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RATIO 1
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS
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TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS
Preface
IIT-JEE Syllabus : Trigonometrical Ratios
Trigonometrical ratios of compound angles, Trigonometric ratios of multiple angles, sub
multiple angles, conditional identities, greatest and the least value of the expression.
Trigonometry is the corner stone of the whole mathematics of which trigonometric ratio plays an
important role. It is observed that there is a clear lack of problem solving aptitude which was an
absolute prerequisite for an examination like IIT-JEE.
It is motivated us to compile the concepts, fundamentals to fulfill this vaccume but would be helpful to
elevate the ordinary students to become extra ordinary. Before studying trigonometric ratio students
are advised to clear the basic concept of trigonometry.
Total number of Questions in Trigonometrical Ratios are :
In chapter Examples ................................. 21
"Future belongs to those who are willing to work for it"
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1. DEFINITION
Trigonometry is the branch of science in which
we study about the angles and sides of a triangle.
1.1 ANGLE :
Consider a ray
OA

. If this ray rotates about its

end points O and takes the position OB, then
the angle AOB has been generated.
An angle is considered as the figure obtained by
rotating a given ray about its end-point.
The initial position OA is called the initial side
and the final position OB is called terminal side
of the angle. The end point O about which the
ray rotates is called the vertex of the angle.
1.2 Sense of an Angle :
The sence of an angle is said to be positive or
negative according as the initial side rotates in
anticlockwise or clockwise direction to get to the
terminal side.
1.3 Some Useful terms :
1.3.1 Quadrant :
Let XOX and YOY be two lines at right angles
in the plane of the paper. These lines divide the
plane of the paper into four equal parts which are
known as quadrants.
The lines XOX and YOY are known as x-axis
and y-axis respectively. These two lines taken
together are known as the coordinate axes. The
regions XOY, YOX, XOY and YOX are known
as the first, the second, the third and the fourth
quadrant respectively.
1.3.2 Angle In Standard Position : An angle is
said to be in standard position if its vertex
coincides with the origin O and the initial side
coincides with OX i.e. the positive direction of
x-axis.
1.3.3 Coterminal Angles : Two angles with different
measures but having the same initial sides and
the same terminal sides are known as co-terminal
angles.
2. SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
There are three system for measuring angles.
2.1 Sexagesimal or English system
2.2 Centesimal or French system
2.3 Circular system
2.1 Sexagesimal system :
The principal unit in this system is degree ( ).
One right angle is divided into 90 equal parts and
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each part is called one degree (1 ). One degree
is divided into 60 equal parts and each part is
called one minute. Minute is denoted by (1 ).
One minute is equally divided into 60 equal parts
and each part is called one second (1

).
In Mathematical form :
One right angle = 90
1 = 60

1

= 60

Sexagesimal system
Ex.1 45 15

30

changes into degree

Sol. 60

is equal to 1

is equal to

|
.
|

\
|
60
1
30

is equal to

|
.
|

\
|
30
60
1
=

|
.
|

\
|
2
1
Total minutes 15 +

|
.
|

\
|
2
1
=

|
.
|

\
|
2
31
60 is equal to 1 and 1 is equal to
1
60
F
H
G
I
K
J

|
.
|

\
|
2
31
is equal to
1
60
31
2

F
H
G
I
K
J

=
31
120
F
H
G
I
K
J

Total degrees 45 +
31
120
F
H
G
I
K

5400
1
F
H
G

5431
120
F
H
G
2.2 Centesimal system :
The principal unit in system is grade and is
denoted by (
g
). One right angle is divided into
100 equal parts, called grades, and each grade
is subdivided into 100 minutes, and each minutes
into 100 seconds.
In Mathematical Form :
One right angle = 100
g
1
g
= 100

1

= 100

Centesimal system
Ex.2 50
g
30

50

change into grade system.

Sol. We know that , 50

|
.
|

\
|
2
1
Total minute 30 +

|
.
|

\
|
2
1
=

|
.
|

\
|
2
61
100 is equal to 1
g
1 is equal to
1
100
F
H
G
I
K
J
g

|
.
|

\
|
2
61
is equal to
1
100
61
2

F
H
G
I
K
J
g
=
61
200
F
H
G
Total grade 50
g

+
61
200
F
H
G

10000 61
200
+ F
H
G
I
K
J
g

10061
200
F
H
G
I
K
J
g
2.2.1 Relation between sexagesimal and
centesimal systems :
One right angle = 90 (degree system) ......... (1)
One right angle = 100
g
(grade system) ....... (2)
by (1) and (2),
90 = 100
g
or,
D G
90 100
=
then we can say,
1 =
100
90
F
H
G
I
K
J
g
1
g
=
9
10
F
H
G
I
K
J

Relation between sexagesimal and

centesimal systems
Examples
based on
Ex.3 63 14 51 change into grade system.
Sol. We know that in degree system
60 equal to 1
51 is equals =

|
.
|

\
|
60
51
= (0.85)
(14.85) change into degree.
(14.85) is equals =
14 85
60
.

