Lalaine G.

Nadulpit
BS Nursing 3A

GLOSSARY

Airway Resistance- Degree of resistance to the flow of air through the respiratory tract during inspiration and expiration.
The resistance to flow of air is caused by friction with the airways, which includes the conducting zone for air, such as the
trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. The main determinants of airway resistance are the size of the airway and the properties
of the flow of air itself.

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation: Airway Resistance. (2020). N.p.: med.libretexts.org. Retrieved September 3, 2020,
from https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book
%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/21%3A_Respiratory_System/21.6%3A_Factors_Affecting_Pulmonary_Ventila
tion/21.6C%3A_Factors_Affec

Alveoli- Alveoli are tiny sacs within lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and
bloodstream.

Glossary. (n.d.). N.p.: LungMAP. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from https://lungmap.net/resources/glossary/

Apnea- a technical term for suspension of external breathing. There is no movement of the muscles of respiration and the
volume of the lungs initially remains unchanged.
Apnea. (2020). N.p.: ScienceDaily. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/apnea.htm

Arterial Blood Gas- a blood test that measures the acidity, or pH, and the levels of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
from an artery. The test is used to check the function of the patient's lungs and how well they are able to move oxygen into
the blood and remove carbon dioxide.

Know Your ABGs - Arterial Blood Gases Explained. (2020). N.p.: nurse.org. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://nurse.org/articles/arterial-blood-gas-test/#:~:text=What%20is%20an%20Arterial%20Blood,blood%20and
%20remove%20carbon%20dioxide.

Barrel Chest- an increase in the anterior posterior diameter of the chest wall resembling the shape of a barrel, most often
associated with emphysema.

Olson, E. J. (n.d.). What causes barrel chest? N.p.: MayoClinic. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/copd/expert-answers/barrel-chest/faq-20058419

Biot's respiration- Biot's respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by groups of regular deep
inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea.

Abnormal Breathing Patterns. (2010). N.p.: SofChalk. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://media.lanecc.edu/users/driscolln/RT127/Softchalk/regulation_of_Breathing/regulation_of_Breathing4.html

Bradypnea- Abnormally slow breathing. A respiratory rate that is too slow.

Shiel, W. (n.d.). Medical Definition of Bradypnea. N.p.: MedicineNet. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=32268

Bronchophony- the abnormal transmission of sounds from the lungs or bronchi. Bronchophony is a type of pectoriloquy. It
is a general medical sign detected by auscultation. Ask the patient to say "99" in a normal voice. Listen to the chest with a
stethoscope. The expected finding is that the words will be indistinct. Bronchophony is present if sounds can be heard
clearly.

Abnormal Lung Sounds. (n.d.). N.p.: EasyAuscultation. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.easyauscultation.com/cases?coursecaseorder=3&courseid=202

Bronchovesicular breath sounds- are normal sounds in the mid-chest area or in the posterior chest between the
scapula. They reflect a mixture of the pitch of the bronchial breath sounds heard near the trachea and the alveoli
with the vesicular sound.

Basics of Lung Sounds. (n.d.). N.p.: EasyAuscultation. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.easyauscultation.com/cases?coursecaseorder=8&courseid=201#:~:text=Bronchovesicular
%20Sounds&text=These%20are%20normal%20sounds%20in,E%20ratio%20of%201%3A1.

Chyne-stokes respiration- an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper, and sometimes faster,
breathing followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea. The pattern
repeats, with each cycle usually taking 30 seconds to 2 minutes. A condition that causes abnormal breathing during sleep.

What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration? A brief Cheyne-Stokes definition. (2020). N.p.: ResMed. Retrieved September 3, 2020,
from https://www.resmed.com/en-us/sleep-apnea/sleep-blog/what-is-cheyne-stokes-respiration-a-brief-cheyne-stokes-
definition/

Clubbing of fingers- a symptom of disease, often of the heart or lungs which cause chronically low blood levels of oxygen.

Clubbing of the fingers or toes. (2020). N.p.: Mount Sinai. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/clubbing-of-the-fingers-or-toes#:~:text=The%20tips%20of%20the
%20fingers,disease%20can%20also%20cause%20clubbing.

Compliance- a measure of the lung's ability to stretch and expand (distensibility of elastic tissue). The change in lung
volume per unit change in transmural pressure gradient. It is usually about 100ml/cm H2O.

Static, dynamic and specific compliance. (2017). N.p.: Deranged Physiology. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter%20031/static-
dynamic-and-specific-compliance

Crackles- abnormal lung sounds characterized by discontinuous clicking or rattling sounds. Crackles can sound like salt
dropped onto a hot pan or like cellophane being crumpled or like velcro being torn open.

