Phase 2 Report On Environmental Building Regulations & Guidelines To Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City

January 2010
Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building

Regulations & Guidelines to achieve Energy
Efficiency in Bangalore City
Prepared for
Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Partnership
Vienna International Center, Austria
w w w . t er i i n. or g
www.teriuniversity.ac.in
© The Energy and Resources Institute 2010
Suggested format for citation
T E R I. 2010
Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines for Energy
Efficiency, Bangalore City
The Energy and Resources Institute. 154 pp.
[Project Report No. 2009BS03]
For more information
T E R I University Tel. 25356590

Centre for Research on Sustainable E-mail [email protected]
Building Science Group (CRSBS) Fax 25356589
Sou thern Regi on al Cen tre Web www.teriin.org
Bangalore – 560 071 India +91 • Bangalore (0) 80
India
TERI University Project Team
Ms. Minni Mehrotra

Ms. Mili Majumdar
Mr. Pradeep Kumar
Ms. Priyanka Kochhar
Dr. Hina Zia
Mr. T Senthil Kumar
Mr. Nitish Poonia
Mr. Kiriti Sahoo
TERI University Project Advisor
Dr. A Ravindra, Advisor to Chief Minister of Karnataka (Urban Affairs)

Mr. P R Dasgupta, I A S (Retd), Senior Advisor & Coordinator for TERI South Regional Centre
Secretarial Assistance
Ms. Jyothi
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to the Government of Karnataka officials for their full co-operation and support to carry
this project in Bangalore city. We would like to thank:
1. Sri Bharat Lal Meena, I.A.S, Commissioner, Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Narasimha Raja
Square, Bangalore – 560 002
2. Sri Thirukangowdru, Joint Director Town, Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Narasimha Raja
Square, Bangalore – 560 002
3. Sri Siddaiah, I.A.S, Commissioner, Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah Road, Kumara
Park West, Bangalore – 560 020
4. Sri R. Rangaswamy, Executive Engineer (Electrical) Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah
Road, Kumara Park West, Bangalore – 560 020
5. Sri T. D. Nanjundappa, Engineer Officer-III, Bangalore Development Authority, T. Chowdaiah Road,
Kumara Park West, Bangalore – 560 020
6. Sri Tushar Girinath, MD, Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited, K R Circle Bangalore - 560
001
7. Sri B. N. Sathyaprema Kumar, General Manager (HRD), Bangalore Electricity Supply Company
Limited, K R Circle Bangalore - 560 001
8. Sri Shivananda Murthy H G, MD, Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd., No.19, Maj. Gen.
A D Loghanathan, INA Cross, Queen's road., Bangalore - 560052.
9. Dr H. Naganagouda, Assistant General Manager, Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd.,
No.19, Maj. Gen. A D Loghanathan, INA Cross, Queen's road., Bangalore - 560052.
List of Contents
I N T R O D U C TI O N . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 1
E X I S T I N G B Y E L A W S & R E V I S I ON S P R OP O S E D . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 1
FR AM E W O R K OF E N V I R ON M E N TA L B UI L D I N G R E G U L A T I ON S AND G U I D EL I N E S
FOR B A N G A L OR E C I T Y . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 3
G U I D E LI N E 1: S O LA R P A SS I V E D E SI G N FOR N E W B U I LD I N G S . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 4
1 . 1 . 1 M A N D A T OR Y CLA US E T O B E INCL UDE D IN TH E REV I SE D B YE LAW S .. 4
1.2 TECH NICAL N O TES F OR SO L A R P A SSI V E DE SI GN F OR N E W B U I L DI N G S . . . . 4
1 . 2. 1 S OL A R P A S S I V E D E S I G N . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 4
1 . 2. 2 L A N DS C A PI N G . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 5
1 . 2. 3 W A T E R B O DI E S . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 5
1 . 2. 4 O R I E N TA TI O N . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 6
1 . 2. 5 B U I L DI N G F OR M / S U R F A C E T O V OL UM E R A T I O . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 8
1 . 2. 6 O P T I M I Z A TI O N OF B UI L D I N G E N V E L O P E . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 8
1 . 2. 7 W A L L S . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 9
1 . 2. 8 T H E R M A L S TO RA G E / T H E R M A L CA PA CI T Y . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 9
1 . 2. 9 C O N D U C TA N CE .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 9
1 . 2. 1 0 T H ER M A L I N S U L A TI O N . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 10
1 . 2. 1 1 O P TI M I Z A TI O N OF R O OF . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 10
1 . 2. 1 2 H E A T G A I N S TH R O U G H R O OF S C A N B E R E D U C E D B Y A D O P T I N G TH E
F OL L OW I N G T E CH N I Q U E S . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 11
1 . 2. 1 3 F E N E S T R A T I ON AND S H A D I N G . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 15
1 . 2. 1 4 F I N I S H ES . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 15
1 . 2. 1 5 .......B E N E F I T S OF ECB C R EC OM M EN D E D EN V EL OP E I N C OM P A R IS ON
W I T H C O N V E N T I O N A L B U I L D I N G E N V E L O P E F O R A I R C ON D I TI ON E D
B UI L D I N G S I N B A N G A L O R E . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 16
1 . 2. 1 6 E XT E R N A L S H A D I N G OF T H E EN V E L OP E . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 17
1.3 L I F E C Y C L E C O S T A N A L Y SI S . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 17
1.4 D A YL I G H T I N T E GR A TI O N . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 18
1.5 B U I L DI N G E N V E L O P E O P TI M I Z A TI O N F OR N A T U R A L L Y V EN TI L A T E D
B UI L D I N G S T O A C H I E V E TH E R M A L C OM F O R T . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 18
1.6 LOW EN E R G Y P A S S I V E C O OL I N G S TR A T E GI E S FOR B A N G A L OR E . . . .. . . . . . . . 21
1 . 6. 1 V E N T I L A TI ON . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 21
1 . 6. 2 R A D I A T I V E COOLIN G . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 24
1 . 6. 3 S O M E L OW ENER GY COOLIN G & D E S I GN S T R A T E G I E S TH A T C O U L D B E
A D OP T E D I N R E S I D E N T IA L B U I L D I N G S I N B A N GA L O R E A R E DESC RI BE D
B EL O W . THESE S T R A T E G I E S W E R E A N A L YS E D I N T RNSYS S O F T W A R E. . . . 25
1.7 EX AM P L E OF A NA T U R AL L Y V E N T I L A T E D OFFIC E BUILDIN G IN B A N G A L OR E
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 25
1.8 S UM M A R Y : . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 26
1 . 8. 1 N A T UR A L L Y V E N T I L A T E D B U I L DI N G S R E C OM M E N DA T I ON S . . .. . . . . . . 26
1 . 9 G L O S SA R Y : . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 26
1 . 10 R EF ER EN C E : . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 27
L I G H TI N G M A N UF A C T U R ER C O N T A CT D E T A I L S . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 27
G U I D E LI N E S 2: P R O V I D E R O O F T R EA T M EN T T O C U T H E A T G A I N S . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 28
2. 1 M A N D A T OR Y CL A U S E T O B E I N C L U D E D I N T H E R E V I S E D B Y E L A W S .. . . . . . . 28
2. 2 T E CH N I C A L G U I D A N C E . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 28
2 . 2. 1 B R I EF I N T R O D U C TI O N . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 28
2 . 2. 2 H E A T G A I N S T H R O U G H R O OF S C A N B E R E D U C E D BY A D O P T I N G TH E
F OL L OW I N G T E CH N I Q U E S . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 30
2 . 2. 3 W H Y I S TH I S R E Q U I R E D ? . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 34
2 . 2. 4 H O W I S I T B EN E F I CI A L ? . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 34
2. 3 G L OS S A R Y : . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 36
2. 4 R E F E R E N C E S : . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 36
G U I D E LI N E 3 : W I N D O W D E SI G N . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 37
3. 1 FOR A I R - C O N DI T I ON E D B U I L D I N G S . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 37
3. 2 F O R N O N - C ON D I TI O N E D B UI L DI N G S . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 38
3 . 3. 1 W I N D O W S IN A I R - C ON DI T I ON E D B UILDIN GS . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 41
3 . 3. 2 W I N D OW S IN N ON - C O N DI TI O N E D B U I L DI N G . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 46
3 . 3. 3 W I N D O W D E S I G N F OR NA T URA L V E N TI L A T I ON . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 5 0
3. 4 G L OS S A R Y .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 54
3. 5 R E F E R E N C E S . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 54
G U I D E LI N E 4 : E N ER G Y E F F I CI EN C Y IN A R T I F I CI A L L I G H TI N G . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 56
4. 1. 1 F OR B U I L D I N G S W I TH C ON N E C T E D E L E C T R I C A L L O A D M O R E T H A N
1 00 K W . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 56
4. 1. 2 F O R R E SI D EN T I A L B UI L D I N G S . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 56
4. 2. 1 C O M M E R C I A L & R E S I D E N T I A L B UI L D I N G S . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 57
4. 3. 1 E F F I C I EN C Y IN A R TI F I CI A L L I G H TI N G S C H E M E . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 58
4. 3. 2 E XT E R N A L L I G H T I N G . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 58
4. 3. 3 I N T E R N A L L I GH T I N G F OR N EW C OM M E RC IAL BUILDIN GS . . .. . . . . . . 61
4. 3. 4 R E T R OF I T T I N G O P T I ON S I N E XI S TI N G COM M ERCI AL BU IL DIN GS . . . . 77
4. 3. 5 I N T E R N A L L I GH T I N G F OR N E W R E SI D EN T I A L BUILDIN GS . . .. . . . . . . . 77
4. 3. 6 R E T R OF I T T I N G O P T I ON S I N E XI S TI N G R E SI D EN T I A L B U I L D I N G S ... 80
G U I D E LI N E 5: E N ER G Y EF FI CI EN T A I R C O N D I TI O N I N G S Y S T EM D E S I G N F O R
B U I L D I N G S . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 83
5. 1 G U I D EL I N E : . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 83
5 . 1. 1 M A N D A T OR Y CLAUSE T O B E IN CLUDED IN T H E R E V I S E D B Y E L A W S 83
5. 2 T E C H N I C A L N O T E S . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 83
5 . 2. 1 A I R C O N DI T I O N I N G . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 83
5 . 2. 2 G U I D E L I N E S ON O PT I M I Z A TI ON OF C O OL IN G L O A D E S T I M A T I O N . . . 84
5 . 2. 3 G U I D E L I N E S ON AHU S P E C I F I C A TI O N S T O A C H I EV E E N E R G Y
E F F I CI E N C Y . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 87
5 . 2. 4 G UI D E L I N E S F O R E N ER G Y E F F I C I EN T C H I L L E R S . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 9 0
5 . 2. 5 G U I D E L I N E S F O R E N E R G Y EF F I C I EN T C O OL I N G T O W E R . . . . . .. . . . . . . 93
G U I D E LI N E 6 : R EP L A C E EX I S TI N G E Q U I P M EN T B Y M I N I M U M 3 S TA R R A TE D
B EE L A B E L ED A P P L I A N C E S E Q U I P M EN T A N D U S E M I N I M U M 3 STAR
R A TED B EE LA B E L E D A P P LI A N C E S / EQ U I P M E N T I N A L L N E W
B U I L D I N G S . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 94
MA N D A T O R Y R E Q U I R E M EN T I N A L L P R O C U R E M EN T N O R M S F O R G O V E R N M E N T
A N D P U B L I C B U I L D I N G S . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 94
6. 1. 1 S T A R R A T I N G F OR F R O S T F R E E R E F R I G E R A T O R . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 96
6. 1. 2 S T A R R A T I N G - R O OM A I R C O N DI TI O N E R S . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 97
6. 1. 3 S T A R R A T I N G - D I R EC T C O OL R E F R I G E R A T O R . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 97
6. 1. 4 S T A R R A T I N G P L A N : C E I L I N G F A N S . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 98
6. 1. 5 S T A R R A T I N G P L A N : E L EC T R I C G E YS E R S . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 99
6. 1. 6 S T A R R A T I N G P L A N C O L O U R T EL EV I S I ON S . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 100
6. 1. 7 W H Y I S T H I S R E Q UI R E D ? . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 103
6. 1. 8 H O W I S I T B E N EF I CI A L ? . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 103
G U I D E LI N E 7 : S O L A R W A TER H E A TI N G S Y S T EM S F OR DOM ESTI C A ND
C O M M E R CI A L BU I LD I N G S . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 10 5
7.1 MAN D AT OR Y R E Q U I R EM EN T I N B Y EL A W . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 10 5
7 . 2. 1 G UI D E L I N E S F OR D E S I GN , I N S TA L L A T I O N , A N D U S E O F S OL A R WA T E R
H E A T I N G S Y S T EM S . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 109
7 . 2. 2 G U I D E L I N E S F O R S YS T EM S EL E C TI ON A N D U S E . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 11 0
7 . 2. 3 G U I D E L I N E S F O R I N S U L A T E D H O T W A T ER PI P I N G . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 11 0
7 . 2. 4 H O W I S I T B E N EF I CI A L ? /W H Y I S T H I S R E Q U I R E D ? . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 111
G U I D E LI N E S 8 : E N E R G Y E F F I CI E N T E L E C T R I CA L S Y S T EM S FOR B U I L D I N G S 116
8. 1 G U I D EL I N E FOR E N E R G Y E F F I C I EN T E L EC T R I C A L S Y S T EM S F O R B U I L DI N G
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 116
8. 1. 1 M A N D A T OR Y CL A U S E T O B E I N C L U D E D I N T H E R EV I S E D B Y E L A W S 116
8. 2 TECH NICAL N O TES F OR E L ECTR IC AL SY STEM S . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 116
8. 2. 1 G UI D E L I N ES IN E L E C TR I CA L S Y S T EM D E S I G N . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 116
8. 2. 2 G U I D E L I N E S ON O P T I M I Z A T I ON OF E L EC TR I C A L L OA D . . . . . . .. . . . . . 117
8. 2. 3 G UI D E L I N E S ON T R A N SF O R M E R R A T I N G AN D S E L E CT I ON . . .. . . . . . 119
8. 2. 4 G UI D E L I N E S ON S EL E C TI O N OF E L EC TR I C A L M O T O R S . . . . . . .. . . . . . 12 0
8. 2. 5 G U I D E L I N E S ON I M P R OV EM E N T OF P OW E R F A C T O R . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 122
8. 2. 6. G UI D E L I N E S ON C H EC K M ET E R I N G A N D M ON I T OR I N G . . . . . .. . . . . . 12 5
8. 2. 7 G UI D E L I N E S ON D I S T R I B U TI O N S Y S T E M L O S S E S . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 126
8. 2. 8 G UI D E L I N E S ON P O W ER B A C K U P S Y S T EM S . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 129
8. 2. 9 G UI D E L I N E S ON P OW E R Q U A L I T Y . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 131
G U I D E LI N E 9 : P ER F O R M M A N D A T O R Y EN ER G Y A U D I T F O R EX I S TI N G
C O M M E R CI A L BU I LD I N G S W I T H C O N N E C T E D L O A D O F CA S E S O F 50 0
KW OR 60 0 KVA A N D A P P L Y EN E R G Y C O N S ER V A T I O N M EA S U R E S T O
R E D U C E EN E R G Y C O N SU M P T I O N I N E X I S TI N G
C O M M E R CI A L / I N S T I TU TI O N A L B U I LD I N G S . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 133
9. 1 G U I D EL I N E : . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 133
9. 1. 1 M A N D A T O R Y R E Q U I R EM EN T . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 133
9. 2 G U I D A N C E N O T E S . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 133
9. 3 EN ER G Y D EM A N D A N D C ON S UM PT I ON . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 134
9. 4 AUDI T OF I N DI V I D U A L S Y S T EM S .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 137
9. 4. 1 E L E C T R I C A L SYSTEM . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 137
9. 4. 2 L I GH T I N G S Y S T EM . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 139
9. 4. 3 HVAC S Y S T E M .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 144
9. 5 C ON T R OL S IN THE HVAC S Y S T E M R E C OM M EN D E D B Y EN E R G Y
C O N S E R V A T I ON B U I L D I N G C O D E ( E CB C) . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 152
9. 6 B E N E F I T S .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 153
9. 7 G L OS S A R Y .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 153
I NTRODUCTION
In phase II of the project framing of environmental building regulations and guidelines to

achieve energy efficiency and integrate renewable energy in Bangalore city is completed.
It is proposed that the recommended regulations shall become a part of the existing
building bye laws of Bangalore city and a separate document on guidelines will be
published. This separate guidelines document will be available along with the building bye
laws of Bangalore for the citizens of Bangalore city.
The study in the phase II was divided into two parts.

1. Study of existing building bye laws of Bangalore and identify sections which could
be improved or detailed out for achieving energy efficiency in Buildings in
Bangalore city.
2. A set of guidelines and regulations are proposed to achieve energy efficiency and
integrate renewable energy in the city.
Existing Bye Laws & Revisions Proposed
Under General Building Requirements following sections have been identified which need
revision or detailing.
Section 3.1.6 & 3.1.7, Width of road & Means of access

According to the regulation, F.A.R and height of the building shall be regulated according to
the width of public street or road. This is important to integrate daylight and natural
ventilation inside the buildings.
Revisions Proposed
This section has been detailed out. Relation between Height of building & separation
between two buildings has been established with respect to WWR (Window Wall Ratio) and
Light transmittance of glass required for various Height / Separation ratio. This is included
in optimization of window design guideline.
Section 3.2 3 Basements

According to the existing bye law, when basement is used for car parking, the convenient
entry and exit shall be provided. Adequate drainage, ventilation, lighting arrangements and
protection against fire shall be made to the satisfaction of the authority.
Revisions proposed
The daylight and natural ventilation requirement for basements will be specified in detail in
the existing bye laws.
2 Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines
framed fro Bangalore City
Section 3.3 Requirements of Building Services

3.3.1 Lighting and ventilation requirements
Natural ventilation and area of opening

According to the existing bye laws, rooms shall have, for admission of light and air, one or
more openings. Minimum aggregate area of openings excluding doors, shall not be less
than 1/6th of the floor area in case of residential buildings. In case of other public buildings
like institutes, offices, hospitals etc minimum aggregate area of opening shall be not less
than 1/5th of the floor area.
Proposed guideline
There is a separate guideline framed on optimization of window design for air conditioned
and non air conditioned buildings.
Section 3.3.3 Transformer

According to the existing bye laws, where the specified load is 25kW or more a space for
locating the distribution transformers and associated equipment as per KERC code leaving
3.0m from the building and without obstructing the fire driveway within the premises has
to be provided.
Revisions proposed
A separate guideline along with some mandatory clause has been framed for installation
and design of energy efficient electrical system in buildings. This includes a mandatory
requirement of Transformers to comply with Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) of
India requirements.
Section 3.3.5 Electrical installations, Air conditioning and heating

According to the existing bye laws, the planning, design and installation of air conditioning
and heating installations of the building shall be in accordance with Part VIII of the
National Building Code of India.
Revisions proposed
A separate guideline along with some mandatory clause has been framed for design of
energy efficient air conditioning system for buildings in Bangalore.
Section 3.4.10 Solar energy

According to the existing bye laws,
• Solar lighting and solar water heating is mandatory for all new
development/construction for different categories of buildings. If solar lighting and
solar water heating is adopted, then refundable security deposit on fulfilling the
conditions shall be returned with 2% interest.
• Solar photovoltaic lighting systems shall be installed in multi unit residential
buildings (with more than five units) for lighting the set back areas and drive ways.
Revisions proposed
• In the existing bye law, the requirements for different building types are not clear;
this has been proposed in a separate guideline. Further incentives will be framed for
all mandatory regulations in phase 3 of this project.
• For external solar lighting integration, separate guideline and mandatory clause has
been framed.
Frame work of Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines for

Bangalore City
Part II of this report below comprises of the environmental building guidelines and
mandatory regulations framed for Bangalore city to achieve energy efficiency and integrate
renewable energy. Briefly 9 sections of guidelines & regulations have been framed, which
are described below and further detailed out later.
1. Solar passive design integration in new buildings.
2. Provide roof treatment to cut heat gains.
3. Window design for day lighting, ventilation and to reduce solar heat gains.
4. Artificial lighting
a. Energy efficient external lighting
b. Renewable energy based external lighting
c. Efficient indoor lighting for new commercial buildings, follow ECBC
prescriptive / mandatory criteria for lighting design
d. Efficient indoor lighting for new residential buildings
e. Retrofit options for existing commercial buildings
f. Retrofit options for existing residential buildings
5. Energy efficient air conditioning design for buildings.
6. Use of BEE labeled equipments and appliances to achieve energy efficiency in

new and existing buildings.
7. Solar water heating systems for residential and commercial buildings.
8. Energy efficient electrical systems for building
9. Perform mandatory energy audit for existing commercial buildings with

connected load in cases of 500kW or 600KVA and reduce energy consumption
by 20% over previous year.
G UIDELINE 1: Solar Passive Design for New Buildings
1.1 Guideline for Solar Passive design for New Buildings
Achieve thermal and visual comfort inside the building by

using natural energy sources and sinks, such that there is
significant reduction in energy consumption by
conventional air conditioning and artificial lighting in a
building.
1.1.1 Mandatory clause to be included in the Revised Bye Laws
Design external shading for windows to protect heat gains from direct solar radiation and
for protection against rain. In air conditioned buildings windows should comply with ECBC
requirement. Roof should either comply with ECBC requirements or should be shaded.
Table 1.1: Roof assembly U-factor requirements as per ECBC 2007

Climate zone 24-Hour use buildings Daytime use buildings
Hospitals, Hotels, Call centers etc. Other building Types
Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/m2K) Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly
(W/m2K)
Moderate U-0.409 U-409
Vertical Fenestration U-factor and SHGC Requirements (U-factor in W/m2K)

Maximum U-factor (W/m2- Maximum SHGC for Maximum SHGC for
Climate
K) WWR ≤ 40% 40%<WWR≤60%
Moderate 6.9 0.4 0.3
1.2 Technical Notes for Solar Passive design for New Buildings
Technical guidance to achieve the recommendations
1.2.1 Solar Passive Design

Solar passive buildings are designed to achieve thermal and
visual comfort by using natural energy sources and sinks eg,
solar radiation, outside air, wet surfaces, vegetation etc. The
solar passive design strategy should vary from one climate to
another. For example in Bangalore which falls in Moderate
climate zone, natural ventilation could be very effective,
however in Hyderabad which falls under Hot & dry climate
zone, evaporative cooling could be very effective.
Architects can achieve a solar passive design by studying the
macro and micro climate of the site, applying bioclimatic
architecture design features and taking advantage of existing natural resources on the site.
Designers can achieve energy efficiency in the buildings they design by studying the macro
and micro climate of the site, applying solar passive and bio climatic design features and
take advantage of natural resources on site.
Designers can achieve solar passive building design by following the below mentioned
steps.
1. Modulating the microclimate of the site through landscaping

2. Optimization of orientation and building form
3. Optimization of building envelope and window design to reduce cooling demand
4. Daylight integration to reduce artificial lighting demand.
5. Low energy passive cooling strategies
1.2.2 Landscaping
Landscaping by vegetation is one of the most effective ways
of altering micro climate for better conditions. Trees
provide buffer to sun, heat, noise, air pollution.
Landscaping can be used to direct or divert the air flow
advantageously. Trees help to shade the building from
intense direct solar radiation. Tree species could be
selected depending upon climate zone and building design.
Deciduous trees for example, provide shade in the summer
and sunlight in the winter when their leaves fall. Planting
Figure 1.1: Water and trees as landscape
them on West and South West orientation of a building
elements at Sangath, Ahmedabad
provides natural shade. Evergreen trees provide shade and
wind control round the year. Natural cooling without air conditioning can be achieved by
locating trees to channel cool breeze inside the buildings. Additionally, the shade created by
trees, reduces air temperature of the micro climate around the building through evapo
transpiration. Properly designed roof gardens help to reduce heat loads in a building.
1.2.3 Water Bodies

Water has a moderating effect on the air temperature of the micro climate. It possess very
high thermal storage capacity much higher than the building materials like Brick, concrete,
stone. A large body of water in the form of lake, river, fountain has the ability to moderate
the air temperatures in the micro climate. Water evaporation has a cooling effect in the
surroundings. It takes up heat from the air through evaporation and causes significant
cooling.
1.2.4 Orientation
In solar passive buildings, orientation is a major design consideration, mainly with regard
to solar radiation, daylight and wind. The orientation of the building should be based on
whether cooling or heating is predominant requirement in the building. The amount of
solar radiation falling on a surface varies with orientation. In tropical climate zones for
example, North Orientation receives solar radiation with minimum intensity as seen in
figure 2. Thus in tropical climate like India long facades of buildings oriented towards
North— South are preferred. South orientation receives maximum solar radiation during
winters which is preferable. East and West receive maximum solar radiation during
summer. West is a crucial orientation because high intensity of solar radiation is received
during evening hours, when the internal gains are also at its peak. Thus, designers need to
be very careful while designing West façade and spaces behind west façade. Orientation also
plays an important role with respect to wind direction. At building level, orientation affects
the heat gain through building envelope and thus the cooling demand, orientation may
affect the daylight factor depending upon the surrounding built forms, and finally the
depending upon the windward and leeward orientation fenestration could be designed to
integrate natural ventilation
Figure 1.2: Average daily solar radiation received on North orientation facade
Figure 1.3: Average daily solar radiation received on South orientation facade
Figure 1.4: Average daily solar radiation received on East orientation facade
Figure 1.5: Average daily radiation received on West orientation facade
1.2.5 Building form / surface to volume ratio

Thermal performance of volume of a space inside the building has direct relationship with
the area of the envelope enclosing that volume. This parameter known as the S/V (Surface /
volume) ratio, is determined by the building form. Building form affects solar access and
wind exposure as well as the rate of heat gain and heat loss through the external envelope. A
compact building gains less heat during the daytime and losses less heat at night. In
Bangalore, buildings that are compact and have low S/V ratio to reduce heat gains are
preferred. Four building geometries were studied for Bangalore climate zone to analyse the
most efficient form which gains minimum heat gain from the external surfaces. These were
square, rectangular, courtyard and circular.
In Moderate climate zone of Bangalore, the Energy Performance Index (EPI) of circular
building is lowest, in comparison to other building forms. This is because circular building
has the lowest Surface to Volume ratio. It is observed in VisualDOE software results that
due to circular geometry, the conduction gains from the building envelope as well as solar
gains from windows are least, in circular geometry in comparison to other building
geometries.
The building form also determines the air flow around the building and hence the
ventilation rates inside. Circular form of building is an aerodynamic form which would also
help enhance natural ventilation inside the building. The depth of the building determines
the amount of daylight which can penetrate inside the building. Deeper the building, more
artificial lights required which is not preferred in an energy efficient building.
1.2.6 Optimization of building envelope

Choice of building material for the envelope is important to reduce the energy consumption
of the building, through reduced solar heat gain or loss thus reducing air conditioning
loads. Optimized selection of building material for external envelope also plays an
important role in achieving thermal comfort in buildings where thermal comfort is achieved
through passive cooling strategies such as natural ventilation.
Building envelope
Building envelope components are the key determinants of the amount of heat gain or loss
and wind that enters inside the building. The important components of building envelope
which affect the performance of the building are:
• Walls
• Roof
• Windows
• Surface finishes
1.2.7 Walls
Walls are a major part of the building envelope, which are exposed to external environment
conditions (solar radiation, outside air temperature, wind, precipitation). The composition
of wall and thereby its heat storing capacity and heat conduction property has a major
impact on indoor thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings and on cooling loads in
air conditioned buildings. The wall material, thickness, finishes should be selected
according to climate zone and building’s comfort requirement.
1.2.8 Thermal storage / thermal capacity

Thermal capacity is the measure of the amount of energy required to raise the temperature
of a layer of material, it is a product of density multiplied by specific heat and volume of the
construction layer. The main effect of heat storage within the building structure is to
moderate fluctuation in the indoor temperature.
In a building system, we can understand thermal mass as the ability of a building material
to store heat energy to balance the fluctuations in the heat energy requirements or room
temperature in the building due to varying outside air temperature. The capacity to store
heat depends upon the mass and therefore on the density of the material as well as on its
specific heat capacity. Thus, high density materials such as concrete, bricks, stone are said
to have high thermal mass owing to their high capacity to store heat while lightweight
materials such as wood, or plastics have low thermal mass. The heat storing capacity of
building materials help achieve thermal comfort conditions by providing a time delay. This
thermal storage effect increases with increasing compactness, density and specific heat
capacity of materials.
1.2.9 Conductance
Conductivity (K) is defined as the rate of heat flow through a unit area of unit thickness of
the material, by a unit temperature difference between the two sides. The unit is W/mK
(Watt per metre - degree Kelvin). The conductivity value varies from 0.03 W/mK for
insulators to 400W/mK for metals. Materials with lower conductivity are preferred, as they
are better insulators and would reduce the external heat gains from the envelope.
1.2.10 Thermal insulation

Thermal insulation plays an important role in reducing the conductance or U value
(W/m2K) of walls and roof. Insulation should always be placed on the hotter side of the
surface.
Thermal mass is not a substitute of insulation; in fact a high thermal mass material is
usually not a good thermal insulator. Buildings should use insulation in combination with
heat storing material. This storing mass should be placed towards the inside in passively
cooled buildings.
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) requirement for external walls

For air conditioned buildings, ECBC recommends thermal performance for external opaque
walls. These are mentioned below:

Hospitals, Hotels, Call centres etc. Other building Types
Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/m2K) Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/m2K)
1.2.11 Optimization of roof

Fig 1.6, shows the intensity of solar irradiation is maximum on the horizontal plane which is
the roof. Conductance of heat from the roof can be very high if not insulated well. This can
result in increased cooling load if the space below is air conditioned or high discomfort
hours if the space below is naturally ventilated.
Figure 1.6: Average daily Intensity of solar radiation incident on horizontal roof surface in Bangalore
1.2.12 Heat gains through roofs can be reduced by adopting the following
techniques.
Green roof concept

Green roofs have the potential to improve the thermal
performance of a roofing system through shading, insulation,
evapo transpiration and thermal mass, thus reducing a building’s
energy demands for space conditioning. The green roof
moderates the heat flow through the roofing system and helps in
reducing the temperature fluctuations due to changing outside
environment. Figure 1.7: Roof of buildings with roof garden
Green roof is a roof of a building that is partially or

completely covered with vegetation and soil that is planted
over waterproofing membrane. If widely used green roofs can
also reduce the problem of urban heat island which would
further reduce the energy consumption in urban areas.
Use of high reflective material on roof top