F
H
G
I
K
J
= (0.2475)
So 63 14 51 = 63.2475
63.2475 change into grade system.
63.2475 is equals =
63 2475
10
9
.
F
H
G
I
K
J
g
= 70.2750
g
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70.2750
g
= 70
g
27

50

finally we can say,

63 14

57

= 70
g
27

50

2.3 Circular system :

One radian, written as 1
C
, is the measure of an
angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an
arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.
Consider a circle of radius r having centre at O.
Let A be a point on the circle. Now cut off an arc
AB whose length is equal to the radius r of the
circle. Then by the definition the measure of
AOB is 1 radian (1
C
).
2.3.1 Some Important Conversion :
Radian = 180
One radian =
180

F
H
G
I
K
J

6
Radian = 30

4
Radian = 45

3
Radian = 60

2
Radian = 90
2
3

Radian = 120
3
4

Radian = 135
5
6

Radian = 150
7
6

Radian = 210
5
4

Radian = 225
5
3

Radian = 300
2.3.2 Relation between systems of measurement
of angles :
D G C
90 100
2
= =

Relation between systems of

measurement of angles
Examples
based on
Ex.4
2
15
F
H
G
I
K
J
C
change into degree system.
Sol. We know that, radian = 180
1
C
=
180

F
H
G
I
K
J

|
.
|

\
|

= |
.
|

\
| 180
15
2
15
2
C
= 24
Ex.5 Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius
5 cm subtending a central angle measuring
15.
Sol. Let s be the length of the arc subtending an
angle at the centre of a circle of radius r.
then , =
s
r
Here, r = 5 cm, and = 15 =
15
180

F
H
G
I
K
J

C
=

12
F
H
G
I
K
J
C
=
s
r

12
=
s
5
s =
5
12

cm.
3.TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OR FUNCTIONS
In the right angled triangle OMP , we have base
(OM) = x, perpendicular (PM) = y and hypotenuse
(OP) = r, then we define the following trigonometric
ratios which are known as trigonometric function.
sin=
P
H
y
r
=
cos =
B
H
x
r
=
tan =
P
B
y
x
=
cot =
B
P
=
x
y
sec =
H
B
r
x
=
cosec =
H
P
r
y
=
O
M
P
x
r
y

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Note :
(1) It should be noted that sin does not mean the
product of sin and . The sin is correctly read
sin of angle .
(2) These functions depend only on the value of the
angle and not on the position of the point P
chosen on the terminal side of the angle .
3.1 Fundamental Trigonometrical Identities :
(a) sin =
1
cosec
(b) cos =
1
sec
(c) cot =
1
tan
cos
sin

=
(d) 1 + tan
2
= sec
2

or, sec
2
tan
2
= 1
(sec tan)=
1
(sec tan ) +
(e) sin
2
+ cos
2
= 1
(f) 1 + cot
2
= cosec
2

(cosec cot) =
1
cos cot ec +
Trigonometrical ratios or functions
Ex.6 Prove that, sin
8
cos
8
= (sin
2

cos
2
)
(1 2sin
2
cos
2
)
Sol. L.H.S,(sin
8
cos
8
)
or, (sin
4
)
2
(cos
4
)
2
or, (sin
2
cos
2
)(sin
2
+

cos
2
)[(sin
4
+
cos
4
)]
or, (sin
2
cos
2
) [(sin
2
+

cos
2
)

