Module

1
Introduction and Preliminary
Concepts

CC
Module Outline
 Trigonometric
Terminologies
 The Cartesian
Coordinate Plane
 Radians
 Know how to use
Scientific Calculator

Module 1: Introduction and Preliminary Concepts

 Objectives: At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Define Trigonometry, define and differentiate different kinds of angles

and triangles.
2. Define/ describe Cartesian plane and apply the
Pythagorean Theorem
3. Define, express radians in degree or degree to radians
4. Know how to use scientific calculator

Trigonometric Terminologies and Concepts

What is Trigometry?

Trigonometry is derived from the Greek word, trigonon which means

triangle and metria which is measurement. Hipparchus of Nicea was considered
as the founder of Trigonometry. He is an astronomer, who made the study of
trigonometry in more systematic way.

What is Cartessian coordinate plane?

Cartessian coordinate plane also known as Cartessian coordinate system or

rectangular coordinate system. Rene Descartes a French mathematician and
philosopher who invented the Cartessian Coordinate which was named in his
honor in 1637. It is made of two axes. The x – axis in horizontal direction and y
– axis in vertical direction, that formed four quadrants, in counter clockwise
direction.The 1st quadrant is from the upper right, 2nd quadrant is the upper left,
3rd quadrant is in the lower left and the 4th quadrant is in the lower right. The
point joned by the two axes is known as the point of origin and from the point
of origin going to the rigth and going up is positive and otherwise is negative.
The point in the x-axis is called the abcissa and ordinate for the y-axis as the
two points joined then together they called coordinates of a point.
What is distance?

In finding the distance in horizontal or verticalline simply count the number of units
in between the two given points.

Y2

X1 X2

Y1

Distance = |X2 – X1| Distance = |Y2 – Y1|

How to find the distance if the line is diagonal? How is the pythagorean theorem relates the
distance of a diagonal line?

To find the distance of line P(X2, Y2) and Q(X1, Y1) , simply we will used the concept
of right triangle, pythagorean theorem by adding two nore lines, line QR and line PQ.

P(X2, Y2)

Q(X1, Y1) R(X2,Y1)

Distance of line QR = X2 – X1 and

Distance of line PR = Y2 – Y1, therefore using pythagorean

Distance of line PQ or between P(X2, Y2) and Q(X1, Y1) = √ (x 2−x 1)2 +( y 2− y 1)2

Example: Find the distancebetween M(5, 11) and L(6, 9)

 Example 1
Perform the indicated instructions.
Find the distance between each pair of points for 1&2
1. (1, 1),(5, 4) Answer: 5 units
2. (3.2, 5.6), (4.3, 5.1) Answer: 1. 208 units
3. Find x if the distnace between (1,3) and (x,9) is 10.
Ansewr: x = 9 or x= -7

Practice Set for Example # 1 Score: ____________

Perform the indicated instructions.

1. Find the distance between T(7, 22) & A(-7, 11)

Answer: _______________________

2. Find the ditance between N(11,17) & L(1, 29)

Answer: _______________________

3. Find the distance between T(12, -21) & E(12, 30)

Answer: ______________________

4. Find the value of y if the distance between (2, y) & (7, 8) is 13

Answer: _______________________

5. Find the value of x if the distance between (x, -1) & (4, 3) is √ 52

What is an angle? How does it formed? What is an angle in coordinate plane?

Angle formed by two rays joined by a point. The two rays

 consist of initial side and the terminal side, and the point joined
by the two rays is what do we calld vertex. The initial side is also
known as the stationary ray and the terminal side is the revolving
ray.The angle can be name in different way. It can be name by
capital letters, Greek letters and even numbers in sometimes. The
amount of rotation is depends on the rotation of the terminal side.
If an angle formed by a counterclockwise rotation, then it measure
positive and if an angle formed by a clockwise rotation, it measure
negative. Angle denoted as ( ∠ ) .
Angle in cartessian plane is said to be an angle in standard
position if the initial side lies on the positive x-axis and the vertex
is the point of origin.

Example 2
The following are the angles

a. T b.
e
r ß=90° C = 75°
m
i
n
a
l
Initial side

C
c. d.