Crackles. (2020). N.p.: Easy Auscultation. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from https://www.easyauscultation.com/crackles-
lung-sounds

Cyanosis- A bluish color to the skin or mucous membrane is usually due to a lack of oxygen in the blood.
Blue discoloration of the skin. (2020). N.p.: MedlinePlus. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003215.htm

Egophony- a voice sound with a nasal quality, often described to be like a goat's bleating. Ask the patient to say "Eeee"
several times and auscultate the chest walls. Over healthy lung areas, the sound is understandable as an "E".
Egophony - e Sounds. (2020). N.p.: EasyAuscultation. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.easyauscultation.com/cases?coursecaseorder=4&courseid=202

Eupnea- a mode of breathing that occurs at rest and does not require the cognitive thought of the individual.
A normal quiet breathing that requires contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

Types of Breathing. (2020). N.p.: bio.librotexts.org. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book
%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/39%3A_The_Respiratory_System/39.3%3A_Breathing/39.3B%3A_Types_of_Breathing

Expiratory Reserve Volume- the additional amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation. It is the reserve
amount that can be exhaled beyond what is normal. The average ERV volume is about 1100 mL in males and 800 mL in
females.

Lung Volumes and Capacities. (2020). N.p.: bio.librotexts.org. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book
%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/39%3A_The_Respiratory_System/39.2%3A_Gas_Exchange_across_Respiratory_Surface
s/39.2C%3A_Lung_

Friction rub- are low-pitched, grating, or creaking sounds that occur when inflamed pleural surfaces rub together during
respiration. Are more often heard on inspiration than expiration.

Abnormal Breath Sounds. (n.d.). N.p.: RNceus. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.rnceus.com/resp/respabn.html

Functional Residual Capacity- the volume in the lungs at the end of passive expiration. It is determined by opposing forces
of the expanding chest wall and the elastic recoil of the lung. A normal FRC = 1.7 to 3.5 L.

Coleman, M. (2010). Functional Residual Capacity. N.p.: Science Direct. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/functional-residual-capacity#:~:text=The%20functional%20residual
%20capacity%20(FRC)%20is%20the%20volume%20in%20the,FRC%20%3D%201.7%20to%203.5%20L.

Funnel Chest- also known as sunken chest or Pectus Excavatum. It occurs when the cartilage, the bones of the sternum
(breastbone) and the ribs do not properly form. The cartilage and the bones are instead pushed inward, leading to a "caved
in" appearance of the chest.

Pectus Excavatum (Funnel Chest). (n.d.). N.p.: UChicagoMed. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/comer/conditions-services/chest-wall-deformities-children/pectus-excavatum-funnel-
chest#:~:text=Pectus%20excavatum%20is%20also%20known,in%22%20appearance%20of%20the%20
Gas Exchange- the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the
bloodstream to the lungs. It occurs in the lungs between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries,
which are located in the walls of the alveoli.

Gas Exchange. (2020). N.p.: MedlinePlus. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/anatomyvideos/000059.htm

Hemoptysis- the spitting of blood that originated in the lungs or bronchial tubes. It is the airway bleeding. This can occur
with lung cancer, infections such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, or pneumonia, and certain cardiovascular conditions.

Bidwell, J. L., & Pachner, R. W. (2020). Hemoptysis: Diagnosis and Management. N.p.: American Family Physician. Retrieved
September 3, 2020, from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/1001/p1253.html

Hyperpnea- the body’s response to signals from the brain, blood vessels, and joints to adjust breathing.

What Is Hyperpnea? (2020). N.p.: HealthLine. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from

https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-hyperpnea

Hyperventilation- breathing that is deeper and more rapid than normal. It causes a decrease in the amount of a gas in the
blood (called carbon dioxide, or CO2). This decrease may make you feel lightheaded, have a rapid heartbeat, and be short
of breath. It also can lead to numbness or tingling in your hands or feet, anxiety, fainting, and sore chest muscles.

Hyperventilation. (2020). N.p.: Michigan Medicine. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from

https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hypvn

Hypoventilation- The state in which a reduced amount of air enters the alveoli in the lungs, resulting in decreased levels of
oxygen and increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Shiel, W. (2020). Medical Definition of Hypoventilation. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from

https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=32266

Inspiratory Capacity- the amount of air that can be inhaled after the end of a normal expiration. It is, therefore, the sum of
the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume. The normal inspiratory capacity is 6,000 m/L

Breathing Capacity. (2020). N.p.: Lumen Learning. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/breathing-capacity/#:~:text=The%20vital%20capacity%20(VC)
%20measures,end%20of%20a%20normal%20expiration.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume- the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume. IRV is usually kept
in reserve, but is used during deep breathing. The normal adult value is 1900-3300ml.