2 sin
2

cos
2
]
or, (sin
2
cos
2
) [(1 2sin
2


cos
2
)] =
RHS
Ex.7 Prove the identity
tan sec
tan sec
sin
cos

+
+
=
+ 1
1
1
Sol. L.H.S =
tan sec
tan sec


+
+
1
1
=
(tan sec ) (sec tan )
tan sec


+
+
2 2
1
[
Q
sec
2
tan
2
= 1]
=
(sec
=
(sec tan )(tan sec )
tan sec


+ +
+
1
1
= sec + tan =
1
cos
+
sin
cos

=
1+ sin
cos

= RHS
3.2 Signs of the trigonometrical ratios or functions:
Their signs depends on the quadrant in which
the terminal side of the angle lies.
In First quadrant : x > 0 , y > 0 sin =
y
r
> 0,
cos =
x
r
> 0, tan =
y
x
> 0, cosec =
r
y
> 0,
sec =
r
x
> 0 and cot =
x
y
> 0
Thus, in the first quadrant all trigonometry
functions are positive.
In Second quadrant : x < 0 , y > 0 sin
=
y
r
> 0, cos =
x
r
< 0, tan =
y
x
< 0, cosec =
r
y
> 0, sec =
r
x
< 0 and cot =
x
y
< 0
Thus, in the second quadrant sin and cosec
function are positive and all others are negative.
In Third quadrant : x < 0 , y < 0 sin =
y
r
< 0,
cos =
x
r
< 0, tan =
y
x
> 0, cosec =
r
y
< 0,
sec =
r
x
< 0 and cot =
x
y
> 0
Thus, in the third quadrant all trigonometric
functions are negative except tangent and
cotangent.
In Fourth quadrant : x > 0 , y < 0 sin =
y
r
< 0, cos =
x
r
> 0, tan =
y
x
< 0, cosec =
r
y
< 0, sec =
r
x
> 0 and cot =
x
y
< 0
Thus, in the fourth quadrant all trigonometric
functions are negative except cos and sec.
To be Remember :
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A crude ai d to memori se the si gns of
trigonometrical ratio in different quadrant.
All Students to Career Point
3.3 Variations in values of Trigonometrical
Functions in Different Quadrants :
Let XOX

and YOY

be the coordinate axes. Draw

a circle with centre at origin O and radius unity.
Let M (x, y) be a point on the circle such that
AOM =
then x = cos and y = sin
1 cos 1 and 1 sin 1 for all values of .
I Quadrant
sin increases from 0 to 1
cos decreases from 1 to 0
tan increases from 0 to
cot decreases from to 0
sec increases from 1 to
cosec decreases from to 1
II Quadrant
sin decreases from 1 to 0
cos decreases from 0 to 1
tan increases from to 0
cot decreases from 0 to
sec increases from to 1
cosec increases from 1 to
III Quadrant
sin decreases from 0 to 1
cos increases from 1 to 0
tan increases from 0 to
cot decreases from to 0
sec decreases from 1 to
cosec increases from to 1
IV Quadrant
sin increases from 1 to 0
cos increases from 0 to 1
tan increases from to 0
cot decreases from 0 to
sec decreases from to 1
cosec decreases from 1 to
Remark:
+ and are two symbols. These are not real
number. When we say that tan increases from
0 to for as varies from 0 to

2
it means that
tan increases in the interval
0
2
,
F
H
G
I
K
J
and it attains
large positive values as tends to

2
. Similarly
for other trigo. functions.
Signs of the trigonometrical ratios
or functions
Examples
based on
Ex.8 If sec =
2
, and
3
2

< < 2. Find the

value of
1
1
+ +
+
tan cos
cot cos


ec
ec
Sol. If sec =
2
or, cos =
1
2
,sin =
1
2
cos
=
1
1
2
=

1
2
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But lies in the fourth quadrant in which sin is
negative.
sin =

1
2
, cosec = 2
tan =
sin
cos

tan =

1
2
2
1
tan = 1
cot = 1
then,
1
1
+ +
+
tan cos
cot cos


ec
ec
=
1 1 2
1 1 2

+
1
4. GRAPHS OF DIFFERENT TRIGONOMETRICAL
RATIOS
cosec =
4.1 Domain and Range of Trigonometrical
Function
Trig.
Function
Domain Range
sin R [-1, 1]
cos R [-1, 1]
tan R - {(2n+1) /2, n z} (, ) or R
cosec R - {n, n z} (-, -1] [1, )
sec
R - {(2n + 1) /2, n
z}
(-, -1] [1, )
cot R - {n, n z} (, ) = R
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5. TR IGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF ALLIED
ANGLES
Two angles are said to be allied when their sum
or difference is either zero or a multiple of 90.
5.1 Trigonometrical Ratios of ( ) :
Let a revolving ray starting from its initial position
OX, trace out an angle
XOA = . Let P(x, y) be a point on OA such
that OP = r. Draw PM from P on x-axis. angle
XOA
/
= in the clockwise sense. Let P
/
be
a point on OA
/
such that OP
/
= OP. Clearly M
and M
/
coincide and OMP is congruent to
OMP
/
. then P
/
are (x, y)
sin() =

=
y
r
y
r
sin
cos() =
x
r
= cos
tan() =

=
y
x
tan
Taking the reciprocal of these trigonometric ratios,
cosec ()= cosec
sec()= secand cot() = cot
Note : A function f(x) is said to be even function if
f(x) = f(x) for all x in its domain.
A function f(x) is an odd function if f(x) = f(x)
for all x in its domain.
sin, tan, cot, cosec all odd functions and
cos, sec are even functions.
Allied angles
Ex.9 Find the value of the following trigonometric
ratios -
(a) cos (45) (b) sin (30)
(c) cot (60)
Sol.(a) cos (45) = cos45 [Q cos() = cos]
=
1
2
Ans.
(b) sin(30) = sin 30 [Q
sin() = sin]
=