Use light coloured roofs having an SRI (solar reflectance
Figure 1.8: Broken china mosaic can be used as an
index) of 50% or more. The dark coloured, traditional external roof finish to reflect the incident solar radiation
roofing finishes have SRI varying from 5 - 20%. A good
example of high SRI is the use of broken china mosaic and light coloured tiles as roof finish,
which reflects heat off the surface because of high solar reflectivity and infrared emittance,
which prevents heat gain and thus help in reducing the cooling load from the building
envelope.
Thermal insulation for roof

Well insulated roof with the insulation placed on the external side is an effective measure to
reduce solar heat gains from the roof top. The insulated materials should be well protected
by water proofing.
For air conditioned spaces, Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) recommends the
thermal performance for external roof for all the five climate zones in India. Bangalore falls
under Moderate climate zone, the maximum U-value recommended by ECBC for moderate
climate zone is mentioned below:

Hospitals, Hotels, Call centers etc. Other building Types
Examples of ECBC compliant roof assembly

Roof Ufactor (SI) Ufactor Btu/h (sf-oF) Rs/sf
Foam concrete or perlite instead of mud Phuska 0.069 0.012 130
RCC slab with Extruded polystyrene 2.4” – 36 kg/m3 0.380 0.067 252
RCC slab with Extruded polystyrene 3” – 36 kg/m3 0.312 0.055 278
RCC slab with Expanded polystyrene (thermocole) 3” – 24 kg/m3 0.409 0.072 205
RCC slab with Phenolic foam 2.4” – 32 kg/m3 0.363 0.064 270
RCC slab with Phenolic foam 3” – 32 kg/m3 0.301 0.053 302
RCC slab withPolyurethane spray 2.4” – 42 ± 2 kg/m3 0.319 0.056 229
RCC slab withPolyurethane spray 3” – 42 ± 2 kg/m3 0.259 0.046 246
RCC slab withPolyisocyanurate spray 2.4” – 42 ± kg/m3 0.329 0.058 233
RCC slab withPolyisocyanurate spray 3” – 42 ± kg/m3 0.267 0.047 251
Insulation + cool roof

Along with lower U-value for roof, ECBC also recommends cool roof. Cool roofs are roofs
covered with a reflective coating that has high emissivity property which is very effective in
reflecting the sun’s energy away from the roof surface. These cool roofs are known to stay
10deg to 16dg C cooler than normal roof under a hot summer day. This quality greatly helps
in reducing the cooling load that needs to be met by the HVAC system. Combination of
insulated roof along with cool roof has higher saving energy potential.
External shading of roof

Shading of roof through design features
like pergola or solar photovoltaic panels
help reduce the incident direct solar
radiation on the roof surface. This in
turn helps to reduce the sol air
temperature of the roof and conduction
gains in the space below. It is observed
using software simulations that shading
of roof has equal potential in reducing
the energy consumption by air
conditioning as that of an insulated roof.
Thermal properties of few building and insulating materials for reference are given below in
table 1.3.
Table 1.3: Thermal Properties of Building and Insulating Materials at Mean Temperature of 50deg.C
SL. TYPE OF MATERIAL DENSITY THERMAL SPECIFIC HEAT
NO. CONDUCTIVITY* CAPACITY
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Kg / m3 W / (m.K) KJ / (kg.K)
Building Materials
1. Burnt brick 1 820 0.811 0.88
2. Mud brick 1 731 0.750 0.88
3. Dense concrete 2 410 1.74 0.88
4. R.C.C. 2 288 1.58 0.88
5. Limestone 2 420 1.80 0.84
6. State 2 750 1.72 0.84
7. Reinforced brick 1 920 1.10 0.84
8. Brick tile 1 892 0.798 0.88
9. Line concrete 1 646 0.730 0.88
10. Mud Phuska 1 622 0.519 0.88
11. Cement mortar 1 648 0.719 0.92

12. Cement concrete 1 762 0.721 0.84
13. Cinder concrete 1 406 0.686 0.84
14. Foam slag concrete 1 320 0.285 0.88
15. Gypsum plaster 1 120 0.512 0.96
16. Cellular concrete 740 0.188 1.05
17. AC sheet 1 520 0.245 0.84
18. GI sheet 7 520 61.06 0.50
19. Timber 480 0.072 1.68
20. Timber 720 0.144 1.68
21. Plywood 640 0.174 1.76
22. Glass 2 350 0.814 0.88
23. Alluvial clay (40 percent sans) 1 958 1.211 0.84
24. Sand 2 240 1.74 0.84
25. Black cotton clay (Madras) 1 899 0.735 0.88
26. Black cotton clay (Indore) 1 683 0.606 0.88
27. Tar felt (2.3 kg/m3) - 0.479 0.88

(Source, Handbook on Functional Requirements of buildings, SP:41—1987, BIS)
SL. TYPE OF MATERIAL DENSITY THERMAL SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

NO. CONDUCTIVITY*
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Kg / m3 W / (m.K) KJ / (kg.K)
Insulating Materials
1. Expanded polystyrene 16.0 0.038 1.34
4. Foam glass 127.0 0.056 0.75
5. Foam glass 160.0 0.055 0.75
6. Foam concrete 320.0 0.070 0.92
7. Foam concrete 400.0 0.084 0.92
8. Foam concrete 704.0 0.149 0.92
9. Cork slab 164.0 0.043 0.96
10. Cork slab 192.0 0.044 0.96
11. Cork slab 304.0 0.055 0.96
12. Rock wool (unbonded) 92.0 0.047 0.84
14. Mineral wool (unbonded) 73.5 0.030 0.92
15. Glass wool (unbonded) 69.0 0.043 0.92
17. Resin bonded mineral wool 48.0 0.042 1.00

20. Resin bonded glass wool 16.0 0.040 1.00
22. Exfoliated vermiculite (loose) 264.0 0.069 1.00
23. Asbestos mill board 1 397.0 0.249 0.88
24. Hard board 979.0 0.279 0.84
25. Straw board 310.0 0.057 1.42
26. Soft board 320.0 0.066 1.30
27. Soft board 249.0 0.047 1.30
28. Wall board 262.0 0.047 1.30
29. Chip board 432.0 0.067 1.26
30. Chip board (perforated) 352.0 0.066 1.26
31. Particle board 750.0 0.098 1.30
32. Coconut pith insulation board 520.0 0.060 1.09
33. Jute fibre 329.0 0.067 1.09
34. Wood wool board 398.0 0.081 1.13
(bonded with cement)
35. Wood wool board 674.0 0.108 1.13
36. Coil board 97.0 0.038 1.00
37. Saw dust 188.0 0.051 1.00
38. Rice husk 120.0 0.051 1.00
39. Jute felt 291.0 0.042 0.88
40. Asbestos fibre (loose) 640.0 0.060 0.84
1.2.13 Fenestration and Shading

Of all the elements of building envelope, windows and glazed areas are most vulnerable to
heat gains. Windows are required to bring inside natural daylight and wind, however, with
light it also brings in heat. Proper location, sizing and detailing of windows and shading
form is therefore a very important aspect in a solar passive building design. Hence window
design has been detailed out as separate guidelines, which should be referred separately.
1.2.14 Finishes
The external finish of a surface determines the amount of heat absorbed or rejected by it.
For example, a smooth and light coloured surface reflects more light and heat in
comparison to a dark surface. Light colours have higher emissivity and hence should be
preferred in Moderate climate zones like Bangalore where the intensity of solar radiation is
very high.
Emissivity is the measure of the capacity of a surface to emit radiation.
The internal surfaces should also be finished in light colours, as that helps in obtaining
higher reflectance of light inside the space
1.2.15 Benefits of ECBC recommended envelope in comparison with conventional

building envelope for air conditioned buildings in Bangalore
It is observed in air conditioned buildings, adopting ECBC envelope in building has high
energy saving potential. Energy simulation engine was used to quantify energy saving
potential in a daytime office building. It is observed that use of ECBC envelope results in
annual electricity saving up to 12% in comparison with conventional envelope. In this
analysis following was the ECBC and conventional envelope.
Walls Composition (External to internal) U value (W/m2K)

ECBC case Stone cladding+75mm Expanded Polystyrene+230mm Brick wall + internal 0.39
plaster
Conventional case External plaster +230mm brick wall + internal plaster 1.87
Roof Composition (External to internal) U value (W/m2K)

ECBC case Roof finish+75mm Expanded Polystyrene+150mm Concrete slab + internal 0.39
plaster
Conventional case Roof finish +150mm concrete slab + internal plaster 1.81
Glass
ECBC case (Double glazed unit) U value: 1.31 W/m2K
SHGC = 0.27
VLT = 40%
Conventional case (Single glazed unit) U-value =6.16
W/m2K
SHGC = 0.81
VLT = 0.88
LCC of conventional and ecbc envelope for air conditioned commercial buildings
90000000
80000000
70000000
60000000
50000000
Conventional envelope
Rs
40000000 ECBC envelope
30000000
20000000
10000000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Year
1.2.16 External shading of the envelope

It is observed that latitude , longitude of Bangalore recieves high intensity of solar
radiation. Though the air temperature is cool, making Bangalore fall under Moderate
climate zone, the solar radition intensity is very high. Thus one of the effective solar passive
design measure for Bangalore city is external shading of walls, roof, windows to reduce the
external heat gains. Simulation engine was used to quantify the saving potential in an air
conditioned building in Bangalore due to external shading. It is noted that energy saving
upto 15% is possible through shading of roof by using elements like pergola, shading of East
and west wall and through shading of windows.
1.3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis

There can be three cases considered for optimized building envelope to provide maximum
energy saving potential due to optimum selection of building envelope.
These are:
1. Compliance of building envelope with ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code)
recommendations.
2. Shading of envelope to reduce to reduce solar heat gains. This includes shading of East
and West orientation facades, shading of roof and shading of windows.
3. Shading of East & West walls, shading of roof and ECBC compliant window.
Case % Energy saving % Increment in initial % Saving in Life Pay back period
potential cost Cycle Cost (LCC)
Base case - - -
ECBC envelope 13%% 1.3% 1% 8 years
Shaded envelope 16% 1.2% 1.9% 5 years
Shaded walls, roof and 16% 1.3% 1.9% 5 years
ECBC window
Thus it is recommended from the above analysis that :

• Windows in air conditioned spaces should comply with ECBC recommendation.
• Windows in naturaly ventilated spaces should be fully shaded.
• Roof should be either compliant with ECBC recommendations or should be shaded.
• East and West walls should be shaded.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis for building envelope options
120
110
100
90
Rupees (Million)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Years
Base case ECBC envelope case Proposed Shading envelope case Proposed shadingw all,roof+ecbc glass
1.4 Daylight Integration

Daylight is a natural source of light, which meets all the requirements of good lighting.
Daylight provides a dynamic environment inside the building in consonance with the
nature outdoors. Windows in buildings establish contact with nature through direct view
and admit daylight inside. Adequate provision of daylight in buildings through proper
planning of windows, in respect of position, area and shape is therefore an important aspect
of a good building design. Daylight integration helps reduce dependence on artificial
lighting and thus reduction in electricity consumption of the building. Details on daylight
integartion is part of the window guideline.
1.5 Building envelope optimization for naturally ventilated buildings to

achieve thermal comfort
Optimizing envelop requirement is one of the most important strategies to lower down heat
built up in the interior space , hence plays a vital role in achieving thermal comfort as
prescribed in the National Building Code 2005 for Naturally ventilated buildings.
Optimize building envelope to reduce heat gains and maximize thermal comfort in naturally
ventilated building.
Buildings occupied for 24 hours

Residences
For the achievement of thermal comfort in the naturally ventilated spaces of residences,
following guidelines should be followed:
1. For the effectiveness of natural ventilation, window should be designed as per the
guideline outlines in “window design for Natural ventilation”.
2. Windows should be fully shaded in order to maximize thermal comfort in the space.
3. Building envelope should be as per the recommendations included in this guideline.

This recommended envelope design is for naturally ventilated residential spaces with 6
air change per hour.
Buildings occupied for Day time hours (9 hours)

Offices
For the achievement of thermal comfort in the naturally ventilated office spaces, following
guidelines should be followed:
For the effectiveness of natural ventilation, window should be designed as per the guideline
outlined in “Window Design for Natural Ventilation”. Windows should be fully shaded in
order to maximize thermal comfort in the space. Building envelope should be as per the
recommendations included in this guideline. Building envelope should be as per the
recommendations included in this guideline. This recommended envelope design is for
naturally ventilated office spaces with 6 air change per hour. Optimum Building Envelop
Configuration for Naturally Ventilated Residences and Offices:
The recommended envelop of the space shall be as per the following properties:
Table 1.4: Envelop Specifications

Envelope with brick wall Composition U-value
Wall Plaster + brick + plaster 2.203
Roof (Insulated) Plaster + concrete + expanded polystyrene + plaster + stone 0.349
Floor Floor + stone + concrete 0.417
Glass for opening Single glazing unit fully shaded -
Envelope with concrete wall Composition U-value

Wall Plaster + concrete + plaster 3.443
Roof (Insulated) Plaster + concrete + expanded polystyrene + plaster + stone 0.349
Glass for opening Single glazing unit fully shaded -
Envelope with mud-block

Composition U-value
wall
Wall Plaster + mud block + plaster 3.443
Roof (insulated) Plaster + concrete + expanded polystyrene + plaster + stone 0.349
Glass for opening Single glazing unit (fully shaded) -
1. The U-Value prescribed in the table should be taken as recommendation while

designing the roof, wall, and floor component.
2. For the clarity of the user it should be noted that, the different combinations of envelop
differs from each other with respect to only wall material; while the roof , floor and
glazing type remains the same.
Figure 1.9: Zone Temperature conditions of non air conditioned space in office and residences on hottest day (April
11) of the year
1.6 Low energy Passive Cooling Strategies for Bangalore
Bangalore falls under moderate climate zone with favorable outdoor conditions to design
hybrid low energy buildings. Weather analysis for Bangalore shows that design strategies
such as shading from direct solar radiation and natural ventilation are very effective in
achieving comfort in non air conditioned living spaces. High thermal mass and evaporative
cooling are other effective design strategies shown in figure below reference: Climate
calculator)
1.6.1 Ventilation
Ventilation fulfills a number of requirements associated with human comfort:
Health: respiration, odour avoidance and pollutant removal.
Cooling: removal of heat produced by internal and solar gains, both during daytime and
at night time.
Comfort: Provision of air movement to increase perceived cooling.
Methods of ventilation
Ventilation requirement could be met by the following ways:
1. Natural ventilation
2. Mechanical ventilation
3. Mixed mode ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Natural ventilation systems rely on pressure to move fresh air through buildings.
Pressure difference can be caused by wind (cross ventilation) or the buoyancy effect
created by temperature differences or differences in humidity (stack effect). In both the
cases the amount of ventilation critically depends on design of openings, their size and
placement. Natural ventilation unlike forced ventilation uses natural sources like wind
and buoyancy to deliver fresh air into the building.
Cross Ventilation
A pressure is generated on a surface whenever moving
air is obstructed or deflected. The distribution of
pressure depends upon the wind direction and the
geometry of the surfaces. Pressures will generally be
positive on the windward sides of buildings and negative
on leeward sides. The lateral pressure distribution gives
rise to cross-ventilation; that is airflow from the windward Figure 1.10: Cross ventilation achieved through
to the leeward side of the building. This requires that the openings
interior of the building is not sealed by dividing walls, or
that where rooms are double banked, openings at high level are provided.
Cross ventilation was assisted by having high level openings in the internal walls and
over doors in traditional houses.
Stack Effect
Air moves through a structure in response to pressure
differences generated by either the thermal buoyancy
(stack effect) or wind. Buoyancy pressures are generated
by air warmer than its surroundings as the warmer air is of
lower density than the cooler air. Figure 11: Stack effect through openings at
different level.
The pressure generated is dependent upon the average
temperature difference between inside and outside and the height
of the 'stack' or column of warmer air. Where there are openings
at the top and bottom of the stack, the cooler heavier air will enter
the lower openings and displace the warmer lighter air at the top.
This is known as 'displacement ventilation', and if there is a
source of heat which maintains the stack, the flow will continue.
It is important to note that in these conditions air temperatures
low down will be close to outdoor temperatures and those
higher up will be warmer.
Traditionally, this concept was used very commonly by having high ceilings in
conjunction with ventilators and low level openings, courtyards and atria.
Probable indoor wind speed

The available wind speed in a room with single window on the windward side is about
10 percent of outdoor velocity. The value however is increased upto 15 percent when
two windows are provided instead of one and wind impinges obliquely on them.
Effect of area of openings on the indoor wind velocity is depicted in the graph below.
Building design guidelines for natural ventilation
1. Maximize wind induced ventilation by orienting the longer facades of the building
towards predominant wind direction. However, if this is not possible, it could be oriented at
any convenient angle between 0o and 30o without loosing any beneficial aspect of the
breeze.
2. Inlet openings in the buildings should be well distributed and should be located on the
windward side at a low level, and outlet openings should be located on the leeward side at a
higher level, to maximize the stack effect.
Nocturnal cooling
3. Buildings should be sited where obstructions for summer

winds are minimum.
4. Naturally ventilated buildings should have a narrow floor

width, infact its difficult to naturally ventilate buildings with
floor depth more than 45feet.
5. For total area of openings (inlet and outlet) of 20 to 30% of

floor area, the average indoor wind velocity that could be
achieved is around 30% of outdoor wind velocity. Even on
increasing the size of window further, the maximum indoor
wind velocity does not exceed 40% of outside wind velocity.
6. Window openings should be operable by occupants. Direct evaporative cooling, source Passive
cooling techniques, B. Mohanty
7. In addition to the primary consideration of airflow in and out of the building, airflow
between the rooms of the building is important. Where possible, interior doors should be
designed to be open to encourage whole-building ventilation.
8. Use of clerestories or vented skylights, A clerestory or a vented skylight will provide an

opening for stale air to escape in a buoyancy ventilation strategy. The light well of the
skylight could also act as a solar chimney to augment the flow. Openings lower in the
structure, such as basement windows, must be provided to complete the ventilation system.
Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative cooling lowers indoor air temperature by evaporative cooling. This cooling
strategy is also effective in Moderate climate of Bangalore. In evaporative cooling the
sensible heat of air is used to evaporate the water, thereby releasing energy and air gets
cooled, which in turn cools the indoor living spaces.
Increase in contact between air and water increases the rate of evaporation. Water bodies
like ponds, lake or fountains in the landscape help reduce micro climate air temperature
around the buildings.
Traditionally also evaporative cooling has been used to cool the hot breeze. Water was used
commonly to reduce local temperatures by evaporative cooling, to humidify the air and also
to clean the air by capturing dust particles. It has been calculated that the temperature of 1
cubic metre of air will be reduced by 1 °C by the evaporation of 0-5 g of water (Evans). In
public buildings water in pools and fountains can be used as a cooling element combined
with a cross-ventilating arrangement of openings.
Figure 13: Ways of integrating evaporative cooling

Figure 12: HUL solar passive building in Bangalore with ponds
integrated in the circulation areas to integrate evaporative cooling.
1.6.2 Radiative cooling

Principle: If two elements at different temperatures are kept facing one another, a net
radiation heat loss from the hotter element will occur until a state of equilibrium
between the two elements is achieved.
In order to have an appreciable net heat flux between the two bodies, the temperature
difference should be significant
Low energy passive design stretegies in residential building typology in Bangalore city
Thermal comfort through out the year can be easily achieved in residential buildings in
Bangalore by adopting the following passive design strategies:
• Long façade oriented towards North – South

• East and West facades to be shaded
• Solar chimneys integration to enhance natural ventilation
• Insulated roof
• Roof pond in certain areas for radiant cooling
• Direct evaporative cooling
1.6.3 Some low energy cooling & design strategies that could be adopted in
residential buildings in Bangalore are described below. These strategies were
analysed in TRNSYS software.
1. Long façade oriented towards North South, this is based on the solar radiation
analysis for Bangalore city. East and West façade receive higher intensity of solar
radiation throughout the year and hence short facades of the building should be
oriented towards East and West. This ensures minimum solar heat gain inside the
building.
2. Insulated roof: Solar analysis of Bangalore predicts high intensity of solar radiation
being received on horizontal surfaces. To reduce conduction gains from the roof, it
is very esstial to insulate the roof from outside.
3. Solar chimneys to enhance natural ventilation, through stack effect. Inlet openings
provided at lower level and outlet opening through solar chimney increase the
temperature difference between the hot air and cool air, this enhances the air
movement and therefore natural ventilation. Natural ventilation is very effective in
Moderate climate of Bangalore as the outside air temperature falls under comfort
zone.
4. Radiant cooling is also effectice in Bangalore and therefore roof pond could be
provided wherever possible.
5. Evaporative cooling: In summer months in Bangalore which are April, May and
June evaporative cooling is effective, as the outside temperature is high and
Relative Humidity (RH) is lower. This can be integrated in buildings through
evaporative coolers, or wet Khas Khas integrated around windows and through
designing water bodies in the landscape.
1.7 Example of a Naturally Ventilated office Building in Bangalore
TERI’s South Regional office is located in Bangalore which

forms an example of passive building in the Moderate climate
zone of India.
Following are some of key features of the building:

• The building is oriented with long facades oriented North–
South.
• The building has maximum
openings in the North façade which
helps bring inside the building glare
free daylight and cool breeze.
• The skylights are oriented towards
North, which provides uniform glare
free daylight through out the
building.
• Walls on the South façade are externally finished with

black kadappa stone with a cavity wall. This behaves
as a solar chimney. There are no openings at lower
level in this wall, only ventilators at the top of the wall
are provided for hot air to rise and escape. This
creates a negative pressure and starts pulling fresh
cool air from North side of the building. The building
works in natural ventilation mode through out the
year, and this is achieved as there are no floor to
ceiling partitions in the whole building.
• There are roof gardens designed, which provide good insulation and moderates
fluctuation in temperature.
• The month bill for energy consumption is about Rs 30,000 for the entire complex, with
daily average demand of 12 kW (peak at 18 kW). With floor area being 26,663 square
feet, the specific energy bill works out to be Rs 1.12 per square foot, which is almost one-
tenth of a conventional building with air conditioning.
1.8 Summary:
Recommendations for air conditioned buildings
• Long façade preferably towards North-South
• East West façade to be shaded
• Windows to comply with ECBC requirement.
• Roof to either comply with ECBC or to be fully shaded.
• Circular building form is preferable.
• Light colour external finish.
1.8.1 Naturally ventilated buildings recommendations

• Long façade preferably towards North-South
• East West façade to be shaded
• Windows to be fully shaded.
• Roof to be insulated or to be shaded.
• Light colour external finish.
1.9 Glossary:
Orientation: It is the direction an envelope element faces, i.e., the direction of a vector
perpendicular to and pointing away from the surface outside of the element.
Reflectance: The fraction of radiant energy that is reflected from a surface.
Solar heat gain coefficient: Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) is the fraction of
external solar radiation that is admitted through a window or skylight, both directly
transmitted, and absorbed and subsequently released inward.
Transmittance: The fraction of radiant energy that passes through a surface.
U-factor: It measures the rate of heat transfer through a building element over a given
area, under standardised conditions. The usual standard is at a temperature gradient of 24
°C, at 50% humidity with no wind.
1.10 Reference:
• Bureau of Indian Standards, 2005, National Building Code of India
• A Knowledge Bank for Sustainable Building Design – CD, MNRE & TERI, New
Delhi
• Energy Conservation Building Code 2007, Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of
Power, Government of India
• VisualDOE version 4.1 Software
• Ecotect Version 5.0.
Lighting Manufacturer contact details
SN Name Address Contact details

Paint
1 THERMATEK (Ishaan ALA INC, No. 303,6th Main, Yellama Ph: 080 – 25352493
Industries) Temple Road, Indira Nagar, Bangalore- Mobile: 9980560857
560038.
2 Kansai Nerolac Paints Nerolac House, SY No 39/1, P C S Ph: 080-26597145
Limited Industrial Estate, Banner gata Road
AREKER Village, Bangalore -560076
Insulation
3 U. P. Twiga Fiberglass No. 28/3 1st Floor, 23rd Cross, Ph: 080-26712510
Limited Banashankari 2nd Stage Main Road, Mobile-9686406229
Near State Bank of India, Bangalore -
560070
4 Lloyd Insulations (India) 101-102, Oxford Chamber, No. 16, Ph: 080-25202084
Ltd Rustam Bagh Main Road, Bangalore:
560017
Glass Products
5 3M Construction Market Concorde block, UB City, 24, Vittal Malya Ph: 080-66595759
Center Road, Bangalore-560001 Fax: 080-22231450
6 Saint-Gobain Glass Sai Comples, 4th Floor, 114, M G Road, Ph: 080-25091123
India Ltd. Bangalore 560 001 Fax: 080-25583795
G UIDELINES 2: Provide roof treatment to cut heat gains
Provide roof treatment to cut down heat gain in the air-conditioned and naturally ventilated
space to maximize thermal comfort.
2.1 Mandatory clause to be included in the Revised Bye Laws
All exposed roof in air conditioned spaces and naturally ventilated shall comply with the ECBC
2007 requirement as outlined below or shall be shaded
Climate 24-Hour use buildings Daytime use buildings
zone Hospitals, Hotels, Call centres etc. Other building Types
Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/m2K) Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly(W/m2K)
The roof insulation shall not be located on a suspended ceiling with removable
Ceiling panels. (Mandatory)
2.2 Technical Guidance
2.2.1 Brief Introduction

Optimizing roof material can play vital role in lowering down heat built up in both air-
conditioned space and naturally ventilated space. Roof treatment is one of the effective
strategies to cut down heat gain helps in reducing cooling load from air conditioned space.
In the same way, it helps in maximizing thermal comfort in naturally ventilated space.
Roof optimization in Air Conditioned Space:

It is observed in air conditioned buildings, adopting ECBC envelope in building has high
energy saving potential. Energy simulation engine was used to quantify energy saving
potential in a daytime office building. . It is observed that in single storey buildings and in
double storey buildings, insulated + cool roof as recommended by ECBC has energy saving
potential up to 60% in comparison to conventional buildings. This saving potential
however, reduces with increase in number of floors and in case of high rise buildings, where
roof contribution towards external heat gains is minimized

ECBC compliant Roof finish+75mm Expanded Polystyrene+150mm Concrete slab + internal plaster 0.39
insulated + cool roo
Shading of roof also has similar energy saving potential. This could be achieved by
designing pergolas, trellis on roof or by installation of solar panels. Energy saving potential
in a building with two floors and built up area 3200m2, after complying to ECBC
recommendations and shading the roof are given below in the graph.
Energy use in conventional building, building

with ECBC compliant roof, building with shaded
roof
Energy use (kWh) 1,200,000

1,000,000
800,000
600,000 61% saving 62% saving
400,000
200,000
0
base 0.30wwr ECBC + cool roof Shaded roof
0.30wwr 0.30wwr
Energy consumption kWh (Cooling+Lighting)
Recommended roof treatment for Naturally Ventilated spaces

Thermal comfort in a naturally ventilated space can be maximized by using appropriate
treatment for the roof. Computer simulation analysis was performed in order to investigate
the role of roof treatment to maximize thermal comfort in a naturally ventilated space.
Following are envelope configuration used for simulation analysis
Walls Composition (External to internal) U value (W/m2K)

ECBC case Stone cladding+75mm Expanded Polystyrene+230mm Brick wall + internal 0.39
plaster
Conventional case External plaster +230mm brick wall + internal plaster 1.87

ECBC case Roof finish+75mm Expanded Polystyrene+150mm Concrete slab + internal plaster 0.39
Glass Type Properties

ECBC case (Single glazed
U-value =6.16 W/m2K , SHGC = 0.81 , VLT = 0.88
unit)
Conventional case (Single
U-value =6.16 W/m2K , SHGC = 0.81 , VLT = 0.88
glazed unit)
The thermal comfort hours are further maximized when the surface reflectivity increased to
0.7 y using white paint on external roof surface and insulation thickness.
2.2.2 Heat gains through roofs can be reduced by adopting the following
techniques
Green roof concept

Green roofs have the potential to improve the thermal
performance of a roofing system through shading, insulation,
evapo-transpiration and thermal mass, thus reducing a
building’s energy demands for space conditioning. The green
roof moderates the heat flow through the roofing system and
helps in reducing the temperature fluctuations due to changing
outside environment.
Figure 2.1: Roof of buildings with roof garden.
Green roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and
soil that is planted over waterproofing membrane. If widely
used green roofs can also reduce the problem of urban heat
island which would further reduce the energy consumption in
urban areas.
Use of high reflective material on roof top

Use light coloured roofs having an SRI (solar reflectance index)
of 50% or more. The dark coloured, traditional roofing finishes Figure 2.2: Broken china mosaic can be used as
have SRI varying from 5 - 20%. A good example of high SRI is an external roof finish to reflect the incident solar
radiation.
the use of broken china mosaic and light coloured tiles as roof
finish, which reflects heat off the surface because of high solar reflectivity and infrared
emittance, which prevents heat gain and thus help in reducing the cooling load from the
building envelope.
Thermal insulation for roof

Well insulated roof with the insulation placed on the external side is an effective measure to
reduce solar heat gains from the roof top. The insulated materials should be well protected
by water proofing.
For air conditioned spaces, Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) recommends the
thermal performance for external roof for all the five climate zones in India. Bangalore falls
under Moderate climate zone, the maximum U-value recommended by ECBC for moderate
climate zone is mentioned below:

Hospitals, Hotels, Call centres etc. Other building Types
Insulation + cool roof

Along with lower U-value for roof, ECBC also recommends cool roof. Cool roofs are roofs
covered with a reflective coating that has high emissivity property which is very effective in
reflecting the sun’s energy away from the roof surface. These cool roofs are known to stay 10
°C to 16 °C cooler than normal roof under a hot summer day. This quality greatly helps in
reducing the cooling load that needs to be met by the HVAC system. Combination of
insulated roof along with cool roof has higher saving energy potential.
External shading of roof

Shading of roof through design features like
pergola or solar photovoltaic panels help
reduce the incident direct solar radiation on
the roof surface. This in turn helps to reduce
the sol air temperature of the roof and
conduction gains in the space below. It is
observed using software simulations that
shading of roof has equal potential in
reducing the energy consumption by air
conditioning as that of an insulated roof.
Thermal properties of few building and insulating materials for reference are given below in
table 2.3.
Table 2.3: Thermal Properties of Building and Insulating Materials at Mean Temperature of 50deg.C
SL. NO. TYPE OF MATERIAL DENSITY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY* SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Kg / m3 W / (m.K) KJ / (kg.K)
Building Materials
1. Burnt brick 1 820 0.811 0.88
2. Mud brick 1 731 0.750 0.88
3. Dense concrete 2 410 1.74 0.88
4. R.C.C. 2 288 1.58 0.88
5. Limestone 2 420 1.80 0.84
6. State 2 750 1.72 0.84
7. Reinforced brick 1 920 1.10 0.84
8. Brick tile 1 892 0.798 0.88
9. Line concrete 1 646 0.730 0.88
10. Mud Phuska 1 622 0.519 0.88
11. Cement mortar 1 648 0.719 0.92
12. Cement concrete 1 762 0.721 0.84
13. Cinder concrete 1 406 0.686 0.84
14. Foam slag concrete 1 320 0.285 0.88
15. Gypsum plaster 1 120 0.512 0.96
16. Cellular concrete 740 0.188 1.05
17. AC sheet 1 520 0.245 0.84
18. GI sheet 7 520 61.06 0.50
19. Timber 480 0.072 1.68
20. Timber 720 0.144 1.68
21. Plywood 640 0.174 1.76
22. Glass 2 350 0.814 0.88
23. Alluvial clay (40 percent sans) 1 958 1.211 0.84
24. Sand 2 240 1.74 0.84
25. Black cotton clay (Madras) 1 899 0.735 0.88
26. Black cotton clay (Indore) 1 683 0.606 0.88
27. Tar felt (2.3 kg/m3) - 0.479 0.88

(Source, Handbook on Functional Requirements of buildings, SP:41—1987, BIS)
SL. NO. TYPE OF MATERIAL DENSITY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY* SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Kg / m3 W / (m.K) KJ / (kg.K)
Insulating Materials
4. Foam glass 127.0 0.056 0.75
5. Foam glass 160.0 0.055 0.75
6. Foam concrete 320.0 0.070 0.92
7. Foam concrete 400.0 0.084 0.92
8. Foam concrete 704.0 0.149 0.92
9. Cork slab 164.0 0.043 0.96
10. Cork slab 192.0 0.044 0.96
11. Cork slab 304.0 0.055 0.96
14. Mineral wool (unbonded) 73.5 0.030 0.92
22. Exfoliated vermiculite 264.0 0.069 1.00
(loose)
23. Asbestos mill board 1 397.0 0.249 0.88
24. Hard board 979.0 0.279 0.84
25. Straw board 310.0 0.057 1.42
26. Soft board 320.0 0.066 1.30
27. Soft board 249.0 0.047 1.30
28. Wall board 262.0 0.047 1.30
29. Chip board 432.0 0.067 1.26
30. Chip board (perforated) 352.0 0.066 1.26
31. Particle board 750.0 0.098 1.30
32. Coconut pith insulation 520.0 0.060 1.09

board
33. Jute fibre 329.0 0.067 1.09
34. Wood wool board 398.0 0.081 1.13
35. Wood wool board 674.0 0.108 1.13
36. Coil board 97.0 0.038 1.00
37. Saw dust 188.0 0.051 1.00
38. Rice husk 120.0 0.051 1.00
39. Jute felt 291.0 0.042 0.88
40. Asbestos fibre (loose) 640.0 0.060 0.84
2.2.3 Why is this required?