S M = -90°
∠ CAS∨∠ SAC∨∠ A=30 °

Note: example letter a,c and d are angles in standard position

How the degree, minutes and seconds (DMS) convert to Degree decimal?
 We used different units in measuring angles. It could be DMS, degree decimal, radians
and gradians. One complete counterclockwise revolution is equal to 360° or 2 rad. We denote
the following symbols, degree(°), minutes(‘) and seconds (“). Thus,

1 complete counterclockwise revolution = 360°

1° = 60’ ( 60 minutes)

1’ = 60” (60 seconds)

How to convert DMS to dgree decimal?

Express 10°12’23” in degree decimal

Note: Every units should express in degree

Solutions: Semi-manual method

Step 1: 10 ° +12' ¿

Step 2: 10 ° +( 1260 ) ° +( 3600

23
)°
Step 3: 10.206 °

Another Solution: Calculator base

Step 1: Press 10 ° ‘ “, 12 ° ‘ “ , 23 °‘“

Step 2: Press equal sign , It will show 10°12’23”

 Example 3
Express the following DMS to degree decimal.

1. α =23 ° 08' 07 Answer: 23.135°

2. β=12' 14 Answer: 0.204°

3. γ =62 ° 20 Answer: 62. 006°

4. θ=33° 09 ' Answer: 33.15°

5. σ =22' Answer: 0.367°

Practice Set for Example # 3 Score: _____________

Practice Set A
Express the following degree, minutes and seconds(DMS) in degree decimal.

1. δ =73 ° 05' 18 Answer: _________________________

2. β=56 ° 9 Answer: _________________________

3. ω=19' 05 Answer: _________________________

4. θ=08 ° 04 ' 06 Answer: _________________________

5. γ =47 ° 34 ' Answer: _________________________

6. X =160 ° 28' 02 Answer: _________________________

7. M =07 ° 11' 41 Answer: _________________________

How to convert degree decimal to DMS?

Express 18.123° to DMS

Solution: Semi-manual method

Step 1: 18° ; (.123)(60) for the unit minutes

18° ; 7. 38’

Step 2: 18° 7’ ; (.38)(60) for the unit seconds

18° 7’ 22.8”
≈ 18 ° 07 ' 23

Example 4
Express the following degree decimal to DMS

1. α =12.767 ° Answer: 12° 46’ 1”

2. β=0 . 937 ° Answer: 0° 56’ 3”

3. γ =27. 633 ° Answer: 27° 37’ 59”

4. θ=0.648 ° Answer: 0° 38’ 53”

5. σ =0.084 ° Answer: 0° 5’ 2”

Practice Set for Example # 4 Score: _________________

Express the following degree decimals to DMS.

1. W =132.855° Answer: __________________________

2. θ=0.511° Answer: __________________________

What is Coterminal angles?

Coterminal angles are two angles in standard position with the same terminal side. If θ
is one of the angle then the positive coterminal angle can be evaluate by θ+n ( 360 ° ) , where n
is any integer.

If θ=65 °then the positive coterminal can be 435° if n = 1,

785° if n = 2,
1, 145° if n = 3.... etc
If θ=65 ° then the negative coterminal can be – 295 °if n= -1,
- 655° if n = -2,
-1, 015° if n = -3.... etc

Example 5
Find 3 positive and 3 negative coterminal angles that are coterminal with an
angle in standard position that measures 30°.

Solution:
For positive For negative
30° + 1(360°) = 390° 30° + (-1)(360°) = - 330°
30° + 2(360°) = 750° 30° + (-2)(360°) = - 690°
30° + 3(360°) = 1,110° 30° + (-3)(360°) = - 1050°

Practice set for Example # 5 Score: _________________

Name one (1) positive and (1) negtaive coterminal with the given angle.
1. 140° Answer: ______________________
2. 50° Answer: ______________________
3. -30° Answer: ______________________
4. -100° Answer: ______________________
Find a coterminal angle with measure θ for such that 0 ° ≤θ<360 °
What is radian?

Another unit used in measuring an angle is the radian.

Central angle of a circle formed if the point of origin is the vertex and two radius that
formed an intercepted arc or it may called as arc length(s). If the arc lenght is equal to the
radius then that angle can defined as one radian, or 1 rad.
If arc length(s) = 1 and radius = 1, then

Θ = s/r = 1/1 = 1 rad

If Circumference = 2r = s, therefore

Central angle θ = 1 complete counter clockwise revolution

2 πr
θ= =2 π rad=360 °
r
Half revolution
θ 2 πr
= =π rad =180 °
2 r

What and how is the convertion of degree to radians? Radians to degree?