1
2
Ans.
(c) cot(60) = cot 60 [Q cot() = cot]
=

1
3
Ans.
5.2 Trigonometrical Functions of (90 ) :
Let the revolving line, starting from OA, trace out
any acute angle AOP, equal to . From any point
P on it draw PM to OA. Three angles of a
triangle are together equal to two right angles,
and since OMP is a right angle, the sum of the
two angles MOP and OPM is right angle.
OPM = 90 .
[When the angle OPM is consider, the line PM
is the base and MO is the perpendicular ]
sin (90 ) = sin MPO =
MO
PO
= cos AOP = cos
cos (90 ) = cos MPO =
PM
PO
= sin AOP = sin
tan (90 ) = tan MPO =
MO
PM
= cot AOP = cot
cot (90 ) = cot MPO =
PM
MO
= tan AOP = tan
cosec (90 ) = cosec MPO =
PO
MO
= sec AOP
= sec
and sec (90 ) = sec MPO =
PO
PM
= cosec
AOP = cosec
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5.3 Trigonometrical Functions of (90 + ) :
Let a revolving ray OA starting from its initial
posi ti on OX, trace out an angl e
XOA = and let another revolving ray OA

starting from the same initial position OX, first

trace out an angle so as to coincide with OA
and then it revolves through an angle of 90 in
ant i cl ockwi se di rect i on t o f orm an angl e
XOA

= 90 + .
Let P and P

be poi nts on OA and OA

respectively such that OP = OP

= r.
Draw perpendicular PM and P

from P and P

respectively on OX. Let the coordinates of P be

(x, y). Then OM = x and PM = y clearly,
OM
/
= PM = y and P

= OM = x
so the coordinates of P

are (y, x)
sin (90 + ) =
M P
OP
x
r

= = cos
cos (90 + ) =
OM
OP
y
r

=

= sin
tan (90 + ) =
M P
OM

=
x
y
= cot
similarly,
cot (90 + ) = tan
sec(90 + ) = cosec
cosec (90 + ) = sec
[where /2< < /2]
5.4 Periodic Function :
All the trigonometric functions are periodic
functions. They will repeat after a certain period
sin (2n + ) = sin
cos (2n + ) = cos where n I
tan (2n + ) = tan
Trigonometric ratio of allied angles
Ex.10 Prove that , cos 510 cos330 +sin 390 cos 120
= 1
Sol. LHS = cos 510 cos 330+ sin 390 cos 120
= cos (360 + 150) cos (360 30) +
sin(360 + 30) cos(90 + 30)
= cos 150 cos 30 sin 30(sin 30)
= cos (180 30)
3
4
+
1
4
= cos 30
3
2
F
H
G
I
K
J
1
4
=
3
4

1
4
= 1 = R.H.S
Trigo. ratio ( ) 90 90 + 180 180 + 270 270 + 360
or

2

F
H
G
I
K
J
or

2
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
or ( - ) or ( + ) or
3
2

F
H
G
I
K
J
or
3
2

+
F
H
G
I
K
J
or (2 - )
sin sin cos cos sin sin cos cos sin
cos cos sin sin cos cos sin sin cos
tan tan cot cot tan tan cot cot tan
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6. SUM OR DIFFERENCE OF THE ANGLE
The algebraic sums of two or more angles are
generally called compound angles and the angles
are known as the constituent angles.
For example : If A, B, C are three angles then
A B, A + B + C, A B + C etc. are compound
angles.
6.1 (a) sin (A + B) =sin A cos B + cos A sin B
(b) sin(A B) = sinA cosB cosA sinB
(c) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
(d) cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
(e) tan (A + B) =
tan tan
tan tan
A B
A B
+
1
(f) tan (A B) =
tan tan
tan tan
A B
A B

+ 1
(g) cot (A + B) =
cot cot
cot cot
A B
B A

+
1
(h) cot (A B) =
cot cot
cot cot
A B
B A
+

1
6.2 Some More Results :
*(a) sin (A + B).sin (A B) = sin
2
A sin
2
B
= cos
2
B cos
2
A
*(b) cos (A + B).cos (A B) = cos
2
A sin
2
B
= cos
2
B sin
2
A
(c) sin (A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C + cos A
sin B sin C + cos A cos B sin C sin A
sin B sin C
(d) cos (A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C cos A.
sin B sin C sin A cos B sin C sin A
sinB cosC
(e) tan (A + B + C)
=
tan tan tan tan tan tan
tan tan tan tan tan tan
A B C A B C
A B B C C A
+ +
1
(Note : * Important)
Sum or difference of the angle
Ex.11 If sin A =
3
5
and cos B =
9
41
, 0 < A <

2
.
0 < B <

2
, find the values of the following -
(a) sin (A + B)
(b) cos (A B)
Sol. (a) sin (A + B) sin A cos B + cos A sin
B
sin A =
3
5
cos A =
4
5
and cos B =
9
41
sin B =
40
41
sin (A + B)=
3
5