Roof receives a significant amount of solar radiation round the year. As illustrated in Fig 1,
shows the intensity of solar irradiation is maximum on the horizontal plane which is the
roof. Conductance of heat from the roof can be very high if not insulated well.
Figure 2.3: Average daily Intensity of solar radiation incident on horizontal roof surface in Bangalore
This can result in increased cooling load if the space below is air conditioned or high
discomfort hours if the space below is naturally ventilated.
2.2.4 How is it beneficial?

Treatment of roof in the form of roof insulation reduces cooling demand from air
conditioning and related energy consumption in air-condition and helps in maximizing
thermal comfort in non-air-conditioned spaces. Application of insulation on roof can bring
down energy consumption in air-conditioned spaces below roof.
Energy modeling has been carried out to quantify energy saving potential of roof insulation
and life cycle analysis has been carried out to calculate payback period for applying roof
insulation in a day use office air conditioned building. It has been observed that due to high
energy saving in single or double storey building after complying with ECBC thermal
performance of the roof, pay back period in Bangalore will be less than one year.
LCCA of conventional buildings and ECBC compliant roof

building
200
Millions
150
Cost (Rs)
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Years
Base case ECBC + cool roof case
In naturally ventilated buildings, roof insulation brings positive impacts on thermal

comfort of non air-conditioned naturally ventilated spaces and can bring down the number
of discomfort hours. Simulation using energy modeling was carried out to quantify
reduction in discomfort hours. It has been observed that, the internal space under the
insulated roof having high reflectivity, registers a 1 °C drop in temperature compared to
conventional roof.
The graphical illustration shows that insulated roof works better in Moderate Climate of
Bangalore showing a temperature drop of 1 °C at peak hour of Day in April 11 which is
regarded as the hottest day in Summer season.
ZONE TEMPERATURE COMPARISION IN AN OFFICE SPACE WITH

DIFFERENT ROOF TYPES
uninsulated roof insulated roof with high reflectivity
34.00
33.00
32.00
TEMPERATURE (deg C)
31.00
30.00
29.00
28.00
27.00
26.00
25.00
24.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
HOURS
2.3 Glossary:
Extruded Polystyrene - Extruded Polystyrene is an improvement of Expanded Polystyrene

material. This material is also comprised of beads / globules which are compressed to form
slabs and pipe sections. Incase of Extruded Polystyrene the beads are very closely linked to
each other so that the material become rigid and there is no air gap between the beads. It is
a close cells material and a skin is formed on the top which stops water absorption.
2.4 References:
National Building Code of India 2005

SP41: Handbook of Functional Requirement of Buildings
TRNSYS 16 software
G UIDELINE 3: Window Design
3.1 For air-conditioned buildings
1. *The U-factor (overallheat transfer coefficient) for a fenestration product (including

the sash and frame) should be determined as per ECBC 2007 requirements.
2. * The SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient) for a fenestration product (including the sash
and frame) should be determined as per ECBC 2007 requirements.
3. The U-factor and SHGC for the fenestration product determined as per §1 and § 2,
should confirm to the ECBC 2007 recommended values given in the table 3.1 ,3.2 below
for vertical and horizontal fenestrations –
Table3.1: For vertical fenestration

Maximum U-factor (W/m2- Maximum SHGC for Maximum SHGC for
Climate
K) WWR ≤ 40% 40%<WWR≤60%
Moderate 6.9 0.4 0.3
Table 3.2: For horizontal fenestration
Maximum U-factor (W/m2-K) Maximum SHGC

Climate
With Curb Without Curb 0-2% SRR 2.1-5% SRR
Moderate 11.24 7.71 0.61 0.4

Note – SRR = Skylight roof ratio which is the ratio of the total skylight area of the roof, measured to the outside of the
frame, to the gross exterior roof
4. Air leakage through fenestration shall not exceed the ECBC 2007 recommended value
of 2.0 l/s-m2
5. The minimum Window Wall Ratio on a facade, correlated to the visible light
transmittance of the glass should be read from the graph given below for different
Height to Separation ratios for building –
For Various H:S, VLT and WWR

H:S - 1:5 H:S - 1:4 H:S - 1:3 H:S - 1:2 H:S - 1:1
90
80
70
60
50
VLT
40
30
20
10
0
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
WWR
Note: If the window area for WWR value for a space, read from the graph above, is less than 1/5th of the floor area, then
minimum window area which should be provided will be taken as 1/5th of the floor area.
6. *The maximum permissible WWR on a facade should not exceed 60% as recommended
in ECBC,2007
*are all mandatory clauses
3.2 For Non-conditioned buildings

1. In the non-conditioned buildings, penetration of direct
solar radiation needs to be regulated. The critical
Horizontal Solar Angle (HSA) and Vertical Solar
Angle(VSA) for fenestrations located on the cardinal
directions (as shown in the figure) given below in the
table should be cut down by designing appropriate
shading devices –
Table 3.3: Solar Angles

Solar Angles to be cut on various cardinal directions
HSA (Horizontal Sun Angle) in VSA (Vertical Solar Angle) in
Cardinal Directions
Degrees Degree
North 37.8 79.4
East -1 33.2
West -5.9 58
South -68.9 85.1
North-East (NE) 44 42.3
North-West (NW) -50.9 68.3
South-East (SE) -46 43.3
South-West (SW) 39.1 64
Note –
o Angles have been measured from the normal to the fenestration

o Angles measured anti-clockwise from the normal of the fenestration have been shown with negative sign
for HSA (horizontal sun angle)
2. The minimum Window Wall Ratio on a facade, correlated to the different Height to
Separation ratios for non-conditioned commercial and residential buildings should
be read from the table given below (with clear glass)–
Table 3.4: For non-conditioned commercial buildings

H/S ratio Minimum WWR (%)required for adequate
(height to separation between buildings) day lighting
1:5 20
1:4 20
1:3 20
1:2 20
1:1 20
Table 3.5: For non-conditioned residential buildings

H/S ratios Minimum WWR (%)Required for
(height to separation between buildings) adequate day lighting
1:5 10
1:4 10
1:3 10
1:2 20
1:1 20
2:1 50
3:1 60
Note: If the window area for WWR value for a space, read from the table above, is less than 1/5th of the floor area, then
minimum window area which should be provided will be taken as 1/5th of the floor area.
3. *The maximum permissible WWR on a facade should not exceed 60% as

recommended in ECBC,2007
*are all mandatory clauses
4. Guideline for Ventilation Optimize window design to integrate natural ventilation

inside the built environment. It is mandatory to meet the thermal comfort
parameters specified in National Building code 2005 for naturally ventilated spaces
and minimum air change per hour specified in SP41: Handbook on Functional
Requirement of Buildings.
5. Window opening requirement for Naturally ventilated Low rise Residential and
Office Buildings
a. Window openings, in order to allow outside air to enter the space, should orient
between 45 ° to the East-West direction to optimize heat and solar heat gain
b. Location of window openings, in order to facilitate cross ventilation, should be
located opposite to each other on walls parallel to each other. The location of
windows should be preferably on east and west wall functioning as inlet and
outlet openings to maximize ventilation of the space.
c. The inlet and outlet openings, when added up, should be in the range of 27-56%
of the floor area of that space and window wall ratio (WWR) in the range of 18-
36 %, or whichever is critical.
d. In order to achieve the required air change per hour in a given space, use cross
ventilation and stack ventilation mode of natural ventilation.
6. Window opening requirement for naturally ventilated High-rise Residential and

Office Buildings
High-rise buildings, with height going beyond 10m or Ground plus floor storey, opening
area should follow the table as given below:
Table 3.6: Opening area for naturally ventilated space in high rise building
Acceptable Percentage of Area of
Building Height
Opening with respect to floor area
(m)
(%)
10 3.19 - 1.60
13 2.91 - 1.46
16 2.71 - 1.35
19 2.55 - 1.27
22 2.42 - 1.21
25 2.32 - 1.16
28 2.23 - 1.11
31 2.15 - 1.07
34 2.08 - 1.04
37 2.02 - 1.01
40 1.96 - 0.98
43 1.91 - 0.96
46 1.87-0.94
49 1.83 - 0.91
52 1.79 - 0.90
55 1.76 - 0.88
58 1.72 - 0.86
61 1.69 - 0.85
64 1.67 - 0.83
67 1.64 - 0.82
70 1.61 - 0.81
73 1.59 - 0.80
76 1.57-0.78
79 1.55 - 0.77
82 1.53 - 0.76
85 1.51 - 0.75
88 1.49 - 0.75
91 1.47 - 0.74
94 1.46 - 0.73
97 1.44 - 0.72
100 1.43 - 0.71
3.3 Guidance Notes
3.3.1 Windows in Air-Conditioned buildings

Window (including both glazing and frame) in an air-conditioned space is an important
element to be analyzed with respect to its thermal performance and impact on energy
performance of that particular space. Window impacts the energy performance of a
conditioned space in two ways –
1. Impact on the HVAC energy consumption of the building
2. Impact on the Lighting energy consumption
Impact on HVAC energy consumption of building

There are three major types of energy flow which occur through a window which impacts
the HVAC energy consumption –
1. Non-solar heat losses and gains in the form of

conduction, convection, and radiation - The
non-solar heat flow through a window occurs
due to the temperature difference between the
indoor and outdoor. Window loses heat to the
outside during the winter season and gains
heat from the outside during the summer
season, adding to the energy needs in a
building.
2. Solar heat gains in the form of radiation-The

direct solar radiation entering into a
conditioned space adds to the cooling load in
summers and reduces heating load in winters
in a building.
3. Infiltration-Infiltration is the uncontrolled

leakage of air into a space from the outside
through joints and cracks around window
frame, sash, and glazing. The air tightness of
a window depends on both the
characteristics of the window—such as sash
type and overall quality of window
construction—and the quality of the installation.
Given below are various parameters, related to the thermal performance, of a window
which should be appropriately selected to achieve energy efficiency in a air conditioned
building –
U-factor of fenestration
U-factor is a measure of the rate of non-solar heat flow through a window per unit area per
unit temperature difference between indoor and outdoor.
The U-factor of a single pane window is mainly due to the thin films of still air on the
interior and moving air on the exterior glazing surfaces. The glazing itself doesn’t offer
much resistance to heat flow. Additional panes if added can noticeably reduce the U-factor
by creating still air spaces.
In addition to conventional double-pane

windows, many manufacturers offer
windows that incorporate relatively new
technologies aimed at decreasing U-factors.
These technologies include low-emittance
(low-E) coatings and gas fills.
A low-E coating is a microscopically thin,

virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide
coating deposited on a glazing surface. The
coating may be applied to one or more of
the glazing surfaces facing an air space in a
multiple-pane window. The coating limits
radiative heat flow between panes by
reflecting heat back.
The air-gap between windowpanes can be filled with gases which have better thermal
resistance property than air such as argon, krypton etc.
Window frames are usually made of aluminum, steel, wood, vinyl, fiberglass, or composites
of these materials. Wood, fiberglass, and vinyl frames are better insulators than metal.
Some frames are designed with internal thermal breaks that reduce heat flow through the
frame. These thermally broken frames can resist heat flow considerably better than those
without thermal breaks.
SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient) of

fenestration
The SHGC is the fraction of incident
solar radiation admitted through a
window, both directly transmitted, and
absorbed and subsequently released
inward through conduction, convection and radiation.
Additional glazing layers provide more barriers to solar radiation, thus reducing the solar
heat gain coefficient of a window. Tinted glazings, such as bronze and green, provide lower
solar heat gain coefficients compared to the clear glass. Spectrally selective glazings,
including some low-E coated glazings with low solar heat gain, blocks out much of the sun’s
heat while maintaining higher visible transmittances.
Shading and Adjusted SHGC

Exterior or interior shading devices such as awnings, louvered screens, sunscreens,
venetian blinds, roller shades, and drapes can complement and enhance the performance of
windows with low Solar Heat Gain Coefficients. One advantage of many shading devices is
that they can be adjusted to vary solar heat transmission with the time of day and season.
Exterior shading devices are more effective than interior

devices in reducing solar heat gain because they block
radiation before it passes through a window. Light-colored
shades are preferable to dark ones because they reflect more,
and absorb less, radiation.
Projection Factor
For horizontal overhang
Projection factor for overhang is calculated by measuring the
depth of the overhang and dividing that by the distance from
the bottom of the window to the lowest point of the overhang.
For vertical fins

Projection factor for vertical fin is calculated by measuring
depth of the vertical fin and dividing it by the distance from
the window jamb to the farthest point of the external shading
projection.
SHGC for a window having an external shading device can be calculated by multiplying the
SHGC value of the window with the ‘M’ factor read from the table given below for different
projection factors for different orientations.
Overhang 'M' factor for the Vertical Fin 'M' factor for Overhang + Vertical Fin 'M'
projection factor projection factor factor for projection factors
0.25 - 0.5- 0.75- 0.25 - 0.5- 0.75- 0.25 - 0.5- 0.75-
Location Orientation 0.49 0.74 0.99 1.0 + 0.49 0.74 0.99 1.0 + 0.49 0.74 0.99 1.0 +
North N 0.88 0.8 0.76 0.73 0.74 0.67 0.58 0.52 0.64 0.51 0.39 0.31
Latitude
150 or E/W 0.79 0.65 0.56 0.5 0.8 0.72 0.65 0.6 0.6 0.39 0.24 0.16
greater S 0.79 0.64 0.52 0.43 0.79 0.69 0.6 0.56 0.6 0.33 0.1 0.02
Less N 0.83 0.74 0.69 0.66 0.73 0.65 0.57 0.5 0.59 0.44 0.32 0.23
than 150 E/W 0.8 0.67 0.59 0.53 0.8 0.72 0.63 0.58 0.61 0.41 0.26 0.16
North
Latitude S 0.78 0.62 0.55 0.5 0.74 0.65 0.57 0.5 0.53 0.3 0.12 0.04
Impact on Lighting energy consumption

During day time when natural light, in outside, is available in abundance, window can be
utilized as a tool to harness natural light from sun and sky to light the space. Buildings, in
which artificial lighting is integrated with the day lighting, can reduce their energy bills
significantly. Good day lighting in a building depends upon the following factors –
Window Wall Ratio (WWR)

Window wall ratio is the ratio of window area
to the gross wall area for a particular facade.
Gross wall area includes both the window area
and the area of the wall surface.
Example – The wall shown in the figure has

width ‘W’ and height ‘H’. The window height is
‘a’ and width is ‘b’ as shown in figure.
The WWR for the given facade will be = (a x b)/(H x W)
VLT (Visible Light Transmittance) of glazing

It is the ratio of the visible light getting transmitted through the glazing to the total visible
light incident on the glazing.
Higher the value of VLT, more will be the amount of day light entering into the space
through glazing.
Day-lighting and Window Design

Day lighting is utilization of light from the sun
and sky to complement or replace electric light.
Appropriate fenestration and lighting controls
can be used to modulate daylight admittance
and to reduce electric lighting, while meeting
the occupants’ visual comfort.
Daylight Perimeter Zone for Vertical

Fenestration – The day lighter zone associated
to a window can be defined as an area having a
depth which is twice the window height
(measured from ground) and having the width
which is equal to the window width plus one meter on each of the window as indicated in
the figure below –
Day lighted perimeter zone for the space shown above will be having dimensions –
Depth (m) = 2 x Y
Width (m) = X + 1 +1
The fenestration area, located above

1m but below 2.2 m is considered as
vision window area. The vision
window area is usually provided with
the glass with lower VLT in order to
reduce glare.
The fenestration area located above

2.2 m is considered as daylight
window area. Larger the daylight
window area more will be the daylight
penetration into a space. The daylight
window area is usually provided with glass with higher VLT so as to receive daylight to the
greater depths of the space.
The daylight window area can be designed in form of light shelves, as shown in the figure
above, which enhance the penetration of daylight.
When there are buildings standing

opposite to each other the amount of
daylight entering through the window gets
reduced.
For different height to the separation ratio

(H/S) for buildings one an choose the
minimum WWR and VLT from the graph
given below to achieve good day light in
the space –
For Various H:S, VLT and WWR

H:S - 1:5 H:S - 1:4 H:S - 1:3 H:S - 1:2 H:S - 1:1
90
80
70
60
50
VLT
40
30
20
10
0
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
WWR
3.3.2 Windows in Non-Conditioned building

Window design in non-conditioned buildings takes a
different approach. The glazing system for windows in
non-conditioned spaces is usually single glazed units
with clear glass as the windows will be opened to allow
ventilation thus there is no relevance to install double
glazing with low SHGC and U-factor values.
In the non-conditioned buildings the shading device
plays a crucial role in the thermal performance of a
window. Windows on facades, facing different cardinal directions, should be provided by

the shading devices which can cut the direct incident solar radiation for the critical solar
angles.
Horizontal Sun Angle (HSA)

This is the horizontal angle between the normal of the window and the Sun azimuth angle
at a given time as shown in the figure.
The horizontal sun angle at critical hours can be cut by the vertical fins provided as external
shading device.
Vertical Solar Angle (VSA)

It is the angle that a plane containing the bottom two points of the window and the centre
of the Sun makes with the ground when measured normal to the shaded surface as shown
in the figure.
The vertical solar angle at critical hours can be cut by the horizontal fins provided as
external shading device.
Shading Devices
The external shading devices can be designed in various ways to stop the solar radiation
entering through the window. The figures of the commonly found shading devices are given
below –
Example to design shading device for a window

For a window of height 1.5 m and width 3m, design shading device to cut the HSA of 450
and VSA of 600.
Design of shading device to cut the VSA

The vertical solar angle of 600 can be cut by
providing a single horizontal overhang of
length 841mm or it can be cut by providing
two horizontal projections each of length
408mm placed at a distance of 750mm as shown in the figure.
The length and spacing can be calculated either by the drafting softwares like auto-cad,
sketchup etc. by graphical method or it can be manually calculated by the mathematical
formula given below –
Depth of shading device = Spacing between the shading device x {tan (90 -VSA)}
For a given VSA either of the values for Depth or Spacing between shading overhangs can
be selected to get the value of other one.
Design of shading device to cut the HSA

The horizontal solar angle of 450 can be cut by
providing a single vertical fin of length 2907mm
or it can be cut by providing four vertical fins each
of length 657mm placed at a distance of 657mm as
shown in the figure.
The length and spacing can be calculated either by

the drafting softwares like auto-cad, sketchup etc.
by graphical method or it can be manually
calculated by the mathematical formula given
below –
Depth of vertical fins = Spacing between the vertical fins x {tan (90 -HSA)}
For a given HSA either of the values for Depth or Spacing between vertical fins can be
selected to get the value of other one.
It is always desirable to
break single overhang with
larger depth into multiple
overhangs of smaller
length. It enhances the
amount of daylight
penetration in the space.
The figure in right shows
the comparison between
amount of daylight
penetration for two
shading devices, one with
single deep overhang and the other with multiple smaller overhangs.
Day lighting and WWR

To get the adequate daylight in a
commercial non-conditioned building one
can choose for different Height to
separation ratio the required WWR while
installing a clear glass from the table given
below –
H/S ratio Minimum WWR (%)required for

(height to separation between buildings) adequate day lighting
1:5 20
1:4 20
1:3 20
1:2 20
1:1 20
To get the adequate daylight in a residential non-conditioned building one can choose for
different Height to separation ratio the required WWR while installing a clear glass from
the table given below –
H/S ratios Minimum WWR (%)Required

(height to separation between buildings) for adequate day lighting
1:5 10
1:4 10
1:3 10
1:2 20
1:1 20
2:1 50
3:1 60
Example of H/S ratio related to WWR for a non-conditioned residential building
Calculate minimum WWR, needs to be provided, on a face of the wall of a building which is
18m high. There exists another building of same height opposite to the given facade at a
distance of 9m.
The H/S ratio for the building = Height/ Separation

= 18/9
= 2/1
So for the H/S ratio of 2:1 the minimum WWR, to be provided on a face for adequate day
lighting in the space, value read from table given above comes to be 50 %.
3.3.3 Window Design for Natural ventilation

Windows are required to achieve natural cooling through ventilation. Optimized
window design plays a vital role in the building envelope to reduce the annual energy
consumption both for lighting and air conditioning.
Optimized window design helps to achieve thermal comfort with no additional financial
investment. Optimized window design helps to reduce dependence on air conditioning
where natural ventilation is possible and helps in reducing discomfort in naturally
ventilated spaces.
Technical guidance, to meet the optimized window opening size for acceptable air
change per hour and thermal comfort, can be achieved by following simple steps as
outlined below:
Naturally ventilated Low rise Residential and Office Buildings

i. Perform detailed literature analysis for residences and office in order to meet
the mandatory thermal comfort and air change per hour as outlined in National
Building Code 2005 and SP41: Handbook for Functional Requirements of
Buildings (except industrial buildings)
Table 3.7: Desirable Wind speed (m/s) for Thermal Comfort Conditions: Clause 5.2.3.1, National Building Code 2005
Dry bulb Relative humidity (%)
temperature
(deg C)
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
28 * * * * * * *
29 * * * * * 0.06 0.19
30 * * * 0.06 0.24 0.53 0.85
31 * 0.06 0.24 0.53 1.04 1.47 2.10
32 0.20 0.46 0.94 1.59 2.26 3.04 **
33 0.77 1.36 2.12 3.00 ** ** **
34 1.85 2.72 ** ** ** ** **
35 3.20 ** ** ** ** ** **
Table 3.8: Air change schedule SP41: Handbook on Functional Requirement of Buildings
Space to be ventilated in Required air change per hour

Residence
Bedrooms 3-6
Living rooms 3-6
Offices 3-6
ii. Perform thermal comfort analysis using recommended air change per hour and
opening size and compare the results with the above mentioned codes. Envelop
requirements for the space can be used as mentioned below:
Table 3.9: Envelope Specifications

Envelope with brick wall Composition U-value
Wall Plaster + brick + plaster 2.203
Roof Plaster + concrete + expanded 0.349
polystyrene + plaster + stone

Floor Floor + stone + concrete + insulation 0.417
Glass for opening Single clear glass -
Envelope with concrete

Composition U-value
wall
Wall Plaster + concrete + plaster 3.443
Plaster + concrete + expanded
Roof 0.349
polystyrene + plaster + stone
Floor Floor + stone + concrete + insulation 0.417
Glass for opening Single clear glass -
The detailed properties of the above mentioned envelopes can be found in the annexure.
iii. The design of the windows must facilitate easy operation and should help in
regulating the amount of opening as mentioned in the guidelines.
iv. Difference between window area and opening area:

Window area represents the overall area of operable and fixed area of the
opening. Opening area represents the area which will admit air into the space
for ventilation
Image to illustrate window and opening area and option to operate
v. Design of the window must facilitate operation of the window with ease. In the
above image it has been shown that, sliding window can be one of the options
for such operations.
vi. When cross ventilation and stack ventilation is used to enhance the air change
per hour, the total area of the opening should be in the range as specified in the
guideline.
vii. Conditions where outside air temperature exceeds the indoor temperature
conditions, only stack ventilation mode should be used.
Naturally ventilated High-rise Residential and Office Buildings
i. Wind speed analysis with increasing height of the building should be analyzed in
detail.
ii. Opening size in the window must be coherent with the wind speed achieved at a
particular height as shown in the figure below.
iii. The recommended area of opening must follow all the design recommendation as
outlined in the technical guidelines for naturally ventilated Low rise Residential
and Office Buildings.
Generic Guidelines for Natural Ventilation Design

i. Natural ventilated buildings in Bangalore should take advantage of the
predominant wind originating from east and west direction to maximize cross
ventilation.
ii. Stack ventilation can be enhanced by providing openings on the opposite side of
the wall, where the inlet opening should be located at the bottom most part of the
wall and outlet openings should be on the topmost part of the wall in order to
increase the height difference between two.
iii. Naturally ventilated buildings should have a narrow floor width; in fact it’s
difficult to naturally ventilate buildings with floor depth more than 45feet.
iv. For total area of openings (inlet and outlet) of 20 to 30% of floor area, the average
indoor wind velocity that could be achieved is around 30% of outdoor wind
velocity. Even on increasing the size of window further, the maximum indoor
wind velocity does not exceed 40% of outside wind velocity
v. It is recommended to keep the bottom side of the opening at 85 % of the critical
height related with following pattern of activities and related occupancy to
enhance physiological cooling.
Table 5: Critical Height requirement for Physiological cooling
Activities based occupancy Recommended height of the

bottom side of opening
For sitting on chair 0.75 m
For sitting on bed 0.60 m
For sitting on floor 0.40 m.
vi. Use of clerestories or vented skylights, a clerestory or a vented skylight will

provide an opening for stale air to escape in a buoyancy ventilation strategy. The
light well of the skylight could also act as a solar chimney to augment the flow.
Openings lower in the structure, such as basement windows, must be provided to
complete the ventilation system.
3.4 Glossary
U-factor: It measures the rate of heat transfer through a building element over a given
area, under standardized conditions. The usual standard is at a temperature gradient of 24
°C, at 50% humidity with no wind.
Orientation: It is the direction an envelope element faces, i.e., the direction of a vector
perpendicular to and pointing away from the surface outside of the element.
Natural Ventilation: Supply of outside air into a building through window or other
openings due to wind outside and convection effects arising from temperature or vapour
pressure differences (or both) between inside and outside of the building.
Stack Effect: Convection effect arising from temperature or vapour pressure difference
(or both) between outside and inside of the room and the difference of height between the
outlet and inlet openings.
3.5 References
• Bureau of Indian Standards, 1987, Handbook on Functional Requirements of

Buildings
• National Building Code- 2007
• Sustainable Architectural Design for Bioclimatic High rise Office Building by Ms
Minni Mehrotra, MA Dissertation September 2004
Annexure
Details of Envelops: Envelope with Brick wall
WALL
Conductivity Specific Heat Capacity Density Thickness U-Value
Materials
W/m. k kJ/kg . K Kg/m3 (mm) W/m2K
Plaster 1.39 1 200 15
Brick 0.89 1 1800 230
2.203
Plaster 1.39 200 20
Total thickness 265 mm
ROOF
Materials
Plaster 1.39 1 200 15
Concrete 2.08 0.8 2400 300
Expanded
1.47 25 100
polystyrene 0.04 0.349
plaster 1.39 1 200 40
stone 1.39 1 2000 20
GROUND FLOOR
Materials
W/m. k KJ/kg. K Kg/m3 (mm) W/m2K
Floor 0.07 1 800 5
Stone 1.39 1 2000 60
concrete 2.08 0.8 2400 240 0.417
insulation 0.04 0.8 40 80
Envelop with concrete wall:
WALL
Materials
Plaster 1.39 1 200 15
Concrete 2.08 0.8 2400 230
3.282
Plaster 1.39 1 200 20
ROOF
Materials
W/m. k KJ/kg. K Kg/m3 (mm) W/m2K
Plaster 1.39 1 200 15
Concrete 2.08 0.8 2400 300
Expanded
1.47 25 100
polystyrene 0.04 0.349
plaster 1.39 1 200 40
stone 1.39 1 2000 20
GROUND FLOOR
Materials
Floor 0.07 1 800 5
Stone 1.39 1 2000 60
concrete 2.08 0.8 2400 240 0.417
insulation 0.04 0.8 40 80
G UIDELINE 4: Energy Efficiency in Artificial Lighting
4.1 Interior Lighting
4.1.1 For Buildings with connected electrical load more than 100 kW
• *The installed interior lighting power should not exceed the LPD (lighting power
density) value as recommended by Energy Conservation Building Code 2007
(applicable for all new and existing commercial buildings)
• *Install lighting controls as recommended by ECBC 2007 (applicable for all new and
existing commercial buildings)
• Select lamps with high Colour Rendering Index (CRI).
• Lamps – Lamps used for general lighting scheme should comply to the following
o Point Light Source – All the point light sources installed in the building for
general lighting should be CFL or LED based with minimum lamp efficacy of
50 lm/W
o Linear Light Source – All the linear light sources installed in the building for
general lighting should be T-5 or at least 4 Star BEE rated TFLs
• *Ballasts – All the ballasts installed (including those integrated in CFLs) should be
electronic or low loss copper ballasts
*are mandatory criteria
4.1.2 For Residential Buildings

