get the first-aider.

Notes
... some of the materials we use are highly /'II get the first aid box.
flammable ... Note we use /'II to show that the speaker is
Instead of are flammable you could say: catch going to take immediate action. A first aid
fire/ignite/burn easily. box contains items such as scissors, plasters
Some of the materials we use burn easily. etc. to treat minor injuries.
Sometimes the word inflammable is used (e.g.
... it really hurts.
highly inflammable aircraft fuel) with the same
It hurts means something is painful:
meaning as flammable.
My arm hurts.
... the fumes they give offcan be very dangerous ...
I'd better call the company doctor.
Produce/emit can be used for give off.
Note the use of I/you/we had berter 10 talk about
Could you just run through the evacuation the correct thing to do in a difficult situation.
procedure ? Had is usually shortened to 'd. We don't use to
You could use go through or explain for run after had better (Note: NOT I'd berter to call . . )
through:
Could you explain/go through the safety
We can also say:
instructions again?
I think he's injured his back.
To evacuate means to move people from a
dangerous place. What shall we do?
Note the use of shall I/we to ask for an
When you hearthe fire alarm, ... go to the
opinion on the correct thing to do.
nearest fire exit or fire escape .. .
Shall I call an ambulance?
Note these expressions with fire.
Also: a fire drill, the fire service, fire fighters. We'd better not move him.
Note the negative form .
... always shut the fire doors to prevent the fire
spreading. /'II get the first-aider.
You can also use stop for prevent A f,rst-aider is someone in the workplace who
The best thing is to stop the fire starting in the has been given basic medical training to help
first place. people who have an accident or are ill at work.
Prevent can be used with just a noun:
We must try to prevent accidents. British/American differences
Raise the alarm by breaking the glass . . . British American
Raise the alarm means warn people o f danger. non-smoking policy no smoking policy
... you can try to put it out with a fire lifts elevators
extinguisher .. To raise the alarm. To sound the alarm
To put out and to extinguish mean the same. the fire service (also the fire department
Note the word order: Try to put out the fire. known as the fire
or: Try to put the fire out. brigade)
Be careful with the word order with it Try to the first-aider
put it out (Note: NOT put out it)
There is no first-aider equivalent in American
Your hand is bleeding. English. You would see the company doctor or
Some other injuries: nurse in an American company, but this would
I've twisted my ankle. be a professionally trained person.
I've got something in my eye. plasters Band-Aids ( Band-Aid is
a trademark)
Practice
a live wire you might be hit
Match the hazard with the possible result.
a loose piece of flooring you might slip aver

a sharp blade you might damage your hearing
b
steam d you might burn yourself

3
a careless truck driver you might electrocute yourself

4
a greasy floor you might cut yourself

5
a very loud noise g you might trip over

6 f
2 Complete the sentences with words from the box below.
when you mind oil out tools don't careful hot sharp floor low
Mind . . don't trip. There are lots of . . . . . . lying around.

b Be . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ Don't touch the blades. They're very .
c Mind . . . . . . . . . ! Someone's left some boxes on the .
. . . your heads! The doorway is very .
e Be careful . . . . . . you walk across the factory. There are often patct1es of
. on the floor.
Mind you . . . . . . . burn yourself. The metal is very . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Always wear ear protectio n a

check electrical installations regularly.
Don't leave b emergency exits clear.

Keep c a machine without checking the safety procedures first.
Never place d when using a pneumatic drill.
3
Make sure you e bottles of chemicals carefully.

4
Check that a ladder near an electricity line.

s
Do not operate g tools lying on the l\oor.

6
Label h the safety guard is in place.

7
8
4 Choose It or There.
EXAMPLE: . '+-. .might be slippery.
. . might be very noisy.
. . . . might be a lot of dust
. . might be very sharp.
d . . might be trucks unloading.
. . might be bits of broken glass on the floor.
. . . . . . . . . . . . might be live.
5 What might happen if you don't follow safety procedures?
Never store cylinders by naked flames. a Someone might slip over.

First match the sentences.
2 Always wear gloves when welding. b Someone may get poisoned.

3 You must wipe spillages up immediately. c They may explode.
4 You mustn't store chemicals in milk bottles Someone might trip over them.
or jam jars. You might burn your hands.
Never leave bits of wood lying around on
the floor.
Now choose If you do, or If you don't, to join the two sentences. Write
out the whole sentences below.
EXAMPLE: . N.ev.e.v: .sh:w.e. cyli>\J.-eYS. he<"IY. >\<?\\:.e. f\"'-\A'.\eS .1:1 .yolA. J.-o, . .
. . . . t-\t)ey. 1-':\""-Y .e"r1oe, .
it/where/hurt/does?
6 Rearrange these words to form questions.
move/arm/you/can/your?
happen/it/did/how? .
get/the/I/shall/Iirstaider?
c
keep/first aid/where/we/box/do/the?
injured/anyone/been/has? . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . , . . . . . . . , . . . . .
anyone/am bulance/has/yet/c alied/an?
your/to/what/done/have/you/hand? . . . .
g
h
7 Match the sentences on the left with the responses on the right.
I think I've twisted my ankle. a We'd better order some more.
I've cut my finger. b We'd better take her out into the fresh air.

3 Look! The warehouse is on fire. c We'd better not use it. Switch it off!
4 Jose has fallen and hurt his back. d You'd better not put any pressure on it.
5 I've splashed some chemical on my skin. You'd better put a plaster on it.
6 Maria has inhaled some !umes. You'd netter wash it ott immediately.
7 The machine is making a funny noise. g We'd better not move him.
8 We haven't got any bandages. h We'd better call the fire service.
8 Fire vocabulary crossword.