9
41
+
4
5

40
41
=
187
205
(b) cos (A B)= cosA cos B + sin A sin B
=
4
5

9
41
+
3
5

40
41
=
156
205
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7. FORMULA TO TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT
INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE
We know that,
sin A cos B + cos A sin B = sin (A + B) .......(i)
sin A cos B cos A sin B = sin (A B) ......(ii)
cos A cos B sin A sin B = cos (A + B) .....(iii)
cos A cos B + sin A sin B = cos (A B) .....(iv)
Adding (i) and (ii),
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)
Subtracting (ii) from (i),
2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) sin (A B)
Adding (iii) and (iv),
2 cosA cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
Subtraction (iii) from (iv).
2 sin A sin B = cos (A B) cos (A + B)
Formula :
(a) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)
(b) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) sin (A B)
(c) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
(d) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A B) cos (A + B)
To transform the product into sum
or difference
Examples
based on
Ex.12 Prove that, cos(30 A).cos(30 + A) +
cos(45 + A).cos(45 A) = cos2A +
1
4
Sol. L.H.S. = cos(30 A).cos(30 + A) +
cos(45 + A).cos(45 A)
=
1
2
[2 cos(30 A).cos(30 + A) +
2 cos (45 + A).cos(45 A)]
=
1
2
cos 60 + cos 2A + cos 90 + cos 2A
=
1
2
[ 2cos2A +
1
2
]
= cos 2A +
1
4
= R.H.S.
8. FORMULA TO TRANSFORM THE SUM OR
DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT
We know that,
sin (A + B) + sin(A B) = 2 sin A cos B ......(i)
Let A+ B = C and A B = D
then A =
C D +
2
and B =
C D
2
Substituting in (i),
(a) sin C+ sin D = 2 sin
C D + F
H
G
I
K
J
2
.cos
C D F
H
G
I
K
J
2
similarly other formula,
(b) sin C sin D = 2 cos
C D + F
H
G
I
K
J
2
.sin
C D F
H
G
I
K
J
2
(c) cos C + cos D = 2 cos
C D + F
H
G
I
K
J
2
.cos
C D F
H
G
I
K
J
2
)
(d) cos C cos D = 2 sin
C D + F
H
G
I
K
J
2
.sin
D C F
H
G
I
K
J
2
To Transform the sum of difference
into product
Examples
based on
Ex.13 Prove that, (cos + cos )
2
+ (sin + sin )
2
= 4cos
2
F
H
G
I
K
J
2
Sol. L.H.S,
(cos + cos )
2
+ (sin + sin )
2
2
2

cos
2
cos 2
(

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
| +
+
2
2

cos
2
sin 2
(

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
| +
= 4cos
2
+ F
H
G
I
K
J
2
.cos
2
F
H
G
I
K
J
2
+
4sin
2
+ F
H
G
I
K
J
2
.cos
2
F
H
G
I
K
J
2
= 4 cos
2
F
H
G
I
K
J
2
.
cos sin
2 2
2 2
+ F
H
G
I
K
J
+
+ F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
= 4cos
2

F
H
G
I
K
J
2
Corporate Office: CP Tower, Road No.1, IPIA, Kota (Raj.), Ph: 0744-2434159 TRIGONO. RATIO 13
9. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF MULTIPLE
ANGLES
Trigonometric ratios of an angle 2A in terms
of an angle A :
(a) sin 2A= 2sin A cos A =
A tan 1
A tan 2
2
+
(b) cos 2A= cos
2
A sin
2
A = 2 cos
2
A 1
= 1 2 sin
2
A =
A tan 1
A tan 1
2
2
+

(c) tan 2A =
2
1
2
tan
tan
A
A
(d) sin 3A = 3 sinA 4 sin
3
A
(e) cos 3A = 4 cos
3
A 3 cosA
(f) tan 3A =
A tan 3 1
A tan A tan 3
2
3

(g) tan
2
A =
A 2 cos 1
A 2 cos 1
+

(h) tan A =
A 2 sin
A 2 cos 1
(i) A 2 sin 1+ = |sin A + cos A|
(j) A 2 sin 1 = |sin A cos A|
Trigonometrical Ratios of Multiple
angles
Examples
based on
Ex.14 Prove that ,
1
1
+
+ +
sin cos
sin cos


= tan

2
F
H
G
I
K
J
Sol. L.H.S =
1
1
+
+ +
sin cos
sin cos


=
( cos ) sin
( cos ) sin
1
1
+
+ +


=
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
sin sin cos
cos sin cos


F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
(

|
.
|

\
|
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos 2
2
cos
2
sin
2
sin 2
= tan

2
F
H
G
I
K
J
= R.H.S
Ex.15 Show that,
2 2 2 2 8 2 + + + = cos cos
where
(

16
,
16
Sol. L.H.S., =
2 2 2 2 8 + + + cos
1 8 2
8
2
2
+ =
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
cos cos