• *The installed interior lighting power should not exceed the LPD (lighting power
density) value as recommended by Energy Conservation Building Code 2007
(applicable for all new and existing residential buildings)
• Install lighting controls as recommended by ECBC 2007 (applicable for all new and
existing commercial buildings)
• Select lamps with higher Colour Rendering Index (CRI)
• Lamps – Lamps used for general lighting scheme should comply to the following
o Point Light Source – All the point light sources installed in the building for
general lighting should be CFL or LED based with minimum lamp efficacy of
50 lm/W
o Linear Light Source – All the linear light sources installed in the building for
general lighting should be T-5 or at least 4 Star BEE rated TFLs
(applicable for all new and existing residential buildings)
57 Guidelines for Energy Efficiency in Artificial lighting
• *Ballasts – All the ballasts installed (including those integrated in CFLs) should be
electronic or low loss copper ballasts (applicable for all new and existing residential
buildings)
4.2 Exterior Lighting
4.2.1 Commercial & Residential Buildings

• The installed exterior lighting power density for the respective applications
should be in accordance with ECBC 2007
• *Install lighting controls as recommended by ECBC 2007 for external lighting
• *Lamps – External lighting sources should have luminous efficacies as per the
table given below
Light Source Minimum allowable luminous efficacy (lm/W)

CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps) 50
LEDs (light emitting diodes) 50
Fluorescent Lamps 75
Metal Halide Lamps 75
High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps 90
• *Ballasts – All the ballasts installed (including those integrated in CFLs) should
be electronic or low loss copper ballasts
• *Integration with Renewable Energy Sources – 15% of the total external lighting
load or load of 25% (in numbers) of the total external lighting fixtures whichever is
higher should be met from renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, fuel-cells
and so on). “
4.3 Guidance Notes
4.3.1 Efficiency in Artificial Lighting Scheme

Any lighting scheme interior or exterior can be called an efficient scheme when it provides
the required illuminance level for the application it has been designed while utilizing least
amount of energy.
Guidance notes for achieving efficiency in the lighting scheme for three categories which are
External Lighting, Internal Lighting for Commercial Buildings, and Internal Lighting for
Residential Buildings have been elaborated below.
4.3.2 External Lighting

Energy efficiency in external lighting – External lighting in and around a building is used for
lighting pedestrian walks, landscaping, artifacts, parkways & parking, facade lighting,
security etc. To achieve the efficiency in external lighting scheme designed for various
application following can be practiced –
Use of efficient Lamps –Depending upon the kind of application, the following lamp types can
be used in external lighting scheme to improve the efficiency –
High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps (HPSV)

High Pressure Sodium vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which
uses sodium in an excited state to produce light. The efficacy of
HPSV varies from 50 -140 lumens/watt and lamp life is around
16000 -24000 hrs. The color rendering index of these lamps is
quite low. These lamps can be primarily used for applications
where lighting from a height around 5m is desired such as for the
drive ways in a campus or car parking etc.
Metal Halide Lamps (MH)

Metal halide lamps are similar in construction and
appearance to mercury vapor lamps. The addition of metal
halide gases to mercury gas within the lamp results in higher
light output, more lumens per watt (50-110 lumen/watt) and
a higher color rendition index than from mercury gas alone.
Metal halide lamps have shorter lifetimes (5,000–20,000
hours) compared to both mercury vapor and high-pressure
sodium lamps. Metal halide lamps in external lighting are
used when better color rendition is required such as facade lighting etc.
Fluorescent Lamps
Fluorescent lamp is a low–pressure mercury electric discharge
lamp with a glass tube filled with a mixture of argon gas and
mercury vapour at low pressure. When current flows through the
ionized gas between the electrodes, it emits ultraviolet (UV)
radiation from the mercury arc which is then converted to visible
light by a fluorescent coating on the inside of the tube. Fluorescent
lamps are usually available in various colors i.e. warm white,
normal white, cool white etc. Fluorescent lamp efficacy is around
40-100 lumen/watt and the average life of the lamp varies from 10000 – 24000 hrs. The
color rendering of the fluorescent lamps is very good.
Compact Fluorescent lamps (CFL)

Compact fluorescent lamps are fluorescent lamps which are small in size,
come in both types ballast integrated and non-integrated. Life of CFL
lamps is almost 9 to 10 times to that of an incandescent lamp. CFLs can
be extensively used in landscape lighting, security lighting fixtures,
bollard lighting etc.
Light emitting diode (LED) Lamps

The LEDs are semiconductor lighting sources. When a diode is forward
biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within
the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. LEDs consume very
less power and have a very long life (50000-70000 hrs) as they are shock
and vibration proof. LEDs because of their very small size can be used for
variety of lighting application in landscaping.
Table 4.1: Lamps and control gears used in outdoor lighting should be selected based on the minimum efficacy values
given in the table below
Light Source Minimum allowable luminous efficacy (lm/W)
CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps) 50
LEDs (light emitting diodes) 50
Fluorescent Lamps 75
Metal Halide Lamps 75
High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps 90
The exterior lighting power for the applications as mentioned in the table given below as per
ECBC 2007 should be calculated and it should be in the limit of recommended values in the
table –
Table 4.2: Exterior Lighting Power Densities

Exterior Lighting Applications Power Limits
Building entrance (with canopy) 13W/m (1.3W/ft ) of canopied area
2 2
Building entrance (without canopy) 90W/lin m (30 W/lin ft) of door width
Building exit 60W/lin m (20 W/lin ft) of door width
Building Facades 2W/m2 (0.2W/ft2) of vertical facade area
Use of lighting controls

Lighting controls such as timer controls, astronomical switches can
be integrated with the exterior lighting fixtures in order to save
energy when daylight is available outside.
These controls can be programmed to incorporate the seasonal time

variation in sun rise and sunset.
Integration with renewable energy sources

Renewable energy, largely solar, has got a great potential of saving
energy when integrated with the exterior lighting scheme.
Solar outdoor area lighting system operates by using the light energy
available from the sun to provide lighting during nighttime. The Solar
PV outdoor lighting is a reliable and an efficient stand-alone system.
It consists of a Solar PV module, a Battery & a Luminaire with very
high efficient electronics all mounted onto a pole with necessary
hardware & cables. Solar based outdoor lighting can be used for
various lighting applications such as parking lots, landscape
lighting, driveways etc.
It is desirable that solar lights should be located on the south side of the building in order to
receive solar radiation through out the day for the entire year.
Care should be taken while selecting Solar PV module location with respect to a building.
Solar PV module should not fall in the shadow zone of the building. In Bangalore shadow
zone of a building on south side is up to an angle of 300 from the top point of the building as
shown in the figure below
4.3.3 Internal Lighting for New Commercial buildings
Efficiency of an internal lighting scheme depends on the following parameters

• Interior lighting power density
• Lighting design
• Efficient lighting equipment e.g. lamps, luminaries and control gears
• Use of appropriate lighting controls
• Explore possibilities of daylight integration
• Ensure effective maintenance
• In addition to above the following parameters are also critical
o Reflectance of various room surfaces
o Glare reduction
o Uniform light distribution
Lighting Design
Lighting systems and equipment shall comply with the provisions of Energy conservation
building Code, 2007 as outlined below
Lighting requirements are applicable to following
• Interior spaces of buildings,
• Exterior building features, including facades, illuminated roofs, architectural

features, entrances, exits, loading docks, and illuminated canopies, and, Exterior
building grounds lighting that is provided through the building's electrical service.
Exceptions
The following lighting equipment and applications shall not be considered when determining
the interior lighting power allowance, nor shall the wattage for such lighting be included in
the installed interior lighting power. However, any such lighting shall not be exempt unless it
is an addition to general lighting and is controlled by an independent control device.
• Display or accent lighting that is an essential element for the function performed in
galleries, museums, and monuments,
• Lighting that is integral to equipment or instrumentation and is installed by its
manufacturer,
• Lighting specifically designed for medical or dental procedures and lighting integral
to medical equipment,
• Lighting integral to food warming and food preparation equipment,
• Lighting for plant growth or maintenance,
• Lighting in spaces specifically designed for use by the visually impaired,
• Lighting in retail display windows, provided the display area is enclosed by ceiling
height partitions,
• Lighting in interior spaces that have been specifically designated as a registered
interior historic landmark,
• Lighting that is an integral part of advertising or directional signage,
• Exit signs,
• Lighting that is for sale or lighting educational demonstration systems,
• lighting for theatrical purposes, including performance, stage, and film or video
production
• Athletic playing areas with permanent facilities for television broadcasting.
Installed Interior Lighting Power

The installed interior lighting power should be calculated for all power used by the
luminaires, including lamps, ballasts, current regulators, and control devices.
If two or more independently operating lighting systems in a space are controlled to prevent
simultaneous user operation, the installed interior lighting power shall be based solely on the
lighting system with the highest power.
Interior Lighting Power and Design

The installed interior lighting power for a building shall not exceed the interior lighting
power allowance determined in accordance with the given below two methods. ECBC 2007
recommended value for lighting power density thus calculated by these methods for various
spaces is given in Table 4.3 and 4.4.
Building Area Method

Determination of interior lighting power allowance (watts) by the building area method shall
be in accordance with the following:
• Determine the allowed lighting power density from Table 4.3 for each appropriate
building area type.
• Calculate the gross lighted floor area for each building area type.
• The interior lighting power allowance is the sum of the products of the gross lighted
floor area of each building area times the allowed lighting power density for that
building area types.
Space Function Method

Determination of interior lighting power allowance (watts) by the space function method
shall be in accordance with the following:
a. Determine the appropriate building type as per the proposed use and the allowed lighting
power density.
b. For each space enclosed by partitions 80% or greater than ceiling height, determine the
gross interior floor area by measuring to the center of the partition wall. Include the floor
area of balconies or other projections. Retail spaces do not have to comply with the 80%
partition height requirements.
c. The interior lighting power allowance is the sum of the lighting power allowances for all
spaces. The lighting power allowance for a space is the product of the gross lighted floor
area of the space times the allowed lighting power density for that space.
Table 4.3: Interior Lighting Power - Building Area Method

Building Area Type LPD (W/m2) Building Area Type LPD (W/m2)
Automotive Facility 9.7 Multifamily Residential 7.5
Convention Center 12.9 Museum 11.8
Dining: Bar Lounge/Leisure 14.0 Office 10.8
Dining: Cafeteria/Fast Food 15.1 Parking Garage 3.2
Dining: Family 17.2 Performing Arts Theater 17.2
Dormitory/Hostel 10.8 Police/Fire Station 10.8
Gymnasium 11.8 Post Office/Town Hall/ 11.8
Healthcare-Clinic 10.8 Religious Building 14.0
Hospital/Health Care 12.9 Retail/Mall 16.1
Hotel 10.8 School/University 12.9
Library 14.0 Sports Arena 11.8
Manufacturing Facility 14.0 Transportation 10.8
Motel 10.8 Warehouse 8.6
Motion Picture Theater 12.9 Workshop 15.1
In cases where both a general building area type and a specific building area type are listed,
the specific building area type shall apply.
Table 4.4: Interior Lighting Power – Space Function Method

Space Function LPD (W/m2) Space Function LPD (W/m2)
Office-enclosed 11.8 Library
Office-open plan 11.8 Card File & Cataloging 11.8
Conference/Meeting/Multipurpose 14.0 Stacks 18.3
Classroom/Lecture/Training 15.1 Reading Area 12.9

Lobby 14.0 Hospital
For Hotel 11.8 Emergency 29.1
For Performing Arts Theater 35.5 Recovery 8.6
For Motion Picture Theater 11.8 Nurse Station 10.8
Audience/Seating Area 9.7 Exam Treatment 16.1
For Gymnasium 4.3 Pharmacy 12.9
Patient Room 7.5
For Convention Center 7.5 Operating Room 23.7

Luminaire Wattage
Luminaire wattage incorporated into the installed interior lighting power shall be determined
in accordance with the following:
a. The wattage of incandescent luminaires with medium base sockets and not containing
permanently installed ballasts shall be the maximum labeled wattage of the
luminaires.
b. The wattage of luminaires containing permanently installed ballasts shall be the
operating input wattage of the specified lamp/ballast combination based on values
from manufacturers’ catalogs or values from independent testing laboratory reports.
c. The wattage of all other miscellaneous luminaire types not described in (a) or (b) shall
be the specified wattage of the luminaires.
d. The wattage of lighting track, plug-in bus-way, and flexible-lighting systems that allow
the addition and/or relocation of luminaires without altering the wiring of the system
shall be the larger of the specified wattage of the luminaires included in the system or
135 W/m (45 W/ft). Systems with integral overload protection, such as fuses or circuit
breakers, shall be rated at 100% of the maximum rated load of the limiting device.
Luminaire efficiency
The efficiency of a luminaire is the ratio of luminaire
lumen output to the lamp lumen output. Mirror optics of
a luminaire and louvers decides the luminaire efficiency
along with the improved visual comfort and glare control.
Lighting simulation tools can be used to choose which
luminaire will suit best the required application by
analysing the lighting distribution and glare index.
Efficient luminaire also plays an important role for energy conservation in lighting. The
choice of a luminaire should be such that it is efficient not only initially but also throughout
its life. Following luminaries are recommended by the NBC 2005 for different locations
• For offices semi-direct type of luminaries are recommended so that both the work
plane illumination and surround luminance can be effectively enhanced.
• For corridors and staircases direct type of luminaries with wide spread of light
distribution are recommended.
• In residential buildings, bare fluorescent tubes are recommended. Wherever the
incandescent lamps are employed, they should be provided with white enamelled
conical reflectors at an inclination of about 45°from vertical.
Ballasts
All discharge lamps, including fluorescents, require ballast for proper operation. Typical
ballast losses are taken as approximately 15% of the lamp wattage. It is important to include
calculation of ballast losses when comparing consumption and savings of different kinds of
lamps.
New electronic or solid state ballasts, now

available in market, save approximately 20—
30% in energy consumption over standard
ballasts. Electronic ballasts usually change the
frequency of the power from the standard mains
(e.g., 50 Hz in India) frequency to 20,000 Hz or
higher, substantially eliminating the
stroboscopic effect of flicker associated with
fluorescent lighting. In addition, because more
gas remains ionized in the arc stream, the lamps actually operate at about 9% higher
efficiency above approximately 10 kHz. Lamp efficiency increases sharply at about 10 kHz
and continues to improve until approximately 20 kHz. Because of the higher efficiency of the
ballast itself and the improvement of lamp efficiency by operating at a higher frequency,
electronic ballasts offer higher system efficiency.
High efficacy Lamps

Lamp efficacy, in an interior lighting scheme, plays a very crucial role. A lighting scheme
which utilizes lamps with lower efficacies will result in increased number of lamps and hence
increase the LPD (lighting power density) of a space. The increased LPD will not only
increase the lighting power consumption but also indirectly increase the heating load on the
HVAC equipment and further add to energy consumption.
The reduction in energy consumption is possible with proper choice of lighting fixtures and
the lamp types. Lighting output and wattage should be seen before choosing the lights.
Given below are examples of high efficacy lamps currently available in market
T5 lamps - These are fluorescent lamps with a diameter of

16 mm, which is 40% less than the diameter of existing slim
fluorescent lamps. They are designed for higher efficacy and
system miniaturization. The life span of T5 lamps is also Slim fluorescent
lamps (T12)
very long, around 18 000 hours as compared to 8000 hours
T-8
of standard fluorescent lamps.
T-5
Bureau of energy efficiency, India in its appliance energy labelling program has rated various
tubular fluorescent lamps, by different manufacturers, on the basis of the energy
consumption and light output. Given below is the table listing out the BEE rated TFL lamps
Table 4.5: BEE (bureau of energy efficiency) rated TFL lamps

S.No Product Brand Watt Lamp Type Star Rating
1 TFL OSRAM 36 W HL Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 5 Star
4 TFL PHILIPS 36 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 5 Star
7 TFL WIPRO 36 W Ultralite Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 5 Star
10 TFL CROMPTON 36 W Power-Lux Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 5 Star
11 TFL CROMPTON 36 W Power-Lux Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 5 Star
12 TFL Samsung 36 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 5 Star
13 TFL SURYA 36 W SUPER BRIGHT Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 4 Star
14 TFL GALAXY 36 W SUPER BRIGHT Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 4 Star
15 TFL MYNA 36 W high lumen Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 4 Star
16 TFL SURYA 40 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
17 TFL SURYA 36 W K SLIMLITE Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
18 TFL GALAXY 40 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
19 TFL GALAXY 36 W SLIMLITE Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
20 TFL OSRAM 36 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
21 TFL OSRAM 40 W OSRAM BASIC PLUS TFL 3 Star
22 TFL OSRAM 40 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
25 TFL WIPRO 40 W PREMIUM Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
26 TFL WIPRO 36 W SAFELITE Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
27 TFL WIPRO 40 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
28 TFL ANCHOR 40 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
29 TFL ANCHOR 36 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
30 TFL CROMPTON 36 W Super Saver Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
31 TFL CROMPTON 40 W Brightlux Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
32 TFL CROMPTON 40 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
33 TFL BAJAJ 40 W Cool Day Light Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
34 TFL BAJAJ 36 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
35 TFL HIND 40 W Cool Day Light Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
36 TFL HIND 36 W Cool Day Light Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
37 TFL MYNA 40 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
38 TFL MYNA 36 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
39 TFL GE 36 W GE SLENDER TFL 3 Star
40 TFL GE 40 W GE Standard TFL 3 Star

41 TFL CEMA 36 W CEMA Energy Saver 3 Star
42 TFL CEMA 40 W CEMA TC 3 3 Star
43 TFL Samsung 40 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
44 TFL ONIDA 36 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
45 TFL ONIDA 40 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
46 TFL ECOLITE 40 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
47 TFL ECOLITE 36 W Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
48 TFL JINDAL 40 W Cool Day Light Tubular Fluorescent Lamp 3 Star
Compact Fluorescent lamps

CFLs (Compact fluorescent lamps) produce light in the
same manner as linear fluorescent lamp. Their tube
diameter is usually 5/8 inch (T5) or smaller. CFL power
is 5-55W. Typical CFLs have been presented in figure
Light emitting diodes

LEDs are small in size but can be grouped
together for higher intensity. The efficacy of
a typical residential application LED is
approximately 20 lumens per watt though
100 lumens per watt have been created in
laboratory conditions. LEDs are better at
placing lighting in a single direction than
incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. LED strip
lights can be installed under counters, in
hallways, and in staircases; concentrated
arrays can be used for room lighting.
Waterproof, outdoor fixtures are also available. Some manufacturers consider applications
such as gardens, walkways, and decorative fixtures outside garage doors to be the most cost-
efficient.
LED lights are more rugged and damage-resistant than compact fluorescents and
incandescent bulbs. LED lights don't flicker. They are very heat sensitive; excessive heat or
inappropriate applications dramatically reduce both light output and lifetime. Uses include:
• Task and reading lamps
• Linear strip lighting (under kitchen cabinets)
• Recessed lighting/ceiling cans
• Porch/outdoor/landscaping lighting
• Art lighting
• Night lights
• Stair and walkway lighting
• Pendants and overhead
• Retrofit bulbs for lamps
LEDs last considerably longer than incandescent or fluorescent lighting. LEDs don't typically
burn out like traditional lighting, but rather gradually decrease in light output.
Controls in Day-lighted Areas

a. There should be use of appropriate controls. And it should be well integrated with
internal lighting. Each space enclosed by ceiling-height partitions shall have at least
one control device to independently control the general lighting within the space.
Each control device shall be activated either manually by an occupant or
automatically by sensing an occupant. Refer guidance note for the same. Is capable of
reducing the light output of the luminaires in the daylighted areas by at least 50%,
and
b. Controls only the luminaires located entirely within the daylighted area.
Common types of controls: Lighting controls
Each control device shall

a. Control a maximum of 250 m2 (2,500 ft2) for a space less than or equal to 1,000 m2
(10,000 ft2), and a maximum of 1,000 m2 (10,000 ft2) for a space greater than 1,000 m2
(10,000 ft2).
b. Be capable of overriding the shutoff control required in (a) for no more than 2 hours, and
c. Be readily accessible and located so the occupant can see the control.
Exceptions
The required control device may be remotely installed if required for reasons of safety or
security. A remotely located device shall have a pilot light indicator as part of or next to the
control device and shall be clearly labeled to identify the controlled lighting.
Timers
These represent the most basic type of automation, and are very popular for outdoor
applications. Timers can be simple (responding to one setting all year round) or sophisticated
enough to contain several settings that go into effect over time.
Occupancy sensors
These devices – also known as ‘motion detectors’ – turn lights off and
on in response to human presence. Once sensitivity and coverage area
is established, sensors are selected from two predominant technology
types.
Passive infrared sensors

These detect the motion or heat between vertical and horizontal
detection zones. This technology requires a direct line of sight and
is more sensitive to lateral motion, but it requires layer motion as
distance from the sensor increases. The coverage pattern and field of
view can also be precisely controlled. It typically finds its best
application in smaller spaces with a direct line of sight, such as
restrooms.
Ultrasonic sensors
These detect movement by sensing disturbances in high-frequency
ultrasonic patterns. Because this technology emits ultrasonic waves
that are reflected around the room surfaces, it does not require a
direct line of sight. It is more sensitive to motion towards and away
from the sensor and its sensitivity decreases relative to its distances
from the sensor. It also does not have a definable coverage pattern
or field of view. These characteristics make it suitable for use in
layer-enclosed areas that may have cabinets, shelving, partitions, or
other obstructions. If necessary, these technologies can also be combined into one product to
improve detection and reduce the likelihood of triggering a false on or off mode.
Photocells
These measure the amount of natural light available and suitable for both indoor and
outdoor applications. When available light falls below a specified level, a control unit
switches the lights on (or adjusts a driver to provide more light). Photocells can be
programmed so that lights do not flip on and off on partially cloudy days.
Case Study – Methodology to design an efficient lighting scheme for a new building
In order to arrive at the optimum combination, the following options have been analysed
1. Case –1 Analyse the proposed case (given by architect)
2. Case -2 Modification in the proposed case to achieve visual comfort if not met
3. Case–3 Select Luminaire with twin fitting of 28 W T-5 lamp with higher luminaire
efficiency
4. Case-4: Use efficient low glare fixture with twin 36W CFL lamp mirror optic
luminaries/lamps/ballasts
Assumptions
The following assumptions have been taken for the analysis:
Project maintenance factor = 0.8
Reflectance of Ceiling = 0.7
Walls = 0.5
Floor = 0.3
The existing lighting design incorporates luminaire which is Philips TMC501 with 40W
fluorescent tube lights (2450 lumen is the output of standard T12 40W tube light)
Observation:
• In order to achieve the desired illuminance levels as recommended by NBC, the
number of fixtures has to be optimised so that the lighting power density should not
exceed the ECBC 2007 guideline.
• The desired lux levels and uniformity can be achieved for lower lighting power
density values with a combination luminaires with better mirror optics and high
efficiency triphosphor tube lights and CFLs.
Case 1 analysis: Lighting scheme with mono-phosphor lamp
The general lighting scheme in case 1 uses the luminaire with following
specifications -
1. Manufacturer : Philips
2. Luminaire Type : TMC501
3. Lamp Type : 1x40 W TLD
4. Lumen Output : 2450lm/lamp
5. Ballast power loss : 15W
6. Total power consumption of lamp : 55W/lamp
Observation:
a. It has been observed from the table 1 below that the average lighting levels of the
office room is 84 and it is not conforming the recommended NBC-2005 standard.
b. The energy efficiency point of view, the overall LPD achieved for the office room is
3.85 W/m2 which is below the ECBC 2007 recommended value.
c. Uniformity ratio achieved in this case is 0.49
Table 4.6: Case 1 Illumination level and LPD of the office room
Average Uniformity NBC ECBC
No. of LPD
Floor Area illumination ratio illumination recommended
fixture (W/m2)
level (lux) (Min/Avg) level (lux) LPD
Ground (Office)Staff
8 84 3.85 0.49 300-500 11.8
floor for seating
Figure 4.1: Rendered image and Iso-lux diagram of the office room
Case 2 analysis: Modification in the proposed case to achieve visual comfort if not met
The lighting scheme consists of the same mono-phosphor lamp but the
number of fixtures has been increased in order to meet the illuminance
levels as recommended by NBC. Given below is the luminaire specification
1. Manufacturer : Philips
2. Luminaire Type : TMC501
3. Lamp Type : 1x40 W TLD
4. Lumen Output : 2450lm/lamp
5. Ballast power loss : 15W
6. Total power consumption of lamp : 55W/lamp
Observation:
1. It has been observed from the table 2 given below that the average lighting levels of
the office room is 403 and it is not conforming the recommended NBC-2005
standard.
2. The energy efficiency point of view, the overall LPD achieved for the office room is
13.42 W/m2 which is higher than the ECBC 2007 recommended value.
3. Uniformity ratio achieved in this case is 0.74
No. of
Floor Area illumination LPD(W/m2) ratio illumination recommended
fixture
Ground (Office) Staff

21 403 13.42 0.74 300-500 11.8
floor for seating
Figure 4.2: Rendered image and Iso-lux diagram of the office room
Case 3 analysis: Select Luminaire with twin fitting of 28 W T-5 lamp with higher luminaire efficiency
The general lighting schemes in this case has been designed considering
the 2 x 28W advanced recessed luminaries with D8 Micro-optics, with
excellent glare control. Given below is the luminaire specification
• Manufacturer :Philips
• Luminaire Type :TBS 814
• Lamp Type :2x28 W TLD
• Lumen Output :2900lm/lamp
• Ballast power loss :2W
• Total power consumption of lamp :30W/lamp
Observation:
a. It has been observed from the table 3 given below that the average lighting levels of
the office room is 412 and it is conforming to the recommended NBC-2005 standard.
b. The overall LPD achieved for the office room is 6.7 which is below the ECBC 2007
recommended value.
c. Uniformity ratio achieved in this case is 0.48, same as the previous case.
No. of LPD
Floor Area illumination ratio illumination recommen
fixture (W/m2)
level (lux) (Min/Avg) level (lux) ded LPD
Ground (Office)
18 412 6.7 0.48 300-500 11.8
floor Staff for seating
Figure 4.3: Iso-lux diagram of the office room
Case 4 analysis: Use efficient low glare fixture with twin 36W CFL lamp mirror optic
luminaries/lamps/ballasts
The general lighting schemes in this case has been designed considering
luminaire with 2 x 36W CFL, highly efficient with wide paralite P5 louvres to
achieve low glare. Electronic ballast with nominal power factor of 0.90- 0.95
has been considered. The luminaire specifications are given below
• Manufacturer : Wipro
• Luminaire Type : WIP48236
• Lamp Type : 2x36 W CFL
• Lumen Output : 2900lm/lamp
• Ballast power loss : 4W
• Total power consumption of lamp : 40W/lamp
Observation:
a. It has been observed from the table 4 given below that the average lighting levels of
the office room is 464 and it is conforming to the recommended NBC-2005 standard.
b. The overall LPD achieved for the office room is 11.8 which is exactly the same as
recommended in ECBC 2007.
c. Uniformity ratio achieved in this case is 0.53, which seems to be better than other.
No. of LPD
Floor Area illumination ratio illumination recommended
fixture (W/m2)
Ground (Office)
20 464 11.8 0.53 300-500 11.8
floor Staff for seating
Figure 4.4: Iso-lux diagram of the office room
Summary of analysis
Table 4.10: Summary of analysis and recommendation of the artificial lighting

Typical Average Illumination level achieved
Lighting power density achieved (W/m2)
Area (lux)
ECBC
Illumination
2007
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 level (lux) as Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4
recommen
per NBC 2005
ded LPD
Office
room 84 403 412 464 300-500 3.85 13.42 6.7 11.8 11.8
Life cycle cost analysis
LCCA is different from the payback method of economic analysis since payback method
focuses only on how quickly the initial investment can be recovered and does not show long-
term economic performance or profitability of retrofit measures. Payback period ignores all
costs and savings occur after the pay back period is reached and the system life where
measure to be implemented. Moreover, the simple payback method, which is commonly
used, ignores the time-value of money when comparing the future stream of savings against
the initial investment cost.
In calculating the life cycle cost analysis 15 years are taken as total life of the luminaries.
From the life cycle graphs it is clearly seen the total life cycle cost will significantly decrease
at the end of 15 years time and hence better payback.
Figure 4.5: Life cycle cost analysis of different Lighting schemes
Table 4.11: Life cycle cost comparison