Across
Move people from a dangerous
place. (8) Iv)
4 Catches fire easily. (9) (adj)
6 A door for leaving a building when
there is a fire. (4.4) (n)
9 A metal cylinder containing water
or chemical at high pressure used
for putting out fires. (4, 12) (n)
10 Burning gases in pointed shapes
that come from something on fire.
(6) (n)
11 To be o n fire. (4) (v)
Down
Something like a bell that makes a loud noise to warn people of danger. (5) (n)
3 A small piece of bright burning material that flies up from something burning. (5) (n)
4 These practice what to do if there is a fire. (4,6) (n)
To catch fire or set fire to. (6) (v)
6 Unhealthy smoke, gas or smells produced when something burns. (5)
7 To extinguish. (3,3) (v)
8 The fire . . . . is the organisation which has the job of putting out fires. (7) (n)
0 Environmental matters
, Listen to the record mg and repeat.
Plastics aren't bio-degradable.

They don't break down easily in the environment.
In what ways are your products environmentally-friendly?
We use recycled fibre in our boxes.
We've managed to reduce our energy consumption by 15 per cent.
We don't use any fossil fuels.
We use energy from alternative sources.
How do you dispose of the waste in your factory?
We have to send it to landfill.
We're planning to build a new incineration plant next year.
It's less harmful to the environment.
What damage does ozone do?
It's one of the main air pollutants
Factories don't emit it directly into the air.
Has your company been affected much by government legislation?
We've had to meet tough government standards.
Are factories allowed to discharge waste water into the lake?
What happens if you exceed the limits? -------
WE'Yf MANAGED 10 RJPUC

OUR NRGY CONSUMPTION BY
75 PER. CENT.
-o Dialog_eu _s__
1 _______
0: Recycling is big business these days, isn't it?
Recycling
0: Yes, it's definitely a growing business.

0: What do you recycle in your plant?
0: Mainly plast'1cs.1Plastics aren't bin-degradable -,they don't break down easily in
the environment- so they shouldn't be thrown away.
0: How is plastic recycled, then?
0: Well, there are basically two methods. One is to break down the chemicals in the
plastic into smaller chemical particles. These can then be used in the production ol
new chemicals.
O. \s that the method you use here?
0: No, we don't do that here. We recycle polyethylene and we make it into other
products.
0: How do you do that?
0 : lBy melting it down and then reforming it Our main products are bin liners for
kitchen bins and carri er bags for supermarkets.
0: You say your products are aimed at the green consumer. In what ways are they
Environmentally-friendly products
environmental ly-friendly?
0: We produce household cleaning products - detergents and so on. ifhey are all
phosphate-free, which minimises damage to the environment.
0: What about the packaging?
0: We try to use as little packaging as possible. Also, all our bottles are made of
recyclable plastic and we use recycled fibre in our boxes. That's what our
customers want.
0: ,We've managed to reduce our energy consumption in our factory' by about 15 per
Energy
I cent in the last two years.

0: That's excellent. How have you managed that?
0: Mainly because we've invested in a heat recovery system.
0: What does that mean exactly?
0: Well, we use the exhaust gases from our printing presses to provide energy to heat
our dryers.
0: What other sources of energy do you use?
0: We don't use any fossil fuels. Most of our power comes from hydro-electric plants.
We're hoping to use eveo more ,energy from alternative sources in the luture -
perhaps even wind power.
Notes
Plastics aren't bia-degradable ... We've managed ta reduce our energy
Note the use of -able, which means that consumption ...
something is possible. energy consumption is the amount of energy
All our bottles are recyclable. used. Note the verb consume:
Wood is a renewable resource. We consume far too much fuel.
We produce disposable cigarette lighters.
... by about 15 per cent . . .
...they don't break down easily in the b y is used to indicate the amount of increase
environment .. or decrease in something.
When a substance breaks down, it changes
... we've invested in a heat recovery system.
into a different form because of a chemical or
Torecover means to get back. Heat recovery
biological process.
Is a way of re-using heat or steam generated
.. in the environment here means outside
in \he production process. Also note the use
(after being thrown away). Note the use
of in after invest.
of the.
We don't use any fossil fuels.
... we make it into other products.
A fossil fuel is a fuel such as coal, oil or peat.
Note the use of into to indicate change.
When these fuels are burnt, they give off
Wind power can be convened into energy. greenhouse gases, which contribute to global
By melting it down . . . warming.
Note the use of b y + verb+ing t o talk about
... energy from alternative sources . . .
how something is done:
This refers t o energy from more natural
We've reduced our energy bill by investing in sources, e.g. wind power. solar energy (from
good insulation.
the sun), hydro-electric power (from fast
In what ways are they environmentally-friendly? running water).
Environmentally-friendly means not so
damaging to the environment:
It's environmentally unacceptable to dump
waste m nvers.
British American
Before a noun we use environmental:
Our environmental policy needs to be reviewed. bin liners trash can liners
Pollution is causing big environmental changes. carrier bags paper bags/plastic bags
(also used in British
They are all phosphate-free, ...
En9lish.l
!:.i.f , r;t;\..'\iV;'S 1hef .jo.7'l C"71"i\\,J:,'i' >h.11h,Ye1"S'
(chemical compounds which are harmful the green consumer the environmentally
to the environment\. Other examples witI, aware/concerned
-free: customer (also used i n
Our paper is totally chlorine-free. British English).
The engine runs on lead-free petrol. minimises minimizes
... we use recycled fibre in our boxes. recycled fibre recycled fiber
This means thal the board used for the boxes gases gases/gasses
contains pulp made from paper or cardboard
products.
:- o Dia log_u_
e s_2________
Disposing of waste
0: How do you dispose of the waste in your factory?
0: We try to recycle as much as we can.
0: What about the rest? How do you get rid of it?
0: We have to send it to landfill. It's very expensive because the government recently
introduced a landfill tax so jNe're planning to build a new incineration plant next
I year to burn our waste.
0: But doesn't incineration produce carbon monoxide?
0: Yes, you're right, it does. But we believe it's less harmful to the environment than
landfill.
Air pollution
0: I've heard of ground-level ozone but can you explain what it is exactly?
0: Yes.t's one of the main air pollutants. Factories don't emit it directly into the air.
It's actually formed when nitrogen oxides and VOC emissions come into contact
with heat and sunlight.
0: Sorry? What does VOC stand for?
0: Oh, VOCs are 'volatile organic compounds'. That's a technical term for solvents or
other chemicals found in things like paint.
0: So, what damage does ozone do to the environment?
0: Well, it can cause smog, which can affect people's health - especially people with
breathing difficulties.
Water pollution
0: Is the lake very polluted?
0: Well, I wouldn't swim in it - but the water is much cleaner than it was a few years
ago.
0: f.re local factories allowed to discharge waste water into the lake?
0: Yes, but it must be treated in an effluent treatment plant first.
Legislation
0: Yes, we have. We've had to clean up our production process a lotto meettough
0: Aas your company been affected much by government legislation?
0: What about your use of raw materials?

