08.508 DSP Lab Manual Part-A

08.
508
Digital Signal Processing Lab
Department of Electronics & Communication, VKCET
08.508 Digital Signal Processing Lab Manual

PART-A
Department of ECE, VKCET
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Some people make things happen, some watch things happen, while others wonder what happened
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Syllabus
Credits: 4 PART A: Experiments on Digital Signal Processors. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Sine wave generation. Real Time FIR Filter implementation (Low-pass, High-pass and Band-pass) Real Time IIR Filter Implementation (Low-pass, High-pass and Band-pass) Pseudo Random Sequence Generator. Real time DFT of sine wave. Sampling a given Analog signal and study of aliasing.
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Prerequisite knowledge and/or skills:
Write computer programs in an object-oriented language such as C or C++. Understand basic linear-system concepts: linear time-shift invariance, system functions, Laplace transforms, z-transforms. Represent digital filters as difference equations, signal flow graphs, z-transform system function, poles and zeroes. Understand Fourier transform properties in continuous and discrete domains. Understand digital filter (IIR and FIR) designing concepts.
Objectives: To define and use Discrete Fourier Transforms (DFTs) To design and understand simple finite impulse response (FIR) filters To design and understand simple infinite impulse response (IIR) filters To train the students to design and implement practical DSP systems To program a DSP chip TMS320C6713 to filter signals using Code Composer Studio compiler for the chip. The student should understand how to design algorithms for implementation
Outcomes: Students will: a) Have the ability to conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data in various problems using MATLAB, and DSP starter kit using TMS320C6713 b) Be able to design discrete-time filters and/or implement and verify a filtering system c) Gain knowledge of DSP and be able to design filtering methods in discrete-time domains, as well as to analyze the method in the frequency domain
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Index
INTRODUCTION TO DSP STARTER KIT (DSK) USNIG TMS320C6713..........................6 SINE WAVE GENERATION AND REAL-TIME DFT USING DSK...................................24 PSEUDO RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATOR USING DSK...........................................31 REAL TIME IIR FILTER DESIGN USING DSK...................................................................34 REAL TIME FIR FILTER DESIGN USING DSK..................................................................51 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................64
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Expt. No. 1 Objectives:

INTRODUCTION TO DSP STARTER KIT (DSK) USNIG TMS320C6713 a) To study the architecture of TMS320C6713 DSP processor b) To familiarize DSP Starter Kit (DSK) for TMS320C6713 c) To familiarize Code Composer Studio (CCS) software for DSK
Equipments required: 1. DSK for TMS320C6713 2. PC installed Software- CCS 3. USB cable 4. Audio stereo cable (3.5mm banana connector at one end and crocodile pin at other end) 5. DSO and connecting probe Theory: 1.1 Introduction to DSP processors: Digital Signal Processing is the mathematics, the algorithms, and the techniques used to manipulate the signals in digital form. Signals originate as sensory data from the real world: seismic vibrations, visual images, sound waves, etc. This technology includes a wide variety of goals, such as: enhancement of visual images, recognition and generation of speech, compression of data for storage and transmission, etc. Digital Signal Processors are microprocessors specifically designed to handle Digital Signal Processing tasks. These devices can be used for variety of applications like cellular telephones to advanced scientific instruments. Hardware engineers use "DSP" to mean Digital Signal Processor, just as algorithm developers use "DSP" to mean Digital Signal Processing. Microprocessor or General Purpose Processor such as Intel xx86 or Motorola 680xx family contains only CPU. There is no RAM, ROM, I/O ports and Timer Microcontroller such as 8051 family contains CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, Timer and Interrupt circuitry. Some Microcontrollers also contain ADC, DAC and Flash Memory DSP Processors such as Texas Instruments and Analog Devices contains CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports and Timer. DSP processors are optimized for fast arithmetic, extended precision, dual operand fetch, zero overhead loop and circular buffering.
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The basic features of a DSP Processor are: Features Fast-Multiply accumulate Multiple Access memory architecture
Use Most DSP algorithms, including filtering, transforms, etc. are multiplication- intensive Many data-intensive DSP operations require reading a program instruction and multiple data items during each instruction cycle for best performance Efficient handling of data arrays and first-in, first-out buffers in memory Efficient control of loops for many iterative DSP algorithms. Fast interrupt handling for frequent I/O operations. On-chip peripherals like A/D converters allow for small low cost system designs. Similarly I/O interfaces tailored for common peripherals allow clean interfaces to off-chip I/O devices.
Specialized addressing modes Specialized program control On-chip peripherals and I/O interfaces
DSP Chip Manufacturers: There are various manufacturers for DSP chips. Some of the well known companies are Analog Devices, Motorola, Lucent Technologies, NEC, SGS-Thompson, Conexant, and Texas Instruments. In the lab Texas Instruments (TI) DSP chip TMS320C6713 is used. 1.2 TMS320C6713 DSP Processor In 1983, Texas Instruments released their first generation of DSP chips, the TMS320 single-chip DSP series. The first generation chips (C1x family) could execute an instruction in a single 200-nanosecond (ns) instruction cycle. The current generation of TI DSPs includes the C2000, C5000, and C6000 series, which can run up to eight 32-bit parallel instructions in one 4.44ns instruction cycle, for an instruction rate of 1.8 x 109 instructions per second. The C2000 and C5000 series are fixed-point processors. The C6000 series contains both fixed point and floating-point processors. In the lab, we will be using the C6713 processor, a member of C67x family of floating-point processors. Features of TMS320C6713 are: Highest-Performance Floating-Point Digital Signal Processor (DSP): Eight 32-Bit Instructions/Cycle 32/64-Bit Data Word 300, 225, 200MHz (GDP* and ZDP*), and 225, 200, 167MHz (PYP*) Clock Rates 3.3, 4.4, 5, 6 Instruction Cycle Times 2400/1800, 1800/1350, 1600/1200, and 1336/1000 MIPS /MFLOPS #
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ * GDP, ZDP and PYP are the three types of Plastic Ball Grid Array IC package # MIPS stand for 'Million Instructions Per Second' and MFLOPS stands for "Million Floating-Point Operations Per Second"
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Rich Peripheral Set, Optimized for Audio Highly Optimized C/C++ Compiler Extended Temperature Devices Available Advanced Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) TMS320C67x DSP Core Eight Independent Functional Units: Two ALUs (Fixed-Point) Four ALUs (Floating- and Fixed-Point) Two Multipliers (Floating- and Fixed-Point) Load-Store Architecture With 32 32-Bit General-Purpose Registers Instruction Packing Reduces Code Size All Instructions Conditional Instruction Set Features Native Instructions for IEEE 754 Single- and Double-Precision Byte-Addressable (8-, 16-, 32-Bit Data) 8-Bit Overflow Protection Saturation; Bit-Field Extract, Set, Clear; Bit-Counting; Normalization L1/L2 Memory Architecture 4K-Byte L1P Program Cache (Direct-Mapped) 4K-Byte L1D Data Cache (2-Way) 256K-Byte L2 Memory Total: 64K-Byte L2 Unified Cache/Mapped RAM, and 192K-Byte Additional L2 Mapped RAM Device Configuration Boot Mode: HPI, 8-, 16-, 32-Bit ROM Boot Endianness*: Little Endian, Big Endian 32-Bit External Memory Interface (EMIF) Glueless Interface to SRAM, EPROM, Flash, SBSRAM, and SDRAM 512M-Byte Total Addressable External Memory Space Enhanced Direct-Memory-Access (EDMA) Controller (16 Independent Channels) 16-Bit Host-Port Interface (HPI) Two Multichannel Audio Serial Ports (McASPs) 1. Two Independent Clock Zones Each (1 TX and 1 RX) 2. Eight Serial Data Pins Per Port: Individually assignable to any of the Clock Zones
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _ Endianness is the attribute of a system that indicates whether integers are represented from left to right or right to left. Big endian is the most significant byte of any multi-byte data field is stored at the lowest memory address, which is also the address of the larger field. Little endian means that the least significant byte of any multi-byte data field is stored at the lowest memory address, which is also the address of the larger field.
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Each Clock Zone Includes: 1. Programmable Clock Generator 2. Programmable Frame Sync Generator 3. TDM Streams From 2-32 Time Slots 4. Support for Slot Size: 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 Bits 5. Data Formatter for Bit Manipulation 3. Wide Variety of I2S and Similar Bit Stream Formats 4. Integrated Digital Audio Interface Transmitter (DIT) Supports: 1. S/PDIF*, IEC60958-1, AES-3, CP-430 Formats 2. Up to 16 transmit pins 3. Enhanced Channel Status/User Data 5. Extensive Error Checking and Recovery Two Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus (I2C Bus) Multi-Master and Slave Interfaces Two Multi-channel Buffered Serial Ports: 6. Serial-Peripheral-Interface (SPI) 7. High-Speed TDM Interface 8. AC97 Interface Two 32-Bit General-Purpose Timers Dedicated GPIO Module with 16 pins (External Interrupt Capable) Flexible Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) Based Clock Generator Module IEEE-1149.1 (JTAG#) Boundary-Scan-Compatible Package Options: 208-Pin PowerPAD Plastic (Low-Profile) Quad Flat pack (PYP) 272-BGA Packages (GDP and ZDP) 0.13-m/6-Level Copper Metal Process CMOS Technology 3.3-V I/Os, 1.2-V Internal (GDP & PYP) 3.3-V I/Os, 1.4-V Internal (GDP)(300 MHz only)
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* S/PDIF is a digital audio interconnect used in consumer audio equipment over relatively short distances. The name stands for Sony/Philips Digital Interconnect Format. S/PDIF is standardized in IEC 60958-1. IEC stands for International Electro technical Commission and is non-governmental international standards organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies collectively known as "electro technology". *AES3 is the digital audio standard and frequently called AES/EBU and also published as part of IEC 60958, is used for carrying digital audio signals between devices. It was developed by the Audio Engineering Society (AES) and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) #JTAG stands for Joint Test Action Group. It was initially devised for testing printed circuit boards using boundary scan and also widely used for IC debug ports
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1.3 Architecture of TMS320C6713 Functional block of TMS320C6713 processor is shown below:
Internal memory includes a two-level cache architecture with 4kB of level 1 program cache (L1P), 4kB of level 1 data cache (L1D), and 256kB of level 2 memory shared between program and data space. It has a glueless (direct) interface to both synchronous memories (SDRAM and SBSRAM) and asynchronous memories (SRAM and EPROM). On-chip peripherals include two McBSPs (Multi-channel Buffered Serial Port), two McASPs (Multi-channel Audio Serial Port), two general purpose timers, a HPI (Host Port Interface) and a 32-bit EMIF (External Memory Interface), one dedicated GPIO (GeneralPurpose Input/output) module and two I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit) ports. It requires 3.3V for I/O and 1.26V for the core (internal). Internal buses include a 32-bit program address bus, a 256bit program data bus to accommodate eight 32-bit instructions, two 32-bit data address buses, two 64-bit data buses and two 64-bit store data buses. With a 32-bit address bus, the total memory space is, including external memory spaces. CPU Features: The CPU consists of eight independent functional units divided into two data paths, A and B, as shown in functional block. Each path has a unit for multiply operations (.M), for logical and arithmetic operations (.L), for branch, bit manipulation, and arithmetic operations (.S), and for loading/storing and arithmetic operations (.D). The eight functional units consist of four floating/ fixed-point ALUs (two .L and two .S), two fixed-point ALUs (.D units), and two floating / fixedpoint multipliers (.M units). Each functional unit can read directly from or write directly to the
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register file within its own path. Each path includes a set of sixteen 32-bit registers, A0 through A15 and B0 through B15.Units ending in 1 write to register file A, and units ending in 2 write to register file B. Two cross-paths (1x and 2x) allow functional units from one data path to access a 32-bit operand from the register file on the opposite side. There can be a maximum of two crosspath source reads per cycle. Each functional unit side can access data from the registers on the opposite side using a cross-path (i.e., the functional units on one side can access the register set from the other side). There are 32 general-purpose registers, but some of them are reserved for specific addressing or are used for conditional instructions. Memory Features: Memory configuration is:
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Memory map range address is:
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1.4 DSP Starter Kit The TMS320C6713 DSP chip is very powerful by itself, but for development of programs, a supporting architecture is required to store programs and data, and bring signals on and off the board. In order to use this DSP chip in a lab or development environment, a circuit board containing appropriate components, designed and manufactured by TI, is provided. Together, Code Composer Studio, the DSP chip, and supporting hardware make up the DSP Starter Kit, or DSK. Package Contents:
TMS320C6713 DSK Overview Block Diagram
The C6713 DSK has a TMS320C6713 DSP on-board that allows full-speed verification of code with Code Composer Studio. The C76713 DSK provides:
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1. A USB Interface 2. SDRAM and ROM 3. An analog interface circuit for Data conversion (AIC) 4. An I/O port 5. Embedded JTAG emulation support Connectors on the C6713 DSK provide DSP external memory interface (EMIF) and peripheral signals that enable its functionality to be expanded with custom or third party daughter boards. The DSK provides a C6713 hardware reference design that can assist you in the development of your own C6713-based products. In addition to providing a reference for interfacing the DSP to various types of memories and peripherals, the design also addresses power, clock, JTAG, and parallel peripheral interfaces. The C6711 DSK includes a stereo codec. This analog interface circuit (AIC) has the following characteristics: High-Performance Stereo Codec 90-dB SNR Multi-bit Sigma-Delta ADC (A-weighted at 48 kHz) 100-dB SNR Multi-bit Sigma-Delta DAC (A-weighted at 48 kHz) 1.42 V 3.6 V Core Digital Supply: Compatible With TI C54x DSP Core Voltages 2.7 V 3.6 V Buffer and Analog Supply: Compatible Both TI C54x DSP Buffer Voltages 8 kHz, 16 kHz, 24 kHz, 32 kHz, 44 kHz, 48 kHz and 96-kHz Sampling-Frequency Support Software Control via TI McBSP-Compatible Multiprotocol Serial Port I2C-Compatible and SPI-Compatible Serial-Port Protocols Glue less Interface to TI McBSPs Audio-Data Input/output Via TI McBSP-Compatible Programmable Audio Interface I2S-Compatible Interface Requiring Only One McBSP for both ADC and DAC Standard I2S, MSB, or LSB Justified-Data Transfers 16/20/24/32-Bit Word Lengths AIC32 stereo codec line with Line In, Line Out, MIC and headphone jacks to interface with analog audio signals that are sampled and digitized so it can be processed by DSP
The C6713DSK has the following features:

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The 6713 DSK is a low-cost standalone development platform that enables customers to evaluate and develop applications for the TI C67XX DSP family. The DSK also serves as a hardware reference design for the TMS320C6713 DSP. Schematics, logic equations and application notes are available to ease hardware development and reduce time to market. The DSK uses the 32-bit EMIF for the SDRAM (CE0) and daughter card expansion interface (CE2 and CE3). The Flash is attached to CE1 of the EMIF in 8-bit mode. An on-board AIC23 codec allows the DSP to transmit and receive analog signals. McBSP0 is used for the codec control interface and McBSP1 is used for data. Analog audio I/O is done through four 3.5mm audio jacks that correspond to microphone input, line input, line output and headphone output. The codec can select the microphone or the line input as the active input. The analog output is driven to both the line out (fixed gain) and headphone (adjustable gain) connectors. McBSP1 can be re-routed to the expansion connectors in software. A programmable logic device called a CPLD is used to implement glue logic that ties the board components together. The CPLD has a register based user interface that lets the user configure the board by reading and writing to the CPLD registers. The registers reside at the midpoint of CE1. The DSK includes 4 LEDs and 4 DIP switches as a simple way to provide the user with interactive feedback. Both are accessed by reading and writing to the CPLD registers. An included 5V external power supply is used to power the board. On-board voltage regulators provide the 1.26V DSP core voltage, 3.3V digital and 3.3V analog voltages. A voltage supervisor monitors the internally generated voltage, and will hold the board in reset until the supplies is within operating specifications and the reset button is released. If desired, JP1 and JP2 can be used as power test points for the core and I/O power supplies. Code Composer communicates with the DSK through an embedded JTAG emulator with a USB host interface. The DSK can also be used with an external emulator through the external JTAG connector. Code Composer Studio (CCS): CCS is a powerful integrated development environment that provides a useful transition between a high-level (C or assembly) DSP program and an on-board machine Digital Signal Processing language program. CCS consists of a set of software tools and libraries for developing DSP programs, compiling and linking them into machine code, and writing them into memory on the DSP chip and on-board external memory. It also contains diagnostic tools for analyzing and tracing algorithms as they are being implemented on-board. In the lab, we will always use CCS to develop, compile, and link programs that will be downloaded from a PC to DSP hardware.
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1.5 INSTALLATION System Requirements: Minimum 233MHz or Higher Pentium-Compatible CPU 600MB of free hard disk space 128MB of RAM SVGA (800 x 600 ) display Local CD-ROM drive Supported Operating Systems Windows 98 Windows NT 4.0 Service Pack 4 or higher Windows 2000 Service Pack 1 Windows XP
Recommended 500MHz or Higher Compatible CPU 128MB RAM 16bit Color Pentium
Troubleshooting DSK Connectivity: If Code Composer Studio IDE fails to configure your port correctly, perform the following steps: 1. Test the USB port by running DSK Port test from the start menu Use Start Programs Texas Instruments Code Composer Studio Code Composer Studio C6713 DSK Tools C6713 DSK Diagnostic Utilities OR Click on 6713 DSK Diagnostics Utilities icon in the desktop The below Screen will appear
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Select Start Select 6713 DSK Diagnostic Utility Icon from Desktop The Screen Look like as above Select Start Option Utility Program will test the board After testing Diagnostic Status you will get PASS If the board still fails to detect Go to CMOS setup Enable the USB Port Option (The required Device drivers will load along with CCS Installation) OR Reconnect USB cable, refresh the PC and do the first step
1.6 Introduction to Code Composer Studio Code Composer is the DSP industry's first fully integrated development environment (IDE) with DSP-specific functionality. With a familiar environment liked MS-based VC++, Code Composer lets you edit, build, debug, profile and manage projects from a single unified environment. Other unique features include graphical signal analysis, injection/extraction of data signals via file I/O, multi-processor debugging, automated testing and customization via a Cinterpretive scripting language and much more. CODE COMPOSER FEATURES INCLUDE: 1. IDE (Integrated Development Environment) 2. Debug IDE 3. Advanced watch windows 4. Integrated editor 5. File I/O, Probe Points, and graphical algorithm scope probes 6. Advanced graphical signal analysis 7. Automated testing and customization via scripting 8. Visual project management system 9. Compile in the background while editing and debugging 10. Multi-processor debugging 11. Help on the target DSP Procedure to work on Code Composer Studio: To create the New Project In CCS, select Project and then New. A window named Project Creation will appear. In the field labeled Project Name, enter Lab01 (or your own project name). In the field Location, click on the . . . on the right side of the field and navigate to the folder to store the file. In the field Project Type, verify that Executable (.out) is selected, and in the field Target, verify that TMS32067XX is selected. Finally, click on Finish. CCS has now created a project file Lab01.pjt, which will be used to build an executable program. This file is stored on specified path.
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To add supporting files to project: The next step in creating a project is to add the appropriate support files to the file Lab01. In the CCS window, go to Project and then Add Files to Project . . .. In the window that appears, click on the folder next to where it says Look In: Make sure that you are in the path where support files are saved. The C source code file contains functions for initializing the DSP and peripherals. The Vectors file contains information about what interrupts (if any) will be used and gives the linker information about resetting the CPU. This file needs to appear in the first block of program memory. The linker command file tells the linker how the vectors file and the internal, external, and flash memory are to be organized in memory. In addition, it specifies what parts of the program are to be stored in internal memory and what parts are to be stored in the external memory. In general, the program instructions and local/global variables will be stored in internal random access memory or IRAM. To Add Appropriate Libraries to a Project: In addition to the support files that you have been given, there are pre-compiled files from TI that need to be included with your project. For this project, we need run-time support libraries. For the C6713 DSK, there are three support libraries needed: csl6713.lib, dsk6713bsl.lib, and rts6700.lib. The first is a chip support library, the second a board support library, and the third is a real-time support library. Besides the above support libraries, there is a GEL (general extension language) file (dsk6211 6713.gel) used to initialize the DSK. The GEL file was automatically added when the project file Lab01.pjt was created, but the other libraries must be explicitly included in the same manner as the previous files. Go to Project and then Add Files to Project. For Files of type, select Object and Library Files (*.o*,*.l*). Navigate to the path for support and select the files rts6700.lib . . . In the left sub-window of the CCS main window, double-click on the folder Libraries to make sure the file was added correctly. These files, along with our other support files, form the black box that will be required for every project created in this lab. The only files that change are the source code files that code a DSP algorithm and possibly a vectors file.
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To Create a Source file File New Type the code (Save & give file name, E.g.: sum.c). To Add Source Code Files to a Project: The last file that you need to add is your C source code file. This file will contain the code needed to perform the required task. Go back to Project and then Add Files to Project. For Files of type, select C/C++ source files (*.c), click on the file and add it to your project by clicking on Open. Files for Non-real time programs: 1. Library file- rts6700.lib Path: C:\CCStudio_v3.1\c6000\cgtools\lib\rts6700.lib 2. Command and linking file- hello.cmd Path: C:\CCStudio_v3.1\tutorial\dsk6713\hello1\hello.cmd Files for real time programs: 1. Configuration file: To create configuration fileFile New DSP/BIOS Configuration Use dsk6713.cdb Save as filename.cdb (keep same name as project, so it is easy to identify) in the project folder and add this file to the project as similar way to other files (But file type is *.cdb). Then three files are added in generated file folder automatically. Within that open filenamecfg_c.c file and copy the line #includefilenamecfg.h, paste it to the source file 2. Library file: dsk6713bsl.lib Path: C:\CCStudio_v3.1\c6000\\dsk6713\lib\dsk6713bsl.lib 3. Add header file generated within filenamecfg.h to source file To Compile: Project Compile To Build: Project build, which will create the final .out executable file.(Eg. sum.out). Procedure to Load and Run program: Load the program to DSK: File Load program sum.out (Which is in the folder Debug in the project folder.) To execute project: Debug Run. To watch variables: View Memory Enter the variable in the field of address and select format
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To plot variables: View Graph Time/frequency The following display will appear
Give the variable name in the field Start Address and suitable parameters for others Procedure to run real time program: a) To connect DSK to PC 1. Connect DSO probe to the audio cords crocodile end and connect audio cord to Line-out pin of DSK 2. Connect power supply to DSK 3. Wait for POST to complete, during POST observe 1 kHz sinusoidal wave in DSO 4. Connect USB cable from PC to DSK 5. Launch Code Composer Studio C6713 DSK 6. CCS will load and wait for your input 7. Connect to C6713 DSK by Debug>Connect (or Alt+C) and verify The target now connected message on left corner of CCS b) To develop and run the program for sine wave generation 1. Create new project named sine.pjt. 2. Add library file dsk6713bsl.lib to the project 3. Create DSP/BIOS configuration file and save sinewave.cdb 4. Add sinewave.cdb to the project 5. Type the source code and save as sinewave.c
configuration
file
as
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6. Add the source code to the project 7. Open sinewavecfg_c.c and copy - #include "sinewavecfg.h" save it to the source code sinewave.c 8. Compile project 9. Build the project 10. Load the executable file and run the program and observe sine wave and plot it with frequency and volt
Sample programs and outputs 1.Linear convolution #include<stdio.h> #include<math.h> int y[20]; int x[10]={1,2,3,2,1,0,0,0,0}; int h[10]={2,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,0}; main() { int l=5; int m=5; int n,k; for(n=0;n<l+m-1;n++) {y[n]=0; for(k=0;k<=n;k++) y[n]+= x[k]*h[n-k]; } for(n=0;n<l+m-1;n++) printf("y(n)= {%d, ",y[n]); printf(}); } Result: y(n)={ 2 5 8 8 8 8 8 5 2 } Graphical display
2. Sine wave generation by look up table #include //Add configuration header file here #include <math.h> #include "C:\CCStudio_v3.1\C6000\dsk6713\include\dsk6713.h"
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#include "C:\CCStudio_v3.1\C6000\dsk6713\include\dsk6713_aic23.h" #define SINE_TABLE_SIZE 96 #define PI ( ( double )3.1415927 ) #define SINE_MAX 0x7FFE //Peak value of sine wave int sinetable[SINE_TABLE_SIZE]; DSK6713_AIC23_Config config = { \ 0x0017, /* 0 DSK6713_AIC23_LEFTINVOL Left line input channel volume */ \ 0x0017, /* 1 DSK6713_AIC23_RIGHTINVOL Right line input channel volume */\ 0x00ff, /* 2 DSK6713_AIC23_LEFTHPVOL Left channel headphone volume */ \ 0x00ff, /* 3 DSK6713_AIC23_RIGHTHPVOL Right channel headphone volume */ \ 0x0011, /* 4 DSK6713_AIC23_ANAPATH Analog audio path control */ \ 0x0000, /* 5 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGPATH Digital audio path control */ \ 0x0000, /* 6 DSK6713_AIC23_POWERDOWN Power down control */ \ 0x0043, /* 7 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGIF Digital audio interface format */ \ 0x0081, /* 8 DSK6713_AIC23_SAMPLERATE Sample rate control */ \ 0x0001 /* 9 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGACT Digital interface activation */ \ }; void InitSineTable( void ) { int i; double increment= 0; double radian = 0; increment = ( PI * 2 ) / SINE_TABLE_SIZE; for ( i = 0 ; i < SINE_TABLE_SIZE ; i++ ) { sinetable[i] = ( int )( sin( radian ) * SINE_MAX ); radian += increment; } } void main() { int i; DSK6713_AIC23_CodecHandle hCodec; DSK6713_init(); InitSineTable(); hCodec = DSK6713_AIC23_openCodec(0, &config); DSK6713_AIC23_setFreq(hCodec, 7); //Sampling rate 96 kHz
while(1) { for ( i = 0 ; i < SINE_TABLE_SIZE ; i++ )