Outputs Units Case: 2 Case: 3 Case: 4
Lamp wattage KW 1.1 0.7 1.8
Initial cost Rs 65700 85860 29000
Operating hr/d Hrs/day 8 8 8
Energy consumption/yr KWh/yr 2640 1680 4320
Energy rate Rs/kWh 5 5 5
Maintenance cost Rs 1314 1717.2 580
Energy cost Rs/yr 13200 8400 21600
LCC Rs 232175 218655 303081
Note : Case 1 in the table indicates improved lighting analysis
Recommendation
It is clear from the Figure 5, that initial cost for case 3 is slightly high in but at the end of the
cycle time, it gives better saving. Hence case 3 option i.e. TBS 814/228 D8 HF is the best
option among the other alternatives.
Conclusion
The main findings of the study are as follows:
• With proposed design i.e. the case 1, the illumination levels are very low. No doubt
lighting load will be less but this may cause visual discomfort and not advisable.
• Inefficient lighting luminaire (along with lamp) may produce required illumination
but at a higher lighting power density value which will increase the lighting energy
consumption,
• Use of efficient lighting fixtures along with efficient lamps will not only produce the
required illumination but also provide check on the increasing energy demand.
Therefore it is highly recommended to use such fixtures in place of inefficient ones in
existing lighting schemes.
• Using efficient lighting equipment will definitely increase the initial or first cost but
the total cost or the life cycle cost, which includes both the first cost and recurring
cost (energy & maintenance cost) of such lighting schemes, if calculated for a period
of fifteen years, comes out to be less than the LCC of a system which is designed with
cheaper and inefficient equipment to produce same illumination.
4.3.4 Retrofitting options in Existing commercial buildings
Given below is the methodology to check and improve the efficiency of the existing lighting
scheme in commercial buildings
1. Interior Lighting Power Density – Interior lighting power density for the existing
lighting scheme should be calculated as per the methods explained above. If the LPD
values are not in the limit of the ECBC recommended values then to reduce it to the
recommended values following can be practiced –
a. Replacement of Lamps – Lamps in the existing lighting scheme can be
replaced by the one having higher efficacies e.g. 40w TLD lamp can be
replaced by T-5, higher BEE star rated lamps or the Incandescent lamps can
be replaced by the CFL or LED lamps etc.
b. Replacement of Ballasts – Conventional magnetic ballasts can be replaced by
more efficient electronic ballasts
c. Replacement of Luminaires – Luminaires with better mirror optics which
enhances the light distribution and also the light output of a luminaire can be
opted.
2. Lighting Controls – Automatic lighting controls as recommended by ECBC 2007,
mentioned above, can be integrated in the lighting scheme to reduce the wastage of
lighting energy as and when not required. Day-lighting controls can help in dimming
or switching off the luminaire in the day-lighted zone during the availability of
daylight.
4.3.5 Internal Lighting for New Residential buildings
Efficiency of interior lighting scheme in a residential building depends on the following

parameters
1. Lighting power density – Lighting power density in a residential building should

comply with ECBC recommended value given above in Table 3, 4. Following can be
applied in order to keep LPD in the recommended value –
a. Lamp Selection – Lamps with high efficacies, examples given in the above
part, should be used for general lighting.
b. Ballasts – Electronic ballasts or low loss copper ballast can result in higher
system efficacies and reduce losses.
c. Luminaire efficiency – The decorative luminaires used in the residential
building in general have translucent surfaces which reduces the luminaire
efficiency of a fixture and results in installing more number of fixture for
same illuminance levels. While selecting the lamp, fixtures having high
translucency should be selected.
2. Reflectance of surfaces – Spaces which have finishes dark in color leads to install
more number of lamps for similar illuminance levels. Ceiling, wall and other surfaces
should be of light color so as to achieve better light distribution and illuminance
levels.
3. Lighting Design – Lighting design in a residential area plays key role in governing the
efficiency of the design. Following factor should be kept in mind while designing
lighting scheme for residential building
• Lamps with suitable wattage need to be selected for different spaces
depending upon the space geometry. It is always desirable to have multiple
fixtures instead of providing single fixture of higher wattage.
• Lamp placement should be such that –
o One can achieve better light distribution in space
o One can utilize the natural light available in daytime from the
fenestration and don’t have to switch on lamps unnecessarily
Case Study
The case study described below for a 3-BHK apartment shows the importance of all the above
mentioned parameters such as lamp selection, control gear selection, placement of fixtures
etc. in making a lighting scheme efficient one –
Step 1 - Calculation of Lighting Power density

For each of the space first of all the area should be calculated. Area of each space should be
multiplied by 7.5 (the recommended LPD value by ECBC for residences) to get the upper
limit of lighting power density value as shown in the figure below
7.5 x 22 = 165
7.5 x 16 = 120
7.5 x 13 = 97.5
7.5 x 28 = 210
7.5 x 52 = 390
Step 2 – Lighting Design and lamp selection

Considering the Living/Dining area as an example for lighting design, first of all location
and source selection plays an important role in design. On longer facades we can install
the linear lighting sources while on the ceiling recessed point sources can be installed.
After freezing the design, in terms of location and type of sources, we can advance to the
lamp and gear selection process.
Considering the Option 1, as shown in the figure, the linear lighting sources are 40 W T12
FTLs with magnetic ballasts and point sources are 60W incandescent lamps. The lighting
load in Option 1 for the space comes out to be 400W which is higher then the upper limit
value of 390 W for the space; hence the lighting scheme for the option 1 is an inefficient
one.
Connected load
including ballast –
4 x (40 + 15) = 220W
3 x 60 = 180W
Total = 400W
Upper limit = 390W
Hence inefficient
design
Option 1
Now, for Option 2, as shown in the figure, the linear lighting sources are 28 W T5 FTLs with
electronic ballasts and point sources are 15 W CFLs with electronic ballast. The lighting load
in Option 2 for the space comes out to be 165 W only which is quite low than the upper limit
value of 390 W; hence the lighting scheme in Option 2 is an efficient one.
Connected load
including ballast –
4 x (28 + 2) = 120W
3 x 15 = 45W
Total = 165W
Upper limit = 390W
Hence efficient
design
Option 2
4.3.6 Retrofitting options in Existing residential buildings
Given below is the methodology to check and improve the efficiency of the existing lighting
scheme in residential buildings
1. Interior Lighting Power Density – Interior lighting power density for the existing
lighting scheme should be calculated as per the methods explained above. If the LPD
values are not in the limit of the ECBC recommended values then to reduce it to the
recommended values following can be practiced –
a. Replacement of Lamps – Lamps in the existing lighting scheme can be
replaced by the one having higher efficacies e.g. 40w TLD lamp can be
replaced by T-5, higher BEE star rated lamps or the Incandescent lamps can
be replaced by the CFL or LED lamps etc.
b. Replacement of Ballasts – Conventional magnetic ballasts can be replaced by
more efficient electronic ballasts
c. Replacement of Luminaires – Decorative fixtures which have surfaces with
high translucency can be selected in order to reduce the wattage of lamp for
same lumen output.
2. Lighting Design – Existing lighting design needs to be studied on factors mentioned

below and if possible should be modified appropriately as given in the case study
above
a. Light distribution in space
b. Utilization of daylight during day time from windows
c. Placement of lighting fixtures
Lighting Manufacturer contact details
SN Name Address Contact details

1 Asian Electronics 1799/430, 490, Srigandakavala, Ph: 080 – 3488974
Magadi Main Road, Sunradan Kahle
Vishsaneedam , Banglore-560091
2 Bajaj Electricals Bajaj Bhavan, Ph: 080-2238984
NO 16, Residency Rod Fax: 080-2214878
Bangalore - 560025
3 CERCO Lighting CENTRAL ELECTRIC & RADIO CO. Ph: 022-2208 1125 / 2208 1183
14-16, Lohar Chawl, Fax: 022-2200 1693
Mumbai - 400 002. (India)
4 Decon Lighting 5, Lok Nayak Bhawan, Khan Market Ph: 011-24617795, 24692863
New Delhi - 110003 Fax: 91-11-24633004
5 GE Lighting Plot No. 42/1 & 45/14 Ph +91-80-28528355 / 375 to 380
Electronic City - Phase II Fax: +91-80-28528366
Bangalore – 560100
6 Halonix Lighting No.6, "Legacy" 1st Floor Ph: 080-30527032
Convent Road, Richmond Town
Bangalore - 560025
7 Havells India Limited 6th Floor, Emerald, Madras Bank Road Ph: 080-39882100, 080-30515801,
(Lavelle Road) Bangalore - 560001 080-30515802/3/4
Fax: 080-22112663
8 Lucifer Lights Ltd. 15, Shree Krishna CHS, Ph. 020-26455525, 26455526
Opp. Prince Mangal Karyalya Mobile 93255 10557, 92700 52758
Near Apsara Theatre
Pune - Maharashtra India 411 037
9 OSRAM India Pvt Ltd. Unit No# 301 - 303, Ph: 080-25210919,
MADISON ,4th Floor, Fax: 080-25210920
Airport Road
(1/3 Kodihalli Main Road)
Bangalore - 560008
10 Philips Electronics India The Estate, 4th floor (North Wing)
Limited (Next to Manipal Centre)
121, Dickenson Road
Bangalore - 560042, India.
11 Surya Roshni No.98, 1st Floor Main Ph: 080-26751008 / 26751004 /
New timber Yard Layout 32973898
Mysore Road
Bangalore - 560026
12 Wipro Lighting Doddakannelli, Sarjapur Road, Ph.: 080-28440011
Bangalore - 560035 Fax: 080-28440057
G UIDELINE 5: Energy efficient Air Conditioning system
design for buildings
5.1 Guideline:
Achieve inside design condition in a conditioned space as recommended by National
Building Code with energy efficient HVAC design by following mandatory requirements as
recommended in Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) of India.
The inside design conditions of a conditioned space should conform to as recommended

in the National Building Code 2005.
The outside design conditions shall be in accordance with the conditions specified in
National Building Code 2005.
5.2 Technical Notes
5.2.1 Air conditioning

Air conditioning is the process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature,
humidity, purity, distribution and air movement and pressure to meet the requirements of
the conditioned space.
The objective of installing ventilation and air conditioning in a building is to provide

conditions to people that they can live and work in comfort, safely and efficiently.
In common perspective air conditioning is generally associated to cooling & dehumidification

during summer & monsoon when heat is extracted from the space.
Following are the guidelines to achieve energy efficiency in air conditioning system
design
It should be noted that first step to reduce energy consumption in an air conditioning system
is to reduce dependence on air conditioning. Therefore it is suggested to delineate spaces that
need air conditioning and that do not need air conditioning. Reduction of air conditioned
area can reduce both AC loads and energy consumed. Areas such as lobbies, corridors, and
atrium need not be air conditioned in the Moderate climate of Bangalore. Next step is to
optimise cooling load by judiciously selecting inside design conditions, outdoor design
conditions, ventilation rate and pre-cooling of fresh air required for maintaining good indoor
quality by properly heat or energy recovery from cooled exhaust air. Finally it’s the efficient
equipment selection coupled with adequate computer operated controls which optimises the
energy performance of the air conditioning systems.
5.2.2 Guidelines on optimization of cooling load estimation
1. Inside design condition:

A thermal comfort condition in an air conditioned space is defined by the desired dry bulb
temperature and Relative Humidity. National Building Code of India specifies the inside
design conditions in air conditioned spaces for some of the building applications which are
given in Table 5.1 below.
Table 5.1: Inside design conditions for air conditioned spaces in the Bangalore city
S. No. Category Inside Design Conditions
(I) Restaurants DB 23 to 26 C
RH 55 to 60%
(ii) Office Buildings DB 23 to 26 C
RH 55 to 60%
(iii) Radio and Television Studios DB 23 to 26 C
RH 45 to 55%
(iv) Departmental Stores DB 23 to 26 C
RH 50 to 60%
(v) Hotel Guest Rooms DB 23 to 26 C
RH 50 to 60%
(vi) Class Room DB 23 to 26 C
RH 50 to 60%
(vii) Auditoriums DB 23 to 26 C
RH 50 to 60%
(viii) Recovery Rooms DB 24 to 26 C
RH 45 to 55 %
(ix) Patient Rooms DB 24 to 26 C
RH 45 to 55 %
(x) Operation Theatres DB 17 to 27 C
RH 45 to 55 %
(xi) Museums and libraries DB 20 to 22 C
RH 40 to 55 %
(xii) Telephone Terminal Rooms DB 22 to 26 C
RH 40 to 50 %
* DB: Dry bulb temperature, RH: Relative humidity
2. Outdoor design conditions:

The outdoor design conditions for Bangalore city for cooling load estimation shall be in
accordance with the conditions given in National Building Code and reproduced in
Table 5.2 below.
Table 5.2: Recommended outdoor design conditions for Bangalore city for cooling load estimation
Cooling DB/MCWB Cooling WB/MCDB
0.4 % 1.0 % 2.0 % 0.4 % 1.0 % 2.0 %
DB MCWB DB MCWB DB MCWB WB MCDB WB MCDB WB MCDB
34.7 19.6 34 19.6 33.1 19.2 23.5 28.9 22.9 28.2 22.5 27.7
* DB: Dry bulb temperature, MCWB: Mean coincidental wet bulb temperature, WB: Wet bulb temperature, MCDB: Mean coincidental dry bulb
temperature
Values of ambient dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures against the various annual
percentiles represent the value that is exceeded on average by the indicated percentage of the
total number of hours. The 0.4 %, 1.0% and 2.0% values are exceeded on average 35, 88 and
175 hours in a year.
For normal comfort jobs values in 1% column should be used for cooling load estimation.
For critical applications values in 0.4% column should be used for cooling load estimation.
3. Minimum outside fresh air or ventilation rate

The fresh air supply is required to maintain an acceptable non-odorous atmosphere (by
diluting body odorous and tobacco smoke) and to dilute the carbon dioxide exhaled. The
quantity may be added per person and is related to the occupant density and activity within
the air conditioned space.
Minimum ventilation rate which is to be maintained in air conditioned spaces in Bangalore

city shall conform to the minimum ventilation rates recommended in breathing zone in
ASHRAE Standard 62.1, 2007 (Ventilation for acceptable indoor quality).
The minimum ventilation rates for office building spaces are reproduced in table-5.3 below.
Table 5.3: Minimum ventilation rates in breathing zone

(This table is not valid in isolation; it must be used in conjunction with the accompanying notes)
Occupancy People Outdoor Air Area Outdoor Notes Occupant Combined Outdoor Air
Category Rate RP Air Rate Ra Density (see Air Rate (see Note 5) Class
Note 4)
cfm/person L/s cfm/ft2 L/s #/1000 ft2 or Cfm/person L/s
person m2 #/100 m2 person

Office Buildings
Office space 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 5 17 8.5 1
Reception 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 30 7 3.5 1
areas
Telephone/data 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 60 6 3.0 1
entry
Main entry 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 10 11 5.5 1
lobbies
4. Pre cooling of fresh air required for maintaining good IAQ

The outdoor fresh air is necessary in an air conditioned environment to maintain good
indoor quality but since this air is at higher temperature as compared to return air
temperature from conditioned space, it adds to the cooling demand of the space. Therefore in
order to maximize benefit of outdoor fresh air and minimize its impact on cooling load and
subsequently on energy use in air conditioned system, pre cooling of outdoor fresh air before
it gets mixed up with return air from conditioned space which is at room temperature is
recommended. The pre-cooling of outdoor fresh air can be carried out with the help of
Energy Recovery Wheel (ERV).
Outside Air Energy recovery
Damper wheel
Supply Air
Outdoor Air
Return Air Air

Exhaust Air
EA and OA Filters
Energy Recovery Wheel

In energy recovery wheel or enthalpy wheel (see Figure below), energy recovery is provided
by drawing outside air across half of the enthalpy wheel and drawing exhaust air across the
other half. Latent heat and sensible heat are transferred from the hotter and moist exhaust
air to the colder and dry outside air during winter conditions. Latent heat and sensible heat
are transferred from the hotter and moist outside air to the cooler and dry exhaust air during
summer conditions. Energy recovery control consists of starting and stopping an exhaust fan,
modulating the speed of the exhaust fan, starting and stopping an enthalpy wheel, optionally
controlling the speed of the enthalpy wheel and opening and closing a set of bypass dampers.
The outdoor dampers are controlled in the normal manner.
Air handling units or treated fresh air systems that have both a design supply air capacity of
5000 cubic feet minute (cfm) or greater and have a minimum outdoor air supply of 70% or
greater of the design supply air quantity shall have an energy recovery system with at least
50% recovery effectiveness. Fifty percent energy recovery effectiveness shall mean a change
in enthalpy of outdoor air supply equal to 50% of the difference between the outdoor air and
return air at design conditions. Provision shall also be made to bypass or control the energy
recovery system to permit air economizer operation.
5. Cooling demand
It is recommended that for different building typologies in Bangalore the cooling demand or
load shall not exceed 500 Sqft /TR.
6. Air conditioning power density

It is recommended that the connected electrical load of the entire air conditioning system
shall not exceed 7 W/Sqft.
The air conditioning system power density is calculated by dividing the total connected
electrical load of the entire air conditioning system in watts by total air conditioned areas in
ft2.
5.2.3 Guidelines on AHU specifications to achieve energy efficiency
Air Handling Units

An air handler, or air handling unit (often abbreviated to AHU), is a device used to condition
and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC system.
Components: An air handler is a large metal box containing a blower, heating and/or cooling
elements filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually
connect to ductwork that distributes the conditioned air through the building, and returns it
to the AHU.
(1) Air system design shall be equipped to operate in 100% outside fresh air mode.
Night purging
In daytime occupied buildings which are only occupied in day time, air conditioned systems
are kept switched off during nigh and on week ends. That means excessive heat is not
removed from spaces during that period. This heat remains in the space and when air
conditioned systems are switched on next day in the morning this heat built up need to be
removed. That compels air conditioning system to operate at higher load and for longer
duration and increases energy consumption. At night when outside temperature drops in
Bangalore the cooled air can be used to flush the excessive heat from the spaces during night
and this is termed as night purging. However, night purging is only possible if more and
more outside fresh air is pumped in the spaces during night or early morning. The existing
AHUs are designed to provide only required outside fresh air which is generally 20% of the
total air quantity circulated by the AHUs. In night purging recirculation of air is unwanted
since it would not able to remove excessive heat therefore AHUs shall have provision with the
help of sensors, dampers and supply and/or return fans to operate in 100% fresh air mode
for nigh purging to eliminate or reduce heat built up during night and week ends.
Free cooling
Air-side economizers
They can save energy in buildings by using cool outside air as a means of cooling the indoor
space. When the enthalpy of the outside air is less than the enthalpy of the re circulated air,
conditioning the outside air is more energy efficient than conditioning re circulated air.
When the outside air is sufficiently cool, no additional conditioning of it is needed; this
portion of the air-side economizer control scheme is called free cooling.
Air-side economizers can reduce HVAC energy costs in cold and temperate climates while
also potentially improving indoor air quality and shall be used in moderate climate of
Bangalore wherever applicable.
Air side Economizers should be designed in accordance with ASHRAE 90.1.2007 which is
explained below.
Design capacity
Air economizer systems shall be capable of modulating outdoor air and return air dampers to
provide up to 100% of the design supply air quantity as outdoor air for cooling
Control signal
Economizer dampers shall be capable of being sequenced with the mechanical cooling
equipment and shall not be controlled by only mixed air temperature. However, the use of
mixed air temperature limit control shall be permitted for the systems controlled from space
temperature e.g., single-zone systems
High-limit shutoff
All air economizers shall be capable of automatically reducing outdoor air intake to the
design minimum outdoor air quantity when outdoor air intake will no longer reduce cooling
energy usage. The high-limit shutoff control types and settings for those controls shall be as
recommended in ASHRAE standard 90.1.2007.
(2) AHUs to be equipped to vary the supply air capacity

AHUs are sized for the peak load condition which seldom occurs. Most of the time AHUs
operate at part load conditions. If operating capacity of the AHUs are not controlled in
conjunction with the cooling demand that would lead to over cooling which in turn cause
both discomfort and energy wastage. The AHUs used in most of the comfort cooling are
constant air volume that means the air quantity they circulate is constant and hence fan
operates as constant speed. The part load operating capacity of AHUs can be controlled
either by increasing the supply air temperature which is possible by varying the chilled water
flow in coil with same air quantity or by varying the air quantity but keeping the supply air
temperature same. However, it has been observed that the best comfort conditions can be
provided if AHUs have provision for both.
It is recommended that AHUs shall have provision to vary supply air quantity in response to
the varying cooling demand with a minimum supply air capacity up to 50% of the design
supply air capacity. This can be achieved by installing variable frequency drives on constant
speed fans fitted in AHUs.
Variable frequency drives are devices used for varying the speed of fans to exactly match the
supply air quantity required to provide required cooling in the conditioned space.
A VFD consists of an input rectifier (which converts AC to DC) followed by an inverter (that
inverts DC to AC) connected through a DC intermediate voltage link and operates in response
to the return air temperature.
3. AHU minimum fan efficiency

The energy consuming component in AHUs is fan and fan efficiency plays and important role
in enhancing over all efficiency of the air conditioning systems. Forward curved, backward
curved or radial types of centrifugal fans are generally used in AHUs. For fans less than 6 bhp
(break horse power) the fan efficiency shall not be less than 65% and fans 6bhp and larger
the fan efficiency shall not be less than 80%.
4. Minimum efficiency of motors

2 pole & 4 pole, 3 phase squirrel cage induction motors are generally used in air conditioning
systems. The minimum efficiency of motors shall be in compliance with nominal efficiency of
eff-1 type mentioned in Table 1 & Table 2 for 2 poles & 4 poles motors in Indian standard IS
12615: 2004 – Energy efficiency induction motors – Three phase squirrel cage (First
Revision).
Table5.4: Values of performance characteristic of 2 pole & 4 pole energy efficient induction motors
Rated 2-pole Motor Nominal 4-pole Motor Nominal
output Efficiency Efficiency
(kW) For eff 1 For eff 1
(%) (%)
0.37 70.2 73
0.55 74 78
0.75 77 82.5
1.1 82.8 83.8

1.5 84.1 85
2.2 85.6 86.4
3.7 87.5 88.3
5.5 88.6 89.2
7.5 89.5 90.1
9.3 90 90.5
11 90.5 91
15 91.3 91.8
18.5 91.8 92.2
22 92.2 92.6
30 92.9 93.2
37 93.3 93.6
45 93.7 93.9
55 94 94.2
75 94.6 94.7
90 95 95
110 95 95.2
125 95.3 95.5
132 95.3 95.5
160 95.5 95.8
5.2.4 Guidelines for energy efficient Chillers
Chiller is a device that removes heat from a liquid via a vapour-compression or absorption
refrigeration cycle. This cooled liquid flows through pipes in a building and passes through
coils in air handlers, fan-coil units, or other systems, cooling and usually dehumidifying the
air in the building. Chillers are of two types; air-cooled or water-cooled. Air-cooled chillers
are usually outside and consist of condenser coils cooled by fan-driven air. Water-cooled
chillers are usually inside a building, and heat from these chillers is carried by re circulating
water to outdoor cooling towers.
1. Chiller efficiency as per ECBC recommendations (foot note of ASHRAE 90.1.2007 to be

included).
All cooling equipment shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency requirements presented
in Tables below:
Minimum Minimum
S No. Equipment Class Test Standard
COP IPLV
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner ≥19 and <40 kW ( ≥5.4 3.08 ARI 210/240
1
and <11 tons )
2 Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner ≥40 to <70 kW (≥11 to 3.08 ARI 340/360
3 Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner ≥70 kW (≥20 tons) 2.93 2.99 ARI 340/360
Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner <19 kW (<5.4 tons) 4.1 ARI 210/240
4
5 Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner ≥19 and <40 kW 4.1 ARI 210/240
6 (≥5.4 and
Unitary <11 Cooled
Water tons ) Air Conditioner ≥<40 kW (≥11 tons ) 3.22 3.02 ARI 210/240
Minimum Minimum
S No. Equipment Class Test Standard
COP IPLV
1 Air Cooled Chiller <530 kW (<150 tons) 2.9 3.16 ARI 550/590-1998
2 Air Cooled Chiller ≥530 kW (≥150 tons) 3.05 3.32 ARI 550/590-1998
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller < 530 kW (<150 5.8 6.09 ARI 550/590-1998
3
tons)
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥530 and 5.8 6.17 ARI 550/590-1998
4
<1050 kW ( ≥150 and <300 tons)
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥ 1050 kW (≥ 6.3 6.61 ARI 550/590-1998
5
300 tons)
Reciprocating Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller 4.2 5.05 ARI 550/590-1998
6
all sizes
7 Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water 4.7 5.49 ARI 550/590-1998
Cooledtons)
(<150 Chiller <530 kW
Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water 5.4 6.17 ARI 550/590-1998
8 Cooled
Chiller ≥530 and <1050 kW
(≥150 and <300 tons)
Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water 5.75 6.43 ARI 550/590-1998
9 Cooled Chiller ≥ 1050 kW
(≥ 300 tons)
2. Supply chilled water temperature shall not be lower than 44 o F

ARI conditions specify a supply chilled water temperature of 44 o F and return at 54 o F or in
chilled water line and a temperature drop of 10 o F is recommended. For comfort applications
where a 75 o F temperature and 60 % RH is recommended to maintain in spaces, the cooled
air is generally supplied at 55 o F and in order to get the supply air at design condition the
chilled water temperature in coil is maintained around 44 o F. Recently a new trend has
started to design chilled water loop water higher delta T which is more than 10 o F (generally
12 to 14 o F) to save energy in pumping. This trend is also introducing a lower chilled water
supply design temperature than 44 o F. The lowering of chilled water adversely affects the
efficiency of chiller and whatever advantage is gained in saving pumping energy ay be lost in
increased chiller energy. Bangalore climate also does not demand a lower chilled water
temperature for humidity control. Therefore it is recommended that for water chillers in
comfort applications the supply chilled water temperature shall not be lower than 44 o F.
3. Chilled water flow rate shall not exceed 2 gpm/TR

The chilled water flow/TR is defined by 24/delta T where delta T is the difference of supply
chilled water and return chilled water temperature. In chilled water line the design delta T is
10 o F as per ARI specifications that means chilled water line should be designed for 2.4 gpm
(US gallon per minute). High chilled water flow leads to high pumping energy and in order to
reduce pumping energy chilled water lines are being designed for high delta T which is more
than 10 o F.
It is recommended that chilled water line shall be designed for a flow rate of 2 gpm/TR or
lower that means the design delta T in chilled water line shall be 12 o F or higher.
4. All unitary systems (split & window unit) shall be BEE 5 Star rated.
BEE standard & labeling program

The Objectives of Standards & Labeling Program is to provide the consumer an informed
choice about the energy saving, and thereby the cost saving potential of the marketed
household and other equipment. This is expected to impact the energy savings in the medium
and long run while at the same time it will position domestic industry to compete in such
markets where norms for energy efficiency are mandatory.
The scheme was launched in May, 2006 and is currently invoked for equipments/appliances
(Frost Free(No-Frost) refrigerator, Tubular Fluorescent Lamps, Room Air Conditioners,
Direct Cool Refrigerator, Distribution Transformer, Induction Motors, Pump Sets, Ceiling
Fans, LPG, Electric Geysers and Color TV).
Room air conditioners labelling

BEE energy labelling is for single-phase split and unitary air conditioners of the vapour
compression type to a rated cooling capacity of 11 kW.
Star rating
The available stars are between of one and a maximum of five shown in one star interval. The
star rating is calculated from the star rating band given in table below. The star rating band is
a range of energy efficiency ratio (EER) expressed in W/W and that is nothing but the ratio of
cooling capacity in watts to energy consumption also in watts.
Table5.5: Star rating band valid from 01 January to 31 December 2012

Star Rating EER (W/W)
Min Max
1 Star * 2.7 2.89

2 Star ** 2.9 3.09
3 Star *** 3.1 3.29
4 Star **** 3.3 3.49
5 Star ***** 3.5
It is recommended that only a BEE five star rated room air conditioners shall be used for air
conditioning of spaces.
5.2.5 Guidelines for energy efficient Cooling Tower
Cooling Towers
Cooling towers are used to dissipate heat from water cooled refrigeration, air conditioning
and industrial process systems. Cooling is achieved by evaporating a small proportion of
recirculating water into outdoor air stream. Cooling towers should be installed at a place
where free flow of atmospheric air is available.
Range of cooling tower is defined as temperature difference between the entering and leaving
water. Approach of the cooling tower is the difference between leaving water temperature
and the entering air wet bulb temperature.
1. Low approach temperature cooling towers

The cooling towers is Bangalore are designed for a design wet bulb temperature of 75 o F and
leaving cooling water temperature of 85 o F. That means they are designed for an approach
temperature of 10 o F. Lower approach temperature means more cooling of hot entering
cooling water and lower leaving cooling water temperature. The chiller efficiency depends on
entering condenser water temperature and if these temperatures are lower than the design
entering temperature the efficiency of the chillers improves. It is therefore recommended
that cooling towers shall be designed to an approach temperature equal to or less than 5 o F.
G UIDELINE 6: Replace existing equipment by minimum 3 star
rated BEE labeled appliances equipment and use minimum 3 star
rated BEE labeled appliances/equipment in all new buildings
All the new buildings have to be equipped with the appliances labeled by
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). BEE has labeled refrigerators, Tube
lights, distribution transformer, air-conditioners and induction motors.
Minimum 3 star rated appliances should be used.
Retrofit and replacement in existing premises shall be made only by
minimum 3 star rated BEE labeled appliances
Note: (As of January 2010, Labeling is mandatory for frost free
refrigerator, air conditioner, tubular fluorescent lamp and distribution
transformer. Minimum level of labeling is 1 star)
Mandatory requirement in all procurement norms for government and public

buildings
All the new buildings have to be equipped with the appliances labeled by Bureau of Energy
Efficiency (BEE). BEE has labeled refrigerators, Tube lights, distribution transformer, air-
conditioners and induction motors. Minimum 3 star rated appliances should be used.
Retrofit and replacement in existing premises shall be made only by minimum 3 star rated
BEE labeled appliances
6.1 Guidance Notes
Efficient air conditioners

ACs (air conditioners) are used to cool or heat a room and usually consume the highest
energy among all home appliances. Window ACs and split ACs are most commonly used.
These are available in different sizes– 0.75 tonne, 1tonne, 1.5 tonne, and 2 tonne. Insulation
of the walls, roof, and efficient windows in the room would allow one to pick an AC with
lesser tonnage.
The energy consumption of an AC depends on its size. A 1-tonne AC is appropriate for a 150
sq ft room, while a 2-tonne AC is sufficient for a room, which is 300 sq ft in area. Use of BEE
labeled air conditioners help save energy and must be used.
Installing an AC
While installing an AC, ensure that the exterior (or back) of the AC is not exposed to direct
sunlight and is away from heat sources such as chimneys. Efficient airflow across the exterior
would ensure efficient operation of the AC. Make sure that air does not escape through doors
and windows by sealing them properly. This would help in reducing energy consumption. To
optimize the efficiency of the AC ensure that equipments such as televisions, computers or
lamps are placed away from it.
Operating an AC
The energy consumed by an AC is also affected by its operation. Set the temperature higher
to reduce energy consumption. It is ° estimated that a temperature setting of 23 C consumes
10% more ° energy than a temperature setting of 26 C. A few ACs equipped with the ‘sleep’
mode enable savings during operation.
Maintaining an AC
Regular maintenance of ACs helps in improving their efficiency. Clean the filters of the AC at
least once in 15 days to ensure efficient airflow and cooling. Also, to enable the AC to operate
efficiently, the exterior part (or back) of the AC should be free fromdust, preventing blockage.
Refrigerators
Refrigerators are one of the highest consumers of electricity in houses. However, they have
become significantly efficient in the past few years, and are still improving. A typical
refrigerator has a lifespan of 15–20 years. The cost of running it over that time period is
several times the initial purchase price. So buy the most efficient model available; investing a
little more in a refrigerator with higher efficiency offers solid payback. When you buy a new
refrigerator, buy the most efficient model available. A listing of energy efficient appliances
can be found at the Bureau of Energy Efficiency's website - www.bee-nic.in &
www.energymanagertraning.com.
Smaller models will obviously use less energy than larger models. Generally, the larger the
refrigerator, the greater the energy consumption. Don't buy a refrigerator that's larger than
you need. But one large refrigerator will use less energy than two smaller ones with the same
total volume. Models with top- or bottom-mounted freezers average 12% less energy use
than side-by-side designs.
Features like through-the-door ice, chilled water, or automatic ice-makers increase the
energy consumption, purchase price and also greatly increase energy use and are far more
likely to need service and repair. Avoid these costly, troublesome options.
Be willing to pay a bit more initially for lower operating costs. A five-star refrigerator that
costs more initially, but costs less per year to operate due to better construction and
insulation, will pay for itself in less than four years compared to a two-star refrigerator.
Recycle older or second refrigerators. Don’t keep the old, inefficient refrigerator running in
the occasional refreshments. It could cost you significantly more per year in electricity.
Star rating plan for various appliances as per Bureau of Energy Efficiency.
6.1.1 Star rating for frost free refrigerator