government standards.
0: Well,.we've had to cut down the amount of solvents we use and we're not allowed
to use lead in our products any more.
0: We try not to because you might have to pay quite a heavy fine.
0: What happens if you exceed the limits?
Note s
How do you dispose of the waste in your Are local factories allowed to discharge waste
factory? water into the lake?
You could also say: Be allowed to is used here for permission:
How do you get rid of your waste? We 're allowed to send some of our waste to
Note also disposal: landfill.
Safe disposal of waste is important. We're not allowed to use lead in our products.
We have to send it to landfill. . , , it must be treated in an effluent treatment
A landfill site is a hole in the ground for plant first.
rubbish. An effluent treatment plant is where liquid
waste material (effluent) is cleaned up before
... we're planning to build a new incineration
plant next year . . .
being released.
A n incineration plant i s where rubbish i s burnt. Has your company been affected much by
government legislation?
, , , it's less harmful to the environment than
Legislation means laws:
landfill.
New packaging legislation will be brought in
It doesn't damage the environment as much as
next year.
landfill.
It's better for the environment than landfill. ... to meet tough government standards.
Tough here means difficult. You could also say
. . . can you explain what it is exactly?
strict. Meet here means to satisfy:
Note the word order.
That product doesn't meet our requirements.
Note: NOT Can you exp/am what is it?
. . . we've had to cut down the amount of solvents
... it's one of the main air pollutallts.
we use . . .
Other major industrial air pollutants are
Cut down here means the same as reduce.
sulphur dioxide (507), nitrogen dioxide (N02 )
Note the use of we've had to to show that
and carbon dioxide IC02).
something is obligatory.
Factories don't emit it directly into the air.
What happens ifyou exceed the limits?
To emit means to release gases into the air.
Exceed the limits means to break the law or
Note also emissions:
the rules by going over the permitted level.
We need to reduce C02 emissions.
... what damage does ozone do to the
environment?
You could use harm for damage:
British American
What harm does ozone do?
incineration plant incinerating plant
. . . it can cause smog, which can affect people's
office - paper office-paper recycling
health . . .
recycling scheme, pll program (in American
Smog i s a mixture of fog and smoke, found in
English scheme has
polluted industrial areas. Note there Is no
the connotations of
preposition after affect lvbl. The noun is
doing something bad
spelt: effect.
or illegal).
send it to landfill sendit to a landfill
Practice
Complete the sentences with are allowed to/aren't allowed to o r have to.
EXAMPLE: We . - -"' V. .+-a. . . . . . reduce our C02 emissions by 5 per cent by next year.
a Factories . . . . . dump rubbish in the river. They can be fined if they do.
Manufacturers . . . . . . follow strict environmental guidelines.
The Governments sets strict limits on landfill. We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . send only 50 per cent
of our waste to landfill sites. We . . . recycle the rest.
Paint producers . . . . . . . use lead in their paint any more because i1's a
health hazard.
We . exceed the permitted levels.
You can be fined -------

a by using a heat recovery process.
2 Our products minimise damage ------ b for breaking pollution laws.
3 Most plastics don't biodegrade c to the environment.
4 We're hoping to use more energy d in the environment.
5 We can save energy e from alternative sources.
3 Complete each sentence with a preposition or leave blank if no
a We must get rid . . . . . . . . . . . . our waste in an acceptable way

preposition is needed.
The new legislation will affect . . . . . . . . . . . . everyone in the packaging industry.

Is it harmful . . the environment?
Safe disposal . . . . toxic substances is very important.
Ozone is not emitted . . . . . . . . the atmosphere.
Radiation from the sun can be converted . . electricity.
g Incineration is better . . . . . . . . . . . . the environment than landfill.
Our budget for environmental projects will have to increase . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 per cent.
EXAMPLE: When fossil fuels are burnt, they . . 8.iV . . . . . off CD2. give/take/send
4 Complete the sentences with the correct verb.
We need to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . up our production process. clear/take/clean

b We are trying to . . . . . . . . . . . . down the amount of packaging we use put/cut/bring
You can . . . . . down plastic and make i t into a different product. heat/cut/melt
d It's better to recycle glass bottles than to . them away. throw/put/take
e Most hamburger boxes don't . . . . . . . . . . . . down in the environment. take/bring/break
The EU will . . . . in new legislation next year. bring/put/call
5 Complete the sentences with a word from the box below.
recycling pollution environmentally disposable

environmental dispose re pollutants
Most types of paper are xec.ycl.q,,o.l e .

There are six main air . .
EXAMPLE:
b We are setting up an . . . . management system.

We need to find a better way to . . . . . . . of our waste.
d It's an . . . . . . . . . . . friendly product.
We have an office-paper . scheme in our company.
. . . . 1s hav1ng an effect on the world climate.
g They manufacture cheap . . . . . . . cigarette lighters.
6 Rearrange these words to form questions.

EXAMPLE: plastic I how I be I can I recycled?
. How. c;0'\ . p) 0st-k .'o.e. .v:c;::yd.f?.
you / limits I happens I if I permitted / the I what I exceed?
b of I you I waste I how I products I your I dispose I do?
VO Cs I explain I are I can I you I what?
affected I recent I your I been I by I company I much I legislation I has?
you I of I what I sources I use I other I energy I do?
ways I environmentally I products I are I in I your I what I friendly?
g does I 02one I environment I what I do I the I damage I to?
h heat I explain / is I recovery I what I could I you?