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{
while (!DSK6713_AIC23_write(hCodec, sinetable[i])); while (!DSK6713_AIC23_write(hCodec, sinetable[i])); } } } Result: Observed the sine wave on DSO have the following specifications: Peak voltage : 1.3V Frequency : 1kHz The look-up table contents are plotted by graph:
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Expt. No. 2 Objectives:

SINE WAVE GENERATION AND REAL-TIME DFT USING DSK a) To generate sine wave using TMS320C6713 DSK b) To obtain DFT of the real-time sine wave using TMS320C6713 DSK
Equipments required: 1. DSK for TMS320C6713 2. PC installed Software- CCS 3. USB cable 4. Audio stereo cable (3.5mm banana connector at one end and crocodile pin at other end) 5. DSO and connecting probe 6. Function generator with connecting probe Theory: Generating a Sinusoid in Real-Time: In general form, sinusoidal function can be represented as Where f0 is frequency In real-time digital systems, this requires samples of the above signal to be sent to the CODEC at a xed rate. If the sampling rate Fs = 1/ts, in C code the above equation can be written as
which is only defined for integer values of n. Here, the argument of the sine function,
is a linear function that can be easily updated at each sample point. At the next time instance, time n + 1, the argument becomes
which is the previous argument, namely 0n, plus the phase offset
This means that the sinusoidal frequency is determined by the distance (in radians) between sample points within one 2 period of a sine wave. As long as fo < F s/2 (o < ), the output will have frequency fo. Using fo > F s/2 (o > ) will result in aliasing, which will be explored in the first assignment. This way of generating a sine wave may seem counterintuitive, since we generally fix fo and vary the sampling rate. Here, the sampling rate is fixed, so we control the frequency of the reconstructed signal by specifying the amount of radians to increment (within a
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2 period) at each sample point. The key idea here is that the sample rate F s is fixed and that fo is generated by carefully choosing the sample spacing (0 radians). Using the on-board CODEC running at Fs, it is theoretically possible to generate any sinusoid whose frequency is f o < Fs, although limitations in the smoothing filter on the analog output reduce the maximum frequency to less than Fs/2. Real time DFT: The N-point DFT of sequence x(n) is
Where twiddle factor is This can be decomposed into a sum of real components and a sum of imaginary components, or
Procedure: 1. Sine wave generation a) To develop and run the program for sine wave generation 1. Create new project named sine.pjt. 2. Type the source code and save as sinewave.c 3. Add the source code to the project 4. Add library file dsk6713bsl.lib to the project 5. Create DSP/BIOS configuration file and save configuration file as sinewave.cdb 6. Add sinewave.cdb to the project 7. Compile project 8. Build the project 9. Load the executable file and run the program and observe sine wave and plot it with frequency and volt b) To connect DSK to PC 1. Connect DSO probe to the audio cords crocodile end and connect audio cord to Line-out pin of DSK 2. Connect power supply to DSK 3. Wait for POST to complete, during POST observe 1 kHz sinusoidal wave in DSO 4. Connect USB cable from PC to DSK 5. Launch Code Composer Studio C6713 DSK
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6. CCS will load and wait for your input 7. Connect to C6713 DSK by Debug>Connect (or Alt+C) and verify The target now connected message on left corner of CCS
2. DFT of Real-time sine wave a) To connect DSK to PC 1. Connect Signal generator (set as 1Vpp, 2 kHz sine wave) probe to the audio cords crocodile end and connect audio cord to Line-in pin of DSK 2. Connect power supply to DSK 3. Wait for POST to complete 4. Connect USB cable from PC to DSK 5. Launch Code Composer Studio C6713 DSK 6. CCS will load and wait for your input 7. Connect to C6713 DSK by Debug>Connect (or Alt+C) and verify The target now connected message on left corner of CCS b) To develop and run the program for DFT of real time sinewave 1. Create new project named dftsinewave.pjt. 2. Type the source code and save as dftsinewave.c 3. Add the source code to the project 4. Add library file dsk6713bsl.lib to the project 5. Create DSP/BIOS configuration file and save configuration file as dftsinewave.cdb 6. Add dftsinewave.cdb to the project 7. Compile project 8. Build the project 9. Load the executable file and run the program 10. Observe the input buffer and DFT sequence using View > Memory tool Programs: 1. Sine wave generation #include "sinewavecfg.h" #include<math.h> #include "C:\CCStudio_v3.1\C6000\dsk6713\include\dsk6713.h" #include "C:\CCStudio_v3.1\C6000\dsk6713\include\dsk6713_aic23.h" #define Fs 32000 // Sampling frequency in Hz #define f 5000 // Frequency in Hz #define pi ( ( double )3.1415927 ) #define Vm 12659//Peak value of sine wave with 79uV resolution, 12659 for 1Vpp float x[Fs/1000]; // Fs/1000 is length of sequence
DSK6713_AIC23_Config config = { \ 0x0017, /* 0 DSK6713_AIC23_LEFTINVOL Left line input channel volume */ \

