Unit3.3NetworkTopologiesTrendsinTelecommunications. A7883859 4426 4f70 8c27 Ef0fb9e8e57d 177234

Network Topologies
510d8ca911b9576d5947491fd7a12879
Topics
● Network topology
● Trends in Telecommunications
After completion, students
should be able to answer.
1. How do different network topologies influence data
transmission efficiency and reliability in telecommunications
networks?
2. What are the key advantages and disadvantages of traditional
network topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh?
3. How does the concept of scalability apply to network
topologies, and why is it important in modern
telecommunications systems?
Node
A "node" refers to any device or point
within a network that can send,
receive, or forward data.
Network Topologies
Arrangement
What is Topology?
• Network topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of
nodes (devices) and the links (interconnections) between them
within a computer network.
• nodes = computer, laptop, desktop, switch, router

• links = connecting media
Types of Network Topologies
1. Mesh Topology
2. Star Topology
3. Bus Topology
4. Ring Topology
5. Tree Topology
6. Hybrid Topology
Bus Topology
Bus Topology
• All nodes are connected to a single communication line (the bus).
Data is transmitted along this shared medium, and each node
receives the data, but only the intended recipient processes it.
• Which is why it’s sometimes called a “line topology” or

“backbone topology.”
• Data flow on the network also follows the route of the cable,
moving in one direction.
Bus Topology
• A special type of central wire is used as communication
media. This central wire is called Bus.
• Terminators stop signals after reaching end of wire.

Prevents signal bounce.
• Collision detection mechanisms are used to manage and

handle data collision in bus networks.
Advantages
•Easy installation
•Fewer cables required than Mesh and star topology
•Good for small businesses
•Low cost
•Easy to manage and expand
Disadvantages
•Backbone performance is critical
•Easily congested on busy periods
•Efficiency decreases rapidly with
each added node
•Data can only travel in one
direction at any point in time (either
send or receive)
Ring Topology
Ring Topology
 In a ring topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-
point connection with only the two devices on either side
of it.
 The ring topology connects computers on a single circle
of cable.
 There are no terminated ends.
 A ring topology connects one host to the next and the last
host to the first. The signal travels around the loop in one
direction and passes through each computer.
Advantages
•Low incidence of collision
•Low cost
•Suitable for small businesses
•Dual ring option provides continuity through redundancy
Disadvantages
•One faulty node will bring the entire
network down
•Requires extensive preventative
maintenance and monitoring
•Performance declines rapidly with
each additional node
•Reorganizing the network requires a
full system shutdown
Star Topology
Star Topology
 A star topology is a topology where every node in the network is
connected to one central switch.
 Every device in the network is directly connected to the switch
and indirectly connected to every other node.
 The relationship between these elements is that the central
network hub is a server and other devices are treated as
clients.
 With star topologies, computers are connected with a coaxial
cable, twisted pair, or optical fiber cable.
Advantages
•Easy to manage from one point – the switch
•Easy to add and remove nodes
•Durable
•Low cable usage
•Good for small businesses
Disadvantages
•Requires specialist network
hardware (the switch)
•Makes the network reliant on
the switch’s performance
•A finite number of switch ports
limits the network’s size
TREE Topology
TREE Topology
 Tree topology network is a structure that is shaped like a tree
with its many branches.
 Tree topologies have a root node that is connected to another
node hierarchy.
 The hierarchy structure ie parent-child relationship is seen.
 As a general rule, a tree topology needs to have three levels to
the hierarchy to be classified this way. This form of topology
is used within Wide Area Networks to sustain lots of spread-
out devices.
Advantages
•Blends bus and star topologies
•Easy to manage
•Easy to expand
•Suitable for middle-sized businesses
Disadvantages
•The network is dependent on the
health of the root node
•Requires networking expertise
•Involves a lot of cable
•Larger implementations require
monitoring software
•Expensive
Mesh Topology
Mesh Topology
 In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-
point link to every other device. The term dedicated means that the link
carries traffic only between the two devices it connects.
 This topology creates a very reliable network, but requires a large amount of
cable and is difficult to administer. Wifi networks make this topology more
feasible.
Advantages
•High speeds data transfers
•Durable network that isn’t dependent on any one node
•Very secure
•Suitable for high-value networks for small to middle-sized networks
•Easy to identify faulty equipment
Disadvantages
•Requires a very large amount of cable
•Takes a long time to set up
•Requires meticulous planning
•There is a limit to the number of cables
each computer can accommodate
Hybrid Topology
Hybrid Topology
 Hybrid topologies combine two or more different topology
structures the tree topology is a good example, integrating the bus
and star layouts.
 Hybrid structures are most commonly found in larger companies
where individual departments have personalized network
topologies adapted to suit their needs and network usage.
Advantages
•Very flexible
•Suitable for middle-sized and large organizations
•Infinitely extendible
•Adaptable to optimize equipment use
Disadvantages
•Requires professional management
•Needs monitoring software
•Equipment costs are high
Protocols
• The protocols are set of rules and formats for sending and
receiving data.
• Protocols are technical guidelines that govern the exchange of
signal transmission and reception between equipment's.
Protocols
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a communications
protocol for the transfer of information on the Internet.
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a network protocol used to
transfer data from one computer to another through a network,
such as the Internet.
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a de facto standard
for electronic mail (e-mail) transmissions across the Internet.
• Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is used to retrieve e-
mail from a remote mail server.
End of Slide
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Network Topologies

• nodes = computer, laptop, desktop, switch, router

• Which is why it’s sometimes called a “line topology” or

• Terminators stop signals after reaching end of wire.

• Collision detection mechanisms are used to manage and

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