7 Environmental vocabulary crossword
Across
1 C02 16,7) (n)
4 A mixture of smoke and ozone. (4) (n)
.
5 They are found i n pamt and are bad for the environment 18) (n)
6 What you may have to pay if you break a law. (4) (n)
8 A place where waste is put into a hole in the ground. (8,4) (n\
12 Able to break down naturally in the environment (3,10) (adj)
14 Gases released into the atmosphere from a running engine. (7) (n)
17 Abbreviation for polyethylene. (2) (n)
18 Energy generated from fast running water. (5,11) (n)
2 A gas which can cause problem for people with breathing difficulties. (5) (n)
Down
3 Made dirty with chemicals, rubbish, etc. (8) (adj)

6 Coal, oil, etc. When burnt, they give off 1 across. (6,5) (n)
7 A method of faposing of waste by burning it {12) (n)
9 Another word for waste. (7) (n)
10 In many countries petrol does not contain this any more. (4\ {n)
11 Waste water (8) (n)
13 To use again in a different process. (7) (v)
15 A technical term for 5 across. (4) (n)
16 To release into the atmosphere. (4) (v)
, :
Word list
U refers to the Unit in the book. For example, U3 = Unit 3.
adhesive (n) a substance used for sticking coat (vl to cover with a thin layer of
U3 surfaces toge!!'er U2 mething
U6, U7 Ul, U6
adjust (v) to make a correction by component (n) a part
making a small change (e.g. to
a _':lach sett,!_f:_ g) condemn (v) to decide officially that a
aligned (adj) brought into the correct U5 building is not safe for use
U6 position (in relation to another construction (n) the building of buildings,
obje_c_t) Ul, U5 __'._Oadsidges, etc.
apprentice In) a young person who is training container (nl a large metal box used for
Ul to learn a skill for a jot)_ U5 transporting goods
U1
assemble Iv) to put together conveyor belt (n) a series of metal rollers or a
U2. U6 belt which move objects
attachment (n) (IT) a file sent with an email around a faory
U7 corroded (adi) eaten away by a chemical
axle (n) a rod connecting a pair of U6 such as strong acid or rust
U3 wheels corrosion In) the damage caused when
backup (nl (IT\ an ext<a copy of a U6 something has corroded (e.g.
U6. U7 omputer fi rust)
bandage In) a long piece of white cloth courier (n) a person who delivers an
U8 which you wrap around an U4 impo nt doci:ment or parcel
il1j_lJred e_art of the body crash Iv) (IT) to suddenly fail/break
bearings part of a machine whicl1 U7 down
U3, U7 supports or holds another part crate In) a large box used for carrying
which rums or moves U3 or storing things (usually made
blade (nl a flat piece ol metal with a of wood)
U2, U7. UB srp e_cl,g_e used for rting_ crew (n) a team of workers
bottleneck (n) a blockage which prevents U5
U2 progress in productio cursor (n) (IT) a flashing symbol which
break down (v) to stop working (a machine) U7 shows the position on a
U4, U6 computer scre!n
cabling In) large bundles of wires which cut out (v) to suddenly stop working (e.g.
U5 _c;_arry ctric:_!!.y U7 a motor)
calibrate Iv\ to adjust something so that 11 database (n) (IT) information and facts
U6 easures accurately U7 ___stored_i_il a co rll.Pl'ter-
canvas (nl strong heavy cloth (often delay (n) an unexpected wait that
U6 made of cotton) U5 causes something to happen
carry out Iv) to do (e.g. a repair, a test) late
U5, U6 deter9ent (n\ a chemical powder or liquill
casing In) a protective cover (e.g. of a us used for cleaning things
U6 mhine_,:,r ma c:_hine part) diagnostic (adil used for discovering what is
catering (n) the supplying of food and drink U6 wrong with something that is
U4 on a large sea l!_ _not wo ,:!<ing prerly
ciil engineer (nl a person who designs things diameter In! the length of a straight line
U5 like roads, bridges, public U3 drawn through the centre of
ildin etc. __3omeng round
discharge (v) to release a substance into foundry (n) a place where metal is melted
U9 water or the air U2 and made into new objects
dispatch (v) to send fumes (n) the unpleasant, unhealthy
U4 U8 smoke produced by fires or
diversify (v) to start producing new and chemicals
Ul different products fuse In) a electrical safety device
domestic (adj) the home country U7 consisting of a thin piece of
UI wire which melts t o stop the
dump (v) flow of electricity
to throw away (e.g. rubbish)
U9 fuse- box (n) a box containing the fuses for
U7 all the electrical circuits in a
electrocute to be killed or badly injured
yourself (v) certain area
after touching something
UB which is directly connected to gasket In) a flat piece of material put
a source ol electricity U6 between two joined surfaces
exhaust gases/ ,n a pipe or engine to prevent
gases produced by running
fumes (n) U9_ _ gas, oil, etc. escaping
_ engines
expand Iv) gatehouse In) a small building at the
to become larger in size or
U2 entrance to a factory site
U7 amount
gauge (n) an instrument that measures
extract Iv) to take something out of
U6 something
U2 something
gears In) a device (often consisting of
feeder (nl a machine or device which
supplies something (e .g . a
U7 wheels with teeth) for
U2
connecting the moving parts
part) to another machine
of a machine and which
filter In) a piece of equipment that you controls the speed and
U2 pass liquid or gas through to direction of movement
remove particles
generator (n) a machine that produces
fine In) money paid as a punishment Ul electricity
U9
global warming (nl the warming at the earth's
fire alarm (n) a loud bell or buzzer that U9 atmsEhere
UB warns of a fire
greenhouse gases which cause the earth's
fire drill (n) a practice of the evacuation gases In) U9 temperature to rise
U8 proceure in a fire
grinding In) making something smooth or
fire escape (n) a metal staircase on the U3 sharp using friction
UB outside of a building or a route _ __
guarantee a written promise by a
which can be used to leave a
In) (and v) company to repair faults on
building safe\ in case of
U4 something they have supplied