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0x0017, /* 1 DSK6713_AIC23_RIGHTINVOL Right line input channel volume */\ 0x00ff, /* 2 DSK6713_AIC23_LEFTHPVOL Left channel headphone volume */ \ 0x00ff, /* 3 DSK6713_AIC23_LEFTHPVOL right channel headphone volume */ \ 0x0011, /* 4 DSK6713_AIC23_ANAPATH Analog audio path control */ \ 0x0000, /* 5 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGPATH Digital audio path control */ \ 0x0000, /* 6 DSK6713_AIC23_POWERDOWN Power down control */ \ 0x0043, /* 7 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGIF Digital audio interface format */ \ 0x0081, /* 8 DSK6713_AIC23_SAMPLERATE Sample rate control */ \ 0x0001 /* 9 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGACT Digital interface activation */ \ }; void main() { int n; float b; int N=Fs/f; double theta =2*pi*f/Fs; DSK6713_AIC23_CodecHandle hCodec; DSK6713_init(); //Initialize board support library hCodec = DSK6713_AIC23_openCodec(0, &config); //Open the codec DSK6713_AIC23_setFreq(hCodec, 4); //Set the sampling rate at 32 kHz for(n=0;n<N;n++) x[n]=sin(theta * n); while(1) { for ( n = 0 ; n < N ; n++ ) { b=Vm*x[n]; while (!DSK6713_AIC23_write(hCodec, b)); while (!DSK6713_AIC23_write(hCodec, b)); } } }
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2. DFT of real time sine wave #include "dftsinewavecfg.h" #include <math.h> #include "C:\CCStudio_v3.1\C6000\dsk6713\include\dsk6713.h" #include "C:\CCStudio_v3.1\C6000\dsk6713\include\dsk6713_aic23.h" #define Fs 24000 //Sampling frequency in Hz #define f 3000 //Frequency in Hz #define pi ( ( double )3.1415927 ) Uint32 l_input; //Input buffer to store sampled data from codec. Unsigned 32 bit type Uint32 x[Fs/f]; // Intermediate buffer as input sequence. Unsigned 32 bit type float sumre=0, sumim=0, X_real[Fs/f]={0.0}, X_imag[Fs/f]={0.0}; //variables for DFT DSK6713_AIC23_Config config = { \ 0x0017, /* 0 DSK6713_AIC23_LEFTINVOL Left line input channel volume */ \ 0x0017, /* 1 DSK6713_AIC23_RIGHTINVOL Right line input channel volume */\ 0x00ff, /* 2 DSK6713_AIC23_LEFTHPVOL Left channel headphone volume */ \ 0x00ff, /* 3 DSK6713_AIC23_RIGHTHPVOL Right channel headphone volume */ \ 0x0011, /* 4 DSK6713_AIC23_ANAPATH Analog audio path control */ \ 0x0000, /* 5 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGPATH Digital audio path control */ \ 0x0000, /* 6 DSK6713_AIC23_POWERDOWN Power down control */ \ 0x0043, /* 7 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGIF Digital audio interface format */ \ 0x0081, /* 8 DSK6713_AIC23_SAMPLERATE Sample rate control */ \ 0x0001 /* 9 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGACT Digital interface activation */ \ }; void main() { int n,k; int N=Fs/f; DSK6713_AIC23_CodecHandle hCodec; DSK6713_init(); //Initialize board support library hCodec = DSK6713_AIC23_openCodec(0, &config); //Open the codec DSK6713_AIC23_setFreq(hCodec, 3); //Set the sampling rate at 24 kHz while(1) { for ( n = 0 ; n < N ; n++ ) { while (!DSK6713_AIC23_read(hCodec, &l_input)); // Read codec x[n]=l_input; } for(k=0;k<N;k++) { sumre=0;
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sumim=0; for(n=0;n<N;n++) { sumre=sumre+x[n]* cos(2*pi*k*n/N); sumim=sumim-x[n]* sin(2*pi*k*n/N); } X_real[k]=sumre; X_imag[k]=sumim; }
} } Results: 1. Sine wave generation a) f = 5000Hz, Fs = 32kHz and Vm =1 Vpp Observed the sine wave on DSO have the following specifications: Peak to peak voltage : 1V Frequency : 5 kHz The look-up table contents are plotted by graph:
b) f = 5 kHz, Fs = 44 kHz and Vm =2 Vp Observed the sine wave on DSO have the following specifications: Peak to peak voltage : 2.2V Frequency : 5.02 kHz
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The look-up table contents are plotted by graph:
2. Real time DFT of sine wave a) Frequency of sine wave input 3 kHz, Peak to peak voltage 700mV and Sampling rate of CODEC 24 kHz Observed memory variables: x 2741 X_real 207080.0 X_imag 0.0 65530 93811.3 -62797.03 -61655.71 -0.9921875 65526 -62796.99 93811.28 1.003906 61655.68 7 2730 6 3871 65535 -91531.32
-91531.28
-55086.0
61654.3
0.01666744
-61654.27
b) Frequency of sine wave input 10 kHz, Peak to peak voltage 1V and Sampling rate of CODEC 24 kHz Observed memory variables: x 502 24 497 30 5494 2 65045 65511 X_real 464766.0 -145125.6 -43054.16 26060.0 4977.998 -30487.57 X_imag 0.0 -35467.02 -36504.53 -35482.1 -22.98828 -85641.8 5490 65534 65036 65504 60044 65533 493 -24076.79 26060.03 90570.29 85607.59 35482.09 35438.47 -59540.98 -43054.11 -20.98047 36504.61 27
142178.2 -59564.0 -216666.8 221677.4 0.02246658 -201727.6
-95025.54 -95025.62 85608.55 -85608.45
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Expt. No. 3

PSEUDO RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATOR USING DSK
Objective: To generate a pseudo random sequence using TMS320C6713 DSK Equipments required: 1. DSK for TMS320C6713 2. PC installed Software- CCS 3. USB cable Theory: Pseudorandom noise sequence generation can be implemented using maximal length sequence (MLS) technique. MLS are also called m-sequence. MLS generator can be made from shift registers with proper feedback. If the shift generator has m bits the length of generated sequence is N=2m-1. MLS has several properties that make them good approximation to ideal binary random sequences when N is large. Frequency of Occurrence of 1s and 0s The number of 1s in one period of MLS is 2m-1 and the number of 0s is 2m-1-1. Thus period contains one more 1 than 0. For large N, 1s and 0s appear with equal likelihood. Frequency of Runs of 1s and 0s A run of k 1s is defined to be a string staring with zero, followed by k 1s and ending with a zero. In one period of MLS, there is one run of m 1s. There is no run of m-1 1s. Correlation property For MLS, N=2m-1 the periodic autocorrelation function is
For ideal binary random sequence the autocorrelation function is 1 for n = 0 and 0 otherwise Random sequence generation Any 16 bit sequence other than all zero sequence can be used as a seed. XOR operation of some bits in the shift register say bit b0, b2, b10and b14 is taken and then outcome is placed in a feedback variable i.e. fb as shown in figure shown below.
The register with initial seed is then shifted to the left by 1 bit. The value in the feedback variable fb is then assigned to b0 of the register.
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Pseudo random sequence: 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 Algorithm: 1. Start 2. Assign value for seed in a 16 bit register 3. Set feedback bit variable as 1 4. If bit0 is high set pseudo random sequence, else clear 5. XOR bit0, bit2, bit10 and bit14, place the result to feedback variable 6. Load feedback variable to bit0 7. Repeat the step 4 to 6 for m times 8. Stop Program: #include <math.h> #include <stdio.h> typedef struct BITVAL //register bits to be packed as integer { unsigned int b0:1, b1:1, b2:1, b3:1, b4:1, b5:1, b6:1; unsigned int b7:1, b8:1, b9:1, b10:1, b11:1, b12:1,b13:1; unsigned int b14:1, b15:1; } bitval; typedef union SHIFT_REG { unsigned int regval; bitval bt; } shift_reg; short fb; shift_reg sreg; //shift reg structure void main() { int m=16,i; short prnseq; //for pseudo-random sequence sreg.regval = 0xFFFF; //set shift register fb = 1; //initial feedback value printf("Pseudo random sequence: "); for (i=0; i<m; i++) { if(sreg.bt.b0) //sequence{0,1}based on bit b0 prnseq = 1;
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else prnseq = 0; fb =(sreg.bt.b0)^(sreg.bt.b2); //XOR bits 0,2 fb ^=(sreg.bt.b10)^(sreg.bt.b14); //with bits 10,14 ->fb sreg.regval<<=1; //shift register 1 bit to left sreg.bt.b0 = fb; //close feedback path printf("%d ",prnseq); } } Results: Pseudo random sequence: 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
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Expt. No. 4 Objective:

REAL TIME IIR FILTER DESIGN USING DSK To realize IIR low pass, high pass and band pass filters using DSK
Equipments required: 1. DSK for TMS320C6713 2. PC installed Software- CCS 3. USB cable 4. Audio stereo cable (3.5mm banana connector at one end and crocodile pin at other end) 5. DSO and connecting probe 6. Function generator with connecting probe Theory: The input-output relationship of recursive system is
The transfer function is
Where N(z) and D(z) represent the numerator and denominator polynomial respectively and N is the order of the filter Also
There are several structures to implement IIR filters; one of the most common types is direct form-II. It requires half as many delay elements as the direct form-I. For example, a second-order filter requires two delay elements z -1, as opposed to four with the direct form I. Let a delay variable U(z) be defined as And
Taking the inverse z-transform