The star rating parameters knf (Constant Multiplier (kWh/Litre/Year)) & cnf
(Constant Fixed Allowance (kWh/Year)) shall be obtained from TABLE 2.2 / 2.3,
depending on the year of manufacturing/import/assembling
The following equation shall be used to determine the Star Rating Bands for a particular
model:
Star Rating Band (SRB)nf = knf * Vadj_tot_nf + cnf

Where,
knf = Constant Multiplier (kWh/Litre/Year)
Vadj_tot_nf = Total Adjusted Storage Volume for No Frost (Litre)
cnf = Constant Fixed Allowance (kWh/Year)
Table 6.1: Star Rating Band valid from 01 January 2009 to 31 December 2011
Star Rating Band knf cnf

Constant Multiplier Constant Fixed Allowance
1 Star * 0.5578 486
2 Star * * 0.4463 389
3 Star * * * 0.3570 311
4 Star * * * * 0.2856 249
5 Star * * * * * 0.2285 199
Table 6.2: Star level valid from the date of publication of these regulations till 31.12.2011
Star Rating Band Minimum CEC Maximum CEC

1 Star * ≥ 0.8716* Vadj_tot_nf+759 <0.6973* Vadj_tot_nf+607
2 Star * * ≥ 0.6973* Vadj_tot_nf+607 <0.5578* Vadj_tot_nf+486
3 Star * * * ≥ 0.5578* Vadj_tot_nf+486 <0.4463* Vadj_tot_nf+389
4 Star * * * * ≥ 0.4463* Vadj_tot_nf+389 <0.3570* Vadj_tot_nf+311
5 Star * * * * * ≥ 0.3570* Vadj_tot_nf+311
Star Rating Band knf cnf

1 Star * 0.4463 389
2 Star * * 0.3570 311
3 Star * * * 0.2856 249
4 Star * * * * 0.2285 199
5 Star * * * * * 0.1828 159
Table 6.4: Star level valid from 01.01.2012 to 31.12.2013
Star Rating Band Minimum CEC Maximum CEC

1 Star * ≥ 0.6973* Vadj_tot_nf+607 <0.5578* Vadj_tot_nf+486
2 Star * * ≥ 0.5578* Vadj_tot_nf+486 <0.4463* Vadj_tot_nf+389
3 Star * * * ≥ 0.4463* Vadj_tot_nf+389 <0.3570* Vadj_tot_nf+311
4 Star * * * * ≥ 0.3570* Vadj_tot_nf+311 <0.2856* Vadj_tot_nf+249
5 Star * * * * * ≥ 0.2856* Vadj_tot_nf+249
6.1.2 Star Rating - Room Air Conditioners

The star rating parameters EER shall be obtained from TABLE 2.1, depending on the year of
manufacturing/import/assembling
EER (W/W)
Star Rating Min Max
1 Star * 2.30 2.49
2 Star ** 2.50 2.69
3 Star *** 2.70 2.89
4 Star **** 2.90 3.09
5 Star ***** 3.10
6.1.3 Star Rating - Direct Cool Refrigerator

The star rating parameters kdc (Constant Multiplier (kWh/Litre/Year)) & cdc
(Constant Fixed Allowance (kWh/Year)) shall be obtained from TABLE 2.2 / 2.3,
depending on the year of manufacturing/import/assembling.
The following equation shall be used to determine the Star Rating Bands for a particular
model:
Star Rating Band (SRB)dc = kdc * Vadj_tot_dc + c dc

Where,
Kdc= Constant Multiplier (kWh/Litre/Year)

Vadj_tot_dc= Total Adjusted Storage Volume for Direct Cool (Litre)
Cdc= Constant Fixed Allowance (kWh/Year)
Star Rating Band kdc cdc

1 Star * 0.413 346
2 Star * * 0.330 277
3 Star * * * 0.264 221
4 Star * * * * 0.211 177
5 Star * * * * * 0.169 141
Star Rating Band kdc cdc

1 Star * 0.330 277

2 Star * * 0.264 221
3 Star * * * 0.211 177
4 Star * * * * 0.169 141
5 Star * * * * * 0.108 91
6.1.4 Star Rating Plan: Ceiling Fans

Parameters to be tested:
Parameters for initial, verification and challenge testing are the mandatory type tests listed
under clause 10 of IS 374: 1979 and including all amendments as of date relevant to the
determination of service value. These tests would generally include-
• Air delivery
• Fan speed & power input
Conditions of compliance:
The performance requirements will be in accordance with clause 8 of prevalent IS 374:1979.
For compliance with the requirements of this standard, the values of service factor & air
delivery are as listed in table below for 1200mm sweep operating at rated voltage and rated
frequency at full speed.
The star rating plan for ceiling fans is as follows:

Star Rating Index Calculation for Ceiling Fans
Star Rating Service Value for Ceiling Fans*
1 Star ≥ 3.2 to < 3.4
2 Star ≥ 3.4 to < 3.6
3 Star ≥ 3.6 to < 3.8
4 Star ≥ 3.8 to < 4.0
5 Star ≥ 4.0
*Where x is the base service value as per IS 374:1979. BEE has proposed a base service
value of 3.2 at present and would upgrade it to higher value once the BIS value is finalised.
*The BIS has proposed from the year 2010 the service value of 3.5.
*All ceiling fans covered under this standard shall comply with minimum Air Delivery of
210 cu m/min.
6.1.5 Star Rating Plan: Electric Geysers

The Star Rating plan for a stationary type storage electric water heaters shall be based on the
Standing Losses(kwh/24hour/45_ C difference) calculated the as per IS 2082:1993. The star
rating plan is as indicated below:
Table 6.8: Star Rating Plan for Stationary Storage Type Electric Water Heaters
Rated 1 Star 2 Star 3 Star 4 Star 5 Star
Capacity
(Liters) Capacity(Liters) Standing Losses (kwh/24 hour / 45_C)
6 ≥ 0.792 & ≥ 0.634 & ≥ 0.554 & ≥ 0.475& ≥0.396

>0.634 >0.554 >0.475 >0.396
10 ≥ 0.990&>0.792 ≥0.792&>0.693 ≥0.693&>0.594 ≥0.594&>0.495 ≥ 0.495
15 ≥ 1.138&>0.910 ≥ 0.910&>0.797 ≥ 0.797&>0.683 ≥ 0.683&>0.569 ≥ 0.569
25 ≥ 1.386&>1.109 ≥ 1.109&>0.970 ≥ 0.970&>0.832 ≥ 0.832&>0.693 ≥ 0.693
35 ≥ 1.584&>1.267 ≥ 1.267&>1.109 ≥ 1.109&>0.950 ≥ 0.950&>0.792 ≥ 0.792
50 ≥ 1.832&>1.466 ≥ 1.466&>1.282 ≥ 1.282&>1.099 ≥1.099&>0.916 ≥ 0.916
70 ≥ 2.079&>1.663 ≥ 1.663&>1.455 ≥ 1.455&>1.247 ≥ 1.247&>1.040 ≥ 1.040
100 ≥ 2.376&>1.901 ≥ 1.901&>1.663 ≥ 1.663&>1.426 ≥ 1.426&>1.188 ≥ 1.188
140 ≥ 2.673&>2.138 ≥ 2.138&>1.871 ≥ 1.871&>1.604 ≥ 1.604&>1.337 ≥1.337
200 ≥ 2.970&>2.376 ≥ 2.376&>2.079 ≥ 2.079&>1.782 ≥ 1.782&>1.485 ≥ 1.485

6.1.6 Star Rating Plan Colour Televisions
BEE will make On Mode and Standby data available on the BEE Web site (www.beeindia.
nic.in ) for interested consumers. Additionally, BEE will also provide consumers with an
estimate of each Star label qualified TV’s annual energy consumption through display of a
kWh/year number. This annual power consumption estimate will be based on a
daily usage pattern of 6 hours in On Mode and 12 hours in Standby Mode.
Annual Power Consumption: To qualify as BEE Star labeled product, all TVs, TV
Combination Units, must not exceed the maximum Annual Power Consumption (APCmax)
found from the equations in Table 2 and 3, based on the unit’s native vertical resolution and
visible screen area. The maximum annual power consumption is expressed in kilo watts per
year and rounded to the nearest whole number. In the following equations, ‘A’ is the viewable
screen area of the product, found by multiplying the display width by the display height.
Equations are provided in both standard units inches2 and centimeter2. As an example,
maximum allowed power consumption for TV products of various screen sizes is also
provided below in Table 4, 5 and 6.
Table 6.9: Star Rating Equations for CRT TV’s from 1st January 2010 onwards
Star Rating Maximum Annual Power Consumption
1 – Star (Max Annual Power Consumption in kWh/Year) P = (0.964 x A) + 4.38
Table 6.10: Star Rating Equations for LCD and Plasma TVs

Where A = Screen area in square inches
Table 6.11: Star Rating Equations for CRT TV’s from 1st January 2010 onwards
Table 6.12: Star Rating Equations for LCD and Plasma TVs
Where A = Screen area in square centimetre
Table 6.13: Star Rating Bands for CRT TV’s of Typical Screen Sizes from 1st January 2010
Screen Screen Max Annual Power Consumption for (kWh/Year)
Size Area (sq
1- 2- 3- 4- 5-
(inches) inches)
Star Star Star Star Star
A P = (0.964 x P = (0.876 x P = (0.788 x P = (0.701 x P = (0.613 x

A) + 4.38 A) +4.38 A) + 4.38 A) + 4.38 A) + 4.38
14 94.1 95 87 79 70 62
21 211.7 208 190 171 153 134
29 403.7 394 358 322 287 252
32 491.5 478 435 392 349 306

Table 6.14: Star Rating Bands for LCD and Plasma TV’s for Typical Screen Sizes
Energy Consumption Allowances for LCD and Plasma
Screen Screen Max Annual Max Annual Max Annual Power Max Annual Max Annual
Power Power Power Power
Size Area (sq Consumption for 3
Consumption for Consumption Consumption Consumption for
(inches) inches) Star (kWh/Year) for 4
1 for 2 5
Star (kWh/Year)
Star (kWh/Year) Star (kWh/Year) Star (kWh/Year)
P = (0.964 x A) + P = (0.876 x A) P = (0.788 x A) + 4.38 P = (0.701 x A) + P = (0.613 x A) +

4.38 +4.38 4.38 4.38
20 170.9 169 154 139 124 109
26 288.9 283 257 232 207 181
32 437.6 426 388 349 311 273
37 585.0 568 517 465 414 363
42 753.8 731 665 598 533 466
46 904.2 876 796 717 638 559
50 1068.2 1034 940 846 753 659
55 1292.6 1250 1137 1023 910 797
Table 6.15: Star Rating Bands for LCD and Plasma TV’s for Typical Screen Sizes
Energy Consumption Allowances for LCD and Plasma
Screen Screen Max Annual Max Annual Max Annual Max Annual Max Annual
Size (cm) Area (sq Power Power Power Power Power
cm) Consumption for Consumption for Consumption for Consumption for Consumption for
1 2 3 4 5
Star (kWh/Year) Star (kWh/Year) Star (kWh/Year) Star (kWh/Year) Star (kWh/Year)
P = (0.964 x A) + P = (0.876 x A) P = (0.788 x A) + P = (0.701 x A) + P = (0.613 x A) +
4.38 +4.38 4.38 4.38 4.38
50.8 434.1 169 154 139 124 109
66.0 733.8 283 257 232 207 181
81.3 1111.5 426 388 349 311 273
94.0 1485.9 568 517 465 414 363
106.7 1914.7 731 665 598 533 466
116.8 2296.7 876 796 717 638 559
127.0 2713.2 1034 940 846 753 659
139.7 3283.2 1250 1137 1023 910 797
6.1.7 Why is this required?

Today the market is full of variety of equipment. For various equipment and appliances of
common use, there is wide variation in energy consumption of products made by different
manufacturers. Further, information on a product’s energy consumption is often not easily
available or easy to understand. This may lead to excessive use of energy. In this case it
becomes difficult for customer to select the appliance. In such case selecting the labeled
appliance is an easier way.
An appliance is rated based on its performance and energy consumption. Purchasing a
labeled appliance not only provides better performance, but also has reduced consumption as
compared to the conventional equipments.
6.1.8 How is it beneficial?

The Energy Rating label enables consumers to compare the energy efficiency of domestic
appliances on a fair and equitable basis. It also provides incentive for manufacturers to
improve the energy performance of appliances. The appliance is rated according to their
performance. Rating schemes allow comparing the environmental performance of similar
products. This allows more informed choices for consumers and a means to measure
progress in reducing our environmental impacts. The present rating, applicable in India is
given by BEE.One can identify the labelled appliance by symbol shown in figure. The labeled
appliances carry symbol of stars. More number of stars show more efficiency of the product.
Advantages of using labeled appliances are

• Increased efficiency of appliances
• Better performance
• Cleaner technologies, less wastes are released
• Reduced energy consumption
• Protection of environment
The efficiency of an AC is determined by its energy efficiency ratio or EER (ratio of coiling
output to total electric energy input) The number of stars on the BEE (Bureau of Energy
Efficiency) label indicates the efficiency of an AC; the higher the number of stars the more
efficient the appliance. For instance, a BEE 3-star (EER of 2.7) rated 1.5-tonne window AC
would consume 1500 units of electricity in a year (205 days @ 6 hours/day operation per
year) compared to a 1 star rated (EER of 2.3) of the same size that would consume 1750 units
during the same period. An efficient 3 star 1.5-tonne AC would cost about Rs 19500, whereas
an 1 star AC would cost about Rs 18 000. The additional Rs 1500 invested on the efficient AC
will be recovered in a little over one year due to savings in the electricity bill.
Refrigerators are one of the highest consumers of electricity in houses. However, they have
become significantly efficient in the past few years, and are still improving. A typical
refrigerator has a lifespan of 15–20 years. The cost of running it over that time period is
several times the initial purchase price. Comparison between a specific make of 5 star vis a
vis 3 star refrigerator showed that the initial incremental investment pays back in the 3rd
year of operation itself.
G UIDELINE 7: Solar Water Heating Systems for Domestic
and commercial buildings
Provide solar water heating system for residential, commercial and institutional buildings to
meet the byelaw requirement or a minimum of 50% of water heating requirement on annual
basis, whichever is higher.
Insulation on pipelines should be provided as mentioned in the guidance notes
Water re circulating pump to reduce wastage should be provided in high rise buildings ( in
high rise buildings, the line losses may result in stagnated cold water in the distribution
pipeline that connect hot water tank to individual households. This happens at night time
when the ambient temperature reduces. As result of this, during morning usage hours, the
cold water has to be flushed out of the line before hot water supply from the tank is
circulated. A small pump can be designed to recirculate the cold water in the pipeline.
7.1 Mandatory requirement in byelaw
Current provision
The building bye law of Bangalore has the following provision
for installation of solar water heating system:
Solar lighting and solar water heating is mandatory for all new
development / constructions as per Table 10 for different
categories of buildings. If solar Lighting and Solar Water
heating is adopted, then refundable security deposit on fulfilling
the conditions shall be returned along with 2% interest.
Table: (Bye law 3.4.10) Solar lighting and water heater requirements
Sl. Type of use 100 liters per day shall be provided for
No. every unit
1 Restaurants serving food and drinks with seating / serving area of more than 100 40 sq. m. of seating or serving area
sq. m and above
2 Lodging establishments and Tourist Homes 3 rooms
3 Hostel and guest houses 6 beds / persons capacity
4 Industrial canteens 50 workers
5 Nursing homes and hospitals 4 beds
6 Kalyana Mandira, Community Hall and Conventional hall (with dining hall and 30 sq. m of floor area
kitchen)
7 Recreational clubs 100 sq. m of floor area
8 Residential buildings
a)Single dwelling unit measuring 200 sq.m of floor area or site area of more than
400 sq.m whichever is more
9 b) Solar photovoltaic lighting systems shall be installed in multi unit residential
buildings (with more than five units for lighting the set back areas and drive ways)
Revision proposed
• Provide solar water heating system for residential, commercial and institutional
buildings to meet the byelaw requirement or a minimum of 50% of water heating
requirement on annual basis, whichever is higher.
• The following typologies of buildings should be added to the list of building with
mandatory provision for solar water heating:
Office buildings
Apartment blocks
Hotels
• Existing buildings shall also be required to install solar water heating system as
per the above requirement. Pre-feasibility shall be carried out to determine
applicability.
It is felt that sizing norms can be developed based on water heating needs for various applications and reflected in the bye law
provisions
Some of sizing norms that could be applied are as follows:
Guidelines for system sizing

Hot water demand can be assumed as follows.
• For bathing (using bucket water) = 15 litres per person per bath (one bucket)
• For shower bath = 25 litres per person per bath
• For tub bath = 35–50 litres per person per bath
• For cooking = 5 litres per person per day
• For washing clothes = 10 litres per person per day
• For washing utensils = 5 litres per person per meal
• For making tea/coffee = 150 ml per person per cup
(Consumption figures may vary, depending on the lifestyle, age, habits, and weather conditions)
UNDP/GEF is conducting a study (under publication) on assessing the potential of solar water heating systems in India.
Some indicative benchmark numbers that are available for estimation of solar water heating requirement for various
applications are as follows:
Hotels:
4 star and above: 150lpd/room
3 star : 125 lpd/room
2 star and below: 50 lpd/room
Hospitals:
30lpd/bed for government/private hospitals
190lpd/bed for multi speciality hospitals
Hostels:
30lpd/student
Applying the above , the hot water demand per bed/person for hostel/guest houses can be estimated as follows:
• For bathing (using bucket water) = 15 litres per person per bath (one bucket)
• For washing clothes = 10 litres per person per day
Hence total hot water demand can be estimated as 30-35lpcd and hence 6 beds would require a minimum of
180-210lpd (say 200lpd) instead of 100lpd specified in the current byelaw. The current byelaw provision
shall meet 50% of the water heating requirement
Similarly, for industrial canteens,
Applying the above , the hot water demand per worker can be estimated as follows:
Hence per person requirement is about 10lpd and hence one 100 lpd is required per 10 workers, in place of
50 workers. The current byelaw provision would thus meet 20% of the hot water need for this application.
The apartment blocks that have dwelling units lower than 200 sqm should also be covered by byelaw and
provision for solar water heating system should be mandated. In case of apartment buildings, the available
roof area could determine the capacity of solar water heating systems to be provided.
7.2 Guidance
Solar water heating system
The system is generally installed on the
terrace and requires minimum
maintenance. It works automatically
and one does not have to operate any
part of the system.T ypically, a surface
area of 3 sq m is required to install
it.The system can also be installed on a
south-facing window sill if space is not
available on the terrace. Two types of
systems are being promoted—one
based on FPC (flat plat collectors) and
the other on ETC (evacuated tube
collectors). The life of FPC-based systems is generally 15–20 years, and they are costlier than
ETC-based systems. There are 57 BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards)-approved manufacturers
of these systems,(the ones in Karnataka have been listed below) and they have had a stable
market in the country for the last many years. ETC-based systems are relatively new and
could be more reliable for colder regions and regions that have hard water. The life of these
systems is, however ,less since their collectors comprise glass tubes, which are fragile. .The
installation of a solar water heating system in a home/building needs to be planned at the
time of its construction. The following points may be kept in mindwhile planning for the
same.i) A 3-4 sq m (per 100 lpd system) shadow-free areashould be available on the terrace
for installation.
Solar water-heating system components

The main components of a solar water-heating system are Solar collectors, Insulated hot
water tank, Back-up system, Plumbing, and Control and instruments.
Solar Collectors: Solar collectors are of two types, Flat plate solar collectors and
Evacuated-tube Collector or vacuum tube solar collectors.
Hot water tank: Solar water heating tanks are made of stainless steel, copper, or mild steel,
with a heat-resistant protective coating inside for avoidance of corrosion. To reduce heat
losses, the tanks are insulated with rock-wool insulation pads or polyurethane foam. The
insulation is covered with aluminium sheet cladding, reinforced fibreglass, FRP (fibre glass
reinforced plastic) cover, or suitable grade plastic cover. The tanks are available in a variety
of shapes, sizes, and colours.
Plumbing: Galvanized iron pipes and fittings of BIS-approved class ‘B’ or higher are
normally used for the plumbing in solar water heating systems. Piping for a solar water
heating system should be well insulated to minimize thermal losses. The insulation should be
further protected by suitable aluminium, FRP, or HDPE (high density polyethylene) pipe
cladding. Various insulation materials – such as asbestos rope, glass wool, rock wool, or PUF
(polyurethane foam) – are used as insulation.
For pipes measuring up to 25 mm in diameter, insulation of 25 mm thickness is
recommended. Insulation of 50 mm thickness is recommended for pipes with 25–75 mm
diameter. If hot water pipes are concealed in walls, they must be insulated; otherwise, there
is a chance of the walls developing cracks due to expansion of the metallic pipes. For
concealed pipes, asbestos rope is normally used for insulation; however, it is recommended
to use 25-mm-thick rock wool/glass wool insulation. Nowadays, composite pipes and
polymer pipes, which are considered suitable for hot water applications, are also available.
Controls and instrumentation Valves are used for control of water flow. Gate valves or ball
valves of suitable ratings are used. Pressure and vacuum release valves or open vents are
provided to take care of the pressure build-up or vacuum formation problems. A temperature
gauge is provided for temperature measurement. Additionally, thermostatic controllers,
electronic temperature controllers, and pumps are provided for large systems.Use a proper
vent or vacuum-release valve / pressure-relief valve for safe operation of the solar water
heating system
Types of solar water heating system

There are two types of solar water heating systems:
• Thermo siphon-type solar hot water system- For capacities of up to 2000 liters per
day.
• Forced flow solar hot water system- For capacities higher than 2000 liters per day.
Back-up system: Solar water heating system output depends on the availability of solar
energy. In order to meet hot water requirements during periods of low sunshine, a back-up
system is used. Typically, an electrical heater is provided in the hot water tank of the solar
water heating system for this purpose. The back-up heater is also useful in meeting the
additional hot water requirements, over and above its designed capacity. In some cases, a
conventional storage electrical geyser is also used as back-up.
7.2.1 Guidelines for design, installation, and use of solar water heating systems
• Solar collector should face true south for maximum solar radiation collection.
• The solar collector tilt should be equal to the latitude of the place for maximum
annual energy collection.
• The solar collector tilt equal to latitude +15° gives maximum energy collection in
winter.
• Solar collector tilt equal to latitude -15° gives maximum energy collection in summer.
• Always check the load-carrying capacity of the roof before placing the solar water
heating system. Typically, each solar collector with a 2 m2 area weighs approximately
50 kg. When filled with water, the solar tank weighs about 1.2–1.4 kg per litre
capacity of the tank (for example, a 100-litre capacity tank weighs around 120–130
kg).
• Ensure proper anchoring of the system, duly considering wind conditions.
• Solar collectors and tank must be easily accessible for cleaning and maintenance.
Typically, the solar water heating system requires approximately 1.3–1.5 times
collector area for installation. For example, a single-collector system with a capacity
of 100 litres and an area of 2 m2 needs about 3 m2 of floor area for installation.
• Gap between nearest tall building and collector surface should be at least twice the
building height for buildings in south and east west sides.
• Plumbing to be insulated and if possible inside the wall.
• Check water quality TDS /hardness should be less than 100 ppm consult expert if
some minerals are more ( refer ISI standard for water quality)
7.2.2 Guidelines for system selection and use

• Check the hardness of the water to be used in the solar water heating system.
Solacollectors have small diameter pipes, which get blocked due to the deposition of
salt from hard water. In cases of hard water, either a water softener or a heat
exchanger-type solar water heater can be used.
• It is a good practice to consider the location of the solar water heating system and
optimize the associated hot/cold water piping layout during the building design
stage, to reduce cost and heat losses caused by longer piping.
• Always use good quality pipes and insulation for longer user-life and trouble-free
working.
• It is important to check the operating pressure of the cold water supply line,
especially when pressurized water is circulated. Most solar water heating systems
available in India are not designed for pressurized water supply.
7.2.3 Guidelines for insulated hot water piping

• Heat losses in hot water piping can account for more than 30% of water heating
energy. These can be reduced by optimising the length of the hot water piping
(minimizing end-use to storage tank distance) and properly insulating the storage
tank and piping.
• Reduce construction costs and heating losses by locating the solar water heater in
close proximity to showers, washing machine, and kitchen.
• Use jute rope for insulation as this is a cheap option. However, it is recommended
that preformed insulation pipe section or foam pipe section, pre-insulated pipes, and
polymer/composite pipes – suitable for high temperature applications (up to 100 °C)
– are used. Polymer/composite pipes have lower thermal capacity and lower thermal
conductivity compared to GI (galvanized iron)/copper pipes, resulting in lower heat

losses as they have better corrosion resistance than metal pipes. While using metal
pipes, use the BIS-approved class ‘B’ or higher quality GI.
• Set water heater temperature to an optimu level. The human body can tolerate
temperatures up to 45 °C. Human skin burns at water temperatures above 55 °C.
Therefore, storage water heater temperature can be set at approximately 55(+5) °C.
7.2.4 How is it beneficial?/Why is this required?
The overall potential in India is estimated to be 140 million sq. m. of collector area. About 1
million sq. m. of solar collector area is estimated to have been installed in the country over
the past two decades. The achievement made so far is, therefore, modest compared to such a
potential, and also in relation to what has been achieved in other countries, particularly in
China
A solar water heater is a device that uses heat energy of the sun to provide hot water for
various applications. In homes, it is useful for bathing, washing, cleaning, and other chores.
A domestic solar water heater, with a capacity of 100 lpd (litres per day), is sufficient for a
family of four or five members. It can easily replace a 2-kW electric geyser and can save up to
1500 units of electricity a year. It pays back the cost in three to five years depending on the
electricity tariff and hot water use in a year. After this, hot water is available almost free of
cost during remaining lifespan of the system, which is about15-20 years. The cost of solar
water heaters, with a capacity of 100 lpd) varies between Rs 18 000 and Rs 25 000. To offset
the initial high price, a set of incentives are available that are listed below.
The city of Bangalore is in temperate climate zone of India. Hot water is required round the
year for daily domestic needs . It has been estimated (using computer simulation tool
RETSCREEN) that energy demand to cater to hot requirement of 100 lpd at 60 deg C (for
10.5 months annually) is 1.34 mWh of which about 0.92-1.00 MWh can be supplemented
using solar energy for water heating. The payback period (taking into account the interest
subsidy offered through schemes of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government
of India) is about 3.5 years.
Soft loans are available for installation of Solar Water Heating Systems underthe MNRE
SWH Scheme. The detail of Soft loan is as given below:
a) Domestic : 2%
b) Institutions : 3%
c) Commercial : 5%
• Capital subsidy equivalent to upfront interest subsidy has been introduced to

registered institutions and registered commercial establishments that do not avail
soft loans.
The detail of capital subsidy is as given below:

@ Rs.1100/- per sq.m. of collector area will be available to registered institutions
and
@ Rs.825/- per Sq.m. of collector area to registered commercial establishments.
The main objective of the Scheme is to promote the widespread use of solar water
heaters through a combination of financial and promotional incentives.
• The subsidy will be provided on re-imbursement basis after the systems have been
installed. The applications are to be submitted to the State Nodal Agencies.
• SNAs will be provided service charges @ Rs.100/- sq. m. of installed collector area.
• The Municipal Corporations, Central/State Govt. departments will also be eligible to
receive similar service charges for the claims processed and forwarded by them to the
Ministry.
• To encourage the use of solar water heaters, which helps in reduction of peak loads,
the rebate of 50 ps per unit with a maximum limit of Rs. 50 per installation is being
provided by all Electricity Supply Companies.
List of solar water heater manufacturers/providers in Bangalore

Sl. Name Address Contact No.
No
1 M/s. Sundrop Solar 44/2a, Industrial Estate, Tel : 23620077
Systems Opp Gangadhareshwara Kalyana Mantapa Mobile : 9844068721
NH 7, Bellary Road, Hebbal Web : www.sundropsolar.net
Bangalore 560024
2 M/s. Sudhanva 65/18, 1st Main,0 7/08/2008 Tel : 28366832, Mobile :
Industries 1st Cross, Andrahalli Main Road, 9845313912
Hegganahalli, Bangalore Email : [email protected]
Pin : 560091
3 M/s. Kinara Power Unit 2, 10,10th Cross, Patel Channappa Indl Estate, Tel : 28365944
Systems and Projects Andrahalli Main Road, Peenya 2nd Stage,
Pvt Ltd, Viswaneedum Post, Bangalore 560091
4 M/s. Om Shakthi No2 S.T. Narayana Gowda Industrial estate, Tel : 28362967,56982645
Industries, Sri Gandha Nagar, Doddanna Industrial Estate, Mobile : 9448062867
Near Peenya II Stage, Email :
Bangalore - 560091. [email protected]
5 M/s. Sabha Solar 3/1 Behind Balaji Petrol Bunk,
Energy, 2nd Cross, Lakshmaiah Block,
Ganganagar,
Bangalore-560032
Pin : 560032
6 M/s. Velnet Non- No 120, Bhadrappa Layout, Tel :

conventional Energy Ring Road, Nagashettyhalli, 23418630,23417940,23512799
Systems(P) Ltd., Bangalore 560094 Mobile : 9844050723
Email : [email protected]
Web : www.kamalsolar.com
7 M/s. Enolar Systems, 45/29-1, Gubbanna Industrial Estate, Tel : 23355333/23385500
6th Block, Rajajinagar, Fax : 23355333
Bangalore 560010 Email : [email protected]
8 M/s. Divya Industries, No 814, Chowdeshwari Nagar, Tel : 8398471
Laggere Main Road Laggere, Peenya Post, Email : [email protected]
Bangalore
Pin : 560058
9 M/s. Shringar System Pvt Ltd, No 93 7th Main 3rd Tel : 28398197
Engineering & Energy Phase, Peenya Industrial Area, Email : [email protected]
Bangalore 560058
10 M/s. Perfect Solar No.16 Byraveshwara Industrial Estate, Tel : 28362515/1129
Bangalore Pvt Ltd, Andrahalli Main Road, Peenya 2nd Stage Fax : 28362515
Bangalore Mobile : 9845106037
Email : [email protected]
11 M/s. Sunrise Solar Pvt B-4, Jayabharat Industrial Estate, Tel : 23328533,23523644
Ltd, Yeshwanthpur, Fax : 23425115
Bangalore – 560022 Email : [email protected]
Web :
www.sunrisesolarsystem.com
12 M/s. Sustainable Power 604/677, Magadi Road, Tel : 23580066,23581154
Developers India Pvt P&T Layout Road, Sunkadakatte,
Ltd, Bangalore 560079
13 M/s. Tata BP Solar India Plot No. 78, Electronic City Phase – 1, Tel : 080-56601300
Ltd Hosur Road, Fax : 080-28520972/28520116
Bangalore – 560100 Email : [email protected]
Web www.tatabpsolar.com
14 M/s. Kotak Urja Pvt Ltd, 378 10th Cross, 4th Phase, Tel : 28363330,28362136
Peenya Industrial Area, Fax : 28362347
Bangalore 560058 Email : [email protected]
Web ; www.kotakurja.com
15 M/s. Emmvee Solar Survey No 13/1 Bellary Road, Jala Email : [email protected]
Systems Pvt Ltd, Hobli Sonnapanahalli, Bettahalsur Post, Web : www.emmveesolar.com
Bangalore 562157
16 M/s. Sun Zone Solar ¼, Balagangadhara Nagar, Tel : 23282145, 23214777
Systems, Mallathahalli, Behind Sanfordcollege, Mobile : 56979935
Bangalore 560056 Email :