emergenc_y__
for a Jpecified length oft
flash Iv) if a light flashes, it goes on
hose (n) a flexible pipe
U7 and off repeatedly
U3
foreman (n) a person who is responsible
icon (n) (IT) a symbol on a computer
Ul for a group of war-
U7 screen that represents a
fork-lift truck (n) a vehicle with two moveable program or a file
UB arms at the front which are
inhale M to breathe in (take in air)
placed under heavy objects to
U8
lift them and transport them
_
:,1
U9 U6
insulation (nl a thick. warm layer of a preventive (adj) designed to stop something
material which keeps in heat bad happening
U3 U6
inventory (nl a list of all the items in a print head (n) (ITI the part of a printer which
particular e holds the ink
U4 U6
invoice (n) a document listing goods or properly (adv) in the correct way
services supplied and the
a very th.1ck liquid made lrom
U2
money owed _ pulp \n)
U4
laptop (nl \IT) a small personal computer crushed wood used lo make
that can be -carried- around pape
U9 U2, U6
lead (n) Pb (chemical svmboll pump (n I a machine which 1s used to
force a liquid or gas to flow in
U7
leak (n) an escape of liquid or gas, e.g. a particular direction
fa pipe recruiting (n) finding new employees
U3
light bulb In) the round glass part of a light ll4
U2
through which the light shine_!' reel (n) a cylinder around which things
live wire (n) a wire directly connected to a are wound
U2
us source of electricity relinery (n\ a place where oil is processed
U3
lubricant (nl a substance such as oil
U4, U6
applied to parts of a machine replace (v) to put in something new to do
to reduce friction the same job
U6 U4. U6, U7
lubricate (v) to apply a lubricant replacement (n) something or someone that
takes the place of another
U2
monitor (vl to make regular checks on ___thing or person
U3
progress reservoir In) a natural or artiticial lake used
naked flame (nJ an uncovered flame for storing water
U7
us restore (v) IIT) get back again !e.g. a file
offline (adi\ (IT\ not connected 10 the or data)
U2
us Internet or a network robot lnl a machine which is
U4,US,U6
on site (adj) at the place !e.g. a factory) programmed to perform
where a business is carried out mechanical tasks
UZ, U6
oversee Iv) to make sure that something rollers (nl rotating cylinders in a machine
us .g. a pro1ect) is done correctly
U2, U8 U6
pallet (n) a wooden platform that goods rot (v) to decay and break into pieces
are packed o n and become unusable
U6
particle (n\ a very small piece routine (adj) done on a regular basis as
us part o_!_!l,_e normaocedure
U6
pe,ish M if something such as rnbber safety guard (n I a device which covers a
perishes, it starts to decay and us dangerous part of a machine
U3
break into eces sawing (n) cuning something with a saw
UB
plaster In) a small piece of sticky fabric (a tool with a blade with sharp
used for covering small cuts teeth)
on the body schedule (n) (and v) a plan with a list of things
pollutant (n) a substance (e.g. a poisonous us to be done and the times they
U9 uas) which pol\ules the should be done
environment
seal In) something that closes a n toner cartridge In) a container of ink for
U6. U7 opening tightly to stop air, gas U7 photocopier or printer
or liquid erting ill_()C_ out top up (v) to fill something up again that
sensor (n) an instrument which notices U7 been partly emptied
U6 physical changes and gives toxic (adj) poisonous
-information
- to a mon
-i tor U8,U9
server In) (IT) a computer used for tray (n) a flat piece of metal. plastic,
U7 storing and managing U2, U6 etc. with raised edges used for
programs and data used by holding something (e.g. liquid
other computers or paper)
shift In) a period of time (e.g. eight trip (over to knock your foot against
Ul hOursl when a group of people something) M something when you are
are working (can also mean
the group of workers who
us walking so that you fall or
nearly fall
work on a shift)
twist your ankle (v) to injure the joint between
shop (nl an area in a facto['{ where us your loot and your leg by
Ul things are made or done (e.g. turning it sharply
the assemb l y shop, the repair
unplug something (v) to take the plug out of a n
shop)
UB electric socket
shut. shutdov,rn the period when a machine is
upgrade an improvement of a machine
(n) (and v) not producing due to a
-
(n) US (v) U7 or system by adding to it to
U6 breakdown
- or for maintenance
- allow it to do more or perform
slippery (adj) difficult to walk on because better
us the surface is wet, grea sy, icy,
urgent (adj) needing immediate anention
- so yornight fall U6
snap off (V) to suddenly break off and
valve (n) a device in a tube which
U7 become separ.i_te
U4, U7 controls the flow of liquid, air,
software (n) (IT) the programs that electricity etc. by opening and
us make a computer operate closing
__
solvent (n) a liquid that can dissolve other version (n) (IT) something (e.g. a
U2, U9 substances U7 program) that ditters in detail
spark (n) a very small piece of burning from an earlier or later form of
UB material that flies up frorn a it
burning object_ warranty (n) similar to a gua rantee
spillage {n) liquid that h a s spilt l'r.e fallen U4
U8 from a container) wear out/down (v) to gradually become in poor
splash (v) if liquid splashes you, it l1its worn out/down (adj) condition and therefore
U8 _11:)U in small drops U6 unusable
stationery ( n ) i tems such as paper, pens and welding (n) joining metal together using
U7 envelopes needn an o U3 heat
supervisor ( n ) a person who is responsible workstation ( n ) t h e a r e a where p a r t o f the
Ul, U 7 , U8 tor a group of workers U2 assembly of a product is
stock check ( n ) the counting of all the goods in carried out (e.g. in a car
U3 a shop, warehouse or stores factory)
to keep records up to_c!_ate
Glossary
Telephoning
Your language
I work for a large multinational company.
Dialogues 1
We manufacture car components for our