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Solving for u(n) Taking the inverse z-transform of Y(z) Direct form-II IIR filter structure is shown below:
Flow chart for Real time IIR filters:
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Flow chart for IIR filters:
MATLAB CODE FOR FILTER COEFFICIENTS: 1. Butterworth LP and HP filters: Specifications: Cut-off frequency: 3 KHz Sampling rate: 96000 samples/sec Filter order: 2 % LPF N=2; fc=3000; Fs=96000; wc=2*fc/Fs; [num,den]=butter(N,wc); b=ceil([num(1) num(2)/2 num(3)].*2^15-1) a=ceil([den(1) den(2)/2 den(3)].*2^15-1) freqz(num,den); title(IIR Butterworth LPF); (Note: b(2) and a(2) should be divided by 2 to avoid overflow) % HPF
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N=2; fc=4000; Fs=44000; wc=2*fc/Fs; [num,den]=butter(N,wc,high); b=ceil([num(1) num(2)/2 num(3)].*2^15-1) a=ceil([den(1) den(2)/2 den(3)].*2^15-1) freqz(num,den); title(IIR Butterworth HPF);
2. Butterworth BP filters: Specifications: Cut-off frequencies: 4000Hz and 8000Hz Sampling rate: 32000 samples/sec Filter order: 2 %BPF N=2; fc1=4000; fc2=8000; Fs=32000; wc=[2*fc1/Fs 2*fc2/Fs]; [num,den]=butter(N/2,wc); b=ceil([num(1) num(2)/2 num(3)].*2^15-1) a=ceil([den(1) den(2)/2 den(3)].*2^15-1) freqz(num,den); title(IIR Butterworth BPF); 3. Chebyshev type 1 LP and type 2 HP filters: Specifications: Cut-off frequency: 1.5 kHz Sampling rate: 8000 samples/sec Ripple: 10dB Filter order: 2 % LPF N=2; fc=1500; Fs=8000; R=0.5; wc=2*fc/Fs; [num,den]=cheby1(N,R,wc); b=ceil([num(1) num(2)/2 num(3)].*2^15-1) a=ceil([den(1) den(2)/2 den(3)].*2^15-1) freqz(num,den); title(IIR Chebyshev type 1 LPF);
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% HPF N=2; fc=11000; Fs=96000; R=10; wc=2*fc/Fs; [num,den]=cheby2(N,R,wc,high); b=ceil([num(1) num(2)/2 num(3)].*2^15-1) a=ceil([den(1) den(2)/2 den(3)].*2^15-1) freqz(num,den); title(IIR Chebyshev type 1 HPF);
4. Chebyshev type 2 BP filters: Specifications: Cut-off frequencies: 2000Hz and 16000Hz Sampling rate: 48000 samples/sec Filter order: 2 Ripple =15dB %BPF N=2; fc1=2000; fc2=16000; Fs=48000; R=15; wc=[2*fc1/Fs 2*fc2/Fs]; [num,den]=cheby1(N/2,R,wc); b=ceil([num(1) num(2)/2 num(3)].*2^15-1) a=ceil([den(1) den(2)/2 den(3)].*2^15-1) freqz(num,den); title(IIR Chebyshev type 2 BPF); The filter coefficients a and b were then saved into an ASCII text file compatible with standard C-header files or copy it and use it as constant in CCS source code (Note: We can also use fdatool in Matlab to generate filter coefficients) FDATOOL Filter Design & Analysis Tool. FDATOOL launches the Filter Design & Analysis Tool (FDATool). FDATool is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) that allows you to design or import, and analyze digital FIR and IIR filters. Program: #include "iircfg.h" #include "c:\ccstudio_v3.1\c6000\dsk6713\include\dsk6713.h"
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#include "c:\ccstudio_v3.1\c6000\dsk6713\include\dsk6713_aic23.h" extern signed int IIR_FILTER(signed int ); // Sub program for IIR filter
/*filter coefficients: In Matlab b0, bi...are numerator and a0,a1,... are denominator coefficients respectively. Here b0, b1,.... are denominator and a0,a1,.... are numerator*/ /*uncomment the required filter coefficients*/ const signed int b[] = { //276, 276, 276 //LPF fc=3 kHz Fs=96 kHz // 1621, 1621, 1621 //LPF fc=8 kHz Fs= 96 kHz //20540, -20540, 20540 //HPF fc=5kHz Fs=48kHz 5436, 0, -5436 //BPF fc1=5kHz fc2=8kHz Fs=48khz }; const signed int a[] = { // 32767, -28242, 24823 //LPF fc=3 kHz Fs=96 kHz // 32767, -20965 , 15650 //LPF fc=8kHz Fs=96kHz //32767, -18174, 13047 //HPF fc=5kHz Fs=48kHz 32767, -18374, 21895 //BPF fc1=5kHz fc2=8kHz Fs=48khz }; DSK6713_AIC23_Config config = { \ 0x0017, /* 0 DSK6713_AIC23_LEFTINVOL Left line input channel volume */ \ 0x0017, /* 1 DSK6713_AIC23_RIGHTINVOL Right line input channel volume */\ 0x00d8, /* 2 DSK6713_AIC23_LEFTHPVOL Left channel headphone volume */ \ 0x00d8, /* 3 DSK6713_AIC23_RIGHTHPVOL Right channel headphone volume */ \ 0x0011, /* 4 DSK6713_AIC23_ANAPATH Analog audio path control */ \ 0x0000, /* 5 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGPATH Digital audio path control */ \ 0x0000, /* 6 DSK6713_AIC23_POWERDOWN Power down control */ \ 0x0043, /* 7 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGIF Digital audio interface format */ \ 0x0081, /* 8 DSK6713_AIC23_SAMPLERATE Sample rate control */ \ 0x0001 /* 9 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGACT Digital interface activation */ \ }; void main() { DSK6713_AIC23_CodecHandle hCodec; Uint32 l_input, r_input,l_output, r_output; //IO buffer variables /* Initialize the board support library */ DSK6713_init(); /* Start the codec */
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hCodec = DSK6713_AIC23_openCodec(0, &config); /* Set sampling rate*/ DSK6713_AIC23_setFreq(hCodec, 6); while(1) { /* Read a sample to the left channel */ while (!DSK6713_AIC23_read(hCodec, &l_input)); /* Read a sample to the right channel */ while (!DSK6713_AIC23_read(hCodec, &r_input)); l_output=IIR_FILTER(l_input); r_output=l_output; /* Send a sample to the left channel */ while (!DSK6713_AIC23_write(hCodec, l_output)); /* Send a sample to the right channel */ while (!DSK6713_AIC23_write(hCodec, r_output)); } } signed int IIR_FILTER(signed int x1) { static signed int x[6] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; /* x(n), x(n-1), x(n-2). Must be static */ static signed int y[6] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; /* y(n), y(n-1), y(n-2). Must be static */ int temp=0; temp = (short int)x1; /* Copy input to temp */ x[0] = (signed int) temp; /* Copy input to x[stages][0] */ temp = ( (int)a[0] * x[0]) ; /* a0 * x(n) */ temp += ( (int)a[1] * x[1]); /* a1/2 * x(n-1) */ temp += ( (int)a[1] * x[1]); /* a1/2 * x(n-1) */ temp += ( (int)a[2] * x[2]); /* a2 * x(n-2) */ temp -= ( (int)b[1] * y[1]); /* b1/2 * y(n-1) */ temp -= ( (int)b[1] * y[1]); /* b1/2 * y(n-1) */ temp -= ( (int)b[2] * y[2]); /* b2 * y(n-2) */ /* Divide temp by coefficients[b0] */ temp >>= 15; if ( temp > 32767 ) { temp = 32767; } else if ( temp < -32767) { temp = -32767; } y[0] = temp ;
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/* Shuffle values along one place for next time */ y[2] = y[1]; /* y(n-2) = y(n-1) */ y[1] = y[0]; /* y(n-1) = y(n) */ x[2] = x[1]; /* x(n-2) = x(n-1) */ x[1] = x[0]; /* x(n-1) = x(n) */ /* temp is used as input next time through */ return (temp<<2); } Results: 1. IIR Butterworth LPF Specifications: Cut-off frequency: 3 kHz Sampling rate: 96000 samples/sec Filter order: 2 Desired Response:
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Observations: Vin = 500mVpp f (in Hz) 100 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 9000 15000 20000 25000 30000 Vo (in V) 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 Normalized f (in pi rad/sample) 0.0021 0.0417 0.0625 0.0833 0.1042 0.1250 0.1458 0.1875 0.3125 0.4167 0.5208 0.6250 Gain in dB 5.1055 5.1055 2.9226 0.0000 -1.9382 -4.4370 -7.9588 -13.9794 -21.9382 -24.4370 -27.9588 -33.9794
Observed response
2. IIR Butterworth HPF Specifications: Cut-off frequency: 4 kHz Sampling rate: 44000 samples/sec Filter order: 2
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Desired Response:
Observations: Vin = 500mVpp f (in Hz) 600 700 800 900 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 20000 Vo (in V) 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1 1 Normalized f (in pi rad/sample) Gain in dB
0.0125 -24.4370 0.0146 -24.4370 0.0167 -21.9382 0.0188 -20.0000 0.0208 -18.4164 0.0417 -4.4370 0.0625 0.0000 0.0833 2.9226 0.1042 4.0824 0.1250 5.1055 0.1458 6.0206 0.1667 6.0206 0.4167 6.0206 Observed response
3. IIR Butterworth BPF Specifications:

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Cut-off frequencies: 4 kHz and 8 khz Sampling rate: 32000 samples/sec Filter order: 2 Desired Response:
Observations: Vin = 500mVpp f (in Hz) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 12000 14000 Vo (in V) 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Normalized f (in pi rad/sample) 0.0063 0.0125 0.0188 0.0250 0.0313 0.0375 0.0438 0.0625 0.1250 0.1875 0.2500 0.3125 0.3750 0.4375 0.5000 0.5625 0.6250 0.7500 0.8750 Gain in dB -27.9588 -24.4370 -21.9382 -18.4164 -17.0774 -15.9176 -13.9794 -7.9588 -4.4370 0.0000 2.9226 5.1055 6.0206 5.1055 2.9226 0.0000 -1.9382 -4.4370 -7.9588
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Observed response
4. IIR Chebyshev type-1 LPF Specifications: Cut-off frequency: 1.5kHz Sampling rate: 96000 samples/sec Filter order: 2 Ripple: 0.25 Desired Response:
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Observations: Vin = 500mVpp f (in Hz) 100 500 600 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 Vo Normalized f (in pi (in rad/sample) V) 0.0021 0.9 0.0104 0.9 0.0125 0.9 0.0208 0.9 0.0417 0.7 0.0625 0.4 0.0833 0.3 0.1042 0.2 0.1250 0.1 0.1458 0.07 0.1667 0.05 0.1875 0.04 0.2083 0.04 0.2500 0.03 0.2917 0.02 0.3333 0.01 0.3750 0.01 0.4167 0.01 Observed response Gain in dB 5.1055 5.1055 5.1055 5.1055 2.9226 -1.9382 -4.4370 -7.9588 -13.9794 -17.0774 -20.0000 -21.9382 -21.9382 -24.4370 -27.9588 -33.9794 -33.9794 -33.9794
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5. IIR Chebyshev type-2 HPF Specifications: Cut-off frequency: 11kHz Sampling rate: 96000 samples/sec Filter order: 2 Ripple: 10dB Desired Response:
Observations: Vin = 500mVpp f (in Hz) 100 3000 4000 5000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 24000 28000 Vo (in V) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.01 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 Normalized f (in pi rad/sample) 0.0021 0.0625 0.0833 0.1042 0.1458 0.1667 0.1875 0.2083 0.2292 0.2500 0.2917 0.3333 0.3750 0.4167 0.5000 0.5833 Gain in dB -4.4370 -4.4370 -4.4370 -7.9588 -13.9794 -33.9794 -13.9794 -7.9588 -4.4370 -1.9382 1.5836 2.9226 4.0824 5.1055 5.1055 5.1055
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Observed response
6. IIR Chebyshev type-2 BPF Specifications: Cut-off frequencies: fc1= 2kHz fc2=16kHz Sampling rate: 48000 samples/sec Filter order: 2 Ripple: 15dB Desired Response
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Observations: Vin = 500mVpp f (in Hz) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 Vo (in V) 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.08 0.04 Normalized f (in pi rad/sample) 0.0042 0.0083 0.0125 0.0167 0.0208 0.0250 0.0292 0.0333 0.0375 0.0417 0.0833 0.1250 0.1667 0.2083 0.2500 0.2917 0.3333 0.3750 0.4167 0.5000 0.5833 0.6667 0.7500 0.8333 0.9167 Gain in dB -33.9794 -27.9588 -24.4370 -21.9382 -20.0000 -20.0000 -18.4164 -17.0774 -15.9176 -15.9176 -7.9588 -4.4370 -1.9382 1.5836 5.1055 5.1055 4.0824 1.5836 0.0000 -4.4370 -4.4370 -7.9588 -13.9794 -15.9176 -21.9382
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Observed response
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Expt. No. 5 Objective:

REAL TIME FIR FILTER DESIGN USING DSK To realize FIR low pass, high pass and band pass filters using DSK
Equipments required: 1. DSK for TMS320C6713 2. PC installed Software- CCS 3. USB cable 4. Audio stereo cable (3.5mm banana connector at one end and crocodile pin at other end) 5. DSO and connecting probe 6. Function generator with connecting probe Theory: The non-recursive equation for Nth order FIR filter is
The transfer function is
There is different form for realizing FIR filter. A simple structure is direct form and is show below:
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Flow chart for real time FIR filters
Flow chart for FIR filter
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MATLAB CODE FOR FILTER COEFFICIENTS: 1. LP and HP filters using rectangular window: Specifications: Cut-off frequency: 3 KHz Sampling rate: 8000 samples/sec Filter order: 20 % LPF N=20; M=N+1; fc=1000; Fs=8000; wc=2*fc/Fs; win=rectwin(M); b=fir1(N,wc,win) a=1; freqz(b,a); title(FIR LPF using rectangular window); grid on; % HPF N=20; M=N+1; fc=1000; Fs=8000; wc=2*fc/Fs; win=rectwin(M); b=fir1(N,wc,high,win) a=1; freqz(b,a); title(FIR HPF using rectangular window); grid on; 2. BP filters using Kaiser window: Specifications: Cut-off frequencies: 3 KHz and 18kHz Sampling rate: 96000 samples/sec Filter order: 10 Beta: 4 N=20; M=N+1; fc=[5000 10000]; Fs=32000; beta=4; wc=2*fc/Fs;
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win=kaiser(M,beta); b=fir1(N,wc,win) a=1; freqz(b,a); title(FIR BPF using Kaiser window); grid on; Program: #include "fircfg.h"
#include "c:\ccstudio_v3.1\c6000\dsk6713\include\dsk6713.h" #include "c:\ccstudio_v3.1\c6000\dsk6713\include\dsk6713_aic23.h" #define N 20 //Order of the filter extern signed long FIR_FILTER(signed int ); //Subprogram for FIR filter
//Filter coefficients // Uncomment the required coefficients const float h[] = { //LPF, fc=1kHz, Fs=8kHz, N=20, Rectangular window /* 0.0312,0.0245,-0.0000,-0.0315,-0.0519,-0.0441,0.0000, 0.0734,0.1558,0.2203,0.2447,0.2203,0.1558,0.0734,0.0000, -0.0441,-0.0519,-0.0315,-0.0000,0.0245,0.0312 */ //HPF, fc=1kHz, Fs=8kHz, N=20, Rectangular window /*-0.0328,-0.0258,-0.0000,0.0331,0.0547,0.0464,-0.0000, -0.0773,-0.1641,-0.2320,0.7732,-0.2320,-0.1641,-0.0773, -0.0000,0.0464,0.0547,0.0331,-0.0000,-0.0258,-0.0328 */ //BPF, fc1=5kHz, fc2=10kHz, Fs=32kHz, N=20, Kaiser window, Beta =4 /* 0.0353,-0.0533,-0.0405,0.0171,-0.0175,0.0388,0.1384,-0.0625, -0.2644,0.0300,0.3184,0.0300,-0.2644,-0.0625,0.1384,0.0388, -0.0175,0.0171,-0.0405,-0.0533,0.0353 */ }; static short in_buffer[N]; //Buffer variable DSK6713_AIC23_Config config = { \ 0x0017, /* 0 DSK6713_AIC23_LEFTINVOL Left line input channel volume */ \ 0x0017, /* 1 DSK6713_AIC23_RIGHTINVOL Right line input channel volume */\ 0x00d8, /* 2 DSK6713_AIC23_LEFTHPVOL Left channel headphone volume */ \
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0x00d8, 0x0011, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0043, 0x0081, 0x0001 }; //Main program void main() { DSK6713_AIC23_CodecHandle hCodec; Uint32 l_input, r_input,l_output, r_output;