Guyton, C. (2006). Lung Volumes. N.p.: Physiopedia. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from https://www.physio-
pedia.com/Lung_Volumes#:~:text=Inspiratory%20Reserve%20Volume(IRV),adult%20value%20is%201900%2D3300ml.
Kyphoscoliosis- an abnormal curve of the spine on two planes: the coronal plane, or side to side, and the saggital plane, or
back to front. It’s a combined spinal abnormality of two other conditions: kyphosis and scoliosis.

Understanding Kyphoscoliosis. (n.d.). N.p.: HealthLine. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from

https://www.healthline.com/health/kyphoscoliosis#:~:text=Kyphoscoliosis%20is%20an%20abnormal%20curve,other
%20conditions%3A%20kyphosis%20and%20scoliosis.

Lung Capacities- Lung capacity or total lung capacity (TLC) is the volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of
inspiration. Among healthy adults, the average lung capacity is about 6 liters. Lung capacities are measurements of two or
more volumes.

Lung Volumes and Capacities. (2020). N.p.: bio.librotexts.org. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.healthline.com/health/kyphoscoliosis#:~:text=Kyphoscoliosis%20is%20an%20abnormal%20curve,other
%20conditions%3A%20kyphosis%20and%20scoliosis.

Lung Volume- also known as respiratory volumes. It refers to the volume of gas in the lungs at a given time during the
respiratory cycle. The volume in the lung can be divided into four units: tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory
reserve volume, and residual volume.

Lung Volumes and Capacities. (2020). N.p.: bio.librotexts.org. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.healthline.com/health/kyphoscoliosis#:~:text=Kyphoscoliosis%20is%20an%20abnormal%20curve,other
%20conditions%3A%20kyphosis%20and%20scoliosis.

Oxygen Transport- the carrying of oxygen through the bloodstream bound to hemoglobin. Oxygen enters the body through
the respiratory system, coming from the outside environment and into the lungs. It then crosses the alveolar membrane
and capillary endothelium to get into the bloodstream. Once in the blood, oxygen needs to be transported to the various
tissues of the body.

Oxygen Transport in The Blood. (2020). N.p.: TeachMePhysiology. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://teachmephysiology.com/respiratory-system/gas-exchange/oxygen-transport/

Oxygenation- The addition of oxygen to any system, including the human body. Oxygenation may also refer to the process
of treating a patient with oxygen, or of combining a medication or other substance with oxygen.

Shiel, W. (2020). Medical Definition of Oxygenation. N.p.: MedicineNet. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11807

Oxyhemoglobin- The oxygen-loaded form of hemoglobin, the predominant protein in red blood cells. Oxyhemoglobin is
formed during physiological respiration when oxygen binds to the heme component of the protein hemoglobin in red
blood cells.

Shiel, W. (2020). Medical Definition of Oxyhemoglobin. N.p.: MedicineNet. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15772

Pigeon Chest- a rare chest wall deformity that causes the breastbone to push outward instead of being flush against the
chest. Also known as Keel chest or Pectus Carinatum.
What is pectus carinatum and can it be treated? (2020). N.p.: Medical News Today. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320836

Pulmonary diffusion- Diffusion is the process whereby gases move from an area of high pressure to low pressure. When
you breathe, you inhale air containing oxygen through your nose and mouth. This air travels down your trachea, or
windpipe, and into your lungs. Once in the lungs, the air travels through a series of increasingly smaller structures called
bronchioles. It eventually reaches tiny sacs called alveoli.

McArdell, J. (2020). Respiration: Ventilation, Diffusion and Perfusion. N.p.: AusMed. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.ausmed.com/cpd/explainers/respiration-ventilation-diffusion-and-perfusion

Pulmonary perfusion- refers to the flow of blood to alveolar capillaries. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs between alveolar
air and blood of the pulmonary capillaries.

Powers, K. A., & Dhamoon, A. (2016). Physiology, Pulmonary, Ventilation and Perfusion. N.p.: NCBI. Retrieved September 3,
2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539907/#:~:text=Gas%20exchange%20occurs%20in%20the,of
%20blood%20to%20alveolar%20capillaries.

Residual Volume- the amount of air that remains in a person's lungs after fully exhaling. Doctors use tests to measure a
person's residual air volume to help check how well the lungs are functioning. Normal adult value is averaged
at 1200ml(20‐25 ml/kg) .

Husney, A. (2019). Residual volume (RV). N.p.: MyHealth.Alberta. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=str2316&lang=en-ca#:~:text=Residual%20volume%20is
%20the%20amount,keep%20the%20lungs%20from%20collapsing.