car production plants in Europe.
The company has operations in over fifty
countries
We specialise in medium-sized generators.
We export to Eastern Europe and the Far East
The domestic market accounts for about
40 cent of our total sales.
We have about forty factory workers and
technical people.
The rest are admin and sales staff.
Our workforce has grown a lot
The original company was founded in 1960.
What does IABS stand for?
I'm an apprentice.
Dialogues 2
I hope the company will take me on as an

engineer.
What does your job involve?
I have to make sure our projects run smoothly.
I'm in charge of about twenty-five assembly
workers.
I have to liaise very closely with our inspectors.
Who do you report to?
Each team member is responsible for the
quality of the goods we produce.
We are multi-skilled so we can rotate jobs.
I'm on flexi-time.
I usually take two weeks off in the summer.
Do you do overtime?
I'm paid double-time if I work at weekends.
We have a three-shift system.
I'm on the early shift
:c
2 A tour of the workplace
Dialogues 1 Your language
Park in the visitors' car park in front of the
factory.
We used to be on an industrial estate on the
outskirts of York.
We needed larger premises.
We moved to this greenfield site last year .
I'd like to show you the layout of the factory.
The main production area - our machine hall -
is situated next to it.
This is the main factory area.
What's going on over there?
They're setting up the machine for a new run.
How long does that usually take?
The goods are being wrapped and loaded
onto pallets.
Dialogues 2
Would you like me to show you our new
cleaning unit?
What does the unit consist of?
This is our newest machine.
What's the running speed of the machine?
If we're running at full capacity, it's
160 OOO tonnes per annum.
The pulp falls from a box onto the first part of
the paper machine.
Most of the water is extracted.
It then passes through a series of rollers.
Is the factory fully-automated ?
Some of the work is still done manually.
It's a bar-code system.
3 Tools and equipment

Dialogues 1
We've got very good workshop facilities.
We do all our own servicing.
Your language
We send it out for maintenance
It's actually more cost ettective.
I need something to tighten it up.
No problem.
Where can I find a spare hose?
They're at the back of the stores, second shelf
up on the right-hand side.
We don't have any in stock.
How many do you need?
The day after tomorrow.
What's it used for?
It's a really useful piece of equipment.
Dialogues 2
Don' t forget to update the inventory!
Can you help me?
I need to measure the length of this workbench.
We're going to replace it.
Let's round it up to 3.50.
Could we ,ncrease it by about a third?
We need a piece of wood 3.5 m long by 1 m wide.
Install it next Tuesday.
Can you shorten this pipe?
Can you take 15 mm ott it?
It's oblong-shaped.
It's made of metal.
4 Suppliers and sub-contractors

Dialogues 1
We look for companies with a good track record.
We work to very low tolerance levels.
We've bui l t up very good relationships with
our suppliers.
There are about fifty names on our approved
supplier list.
We tend to deal with three local companies.
Ymir language
At peak times we hire in casual workers.
We contract out certain services.
They always arrive within a couple of hours.
There's no call-out fee. It's all included in the
annual service contract.
Our usual supplier has let us down.
I can de11ver those by first thing tomorrow morning.
There'll be an extra charge for special delivery.
I'll have to send them by courier.
Dialogues 2
I'm not happy with their response time.
I'd like to check the terms and conditions.
It's due for renewal at the end of next month .
The guarantee's just run out.
We took out an extended warranty.
It runs until next March.
We offer a replacement unit free of charge.
We recommend you take out an extended
warranty.
Our engineers are on call 24 hours a day.
Are there any exclusions?
It's a very comprehensive warranty.
Read through the small print.
Our supplier has gone bust.
Our insurance policy covers us against
situations like this.
5 Buildings and installations

Dialogues 1
I'm a bit concerned about this.
What's the height clearance?
That's a good point.
Your language
It'll take three weeks to demolish the old
building and clear away the debris.
How long will the sub-contractors be on site?
About ten weeks in total, if everything goes
according to plan.
We've taken on a civil engineer on a
nine-month temporary contract.
We need to allocate responsibilities.
We've had a slight delay.
We're working to a really tight schedule.
We're already over budget.
We can still meet the deadline.
The crew is on stand-by.
Dialogues 2
The first phase of the project was finished
three days ahead of schedule.
We're on target to complete phase two.
We're waiting for the safety inspector to give
us the go-ahead to continue.
Is the new stock system in operation?
We trained on a dummy system.
This is the live system.
The program's going live on Monday.
The new programs will operate in tandem.
That should give us time to iron out any little
problems.
How long will the system be down for?
We'll be taking everything offline in about
two hours' time.
It'll be down for a minimum of twelve hours.
We've allowed forty-eight hours to be on the
safe side.
6 Maintenance
Your language
Someone has reported a fault
D ialogues 1

It's probably just a minor fault.
I'll have a look at it.
Each head lasts about 5 OOO copies or so.
They are complex machines.
We check this machine once a fortnight.
There is a canvas belt at the end of the
assembly line.
I'd like to go over the list of jobs.
We're planning to shut the line at midday
on Wednesday.
We might need to extend the shut by about six
hours.
We've got a full order book.
Is there any way you could speed things up?
Dialogues 2
There have been too many unplanned shutdowns.
We need to reduce our downtime.
The maintenance team is fully stretched.
We need to establish routine maintenance
procedures.
It's a crucial part of our process.
We clean it and flush it through.
We recalibrate the gauges weekly.
We can predict the lifespan of different
components.
We try to replace components before they
fail or wear out.
How often do you service the vans?
We give them a basic service every 10 OOO km
or so.
They get a lot of wear and tear.
Your language
We give the engines a major overhaul.
We strip down the engine and find the faulty
component.
Once we have disconnected the unit we do as
many jobs as we can.
We make a note in the service record.
7 Troubleshooting
Johan hasn't turned up.