=
2 2 2 2 4
2
+ + ( cos )
=
2 2 2 4 + + cos
= 2 2 1 4 + + ( cos )
=
2 2 2 2
2
+ ( cos )
=
2 2 2 + cos
= 2 1 2 ( cos ) + =
2 2
2
( cos )
= 2cos = R.H.S
10. CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRICAL
IDENTITIES
We have certain trigonometric identities
like, sin
2
+ cos
2
= 1
and 1 + tan
2
= sec
2
etc.
Such identities are identities in the sense that
they hold for all value of the angles which satisfy
the given condition among them and they are
called conditional identities.
If A, B, C denote the angle of a triangle ABC,
then the relation A + B + C = enables us to
establish many important identities involving
trigonometric ratios of these angles.
(I) If A + B + C = , then A + B = C,
B + C = A and C + A = B
(II) If A + B + C = , then sin(A + B) = sin( C)
= sinC
similarly, sin (B + C) = sin( A) = sin A
and sin ( C + A ) = sin ( B) = sin B
(III) If A + B + C = , then cos(A + B) = cos( C)
= cos C
similarly, cos (B + C) = cos( A) = cos A
and cos (C + A ) = cos ( B) = cos B
(IV) If A + B + C = , then tan(A + B) = tan( C)
= tan C
similarly, tan (B + C) = tan( A) = tan A
and, tan (C + A ) = tan ( B) = tan B
(V) If A + B + C = , then
A B +
2
=

2 2

C
and
B C A +
=
2 2 2

and
C A B +
=
2 2 2

sin sin cos

A B C C + F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
2 2 2 2

Corporate Office: CP Tower, Road No.1, IPIA, Kota (Raj.), Ph: 0744-2434159 TRIGONO. RATIO 14
cos cos sin
A B C C + F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
2 2 2 2

tan tan cot

A B C C + F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
2 2 2 2

All problems on conditional identities are

broadly divided into the following four types :
(I) Identities involving sines and cosines of the
multiple or sub-multiples of the angles involved.
(II) Identities involving squares of sines and
cosines of the multiple or sub-multiples of the
angles involved.
(III) Identities involving tangents and cotangents
of the multiples or sub-multiples of the angles
involved.
(IV) Identities involving cubes and higher powers
of sines and cosines and some mixed identities.
10.1 TYPE I : Identities involving sines and
cosines of the multiple or sub-multiple of the
angles involved.
Working Methods :
Step 1 Express of the sum of first two terms
as product by using C & D formulae.
Step 2 In the product obtained in step II
replace the sum of two angles in terms of the
third by using the given relation.
Step 3 Expand the third term by using formulae
(Double angle change into single angle or change
into half angle).
Step 4 Taking common factor.
Step 5 Express the trigonometric ratio of the
single angle in terms of the remaining angles.
Step 6 Use the one of the formulae given in
the step I to convert the sum into product.
Conditional trigonometrical
identities type I
Examples
based on
Ex.16 If A + B + C = , prove that , cosA + cosB
+ cosC =1 + 4 sin
A
2
F
H
G
I
K
J
.sin
B
2
F
H
G
I
K
J
.sin
C
2
F
H
G
I
K
J
Sol. L.H.S.= cosA+ cosB+cosC
=
2
2 2
cos .cos cos
A B A B
C
+ F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
=
2
2 2 2 2
cos .cos cos

F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J
+
C A B
C
=
2
2 2 2
1 2
2
2
sin .cos sin
C A B C F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
2
2 2 2
2
2
1
2
sin .cos sin
C A B C F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J
+
=
2
2 2 2 2
1 sin cos sin
C A B C F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
+
=
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 sin cos sin
C A B A B F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J

+ F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
+

=
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 sin cos cos
C A B A B F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
+
=
2
2
2
2 2
1 sin sin .sin
C A B F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
+
=
1 4
2 2 2
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
sin .sin .sin
A B C
= R.H.S.
Ex.17 If A + B + C =, Prove that
sin sin sin
A B C
2 2 2
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
1 4
4 4 4
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
sin .sin .sin
A B C
=
1 4
4 4 4
+
+ F
H
G
I
K
J
+ F
H
G
I
K
J
+ F
H
G
I
K
J
sin .sin .sin
B C C A A B
Sol. L.H.S.= sin sin sin
A B C
2 2 2
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
= 2
4 4 2 2
sin .cos cos
A B A B C + F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J

= 2
4 4
1 2
4
2
sin .cos sin
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
C A B C
= 2
4 4 4
1 sin cos sin
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
+
C A B C
=
2
4 4 2 4
1 sin cos cos
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J
R
S
T
U
V
W
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
+
C A B C
= 2
4 4 4
1 sin . cos cos
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J