Respiration- The exchange of gases (O2 & CO2) between the alveoli & the blood occurs by simple diffusion: O2 diffusing
from the alveoli into the blood & CO2 from the blood into the alveoli.

Human Physiology: Respiration. (2019). N.p.: people.eku. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes6.htm

Respiratory Excursion- Respiratory excursion is the degree to which the ribcage expands and
contracts as a person breathes.

Writher, S. (2020). What Is the Definition of Respiratory Excursion? N.p.: Reference. Retrieved
September 3, 2020, from https://www.reference.com/science/definition-respiratory-excursion-
d61a49b408de311a

Ronchi- are rattling, continuous and low-pitched breath sounds that are often hear to be like
snoring. Rhonchi are also called low-pitched wheezes. They are often caused by secretions in
larger airways or obstructions. Rhonchi can be heard in patients with pneumonia, chronic
bronchitis, cystic fibrosis or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Rhonchi Lung Sounds | Definition and Guide. (2020). N.p.: PracticalClinicSkills.com. Retrieved
September 3, 2020, from https://www.practicalclinicalskills.com/rhonchi

Sleep Apnea- a potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts. 

Sleep Apnea. (2020). N.p.: MayoClinic. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631#:~:text=Sleep%20apnea%20is%20a
%20potentially,occurs%20when%20throat%20muscles%20relax

Stridor- a high-pitched, wheezing sound caused by disrupted airflow. Stridor may

also be called musical breathing or extrathoracic airway obstruction.

What You Need to Know About Stridor. (2020). N.p.: HealthLine. Retrieved
September 3, 2020, from https://www.healthline.com/health/stridor#:~:text=Stridor
%20is%20a%20high%2Dpitched,children%20more%20often%20than%20adults.

Tachypnea- a medical term that refers to fast, shallow breathing. A lack of oxygen or too much
carbon dioxide in the body is a common cause.

Berry, J. (2019). What to know about tachypnea. N.p.: Medical News Today. Retrieved
September 3, 2020, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324548

Tactile Fremitus- an assessment of the low-frequency vibration of a patient's chest, which is

used as an indirect measure of the amount of air and density of tissue present within the
lungs.

Tactile Fremitus. (2019). N.p.: Medschool.com. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from

https://medschool.co/exam/resp/tactile-fremitus#:~:text=Overview-,Tactile%20fremitus%20is
%20an%20assessment%20of%20the%20low%2Dfrequency%20vibration,tissue%20present
%20within%20the%20lungs.
Tidal Volume- the volume of air delivered to the lungs with each breath by the mechanical ventilator. In a
healthy, young human adult, tidal volume is approximately 500 mL per inspiration or 7 mL/kg of body mass.

Salyer, S. (2007). Pulmonary Emergencies. N.p.: Science Direct. Retrieved September 3, 2020,
from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/tidal-volume

Total Lung Capacity- is the volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration.
Among healthy adults, the average lung capacity is about 6 liters.

Delgado, B. (2020). Physiology, Lung Capacity. N.p.: Science Direct. Retrieved September 3,
2020, from https://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php

Ventilation- the movement of a volume of gas into and out of the lungs. ventilation is commonly referred
to as breathing. It is the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out of the
lungs during expiration (exhalation).

Mechanics of Ventilation. (2020). N.p.: Seer.Cancer.gov. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from

https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/respiratory/mechanics.html#:~:text=Pulmonary%20ventilation
%20is%20commonly%20referred,the%20gases%20inside%20the%20lungs

Vesicular breath sounds- are soft and low pitched with a rustling quality during inspiration and are
even softer during expiration. These are the most commonly auscultated breath sounds, normally
heard over most of the lung surface.

Basics of Lung Sounds. (2020). N.p.: EasyAuscultation. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://www.easyauscultation.com/cases?coursecaseorder=1&courseid=201#:~:text=Vesicular%20breath%20sounds
%20are%20soft,%3AE%20of%203%3A1.

Vital Capacity- the amount of air that the lungs can expel after having been filled completely. The vital capacity represents
the change in volume from completely emptied lungs to completely filled lungs. In human medicine, vital capacity is an
important measure of a person’s respiratory health. A healthy adult will have a vital capacity between 2 and 5 liters.

Vital Capacity. (2020). N.p.: biologydictionary.net. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from https://biologydictionary.net/vital-
capacity/

Wheeze- a high-pitched, coarse whistling sound that can occur when

a person is breathing. It happens more often when exhaling, but can
also be heard when inhaling.
Wheezing. (2017). N.p.: ClevelandClinic. Retrieved September 3, 2020, from
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15203-wheezing