π
Convertion from degree to radian, multiply and
180°

180°
Convertion from radians to degree, multiply
π
 Example 6
Find the radian of the following if:
1. s = 6 and r = 3 Answer: 2 rad
π
2. s = 2 and r = 4 Answer: rad=1.571 rad
2
Express each angle measure to degree
π
1. rad Answer: 30°
6
2. -4 rad Answer: -720°
Express each angle measure to radians
13 π
1. 65° Answer: rad=1.134 rad
36
−3 π
2. -270° Answer: rad=−4.712 rad
2

Practice Set for Example # 6 Score: _________________

Performe the indicated instructions:

1. If the central angle measure 12 rad and arc length is 6 then radius is _______

−3 π
2. Express rad in degree is ____________________.
4

3. Express 25° in radians is ____________________.

4. Find the radians if s = 4 and r = 12, _________________.

5. Find the degree form of -4 rad, __________________.

What are the different kinds of angles?
Angles are classified according to the amount of rotation. The summary shown in the
table1:

Table 1
Angles’ Classification and Illustration

Name of angle Angle Measure Illustration

Zero exactly 0°

Acute less than 90°

Right exactly 90°

Obtuse more than 90° but less than

180°

Straigth exactly 180°

Reflex more than 180° but less than

360°

Complementary The sum of two angles equals

 to 90°
**Note: two angles in a
triangle can be a
complementary but not two
angles in different triangle

Supplementary The sum of two angles equals

to 180°

Example 7
Classify each angle as, zero, acute,obtuse right , straight or reflex.

1. 165° Answer: Obtuse

2. -45° + 45° Answer: Zero

3. 167° 07’ 24” + 12° 52’ 36” Answer: Staright

4. 89° Answer: Acute

5. 125° 35’ 2” + 64° 24’ 58” Answer: Reflex

Practice Set for Example # 7 Score: _________________

Classify each angle as, zero, acute, obtuse, oblique, right, straight or reflex.

1. 135° Answer: ___________________________

What is a triangle? What are the different triangles?

Triangle is formed by three non-collinear points that joined by the three line segments.
The three points of a triangle is what do we called vertices and the three line segments joined
the vertices are the three sides of the triangle. Each triangle consists of three angles and three
sides.

What are the different triangles?

Triangle classified according to the lenght of sides and according to the measures of
angles. The following are the classification and examples of each.

Table 2
Triangle Classified According to The Length of sides
 Name of triangle Description Illustration
Scalene No sides are equal A

B C

AB ≠ BC ≠ AC
Isosceles Two sides are equal and base
angles are also equal. A

B C

AB = AC
∠ B=∠ C
Equilateral All sides are equal
A

B C
AB = BC = AC
∠ A=∠ B=∠ C

Table 3
Triangles’ Classified According to The Amount of Angle Measures

Name of Triangle Description Illustration

Equiangular All angles are equal A
**Note: Another property of
an equiangular triangle is
equialateral triangle

B C
∠ A=∠ B=∠ C
AB = BC = AC

Acute triangle All angles of a triangle A

measures less than 90° or
simply all angles of a
triangles are acute
 B C
∠ A , ∠ B∧∠C< 90°

Right triangle There is only one right angle

formed and the other two
angles are acute.

Obtuse triangle There is only one obtuse

angle formed and the other
two angles are acute

Note:
There are only three types of triangle according to angle measurements. The
equiangular, right and oblique triangle. Oblique may be classified as acute triangle or obtuse
triangle
Theories of Triangle

In any triangle,

The sum of three interior angles is 180°

∠ A+∠ B+∠ C=180 °

The sum of the the two remote interior angles is equal to the measure of
an exterior angle
∠ X =∠ A +∠ C

∠ Y =∠ A+ ∠ B

∠ Z=∠B+ ∠C

Example 8
Find the measurement of each angle marked with letters.

1. Angle A = 85°

2. Angle B = 25°

3. Angle C = 100°
nnnnnnnmmmmm
Practice Set for Example # 8 Score: _________________

Find the measure of each angle marked by letters

1. Angle P = ________________________

2-7

Angle Q = ______________________
Angle R = _______________________
Angle S = _______________________
Angle T = _______________________
Angle U = _______________________
Angle W = _______________________

*** end of module 1***