+ F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
+
C A B C
|
.
|

\
|
=
4
C
sin 2
1
8
B A C
sin
8
C B A
sin 2 +
(

|
.
|

\
| + +
|
.
|

\
| + +
|
.
|

\
|
=
4
C
sin 2
1
8
B A C
sin
8
B C A
sin 2 +
(

|
.
|

\
| + +
|
.
|

\
| + +
|
.
|

\
|
=
4
C
sin 2
Corporate Office: CP Tower, Road No.1, IPIA, Kota (Raj.), Ph: 0744-2434159 TRIGONO. RATIO 15
1
8
A A
sin
8
B B
sin 2 +
(

|
.
|

\
| +
|
.
|

\
| + +
= 2
4
2
4 4
1 sin sin .sin
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
+
C B A
=
1 4
4 4 4
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
sin .sin .sin
A B A
= 1 4
4 4 4
+
+ F
H
G
I
K
J
+ F
H
G
I
K
J
+ F
H
G
I
K
J
sin .sin .sin
B C C A A B
= R.H.S
10.2 TYPE II :Identities involving squares of
sines and cosines of multiple or sub-multiples
of the angles involved.
Working step :
(I) Arrange the terms on the L.H.S of the identity
so that either sin
2
A sin
2
B = sin(A+B).
sin(A B)
or cos
2
A sin
2
B = cos(A+B).cos(A B) can
be used.
(II) Take the common factor outside.
(III) Express the trigonometric ratio of a single
angle inside the bracket into that of the sum
of the angles.
(IV) Use the formulaes to convert the sum into
product.
Conditional trigonometrical
identities type II
Examples
based on
Ex.18 If A + B + C =
Prove that, cos
2
A + cos
2
B + cos
2
C =
1 2 cosA cosB cosC
Sol. I Method
L.H.S. cos
2

A + cos
2

B + cos
2

C
= cos
2
A + (1 sin
2
B) + cos
2
C
= (cos
2
A sin
2
B) + cos
2
C + 1
[QA + B = C, cos(A + B) = cosC]
= cos (A + B).cos( A - B) + cos
2
C + 1
= cos C. cos(A B) + cos
2
C + 1
= cos C [cos (A - B) cos C] + 1
= cos C [cos (A B) + cos (A + B)] + 1
[
Q
cos C = cos (A + B)]
= cos C [ 2 cosA cosB) + 1
= 1 2 cosA cosB cosC = R.H.S.
II Method
cos
2

A + cos
2

B + cos
2

C
=
1
2
[2 cos
2

A + 2 cos
2

B + 2 cos
2

C]
[Qcos 2A = 2cos
2
A 1]
=
1
2
[(1 + cos 2A) + (1 + cos 2B) + (1 + cos 2C)]
=
1
2
[3 + cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C]
=
3
2
+
1
2
[ cos 2A + cos 2B + cos

2C]
=
3
2
+
1
2
[2 cos(A + B).cos(A B) + 2cos
2
C 1]
=
3
2
+
1
2
[ 2 cosC cos(A B) + 2cos
2
C 1]
=
3
2

1
2
+
1
2
[2cosC {cos (A B) cos C}]
= 1 cosC[cos (A B) cosC]
= 1 cos C [cos (A B) + cos (A + B)]
[cosC = cos(A + B)]
= 1 cosC[2 cosA . cosB]
= 1 2 cosA . cosB cosC
10.3 Type III :Identities for tan and cot of the
angles
Working step :
(I) Express the sum of the two angles in terms
of third angle by using the given relation.
(II) Taking tan from both the sides.
(III) Expand the L.H.S in step II by using the
formula for the tangent of the compound
angles.
(IV) Use cross multiplication in the expression
obtained in the step III.
(V) Arrange the terms as per the requirement in
the sum.
Conditional trigonometrical
identities type III
Examples
based on
Ex.19 If x + y + z = xyz
Prove that,

2
1
2
1
2
1
8
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
x
x
y
y
z
z
xyz
x y z
+

=
( )( )( )
Sol. Let x = tanA , y = tanB, z = tanC
then x + y + z = xyz
tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA.tanB.tanC
tanA + tanB + tanC tanA tanB tanC = 0
Dividing by [1 tanA tanB tanB tanC
tanC tanA] both the sides
Corporate Office: CP Tower, Road No.1, IPIA, Kota (Raj.), Ph: 0744-2434159 TRIGONO. RATIO 16

tan tan tan tan tan tan

tan tan tan tan tan tan
A B C A B C
A B B C C A
+ +

=
1
0
tan(A + B + C) = 0
A + B + C = n [n z]
Now,A + B + C = n
2A + 2B + 2C = 2n
tan(2A + 2B + 2C) = tan 2n

tan tan tan tan tan tan
tan tan tan tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
A B C A B C
A B B C C A
+ +