Dialogues 1
Do we have anyone on stand-by?

We're very short-staffed at the moment.
Tammi can stand in for an hour.
Have you checked the fuse box?
The fuse had blown.
Check the settings on the trip-switch.
What's wrong with the photocopier?
The toner has run out.
You'll have to dismantle the unit.
I think the valve is faulty.
I couldn't regulate the pressure.
The seal burst.
Do you know how to get rid of it?

Dialogues 2
Why don't you call the Help Desk?

I might have the wrong version.
You'll have to upgrade.
My screen is frozen.
Have you tried pressing the Escape key?
You'll need to reboot your machine.
When did you last take a backup?
I've been having problems getting onto the
Internet.
The server might be down.
The system keeps crashing.
8 Safety in the workplace
Dialogues 1 Your language
It's quite a hazardous environment.
You should put your ear plugs in.
You mustn't smo\(e here.
You must wear goggles in that area.
Please be caretlll when yoll walk across the floor.
It might be slippery.
There might be a fork-lift truck reversing into
the storage area.
Some of you are already familiar with the
safety procedures.
Make sure you know how to stop the machine.
Always check that all the safety guards are
fitted correctly.
If you don' t, someone might have a bad accident.
Dialogue 2
Some of the materials we use are highly
flammable.
The fumes they give off can be very dangerous.
Could you run through the evacuation
procedure?
When you hear the fire alarm, go to the nearest
fire exit or fire escape.
Always shut the fire doors to prevent the
fire spreading.
Raise the alarm by breaking the glass.
You can try to put it out with a fire extinguisher.
Your liand is bleeding.
I'll get the first aid box.
It really hurts.
I'd better call the company doctor.
What shall we do?
We'd better not move him.
I'll get the first-aider.
'I
9 Environmental matters
Your language
Plastics aren't bio-degradable.
Dialogues 1
They don't break down easily in the environment.

We make it into other products by melting it down.
In what ways are they environmentallyfriendly?
They are all phosphate-free.
We use recycled fibre in our boxes.
We've managed to reduce our energy
consumption by about 15 per cent.
We've invested in a heat recovery system.
We don't use any fossil fuels
We're hoping to use more energy from
alternative sources.
How do you dispose of the waste in your factory?

Dialogue 2
We have to send it to landfill

We're planning to build a new incineration
p lant next year.
It's less harmful to the environment than landfill.
Can you explain what it is exactly?
It's one of the main air pollutants.
Factories don't emit it directl y into the air.
What damage does ozone do to the environment?
It can cause smog, which can affect people's
health.
Are factories allowed to discharge waste water
into the lake?
It must be treated in an effluent treatment plant
first.
Has your company been affected much by
government legislation?
We've had to meet tough government standards.
We've had to cut down the amount of solvents
we use.
What happens if you exceed the limits?
Answers
Working in industry
1 a Who do you work for?
b What does your company do exactly?
c How many people does your company employ?
d What do you do ?
e What does your job involve?
I Who do you report to?
g How many hours do you work a week?
h What's your annual turnover?
2 a for b for c over d in e into f for g for h of i of j with
3 a overtime b apprentice c flexi-time d operations e shift I workforce
1 2 h 3 b 4 a 5 f 6 i 7 d 8 J 9 c 10 g
g components h people i plant
4 e
5 a take b look c close/shut d take e setlstart
6 a the b- c- d - e the f the g - h - i - j the
7 a lab technician b machine operator c fitter d electrician e welder f mechanic

g inspector h production planner i electronic enginee,
2 A tour of the workplace

1 a The smaller models are made in our French factory
b 1he paper is printed on both sides.
c The Aline is being repaired at the rnornent
d The plastic is t11en wound onto reels.
e The blades are changed twice a week.
g A new plant 1s be'ing built Just outs'1de Cape Town.

f The finished goods are being loaded onto lorries.
g at
h The components are selected automatically.
2 a at b onto c to d of e into f to h At I through J to
3 a outskirts b brownfield c gatehouse d conveyor e premises f barcodes
Order
g capacity h layout i estate
4
a The paper is dried with hot air. 7
b 11,e pulp is dropped onto the paper machine 5
The pieces of wood are broken down into fibres. 3
The fibres are mixed with water to make pulp.
The wood is cut into little pieces.
The reels are transported to the customers. 9
The trees are cut down. 1
Water is extracted from the paper. 6
i The paper is wound onto reels.
l d 21 3 a 4e Sb 6c
6 a oil refinery b steel works/mill c coal mine d shipyard e nuclear reactor
t chocolate factory g cotton mill
7 a between b next to/to the leh of c opposite d behind e opposite f next to/to the right o l
3 Tools and equipment

1 a at; oi b bv c bv d !or e of i b g in
2 a wide b width c long d lengthen e length t deep g depth h high i height
4 Across
3 a round b check c loosen d stored e lacli1t1es I workbench g tape
2 lathe 6 screwdriver 8 hammer 9 pliers 1 0 rag 1 1 nut 13 callipers 1 5 bolt 16 chisel

17 crate 18 sandpaper
Down
1 knife 3 l1acksaw 4 drill 5 wire-cutters 6 spanner 7 workbench 10 ruler
12 nails 13 clamp 14 tongs
5 l d 2e 3f 4g 5b 6a 7 11 Be
6 cylinder - cylindrical - cylindrical

sphere - spherical - sphere-shaped
pyramid - pyramid - pyramid
cube - cuboid - cube
oval - oval - oval
oblong - oblong - oblong; rectangle - recta n g u l a r - rectangle
4 Suppl iers and subcontractors