/* 3 DSK6713_AIC23_RIGHTHPVOL Right channel headphone volume */ \ /* 4 DSK6713_AIC23_ANAPATH Analog audio path control */ \ /* 5 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGPATH Digital audio path control */ \ /* 6 DSK6713_AIC23_POWERDOWN Power down control */ \ /* 7 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGIF Digital audio interface format */ \ /* 8 DSK6713_AIC23_SAMPLERATE Sample rate control */ \ /* 9 DSK6713_AIC23_DIGACT Digital interface activation */ \
/* Initialize the board support library, must be called first */ DSK6713_init(); /* Start the codec */ hCodec = DSK6713_AIC23_openCodec(0, &config); /* Set sampling rate*/ DSK6713_AIC23_setFreq(hCodec, 4); while(1) { /* Read a sample to the left channel */ while (!DSK6713_AIC23_read(hCodec, &l_input)); /* Read a sample to the right channel */ while (!DSK6713_AIC23_read(hCodec, &r_input)); l_output=(Int16)FIR_FILTER(l_input); r_output=l_output; /* Send a sample to the left channel */ while (!DSK6713_AIC23_write(hCodec, l_output)); /* Send a sample to the right channel */ while (!DSK6713_AIC23_write(hCodec, r_output)); } } //Subprogram body signed long FIR_FILTER(signed int x) { int i,M; signed long y=0; //output variable M=N+1;
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in_buffer[0] = x; // new input at buffer[0] for(i=M;i>0;i--) in_buffer[i] = in_buffer[i-1]; // shuffle the buffer for(i=0;i<M;i++) y += h[i] * in_buffer[i]; //filter return(y);
} Results: 1. FIR LPF using rectangular window Specifications: Cut-off frequency: 1 kHz Sampling rate: 8000 samples/sec Filter order: 20 Desired Response:
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Observations: Vin = 500mVpp f (in Hz) 100 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 Vo (in Vpp) 1 1 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.06 0.1 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.05 Normalized f (in pi rad/sample) 0.0250 0.1750 0.2000 0.2250 0.2500 0.2750 0.3000 0.3250 0.3500 0.3750 0.4000 0.4250 0.4500 0.4750 0.5000 0.5250 0.5500 0.5750 0.6000 0.6250 0.6500 0.6750 0.7000 0.7250 0.7500 0.7750 0.8000 0.8250 0.8500 0.8750 0.9000 0.9250 0.9500
Gain in dB 6.0206 6.0206 5.1055 2.9226 0.0000 -4.4370 -18.4164 -13.9794 -12.3958 -15.9176 -21.9382 -15.9176 -14.8945 -18.4164 -21.9382 -17.0774 -15.9176 -18.4164 -21.9382 -18.4164 -15.9176 -18.4164 -21.9382 -18.4164 -15.9176 -18.4164 -21.9382 -18.4164 -18.4164 -18.4164 -21.9382 -20.0000 -20.0000
Observed response:
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2. FIR HPF using rectangular window Specifications: Cut-off frequency: 1 kHz Sampling rate: 8000 samples/sec Filter order: 20 Desired Response:
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Observations: f (in Hz) 100 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200 1300 3300 Vo (in V) Normalized f (in pi rad/sample) 0.0250 0.0500 0.0625 0.0750 0.0875 0.1000 0.1125 0.1250 0.1375 0.1500 0.1625 0.1750 0.1875 0.2000 0.2125 0.2250 0.2375 0.2500 0.2750 0.3000 0.3250 0.8250
Gain in dB -27.9588 -27.9588 -24.4370 -24.4370 -24.4370 -27.9588 -27.9588 -24.4370 -21.9382 -18.4164 -18.4164 -18.4164 -21.9382 -18.4164 -12.3958 -7.1309 -3.3498 1.5836 2.9226 5.1055 6.0206 6.0206
0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.22 0.34 0.6 0.7 0.9 1 1 Observed response:
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2. FIR BPF using Kaiser window Specifications: Cut-off frequencies: 5 kHz and 10 kHz Sampling rate: 32000 samples/sec Filter order: 20 Beta: 2 Desired Response:
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Observations: f (in Hz) 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 5000 6000 Vo (in V) 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.5 0.9 Normalized f (in pi rad/sample) 0.0313 0.0375 0.0438 0.0500 0.0563 0.0625 0.0875 0.0938 0.1000 0.1063 0.1125 0.1188 0.1250 0.1313 0.1500 0.1563 0.1625 0.1688 0.1750 0.1813 0.2000 0.2063 0.2125 0.2188 0.2250 0.2313 0.2375 0.2438 0.2500 0.2563 0.2625 0.3125 0.3750
Gain in dB -27.9588 -27.9588 -33.9794 -33.9794 -27.9588 -27.9588 -27.9588 -27.9588 -24.4370 -24.4370 -24.4370 -27.9588 -27.9588 -33.9794 -27.9588 -27.9588 -24.4370 -24.4370 -21.9382 -20.0000 -20.0000 -21.9382 -24.4370 -27.9588 -33.9794 -24.4370 -21.9382 -17.0774 -14.8945 -12.3958 -9.8970 0.0000 5.11
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f (in Hz) 7000 8000 9000 10000 10500 11000 11200 11300 11400 11500 11600 11700 12200 12300 12400 12600 12700 12800 12900 13000 13100 13800 13900 14000 14100 14200 14500 14600 14900 Vo (in V) 1 1 0.9 0.5 0.26 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 Normalized f (in pi rad/sample) 0.4375 0.5000 0.5625 0.6250 0.6563 0.6875 0.7000 0.7063 0.7125 0.7188 0.7250 0.7313 0.7625 0.7688 0.7750 0.7875 0.7938 0.8000 0.8063 0.8125 0.8188 0.8625 0.8688 0.8750 0.8813 0.8875 0.9063 0.9125 0.9313

Gain in dB 6.0206 6.0206 5.1055 0.0000 -5.6799 -15.9176 -21.9382 -21.9382 -24.4370 -21.9382 -21.9382 -20.0000 -20.0000 -21.9382 -24.4370 -27.9588 -33.9794 -27.9588 -24.4370 -24.4370 -21.9382 -21.9382 -24.4370 -24.4370 -27.9588 -33.9794 -33.9794 -27.9588 -27.9588
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Observed response:
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Text Books: 1. Rulph Chassaing - DSP Applications Using C and the TMS320C6x DSK 2. Paul M Embree C Algorithms for Real-time DSP 3. TMS320C6713 Data sheet 4. User Manual of DSK for TMS320C6713 References: 1. John G. Proakis & Dimitris K Manolakis - Digital Signal Processing 2. Alan V. Oppenheim Ronald W. Schafer - Discrete-Time Signal Processing 3. Steven W. Smith - The Scientist & Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing 4. Sanjit K. Mitra - Digital Signal Processing Computer Based Approach 5. Nasser K - Real Time Digital Signal Processing Based on the TMS320C6000 6. Edmund Lai Practical Digital Signal Processing
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Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of Electronics & Communication, VKCET

08.508 Digital Signal Processing Lab Manual

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

1.3 Architecture of TMS320C6713 Functional block of TMS320C6713 processor is shown below:

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

TMS320C6713 DSK Overview Block Diagram

Digital Signal Processing Lab

The C6713DSK has the following features:

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Digital Signal Processing Lab

while(1) { for ( i = 0 ; i < SINE_TABLE_SIZE ; i++ )

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Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Digital Signal Processing Lab

DSK6713_AIC23_Config config = { \ 0x0017, /* 0 DSK6713_AIC23_LEFTINVOL Left line input channel volume */ \

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Digital Signal Processing Lab

Department of ECE, VKCET

Digital Signal Processing Lab

142178.2 -59564.0 -216666.8 221677.4 0.02246658 -201727.6

-95025.54 -95025.62 85608.55 -85608.45

Department of ECE, VKCET