=
tan2A + tan2B + tan2C tan2A tan2B
tan2C = 0
tan2A + tan2B + tan2C tan2A tan2B
tan2C

C tan 1
C tan 2
B tan 1
B tan 2
A tan 1
A tan 2
2 2 2
+ +
=
C tan 1
C tan 2

B tan 1
B tan 2

A tan 1
A tan 2
2 2 2

2 2 2
z 1
z 2
y 1
y 2
x 1
x 2
+ +
=
) z 1 ( ) y 1 ( ) x 1 (
xyz 8
z 1
z 2
.
y 1
y 2
.
x 1
x 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
=
11. TO FIND THE GREATEST AND LEAST VALUE
OF THE EXPRESSION [a sin + b cos ]
Let a = r cos ...........(1)
and b = r sin ...........(2)
Squaring and adding (1) and (2)
then a
2
+ b
2
= r
2
or, r a b = +
2 2
a sin + b cos
= r (sin cos + cos sin)
= r sin( + )
But 1 sin 1
so 1 sin( + ) 1
then r r sin( + ) r
hence,
+ a b
2 2
a sin + b cos
a b
2 2
+
then the greatest and least values of a sin + b cos
are respectively
a b
2 2
+
and
+ a b
2 2
To find the greatest and least value
of the expression
Examples
based on
Ex.20 Prove that 5 cos+ 3 cos


+
F
H
G
I
K
J
3
+ 3. lies
between 4 and 10.
Sol. The given expression is,
5 cos+ 3 cos


+
F
H
G
I
K
J
3
+ 3
5 cos + 3[cos cos 60 sin sin 60] + 3
5 cos + 3 [
1
2
cos
3
2
sin] + 3

1
2
[13 cos
3 3
sin ] + 3
Put 13 = r cos,
3 3
= r sin
r =
169 27 +
= 14

1
2
[r cos( + )] + 3

14
2
[cos( + )] + 3
7 cos( + ) + 3
Hence maximum and minimum values of
expression are (7+ 3) and (7 +3)
i.e., 10 and 4 respectively.
12. MISCELLANEOUS POINTS
(1) Some useful Identities :
(a) tan (A + B + C) =
tan tan tan tan
tan . tan
A A B C
A B

1
(b) cot tan = 2 cot 2
(c)
4
1
sin 3 = sin.sin(60 ).sin(60 + )
(d)
4
1
cos 3 = cos.cos(60 ).cos(60 + )
(e) tan 3 = tan.tan(60 ).tan (60 + )
(f) tan(A + B) tanA tanB = tanA.tanB.tan(A + B)
(2) Some useful result :
(a) ver sin = 1 cos
(b) cover sin = 1 sin
Corporate Office: CP Tower, Road No.1, IPIA, Kota (Raj.), Ph: 0744-2434159 TRIGONO. RATIO 17
(3) Some useful series :
(a) sin + sin ( + ) + sin( + 2) + ....
+ to n terms
=
sin sin
sin

+
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
F
H
G
I
K
J
n n 1
2 2
2
; 2n
(b) cos + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2) +.....
+ to n terms =
cos sin
sin

+
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
F
H
G
I
K
J
n n 1
2 2
2
;
2n
Series
Ex.21 Prove that cos

14
F
H
G
I
K
J
+ cos
3
14
F
H
G
I
K
J
+ cos
5
14
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
1
2
cot

14
F
H
G
I
K
J
Sol. Here

=
14
,

=
2
14
and n = 3.
S =
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P

F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J
cos sin
sin

14
3 1
2
2
14
2
14
3
2
2
14
1
2
S =
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
2
3
14
3
14
2
14
cos sin
sin

S =
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
sin
sin
6
14
2
14

=
1
2 2 14
14
sin
sin

F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
S =
F
H
G
I
K
J
1
2 14
cot

(4) An Increasing Product series :
(a) p = cos. cos 2 . cos 2
2
... cos (2
n1

)

+ =
=

) 1 k 2 ( if , 1
k 2 if , 1
n if ,
sin 2
2 sin
n
n
(5) sine, cosine and tangent of some angle less
than 90.
15 18 22 36
sin
3 1
2 2

5 1
4

2 2
2
1

10 2 5
4

cos
3 1
2 2
+
10 2 5
4
+
2 2
2
1
+
5 1
4
+
tan
2 3
25 10 5
5

2
1
5 2 5
(6) Conversion 1 radian = 180/ = 57 17
/
45
//
(approximately)
and 1 =

180
= 0.01475 radians (approximately)
(7) Basic right angled triangle are (pythogerian
Triplets)
3, 4, 5 ; 5, 12, 13; 7, 24, 25; 8, 15, 17;
9, 40, 41; 11, 60, 61; 12, 35, 37; 20, 21,
29 etc.
(8) Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n
sides
=
n
n

2
180 degrees