1 a lot b al c at d within/in e in I out g unde1 h up i with
2 1 d 2f 3b 4e 5a 6c
3 a suppliers b comprehensive c deal d services e tolerance t reputation g approved

h peak I bust j conditions k charge
4 a in b at c until d by e during f within g at h until i within
5 wear and tear

parts and labour
goods and services
terms and conditions
repair and maintenance
6 a 've built up b have gone bust c runs out d are e 'II put t hire in g seems
a Is it/the product still under guara ntee7/ls the guarantee still valid?
Do you handle the recruiting yourselves?
c Do you have many suppliers?
e When does the contract run out/is the contract due for renewal?
f What does the warranty/it include?; . . cover us for/against?
How long 1s it valid?/How long does it last?
h Are there any exclusions?
i Do we have to pay extra !for that)?
j What does the warra nty include?
5 Buildings and installation

l a on b on; in c over d behind e for l on
2 l h 2e 3g 4a 5f 6d 7 c 8b
3 a for b for c in d for e in
4 a tandem b go-ahead c tight d allowed e demolish f safety g slight h installed
i live j down k testing
5 a arrive b ta complete c goes d is e meet f allowed g finished h is
6 How are things going?
Is the system ready?/ls the new computerised system ready?
How long will the computer/network/system be down for?
What stage a re you at?
e What is the height clearance ?
demolish
sub-contractors
permanent
deadline
software engineer
go-ahead
in operation
on standby
6 Maintenance
1 a do b make c make d do e make
2 every two weeks - fortnightly
hardly ever - rarely
once a year - annually
every week - weekly
on a daily basis - once a day
3 1 d 2e 3f 4a 5b 6c
4 a for b under c with d at e at f in; next g of h on
5 a strip down b worn down c go over/through d flush through e look around f set up
g slow down
6 a essential b moving c capacity d often e dismantle
a unexpected b recalibrate c unlocked d reprint e dislodged f disconnect
g unleaded h reorder i disengage
8 1 d 2c 3e 4f 5b 6 a
c I ea n/d rain/Ic h cc k1s c rv, cc/dis man tl c
chec k/clea n/serv,ce/repla c e
c he c k/1 u bric ate/c I ean/dismantle/rep lac e/s e rv, c e
c heck/clean/replace
check/top up
re c a Ii brate/check/c Iean/re pi a c else rvi c e
7 Troubleshooting
1 a onto b on c into d in; on e with f out
2 a top up b run out c turn up d clean i t 11p e switch off f cut out g seize up
h call in
3 l f 2e 3h 4b 5d 6g 7 c Ba
4 a expand b crashed c 1ammed d restore P. tripped f snapped g cursor h leak
, loose I fault k lubricated
5 a drain b adjusting c switch off d upgrade e replacing f close g cutting out
6 a The toner has run out
b You'll need to expand your memory.
You'll need to reboot your machine./Have you tried pressing the Escape key?
Have you checked the fuse box?
No, why don't you call the Help Desk?
You'll have to dismantle the un i t and lubricate the bearings.
8 Safety in the workplace

1 e 2 g 3f 4 d 5 a 6 b 7 c
2 a you; tools b careful; sharp c out; floor d mind; low e when; 011 f don't; hot
3 l d 2g 3b 41 5a 6h 7c Be
4 a It b There c It d There e There f It
5 1 c 2e 3a 4b 5d
Always wear gloves when welding. If you don't, you might burn your hands.
You must wipe spillages up immediately. If you don't, someone migl1t slip over.
c You mustn't store chemicals io milk bottles or jam jars. If you do, someone may
get poisoned.
d Never leave bits ol wood lying around 011 the floor If you do, someone might
trip over them.
6 a Where does it hurt?
Can you move your arm ?
How did it happen?
Shall I get the first-aider?
Where do we keep the first aid box?
Has anyone been injured?
Has anyone called an ambulance yet?
What have you done to your hand ?

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ENGLISH FOR WORK

Valerie Lambert and Elaine Murray

I work for a large, multinational company.

0: Where are OAK headquarters?

0: What does your company do exactly?

0: How many people does your company employ?

Q: It was just over two million euros last year.

0: How long has the company been in business?

0: International Air Braking Systems.

0: I report to the Shift Supervisor, and he reports to the Factory Manager.

0: Tell me about how you work here.

0: How many hours do you work a week?

0: I do a forty-hour week./l'm on flexi-time. I usually start work at 8 a.m. and finish at

0: Yes, if we're busy. I'm paid double-time if I work at weekends.

0: What sort of shift-system do you operate?

We sell mainly to domestic packaging companies.

An electronics company called Eurotron.

We design jet engines.

We have over 1 OOO employees worldwide.

I'm a computer engineer.

I work on average thirty-five hours a week.

EXAMPLE: I'm . . . 0 . . . . . the afternoon shift this week.

We produce components . . . . . . . . . . . . the car industry.

EXAMPLE: Our . . t-.1.>.v_"\\'.lVf.". . . this year will be about S500 OOO.

4 Match the products and industries. Use a dictionary to help you if

5 iet engines e the petrochemical industry.

9 cloth the packaging industry.

production planner electronic engineer mechanic fitter

EXAMPLE: Someone who works with wood: . j_oi. "'- "." . .

We used to be on an industrial estate.

It's printing in four colours at the moment.

Speed and capacity

with it after start-up but it's running very well now.

Explaining the process

b We print the paper on both sides.

They are repairing the A-line at the moment.

d The machine then winds the plastic onto reels.

We change the blades twice a week.

The men are loading the finished goods onto lorries.

g They are building a new plant just outside Cape Town.

A machine selects the components automatically.

2 Complete the sentences with a preposition.

premises capacity layout gatehouse

EXAMPLE: The laboratory is situated on the upper .

4 Rewrite these sentences about the paper-making process in the

E""P.E;'..Y . i. . .AYiE:'.cA w_it:11\ . \.\q _oo,iY . .

A machine breaks down the pieces of wood into fibres.

d A machine mixes the fibres with water to make pulp.

e A machine cuts the wood into linle pieces.

Someone transports the reels to the customers.

g Someone cuts down the trees.

The paper machine extracts water from the paper.

The paper machine winds the paper onto reels.

EXAMPLE: power _st-t-\o \\

7 Fill in the gaps with a preposition (or prepositions) to show location.