[email protected]
17 M/s. Nuetech Solar P.B.No.9167, B.M. Shankarappa Industrial Estate, Tel : 080-23483766,23481905
Systems Pvt Ltd, Sunkadakatte Fax : 080-23281730
Vishwaneedam Post Email : [email protected]
Magadi Main Road Web: www.neutechsolar.com
Bangalore 560091
18 M/s. Solar Energizers P 36/3, 1st Cross, Pukhraj Layout, Tel : 22245481
Ltd, Bannerghatta Road, Adugodi, Fax : 22225804
Bangalore - 560030 Email : [email protected]
19 M/s. Dheemanth 35, Behind, Check Post, Kamakshipalya Layout, Tel : 23489377/2342617
Industries, Bangalore 560079
20 M/s. Technomax Solar No 21/B, 4th Main, 1st Cross, Industrial Suburb, Tel : 3418723
Devices Pvt Ltd, Yeshwanthpur,
Bangalore – 560022
21 M/s. Digiflic Controls Sit2e8 /03/2008 No. 9, 2nd Cross, Tel : 080-28366839
(India) Pvt Ltd, Rajagopala Nagar, Main Road Fax : 080-28362689
Bangalore Email : [email protected]
Pin : 560058
22 M/s. Kateel Engineering 19 & 20, Bhadrappa Estate, Tel : 23481305,23484179
Industry (P) Ltd Magadi Main Road, Fax : 23481305
Kamakshipalaya, Unit I Email : [email protected]
Bangalore
Pin : 560079
23 M/s Solar Hitech No. 4, Sri Krishna, Behind Bhima Jyothi LIC Colony, Fax: 080-23223152, 23221511
Geysers West of Chord Road, Bangalore – 560 079 e-mail: [email protected]
24 M/s. EmmVee Solar #55, “Solar Tower”, 6th Main, 11th cross, Tel: 080-23337428, Fax: 080-
Systems Pvt. Ltd., Lakshmaiah Block, Ganganagar, 23332060
Bangalore – 560 024. e-mail: [email protected]
25 M/s. Vijaya Industries, Katapady – 574 105, Udupi Dist, Karnataka Tel: 0820-2557127
Fax: 0820-2557327, Mobile:
09448377327
e-mail:
[email protected]
26 M/s. Rashmi Industries, No.60 & 61, Begur Road, Hongasandra, Bangalore – Tel: 080-25734114 / 15
560 068 e-mail:
[email protected]
website: www.rashmisolar.com
27 M/s. Orb Energy Pvt. No.893, 3rd Cross MC Layout Vijayanagar, Tel: 080-23145931-35,Fax:
Ltd., Bangalore – 560 040 080-23145930
e-mail:
[email protected]
website: www.orbenergy.com
28 M/s. Anu Solar Power 248 3rd Cross, 8th Main, 3rd Phase Peenya Tel: 080-28394259, 28393913
Pvt. Ltd., Industrial Area, Bangalore – 560 058. e-mail: [email protected]
website: www.anusolar.com
29 Wipro Eco Energy (A Wipro Eco Energy, S.B.Towers. Tel: 080-41994004, 91-
division of Wipro Ltd.) 88, MG Road, Bangalore-560001 9900582662
[email protected]
30 M/s Hamshine B.Katehalli Industrial Area, Plot No.7A/1, Tel: 8172-240219
Electronics & Energy Hassan – 573201 (Karnataka) Mob: 9448140219
System e-mail:
[email protected]
31 M/s. Legend Solar 295B, KIADB Industrial Area Bommasandra – Jigani Tel:- 80-7825595 ,
Energy Systems Private Link Road, Jigani Bangalore. e-mail:-
Limited [email protected]
web-site:-
www.legendkingdom.com
32 M/s. G.C. Solar 977, Ground Floor, ITI Society Layout, Tel: 080-23210848/ 23183060/
Industries Outer Ring Road, Nagarabhavi 9845023816 (Mob)
Road, Banglore – 560072 Fax: 080-23210848
e-mail:
[email protected]
website: gcsolarindustries.com
G UIDELINES 8: Energy Efficient Electrical Systems for
Buildings
8.1 Guideline for Energy Efficient Electrical systems for building
Achieve energy efficient and reliable electrical system design for buildings. Also the guide
line should have compliance with the existing BESCOM regulations.
The power factor of the building should be maintained above 0.95

The transformer no load and full load losses should be in accordance with the conditions
specified in ECBC 2007.
8.2 Technical Notes for Electrical systems
Electrical Systems
Electrical System in a building comprises of the infrastructure that brings in electrical supply.
The main infrastructures are Electrical Substation, transformers, distribution systems, circuit
breakers, Electrical meters, capacitors etc.
The objective of having an efficient electrical system in a building installation is to have

energy efficient delivery systems thereby the losses in the electrical infrastructure is kept to
minimum. Also the installed electrical system should have suitable safety mechanism for
providing reliable power supply.
8.2.1 Guidelines in Electrical system design
A typical electrical distribution facility in a building will generally include the following:
• Power distribution systems for equipment, including indoor sub-station,
transformers, building distribution, process control systems, building electrical
service systems and protection systems
• Power outlet system for movable equipment, material-handling systems,
transportation system
• Auxiliary systems like air-conditioning & refrigeration, compressed air system,
lighting, fire alarms systems, communication and computer based equipment.
• D G sets / co-generation equipment/ UPS/Inverter
Any system planning should include certain basic considerations as given below that will
support the overall flexible design and efficient operation of the electrical system:
• Safety of life and property including equipment.
• Reliability of system input supply and tolerance limit of interruptions
• Flexibility of plant distribution system
• Location of the plant sub-station and its deployment
• Data of electrical equipment, regulation and initial cost including capitalisation
• Simplicity /flexibility of operation and maintenance
• Overall cost including running cost
• Providing quality service
• Technical parameters and specifications of materials to follow standards in
construction, installation, protection, operation and maintenance
• Adherence to laid down procedures with accountability
Table 1 indicate possible loss as percentage of full load for few electrical equipment
Table 8.1: Loss percentage in electrical equipments

Sl. Equipment % loss of
No. max load
A C Motors
i. 750 Watts - 7.5 kW 14 - 35
7.5 kW - 150 kW 6 - 12
150 kW - 1000 kW 4-7
Above 1000 kW 2.3 - 4.5
ii. Transformers 0.4 - 1.9
iii. Cables 1-4
iv. Switch gear
L.T. 0.13 - 0.34
Medium voltage up to 11 kV 0.005 - 0.02
8.2.2 Guidelines on optimization of electrical load
The following steps should be a guide line for initial planning and sanction of the electrical
design.
1. Involves load details such as:
• load in kW and demand in kVA

• diversity factor
• load characteristics
• future expansion
This includes peak load, load fluctuations under various operating conditions, nature of
load, PF and its variation, calculated daily, monthly and annual load factor, and
anticipated seasonal variation, effect of large motor starting.
2. Involves anticipation of the present demand over a period of time, peak load, maximum
demand and demand, diversity and load factors.
3. Future demand forecasting and planning (building expansion plans).
4. Determination of the voltage level required for the building. Power is fed to a building
through a transmission and distribution (T&D) network. This can be provided using
either high voltage & low current or vice versa. The selection of the voltage level is
determined by current national and international standards, safety regulations and, of
course, the economic considerations. Large consumers can reduce energy losses by
drawing power at a high voltage level and distribute it inside their premises at required
load centres using their own step-down transformers to match the voltage level to the
equipment.
5. Voltage application required in the plant and voltage drops at all levels and at critical
points. An industry classification, based on load and preferred incoming voltage, is given
in Table 2.
Table 8.2: Industry Classification of Voltage Preferences
Industry Preferred Incoming Voltage Voltage Class as per

Level I.E. Rule
100 MW and above 220 kV Extra
Between (10 - 50 MW) 132 - 66 kV High
Between (1 to 10 MW) 33 - 11 kV High
Up to 50 kW 3 φ, 440 Volts Medium/Low
6. Calculation of short circuit analysis and selection of correct rating for circuit breaker with
review of selection of protective devices.
7. Station house-service unit requirement (parallel, standby or emergency operation).
8. Preliminary layout drawing including provisions for future expansion.
9. Detailed single line diagrams, covering all loads/supplies, including main and
distribution transformers, switch gear, primary and secondary cabling, protection,
insulation level co-ordination, motor starter panels and capacitor banks.
8.2.3 Guidelines on Transformer Rating and Selection

Most of the transformers used in electrical power systems are three-phase transformers.
They can be characterized by the vector group and the type of cooling. The vector group (e.g.
star connection, delta connection) depends on the internal connection of windings of the
high voltage and low voltage side.
Cooling of the transformer is performed by air or a liquid, e.g. oil or askarel with a natural or
forced flow. The heat is drawn off using cooling ribs at the surface of the tank.
In most cases the power losses can only be ascertained through the test certificate issued by
the manufacturer or by carrying out field measurements.
Power transformers of the proper ratings and design must be selected to satisfy the minimum
acceptable efficiency at 50% and full load rating. In addition, the transformer must be
selected such that it minimizes the total of its initial cost in addition to the present value of
the cost of its total lost energy while serving its estimated loads during its respective life span.
The transformer losses for oil cooled transformer for 11 kV and 33 kV is given in table 2.
When new transformer is procured the no load and full load losses of the transformer should
be in accordance with the ECBC recommended figures as given in table below.
Rating kVA Max. losses at 50% Max. losses at Total losses at 50% Total losses at
loading kW 100% loading kW loading kW 100% loading kW
Up to 11 kV Up to 22 kV
100 0.5 1.8 0.6 1.8
160 0.8 2.2 0.8 2.6
200 0.9 2.7 0.9 3.0
250 1.1 3.3 NA NA
315 1.1 3.6 1.3 4.3
400 1.5 4.6 1.5 5.1
500 1.6 5.5 2.0 6.5
630 2.0 6.6 2.3 7.6
1000 3.0 9.8 3.5 11.4
1250 3.6 12.0 4.0 13.3
1600 4.5 15.0 4.9 16.0
2000 5.4 18.4 5.7 18.5
2500 6.5 22.5 7.1 23.0
At the time of installation of a new transformer the size is decided based on the expected
loading on the transformer. Normally maximum efficiency; of the transformer is designed at
the loading in the range of 50 to 65% of' its full load capacity. If the average load is 80% or
more of the rated power, a bigger transformer or a second transformer should be considered
because the short-circuit losses become a large portion of the total losses.
Capacity and Number of Transformers

The main factors which should be taken into account when determining the number and
capacity of shop transformers are:
The number of transformers depends upon the operating duty of the station or industry. The
load curve may show that the installation of two transformers instead of one is more
attractive economically. This is usually the case when the load capacity factor is low (less
than or equal to 0.5). In this case disconnecting devices are necessary to connect and
disconnect the power transformers to ensure economical operation.
Where possible the installation of either one transformer or two transformers connected
through a common circuit breaker should be contemplated. If the reliability of supply
necessitates the installation of more than one transformer should be sought. When designing
substations, redundancy features (Reserve facility) should be taken care of as follows:
The building should be supplied from two independent sources, where continuity of supply is
required. The capacity of the transformers should be so selected that if one of the
transformers fails, the remaining transformer shall ensure supply to the equipments without
undue overload.
In selecting transformer capacity, it should be ensured for economical operation so that when
one of the transformers is out of service, the load on the transformer in operation as far as
temperature is concerned shall not affect its service life.
It is always a good practice to provide / or install transformers of one step higher in capacity.
For example: If two transformers each rated for 1000 kVA are installed their foundations and
structures should be so designed as to make possible the installation of two transformers of
1500 kVA each without much material modifications.
Reduction in transformer losses through proper load distribution

The objective of the review of transformer system is to provide better quality of power to different
load centers in the plant at high overall efficiency. In a medium and large industrial unit, there
are number of transformers feeding power to the loads in the plant. These distribution
transformers are sometimes not optimally loaded and there exists energy saving opportunity by
shifting the load from overloaded transformer to the under-loaded one.
8.2.4 Guidelines on selection of Electrical Motors
Motors shall comply with the following:

1. All permanently wired polyphase motors of 0.375 kW or more serving the building
and expected to operate more than1500 hours per year and all permanently wired
poly phase motors of 50 kW or more serving the building and expected to operate
more than 500 hours per year shall have a minimum acceptable nominal full load
motor efficiency not less than IS 12615 for Energy Efficient motors. The technical
features and benefits of Energy Efficient motors are listed below:
• High efficiency motors are usually manufactured from materials, which incur
lower energy losses compared with standard motors. More care is taken with the
design and geometry of the motor construction. The high efficiency motors have
been improved in four areas:
• Longer core lengths of low loss steel laminations to reduce flux densities and iron
losses
• Maximum utilization of the slots and generous conductor sizes in the stator and
rotor to reduce copper losses
• Careful selection of slot numbers and tooth/slot geometry to reduce stray losses
• Less heat is produced by a more efficient motor so the cooling fan size is reduced.
This leads to lower windage losses and therefore less waste power.
The advantages of usage of high efficiency motors are as follows:
• Optimum use of energy as operating losses are lower

• Reduced magnetic loss resulting in cooler applications
• Low life cycle cost
• Robust design to take care of wider supply variations ( 10%) and ambient
temperature up to 80°C
• Efficiency figures remain constant up to 75% of the rated output and drop
maximum by 1% at 50% rated output
2. Motors of horsepower differing from those listed in the table shall have efficiency
grater than that of the next listed kW motor.
3. Motor horsepower ratings shall not exceed 20% of the calculated maximum load.
4. Motor nameplates shall list the nominal full load motor efficiencies and the full load
power factor.
5. Motor users should insist on proper rewinding practices for rewound motors. If the
proper rewinding practices cannot be assured, the damaged motor should be
replaced with a new, efficient one rather than suffer the significant efficiency penalty
associated with typical rewind practices.
6. Certificates shall be obtained and kept on record indicating the motor efficiency.
Whenever a motor is rewound, appropriate measures shall be taken so that the core
characteristic s of the motor is not lost due to thermal and mechanical stress during
removal of damaged parts .After rewinding, a new efficiency test shall be performed
and similar records shall be maintained.
7. Motors should be installed with soft start energy savers and Variable Speed drives
based on the application required.
8.2.5 Guidelines on improvement of Power factor
Methods of improving Power factor

1. Streamlining of the process by improving the electrical performance of the plant.
2. Replacing induction motors by synchronous motors of equal rating wherever
possible.
3. Replacement of under loaded motors with motors of lower rating.
4. Reduction of voltage of motors which are regularly under loaded.
5. Restricting no load operation of motors.
6. Improving motor repair quality.
7. Replacement or relocation of under loaded transformers.
8. Installation of Capacitors
Measurement of power factor

• by a direct-reading for Power factor meter for an instantaneous value, or
• a recording VAr meter, which allows a record over a period of time to be obtained. of
current, voltage and power factor. Readings taken over an extended period provide a
useful means of estimating an average value of power factor for an installation.
Necessity of having good power factor

Power factor improvement allows the use of smaller transformers, switchgear and cables, etc.
as well as reducing power losses and voltage drop in an installation.
A high power factor allows the optimization of the components of an installation. Overrating
of certain equipment can be avoided, but to achieve the best results the correction should be
effected as close to the individual equipment in the building possible.
Losses in cables are proportional to square of the current and Power factor improvement
reduced the T & D losses.
By improving the power factor of a load supplied from a transformer, the current through the
transformer will be reduced thereby allowing more loads to be added. In practice, it may be
less expensive to improve the power factor, than to replace the transformer by a larger unit.
Power factor improvement by installing capacitors

Power factor improvement by installing capacitors is the widely followed method. Capacitors
can be significant energy savers, if they are properly applied. A capacitor bank is also a load
albeit with very low loss (0.2-0.4 W/kVAr). So it should be disconnected when VAr support is
not required. If a fuse blows on a large capacitor, an unbalanced voltage occurs along with
resultant increases in system and motor losses. Therefore, the fuse integrity of capacitor
banks should be closely monitored. A high harmonic content in the power supply has been
known to cause either capacitor failure or unplanned operation of protective devices. Hence
use of latest semi conductor devices with appropriate technology can prove beneficiary in the
long run.
Capacitors should be installed across the terminals of motors. However, the capacitor value
should not exceed the no load kVAr value of the motor. Table 3 gives the approximate value
of capacitors that need to be connected for different rating of the motors.
Table 8.3: Recommended capacitor rating for direct connection to induction motors (To improve power factor to 0.95 or
better)
Capacitor rating in KVAr when motor speed is Capacitor rating in KVAr when motor speed is
Motor Motor
3000 1500 1000 750 600 500 3000 1500 1000 750 600 500
H.P. H.P.
r.p.m. r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m. r.p.m.
2.5 1 1 1.5 2 2.5 2.5 105 22 24 27 29 36 41
5 2 2 2.5 3.5 4 4 110 23 25 28 30 38 43
7.5 2.5 3 3.5 4.5 5 5.5 115 24 26 29 31 39 44
10 3 4 4.5 5.5 6 6.5 120 25 27 30 32 40 46
12.5 3.5 4.5 5 6.5 7.5 8 125 26 28 31 33 41 47
15 4 5 6 7.5 8.5 9 130 27 29 32 34 43 49
17.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 8 10 10.5 135 28 30 33 35 44 50
20 5 6 7 9 11 12 140 29 31 34 36 46 52
22.5 5.5 6.5 8 10 12 13 145 30 32 35 37 47 54
25 6 7 9 10.5 13 14.5 150 31 33 36 38 48 55
27.5 6.5 7.5 9.5 11.5 14 16 155 32 34 37 39 49 56
30 7 8 10 12 15 17 160 33 35 38 40 50 57
32.5 7.5 8.5 11 13 16 18 165 34 36 39 41 51 59
35 8 9 11.5 13.5 17 19 170 35 37 40 42 53 60
37.5 8.5 9.5 12 14 18 20 175 36 38 41 43 54 61
40 9 10 13 15 19 21 180 37 39 42 44 55 62
42.5 9.5 11 14 16 20 22 185 38 40 43 45 56 63
45 10 11.5 14.5 16.5 21 23 190 38 40 43 45 58 65
47.5 10.5 12 15 17 22 24 195 39 41 44 46 59 66
50 11 12.5 16 18 23 25 200 40 42 45 47 60 67
55 12 13.5 17 19 24 26 205 41 43 46 48 61 68
60 13 14..5 18 20 26 28 210 42 44 47 49 61 69
65 14 15.5 19 21 27 29 215 42 44 47 49 62 70
70 15 16.5 20 22 28 31 220 43 45 48 50 63 71
75 16 17 21 23 29 32 225 44 46 49 51 64 72
80 17 19 22 24 30 34 230 45 47 50 52 65 73
Capacitor rating in KVAr when motor speed is Capacitor rating in KVAr when motor speed is
Motor Motor
3000 1500 1000 750 600 500 3000 1500 1000 750 600 500
H.P. H.P.
r.p.m. r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m. r.p.m.
85 18 20 23 25 31 35 235 46 48 51 53 65 74
90 19 21 24 26 33 37 240 46 48 51 53 66 75
95 20 22 25 27 34 38 245 47 49 52 54 67 75
100 21 23 26 28 35 40 250 48 50 53 55 68 76
Note: The recommended capacitor rating given in the above table is only for guidance purpose. (The capacitor rating should correspond
approximately to the apparent power of the motor on no-load).
Another chart for calculating the capacitors required for improving the Power factor in a
building is given in table 4.
Table 8.4: Multiplying factor for calculating the sizes of capacitor for power factor improvement
Power facto r Size of capacitors in kVAr per kW of load for raising the power factor to
of load
before 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 Unity
applying
capacitors
0.45 1.230 1.360 1.501 1.532 1.561 1.592 1.626 1.659 1.695 1.737 1.784 1.846 1.988
0.46 1.179 1.309 1.446 1.473 1.502 1.533 1.567 1.600 1.636 1.677 1.725 1.786 1.929
0.47 1.130 1.260 1.397 1.425 1.454 1.485 1.519 1.552 1.588 1.629 1.677 1.758 1.881
0.48 1.076 1.206 1.343 1.370 1.400 1.430 1.464 1.497 1.534 1.575 1.623 1.684 1.826
0.49 1.030 1.160 1.297 1.326 1.355 1.386 1.420 1.453 1.489 1.530 1.578 1.639 1.782
0.50 0.982 1.112 1.248 1.276 1.303 1.337 1.369 1.403 1.441 1.481 1.529 1.590 1.732
0.51 0.936 1.066 1.202 1.230 1.257 1.291 1.323 1.357 1.395 1.435 1.483 1.544 1.686
0.52 0.894 1.024 1.160 1.188 1.215 1.249 1.281 1.315 1.353 1.393 1.441 1.502 1.644
0.53 0.850 0.980 1.116 1.144 1.171 1.205 1.237 1.271 1.309 1.349 1.397 1.458 1.600
0.54 0.809 0.939 1.075 1.103 1.130 1.164 1.196 1.230 1.268 1.308 1.356 1.417 1.559
0.55 0.769 0.899 1.035 1.063 1.090 1.124 1.156 1.190 1.228 1.268 1.316 1.377 1.519
0.56 0.730 0.860 0.996 1.024 1.051 1.085 1.117 1.151 1.189 1.229 1.277 1.338 1.480
0.57 0.692 0.822 0.958 0.986 1.013 1.047 1.079 1.113 1.151 1.191 1.239 1.300 1.442
0.58 0.655 0.785 0.921 0.949 0.976 1.010 1.042 1.076 1.114 1.154 1.202 1.263 1.405
0.59 0.618 0.748 0.884 0.912 0.939 0.973 1.005 1.039 1.077 1.117 1.165 1.226 1.368
0.60 0.584 0.714 0.849 0.878 0.905 0.939 0.971 1.005 1.043 1.083 1.131 1.192 1.334
0.61 0.549 0.679 0.815 0.843 0.870 0.904 0.936 0.970 1.008 1.048 1.096 1.157 1.299
0.62 0.515 0.645 0.781 0.809 0.836 0.870 0.902 0.936 0.974 1.014 1.062 1.123 1.265
0.63 0.483 0.613 0.749 0.777 0.804 0.838 0.870 0.904 0.942 0.982 1.030 1.091 1.233
0.64 0.450 0.580 0.716 0.744 0.771 0.805 0.837 0.871 0.909 0.949 0.997 1.058 1.200
0.65 0.419 0.549 0.685 0.713 0.740 0.774 0.806 0.840 0.878 0.918 0.966 1.027 1.169
0.66 0.388 0.518 0.654 0.682 0.709 0.743 0.775 0.809 0.847 0.887 0.935 0.996 1.138
0.67 0.358 0.488 0.624 0.652 0.679 0.713 0.745 0.779 0.817 0.857 0.905 0.966 1.108
0.68 0.329 0.459 0.595 0.623 0.650 0.684 0.716 0.750 0.788 0.828 0.876 0.937 1.079
0.69 0.299 0.429 0.565 0.593 0.620 0.654 0.686 0.720 0.758 0.798 0.840 0.907 1.049
0.70 0.270 0.400 0.536 0.564 0.591 0.625 0.657 0.691 0.729 0.769 0.811 0.878 1.020
0.71 0.242 0.372 0.508 0.536 0.563 0.597 0.629 0.663 0.701 0.741 0.783 0.850 0.992
0.72 0.213 0.343 0.479 0.507 0.534 0.568 0.600 0.634 0.672 0.712 0.754 0.821 0.963
0.73 0.186 0.316 0.452 0.480 0.570 0.541 0.573 0.607 0.645 0.685 0.727 0.794 0.936
Power facto r Size of capacitors in kVAr per kW of load for raising the power factor to
of load
before 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 Unity
applying
capacitors
0.74 0.159 0.289 0.425 0.453 0.480 0.514 0.546 0.580 0.618 0.658 0.700 0.767 0.909
0.75 0.132 0.262 0.398 0.426 0.453 0.487 0.519 0.553 0.591 0.631 0.673 0.740 0.882
0.76 0.105 0.235 0.371 0.399 0.426 0.460 0.492 0.526 0.564 0.604 0.652 0.713 0.855
0.77 0.079 0.209 0.345 0.373 0.400 0.434 0.466 0.500 0.538 0.578 0.620 0.687 0.829
0.78 0.053 0.183 0.319 0.347 0.374 0.408 0.440 0.474 0.512 0.552 0.594 0.661 0.803
0.79 0.026 0.156 0.292 0.320 0.347 0.381 0.413 0.447 0.485 0.525 0.567 0.634 0.776
0.80 - 0.130 0.266 0.294 0.321 0.355 0.387 0.421 0.459 0.499 0.541 0.608 0.750
0.81 - 0.104 0.240 0.268 0.295 0.329 0.361 0.395 0.433 0.473 0.515 0.582 0.724
0.82 - 0.078 0.214 0.242 0.269 0.303 0.335 0.369 0.407 0.447 0.489 0.556 0.698
0.83 - 0.052 0.188 0.216 0.243 0.277 0.309 0.343 0.381 0.421 0.463 0.530 0.672
0.84 - 0.026 0.162 0.190 0.217 0.251 0.283 0.317 0.355 0.395 0.437 0.504 0.645
0.85 - - 0.136 0.164 0.191 0.225 0.257 0.291 0.329 0.369 0.417 0.478 0.620
0.86 - - 0.109 0.140 0.167 0.198 0.230 0.264 0.301 0.343 0.390 0.450 0.593
0.87 - - 0.083 0.114 0.141 0.172 0.204 0.238 0.275 0.317 0.364 0.424 0.567
0.88 - - 0.054 0.085 0.112 0.143 0.175 0.209 0.246 0.288 0.335 0.395 0.538
0.89 - - 0.028 0.059 0.836 0.117 0.149 0.183 0.230 0.262 0.309 0.369 0.512
0.90 - - - 0.031 0.058 0.089 0.121 0.155 0.192 0.234 0.281 0.341 0.484
0.91 - - - - 0.027 0.058 0.090 0.124 0.161 0.203 0.250 0.310 0.453
0.92 - - - - - 0.031 0.063 0.097 0.134 0.176 0.223 0.283 0.426
0.93 - - - - - - 0.032 0.066 0.103 0.145 0.192 0.252 0.395
0.94 - - - - - - - 0.034 0.071 0.113 0.160 0.220 0.363
0.95 - - - - - - - - 0.037 0.079 0.126 0.186 0.329
0.96 - - - - - - - - - 0.042 0.089 0.149 0.292
0.97 - - - - - - - - - - 0.047 0.107 0.250
0.98 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.060 0.203
0.99 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.143
Example: Given 100 kW load to be improved from 0.77 to 0.95 Power Factor. Factor from table is 0.500.
∴ Capacitor required (kVAr) = 100 x 0.500 = 50 kVAr.
8.2.6. Guidelines on Check Metering and monitoring
Energy accounting, monitoring and control is the very first step to be observed in any of the
energy conservation management.
a. Energy Accounting
Metering of the energy consumed by an establishment is necessary so that:
• Energy consumed by equipment can be analysed in detail and corrective methods can
be opted for improving equipment performances
• The consumption of active energy in the individual major equipment, shops, sections,
and plant can be monitored and variation in energy consumption in relation to
production levels can be analysed.
• The above analysis helps in bench-marking to arrive at optimum specific energy

consumption and reduce process irregularities
• The production of reactive energy by the compensating units of the building may be
monitored and corrective steps can be adopted
• It helps in identifying the optimum usage of demand allocation, thereby improving
the load factor
• Any consumers supplied via the building substation may be charged.
• Energy accounting for the corresponding sections (i.e. individual profit centre
concept) can be initiated towards input cost analysis.
• Energy accounting shall help in correlating the daily, fortnightly, monthly, or annual
energy consumption index with indication of deviation from the benchmark or the set
target.
b. Monitoring and Control

It is always the best practice to install energy meters, hour meters (time totalisers) on major
equipment/systems (HVAC system, Compressed air system, Pumping system, etc.,)
consuming significant amount of energy. This shall help in accounting energy consumption
on a shift-wise basis, daily basis, month-wise and yearly basis. Co-relation of these
consumption patterns with the production details (shift-wise production, equipment-wise
production) shall lead to identify energy saving opportunities.
The summation of all sub-meter energy consumption should be compared with the
summation of main plant energy meter (check meter for grid energy meter) and the energy
meters of the DG sets. Energy accounting error of about 3-4% ( accounting for cable and
equipment losses)between the summed values of sub-metering, main plant check meter and
DG set energy meter to that of grid energy meters is reasonable. Enormous percentage error
in the readings recorded needs to be viewed seriously.
8.2.7 Guidelines on distribution system losses
The distribution losses in the system are mainly on account of the losses in the cables and bus
bars. The parameters that affect the cable losses are mainly cable resistance, power factor
and voltage levels.
Losses
In-plant cable losses are in the range of 1% to 4 %. Table 5 gives cable loss for various sizes of
aluminium conductors..
Table 8.5: I2R Losses per Phase (in Watts) of Various Sizes (in mm2) of Aluminium Cables of 10 m Length in a 3
Phase System
2
Size (mm ) 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300
Amps
15 2.7 1.95 1.4 0.99 - - - - - -
30 10.8 7.8 5.8 4.0 - - - - - -
45 24.8 17.6 13.0 9.0 6.5 - - - - -
60 43.2 31.2 23.1 15.9 11.5 9.1 7.4 5.9 - -
75 - 48.8 36.1 24.9 18.0 14.2 11.6 9.2 7.0 5.6
90 - - 51.9 35.9 25.9 20.5 16.7 13.3 10.1 8.1
105 - - 70.7 48.8 35.3 27.9 22.7 18.1 13.8 11.0
120 - - - 63.8 46.1 36.4 29.7 23.6 18.0 14.4
135 - - - 80.7 58.3 46.1 37.5 29.9 22.8 18.2
150 - - - - 70.0 56.9 46.4 36.9 28.1 22.5
165 - - - - 87.1 68.9 56.1 44.6 34.0 27.2
180 - - - - - 82.0 66.7 53.1 40.5 32.4
195 - - - - - - 78.3 62.4 47.5 38.0
210 - - - - - - 90.8 72.3 55.1 44.1
225 - - - - - - - 83.0 63.3 50.0
240 - - - - - - - 94.5 72.0 57.6
255 - - - - - - - - 81.3 65.0
270 - - - - - - - - 91.1 72.9
285 - - - - - - - - 101.1 81.2
300 - - - - - - - - 112.5 90.0
315 - - - - - - - - - 99.2
330 - - - - - - - - - 108.9
345 - - - - - - - - - 119.0
Loss Reduction
Power losses in lines depend upon the resistance of the lines and the current carried. The
resistance of lines may be considered constant. Then it follows that the only way to reduce
the loss of power is to reduce the current. The current may be reduced by using as many
reserve lines as possible. Dual lines should be connected in parallel for a more economical
operation.
Cable laying should be done strictly in accordance with carefully and systematically planned
schedule. Drawing of this should be available at site and should be preserved at sub-stations.
All cable ends should be suitably labelled to facilitate easy identification. In all control cables
adequate number of spare cores should be included. For cables, use IS:1255-1958, IS:962-
1965 and IS:3043-1966 standards.
8.2.8 Guidelines on Power back up systems
A. DG Sets
With the rampant power shortage, poor power quality, disturbances, increased energy costs,
as seen in the present SEB grid power distribution, industries are put to tremendous
difficulties resulting in production losses, etc., This has lead to the need for captive power
generation.
Industries/ buildings have several advantages in going for Captive Generating sets. Captive
power generation offers the following advantages:
1. Continuous availability of power, free from utility power breakdown and grid
disturbances, etc., leading to better productivity, less interruptions in process restart
etc.,
2. Good power system control obtained when operated in parallel with the utility supply
system
3. Possibility of heat and electrical energy generation (Cogeneration) resulting in energy
conservation and reduced energy cost,
4. Excess electrical energy generation can be supplied to the utility grid and earning
income/ wheeling charges.
Selection of Captive Generation Equipment

Based on the energy requirements, availability of fuels, availability and reliability of grid
power at the plant location, industries should take up a detailed and careful study to decide
the type of generating equipment, its rating and other specifications. Different modes of
operating the Captive generation units are defined based on IEEE standard 446.
Following modes of operation may be considered:
• Standby Power supply Mode (Emergency Power Supply): Captive power generation
set utilised in this mode shall meet the plant part load or total load requirement
during the failure of utility power supply (Grid supply system).
• Peak Loading Mode (Peak Lopping/Peak Shaving):
The captive power generation units are chosen to come into operation during peak load
periods to supplement the utility supply (Grid supply) to limit the peak demand drawn from
utility and thereby saving the electricity cost paid towards maximum peak demand.
• Base Load Mode (Primary Supply Mode):
This mode of operation is required in locations where there is no utility power supply or the
utility supply is highly unreliable with frequent outages. A part or whole of the plant load is
supplied on a continuous basis in this mode of operation. This mode of operation can also be
termed as Total Energy mode. Industries where the requirement of heat and cooling water
supply, apart from electricity opt for this mode of operation in the initial design stages.
The specific energy generation ( SEGR) of the DG sets varies with size and loading on the DG
sets. A SEGR of 4 kWh/l is said to be an efficient design.
B. UPS/ Inverters
An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or battery back-up,
is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power
source, typically the utility mains, fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power
system or standby generator in that it will provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous
protection from input power interruptions by means of one or more attached batteries and
associated electronic circuitry. The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources
is relatively short—5–15 minutes being typical for smaller units—but sufficient to allow time
to bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly shut down the protected equipment.
While not limited to protecting any particular type of equipment, a UPS is typically used to
protect computers, data centers, telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment
where an unexpected power disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business
disruption and/or data loss. UPS units range in size from units designed to protect a single
computer without a video monitor (around 200 VA rating) to large units powering entire data
centers, buildings.
The efficiency level of the inverters varies from 92 -95 % based on the capacity.
8.2.9 Guidelines on Power Quality

A Voltage Range, and Tolerance
The voltage ranges in which the AC installations can be classified (as per IS: 12360 - 1988),
according to their normal voltage for earthed and not effectively earthed systems, and the
tolerances on declared voltages are given below in Table 6.
Table 8.6: Voltage Ranges in AC Installations

Ranges Line-to-Line rms. Standard Nominal Tolerance on Voltage adopted
Values A.C. System Declared for the system
Voltages Voltage
I 50 V < u < 1000 V Three phase - 415 V ±6% Distribution system
Single phase - 240 V
II A 1 kV < u < 52 kV 3.3, 6.6, 11, 33 kV + 6 % & - 9% Sub-transmission
II B 52 kV < u < 300 kV 66, 132, 220 kV ± 12.5 % Transmission
III C U > 300 kV 400 kV ± 12.5 % Transmission
u = Nominal voltage of the installation
The primary sub-transmission voltage is 33 kV (in a few states, it is 66 kV). The 33 kV

network is extended from 220 / 132 / 33 kV substations. The secondary sub-transmission
voltage is standardised at 11 kV. The low-tension voltage is either 415 V or 240 V, supplied to
consumers.
B. Phase Voltage Imbalance in a Three Phase System

Most utilities adopt a three-phase, four-wire, grounded-star primary distribution system, so
that single-phase distribution transformers can be connected directly to supply lines to cater
to single-phase loads, such as residences and street lights. Variations in single-phase load
distribution cause the currents in the three-phase system to vary, producing different voltage
drops and causing the phase voltage to become unbalanced.
Phase to phase voltage imbalances by even 2.5 % of the nominal voltage can reduce motor
efficiency up to 10 %. This causes excessive heating due to the high negative sequence
current. Imbalance of more than 5 % should therefore not be permitted.
Perfect balance can never be maintained since loads continuously change. Blown fuses on
three phase capacitor banks also unbalance the load and cause phase voltage imbalance.
Proper balancing of single-phase loads on the three phases on both branch circuits and
feeders is necessary to keep the load and corresponding phase-voltage imbalance within
reasonable.
C. Effects of Phase Voltage Imbalance

Unequal loads on individual phases, negative and zero phase sequence components cause
overheating of transformers, cables, conductors and motors thus increasing the losses and
motor malfunction. The limit of negative phase sequence as per 1EC34-1 is 2% of the voltage.
When unbalanced phase voltages are applied to three phase motors, additional negative
sequence currents circulate in the motor, increasing heat losses in the rotor. The most severe
condition occurs when one phase is open and the motor runs on single-phase power.
In general, single-phase loads should not be connected to three phase circuits supplying
equipment sensitive to phase-voltage imbalance. A separate circuit should be used to supply
such equipment.
G UIDELINE 9: Perform mandatory energy audit for existing

commercial buildings with connected load of cases of 500 kW or
600 KVA and apply energy conservation measures to reduce
energy consumption in existing commercial/institutional buildings
9.1 Guideline:
Energy audit should be carried out in all commercial/institutional buildings that have
connected load more than 500kW or 600 kVa.
Energy performance indices should be derived for audited buildings and evaluated vis a vis
Bureau of Energy Efficiency star rating (note: presently the BEE does not have EPI for rating
of office buildings in temperate zone ;however it is under development; BEE star rating band
is available for BPO buildings only)
Target should be set to achieve a minimum of 3 star rating by applying energy conservation
measures (as and when developed).
9.1.1 Mandatory requirement

The state utilities should be empowered to enforce the above. This cannot be included in the
building byelaw.
9.2 Guidance Notes
Energy audits can be considered as the first step towards understanding how energy is being
used in a given facility. Energy Audit indicates the ways in which different forms of energy
are being used and quantify energy use according to discrete functions. Energy audits do not
provide the final answer to the problem. It identifies where the potential for improvement
lies, and therefore, where energy management efforts must be directed. Also, energy audit
seeks to prioritize the energy uses according to the greatest to least cost effective
opportunities for energy savings.
The following are the key steps for carrying out energy audit of a building
9.3 Energy demand and Consumption

Energy consumption: The different sources of energy used in the building have to be
identified with the help of facility people.
Step 1 -Data Collection

Energy Bill: The Format in which energy bill needs to be collected and compiled is given
below in the table 1.
Table 9.1: Building energy consumption
Building Energy Consumption
Sanctioned
demand KVA
Monthly Energy Consumption
Pattern
Cost
kW KV P k Demand Total
Month h A F W Energy Charges Charges Cost
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Fuel Bill: In case DG is also installed then monthly energy generated by DG and the cost of
fuel has to be collected for an year.
Total Area: The total built up area of the building needs to be collected.
Step 2 -Analysis:
Energy performance Index (EPI): Energy performance index is a measuring tool to evaluate
the performance of the building in terms of the total energy consumption and the total built
up area.
It is calculated by dividing the total energy consumption for a year and total built up area.
The unit’s are kWH/annum/m2.
Total Energy Consumption: Energy bill + fuel bill
Total built up area: m2
Energy Performance index: kWh/ annum/m2
The table given below should be used to demonstrate the comparison of actual EPI with BEE
recommended EPI for various buildings:
Table 9.2: EPI Comparison
EPI Comparison
Parameter Actual EPI BEE recommended
(kWh/annum/ EPI (kWH/annum/m2)
m2)
Energy
Performan
ce Index
The above table gives the star rating index for BPO buildings in Bangalore . for other
buildings, the index is under development.
Specific energy generation ratio: It indicates the no. of units (kWh) produced in one litre of
fuel. The units are kWh/litre.
Step 3- Observation and Recommendation

• Comment on the Energy Performance of the building.
• Comment on DG performance
• Comment on Tariff Rate
Step 4- Energy Conservation Measures

Usage of efficient lighting system, HVAC system and other energy efficient products in order
to reduce the building energy consumption and reducing the EPI within the recommended
limit.
9.4 Audit of individual systems
9.4.1 Electrical system
Information on the main source of electricity for the building and its single line diagram has
to be collected. The transformer design details needs to be collected and compiled in the
format given below in the table.
Table 9.3: Transformer rated parameters

Transformer rated details
Parameters Transformer
Make
Rated KVA
High side Voltage
Low Side Voltage
Type of Cooling
Frequency
Year of Manufacturing
The motor design details needs to be collected and compiled in the format given below in the
table.
Table 9.4: Motor rated parameters

Motor Rated details
Motor Description Voltage Current Power Actual
factor KW
Chilled water pump -1
Condenser water pump
-1
-3
CT Fan -1
CT Fan -2
AHU Motors and others
Step2-Measurement
Building load profile: Building load profile has to be analysed for a single day at the main
incomer of the building with the help of power analyser. The parameters that are needed to
be analysed are voltage, power factor, frequency and current.
Motor performance: Motor load test has to be carried out to find out their loading
percentage. Electrical parameters like voltage (V), current (I), power factor (PF), and input
electrical energy (kW) has to be measured with the help of tong tester
Table 9.5: Motor measured parameters

Motor Percentage Loading
Actual Percentage loading
Motor Description KW Rated KW (%)
Condenser water
pump -1
Condenser water
pump -3
CT Fan –1
CT Fan –2
AHU Motors
Transformer no- load test: Transformer no- load test has to be carried out on to find out
their loading percentage. Electrical parameters like voltage (V), current (I), power factor
(PF), and input electrical energy (kW) has to be measured with the help of tong tester
Step 3 -Analysis:
Motor loading: Based on the data collected during motor performance test which is given in
table 5 the motor loading percentage has to be estimated in the format which is given the
table 6.
Table 9.6: Motor loading (%) for the motors
Motor Percentage Loading

Actual Rated Percentage loading
Motor Description KW KW (%)
-1
-3
CT Fan –1
CT Fan –2
AHU Motors
Step 4- Observation and Recommendation

• Comment on the power factor.
• Comment on the motor loading percentage.
• Comment on the transformer losses.
• Voltage imbalance among the three phases.
Step 5- Energy Conservation Measures:

• The power factor can be maintained above 0.95 by installing automatic power factor
correction relay.
• Motor loading above than 70% can be avoided by properly sizing the motor and by
optimising the load on the motor.
• Identified motors with less than 50 % loading, 50 – 75 % loading, 75 – 100 % loading,
over 100 % loading.
• Balancing of load among three phases.
9.4.2 Lighting System
Lighting accounts for a significant portion of the energy use in commercial buildings. In
office buildings, for instance, 30% to 50% of the electricity consumption is used to provide
lighting. In addition, heat generated by lighting contributes to the thermal load to be
removed by the cooling equipment. Energy retrofits of lighting equipment are typically very
cost-effective, with payback periods of less than 2 years in most applications.

Lighting Source: The details of the lighting source which include the wattage type pf lamp
and inventory of lamp needs to be collected. The floor wise inventory of Lighting fixture,
wattage and its type needs to be collected.
Table 9.7: Details of lighting source

Lighting Source Details
Total number of
Item Wattage lamps
Compact Fluorescent lamp
(CFL)
(CFL)
(CFL)
Fluorescent tube lamp (FTL-
T8)
Decorative Down lighter
Down lighter
Others
Table 9.8: Lighting fixtures and lamps

Details of lighting fixtures and lamps
Sl. Type of Type of No. of Total Load Area
No. Floor Location lamp luminaries lamp (W) (m2)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Step 2- Measurement
Illumination level: During the Energy audit, the illumination level has to be measured with
the help of digital lux meter. The format in which the illumination level needs to collected
and complied is given below in table.
Table 9.9: Illumination levels details area wise

Area wise illumination level details
S No. Area Average lighting level
(lux)
1 Office
area_enclosed
2 Ofice area_open
plan
3 Corridor
4 Restroom
5 Conference
6 Reception
7 Library
8 Others
Lighting Power Density (LPD): It is the maximum lighting power per unit area of a building.
It is calculated by dividing lighting load (W) for a specified region of the building by the area
of that specified region. During the Energy audit, the lighting load needs to be calculated
across different areas of the buildings which is listed in table 8. On the basis of that collected
data LPD is calculated and is given in the table 10:
Table 9.10: Lighting power density area wise

Area wise lighting power density
S No. Area Average LPD (W/m2)
1 Office area_enclosed
2 Ofice area_open plan
3 Corridor
4 Restroom
5 Conference
6 Reception
7 Library
8 Other areas
Step 3 -Analysis:
Estimated lighting consumption: The lighting consumption for a year needs to be compiled
in the following format. The consumption can be taken from the log books which are
generally maintained by the facility in charge. The consumption gives an estimation of the
contribution of lighting to the building consumption
Table 9.11: Monthly Lighting Consumption
Monthly lighting consumption

Months Load (kW) Total Consumption
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
Augst
September
October
November
December
Total
Illumination level: The table 12 given below shows the comparison of illumination level
inside the building with NBC (National building code -2005) recommended illumination
level
Table 9.12: Illumination level comparison
Illumination level comparison

Area Average lighting level (lux) NBC Recommended
Office area enclosed 300-500
Ofice area open plan 300-500
Corridor 50-100-150
Restroom 100-150-200
Conference 300-500
Reception 200-300-500
Library 200-300-500
For other areas kindly refer national building code 2005
Lighting power Density (LPD): It is defined as the ratio of total operating load in a particular
area to the built up area of that particular area. The units are W/m2.
The table given below shows the comparison of ECBC recommended value with the actual
LPD.
Table 9.13: LPD comparison
LPD Comparison
Area Average LPD ECBC
(W/m2) Recommended
Office area_enclosed 11.8
Ofice area_open plan 11.8
Corridor 5.4
Restroom 9.7
Conference 14
Reception 12.9
Library 11.8
For LPD at other areas kindly refer ECBC 2007
Over all Lighting power Density (LPD): It is defined as the ratio of total operating load in a
building to the built up area. The units are W/m2.
The table given below shows the comparison of ECBC recommended value with the actual
LPD.
Table 14: Overall LPD Comparisons

Overall LPD Comparison
Area Average LPD ECBC
(W/m2) Recommended
Over all 11.8
Building
Step 4- Observation and Recommendation:
• Comment on Visual Comfort in comparison with NBC recommended.

• Comment on LPD in comparison with ECBC recommendation.

• The visual comfort can achieve by selecting proper fixture, integrating day lighting
with artificial lighting.
• The recommended LPD can be achieved by selecting proper luminaries and lamps.
According to the Energy Conservation Building Code following lighting controls are
mandatory
Automatic Lighting shutoff

• Interior lighting systems in buildings larger than 500m2 shall be equiped with an
automatic control device. In these buildings, all office areas less than 30m2 enclosed
by wall and roof partitions, meeting rooms, conference rooms, storage spaces shall be
equipped with occupancy sensors.
•
a) other spaces, the automatic control device shall function on either:
• A scheduled basis at specific programmed times. An independent program schedule
shall be provided for areas no more than 2,500m2 and not more than one floor ; or,
• Occupancy sensors that shall switch OFF the lights within 30 minutes of an occupant
leaving the space.. There should be a manual switch capable to switch ON the lights
when the space is occupied. According to the Energy Conservation Building Code
following lighting controls are mandatory
b) Space Control
Each space enclosed by ceiling and wall partitions, shall have at least one control device to
control the general ligting within the space. The control devices should be activated either
manually or automatically by sensing an occupant. Each control device shall:
• Control a maximum of 250m2 inside a space less than or equal to 1,000m2 and a
maximum of 1,000m2 for a space greater than 1,000 m2.
• It should be able to override the shutoff control.
• The control device should be readily accessible and located so that the occupants can
see the control.
9.4.3 HVAC system
HVAC accounts for a significant portion of the energy use in commercial buildings. In office
buildings, for instance, 60% to 80% of the electricity consumption is used to provide HVAC
The detail layout of HVAC plant should be collected along with the design parameters of all
the HVAC equipments. The table given below shows the format for data collection of the
design parameters of HVAC equipments:
Table 9.15: HVAC rated parameters
HVAC Rated Parameters
Equipment type Chiller

Make
Model
Type
Condenser type
Rated capacity
Refrigerant used
Supply chilled water temperature

Entering condenser water temperature
Rated KW
Fuel Used
No. of chillers installed

Equipment chilled water pumps
Type
Capacity
Head
Rated motor kW
No. of pumps installed
Equipment Condenser water pump

Type
Capacity
Head
Rated motor kW
No. of pumps installed
Equipment Cooling Tower
Capacity
Fan motor rating

No. of CTs installed
Make
Chiller performance testing: The operating parameters of Chiller plant has to be monitored
for one day. The supply chilled water temperature (SCHWT) and return chilled water
temperature (RCHWT) have to be taken. Similarly the entering condenser water
temperatures and leaving condenser water temperatures has to be taken. The chilled water
flow and condenser water flow has to be established with the help flow
measurement taken near chilled water pumps and condenser water pumps
Fig 1 Overview of Chiller Performance Test

Pump performance testing: The operating parameters of all the pumps in all the pumping
systems has to be measured. Heads has to be measured with the help of digital pressure
meter, flows with the help of non-intrusive type flow meters. Electrical parameters has to be
measured along with flow and head measurements
Fig 2 Overview of pump performance Test
AHU performance testing: Total filter area has to be measured and coil face area has to be
calculated. The air velocity in individual AHUs has to be calculated with the help of digital air
flow meter at AHU performance testing: Total filter area has to be measured and coil face
area has to be calculated. The air velocity in individual AHUs has to be calculated with the
help of digital air flow meter at different places and average air velocity near filter or coil was
worked out. The supply and return air dry-bulb and wet bulb temperatures have to be
measured to estimate the load on individual AHUs. Motor loading has to be measured with
the help of digital power multimeter.
AHU performance testing: Total filter area has to be measured and coil face area has to be
calculated. The air velocity in individual AHUs has to be calculated with the help of digital air
flow meter at AHU performance testing: Total filter area has to be measured and coil face
area has to be calculated. The air velocity in individual AHU has to be calculated with the
help of digital air flow meter at different places and average air velocity near filter or coil was
worked out. The supply and return air dry-bulb and wet bulb temperatures have to be
measured to estimate the load on individual AHUs. Motor loading has to be measured with
the help of digital power multimeter
Fig 3 Overview of AHUI performance Test
Cooling tower performance testing: Temperature, RH has to be taken near the sump of
cooling tower. Fan power has to be taken with the help of multimeter. Flow has to be taken at
the condenser water line with the help of non intrusive type flow meter.
Fig 4 Overview of cooling tower test
Step 3 -Analysis:
Estimated HVAC consumption: Based on installed energy meters, recorded log book data,
measured operating efficiencies of different equipment measured during field survey, and
discussion made with the engineering and maintenance staff the energy consumed in AC
system has to be estimated. The estimated energy consumption is given in the Table 16
below.
Table 9.16: Monthly estimated consumption

Monthly Estimated HVAC Consumption
CHW Cooling water pump and
Months Chiller AHUs pump CT fan
April
May
June
July
Augst
September
October
November
December
January
February
The estimated AC system consumption helps in analysing which equipment wise

consumption of HVAC.
Performance evaluation of chiller: Based on the operating data collected, the specific power
and the coefficient of performance of different plants at operating load have to be calculated.
The complete analysis of chiller performance evaluation is summarized in Tables below.
Table 9.17: Performance evaluation for chiller
Performance Evaluation of Chiller

Description Units Parameters
Water side Chiller
Leaving Chilled water temperature Deg. C
Entering Chilled water temperature Deg. C
Temp. Difference Deg. C
Chilled water flow M3/hr
Leaving Condenser water temperature Deg. C
Entering Condenser water temperature Deg. C
Temperature Difference Deg. C
Input power KW
Capacity TR
KW/TR
COP
Performance Evaluation of Pumps: The table given below shows the format in which
measured and actual operating data for pumps has to be compiled.
Table 9.18: Performance evaluation for pumps
Performance Evaluation for pumps

Actual
Rated Actual Rated
Rated Actual Flow Flow Head head Efficiency
KW KW GPM GPM M M %
CHW
Primary
Pump No-1
CHW
Primary
Pump No-2
CDW No-1
CDW No-3
Performance evaluation of
Performance Evaluation for Cooling Towers AHUs: The table given
Parameters
below shows the format in
Air discharge area (ft 2) which measured and actual
Air velocity (ft/min) operating data for AHUs has
Air flow (CFM) to be compiled.
Entering water temp (0 C)
Table 9.19: Performance evaluation
Leaving water temp (0 C)
for Air Handling Units
Ambient wet bulb temp (0
C)
Range (0 C)
Wet bulb approach (0 F)
Effectiveness (%)
Performance evaluation of cooling towers: Different measurements that have to be taken on

the cooling towers are given in Table 20. The average cooling towers wet bulb approach that
is defined as the difference of leaving water temperature and the ambient wet bulb
temperature. The average thermal efficiency of cooling towers which is defined as the ratio of
range to the sum of range and approach has to be calculated
Table 9.20: Performance evaluation for Cooling Towers
Performance Evaluation for Air handling units

AHU Actual Rated Actual Rated
Location Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity
Units CFM CFM TR TR
Basement 1
First Floor 2
3
4
5
Second 6
Floor 7
8
9
Third 10
Floor 11
12
13
Cooling demand: It is defined as the ratio of total built up area of the total to the total cooling
demand of the building. The units are ft2/TR.
The table 21 given below shows the comparison of ASHRAE recommended value with the
actual cooling demand.
Table 9.21: Cooling demand comparison
Cooling Demand Comparison

Description Design Peak cooling demand ASHRAE recommended cooling demand
(ft2/TR) (ft2/TR)
Over all 250-300
Building
Thermal comfort: The table 22 given below shows the thermal comfort performance of the
building, which is defined in terms of Temperature and Relative humidity, maintained inside
the building. The table also shows the comparison with NBC recommended thermal comfort.
Table 9.22: Thermal comfort
Thermal Comfort
Building Location Average Average NBC Recommended NBC recommended Relative humidity
Temp. RH temperature deg C (%)
24-26 50-60
24-26 50-60
Step 4- Observation and Recommendation:
Comment on Chilled water and condenser water pump efficiency

•
Comment on Cooling tower efficiency
•
Comment on Thermal comfort maintained in the building in comparison with NBC
•
recommended.
Comment on whether VFD is being installed on the secondary chilled water loop circuit and
AHUs motors
• Chilled water pumps and condenser water pumps shall be replaced by energy
efficient pumps having efficiency of 60% and above
• Cooling tower shall be replaced by energy efficient cooling tower.
• Insulate all cold lines / vessels using economic insulation thickness to minimize heat
gains; and choose appropriate (correct) insulation.
• Ensure adequate quantity of chilled water and cooling water flows, avoid bypass
flows by closing valves of idle equipment.
• Minimize part load operations by matching loads and plant capacity on line; adopt
VFD for varying process load.
9.5 Controls in the HVAC system recommended by Energy Conservation

Building Code (ECBC)
1. All mechanical cooling and heating systems shall be controlled by a time clock that:
• Can start and stop the system under different schedules for three different day-types
per week.
• Is capable of retaining programming and time setting during loss of power for a
period of at least 10 hours, and
• Includes an accessible manual override that allows temporary operation of the
system for up to 2 hours.
• All heating and cooling equipment shall be temperature controlled. The controls shall
be capable of providing a temperature dead band of 3deg.C within which the
supply of heating and cooling energy to the zone is shut off or reduced to a minimum.
• All cooling towers and closed circuit fluid coolers shall have either two speed motors,
pony motors, or variable speed drives controlling the fans.
9.6 Benefits
Energy Audit provides act as a tool that can be used to analyze building load profile,
equipment efficiencies and the energy optimization scope for a building. It attempts to
balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify all the energy streams in a
facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions.
The direct and indirect advantages of Energy audit are summarized as follows-
• Tells you where you are, what you should focus on first and what environmental and
cost benefits can be achieved.
• Assessing the performance efficiency of utility systems & equipment.
• Evaluating the present status in comparison with the standard specific consumption
norms and set up a baseline which helps in comparing the current energy scenario (
includes HVAC, lighting and electrical system) with ECBC recommended
• Targeting recurring savings of approximately 5% to 10% on Energy cost and with
favorable payback period of usually less than a year.
• Identifying, short term & long term measures for implementation.
• Improving awareness of employees about energy conservation through proper
training at all levels.
• Increased comfort of building occupants
• Reduced environmental impacts
• By saving energy, industries can reduce the emission of green house gases (GHG)
into the atmosphere
9.7 Glossary
1. Lighting Power density (LPD): It is calculated by dividing the total lighting load in
wattage with total area (m2). The units are W/m2.
2. Energy Performance Index: It is calculated as the ratio of total building energy
consumption in a year to the total built up area.
3. Chiller Performance: It is calculated based on the formula given below:
• The refrigeration TR is assessed as TR = Q x Cp x (Ti – To) / 3024

• Where Q is mass flow rate of coolant in kg/hr
• Cp is coolant specific heat in kCal /kg deg C
• Ti is inlet, temperature of coolant to evaporator (chiller) in °C
• To is outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator (chiller) in °C.
The above TR is also called as chiller tonnage.

The specific power consumption kW/TR is a useful indicator of the performance of
refrigeration system. By measuring refrigeration duty performed in TR and the kiloWatt
inputs, kW/TR is used as a reference energy performance indicator.
1. Pump Performance: Pump efficiency can be calculated based on the formula given below:
Efficiency: hydraulic power/electrical input power

Hydraulic power: Q (m3/s) x Total head, (hd – hs) (m) x ρ (kg/m3) x g (m/s2) / 1000
Where hd – discharge head,
hs – suction head,
ρ – density of the fluid,
g – acceleration due to gravity
2. Cooling tower performance: cooling tower performance is calculated based on the

formula given
Efficiency: range/ (range + approach)
Range: Difference between the cooling tower water inlet and outlet temperature.
Approach: Difference between the cooling tower outlet cold water temperature and ambient
wet bulb temperature.

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Phase 2 Report On Environmental Building Regulations & Guidelines To Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City

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January 2010

Phase 2 Report on Environmental Building

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T E R I University Tel. 25356590

Ms. Minni Mehrotra

TERI University Project Advisor

Dr. A Ravindra, Advisor to Chief Minister of Karnataka (Urban Affairs)

In phase II of the project framing of environmental building regulations and guidelines to

The study in the phase II was divided into two parts.

Existing Bye Laws & Revisions Proposed

Section 3.1.6 & 3.1.7, Width of road & Means of access

Section 3.2 3 Basements

Section 3.3 Requirements of Building Services

Natural ventilation and area of opening

Section 3.3.3 Transformer

Section 3.3.5 Electrical installations, Air conditioning and heating

Section 3.4.10 Solar energy

Frame work of Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines for

1. Solar passive design integration in new buildings.

2. Provide roof treatment to cut heat gains.

5. Energy efficient air conditioning design for buildings.

6. Use of BEE labeled equipments and appliances to achieve energy efficiency in

7. Solar water heating systems for residential and commercial buildings.

8. Energy efficient electrical systems for building

9. Perform mandatory energy audit for existing commercial buildings with

1.1 Guideline for Solar Passive design for New Buildings

Achieve thermal and visual comfort inside the building by

1.1.1 Mandatory clause to be included in the Revised Bye Laws

Table 1.1: Roof assembly U-factor requirements as per ECBC 2007

Vertical Fenestration U-factor and SHGC Requirements (U-factor in W/m2K)

Technical guidance to achieve the recommendations

1.2.1 Solar Passive Design

1. Modulating the microclimate of the site through landscaping

1.2.3 Water Bodies

Figure 1.5: Average daily radiation received on West orientation facade

1.2.5 Building form / surface to volume ratio

1.2.6 Optimization of building envelope

1.2.8 Thermal storage / thermal capacity

1.2.10 Thermal insulation

Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) requirement for external walls

Climate zone 24-Hour use buildings Daytime use buildings

1.2.11 Optimization of roof

Green roof concept

Green roof is a roof of a building that is partially or

Use of high reflective material on roof top

Thermal insulation for roof

Table 1.2: Roof assembly U-factor requirements as per ECBC 2007

Examples of ECBC compliant roof assembly

Insulation + cool roof

External shading of roof

1. Burnt brick 1 820 0.811 0.88

2. Mud brick 1 731 0.750 0.88

3. Dense concrete 2 410 1.74 0.88

4. R.C.C. 2 288 1.58 0.88

5. Limestone 2 420 1.80 0.84

6. State 2 750 1.72 0.84

7. Reinforced brick 1 920 1.10 0.84

8. Brick tile 1 892 0.798 0.88