AP Physics: Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension

Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension
AP Physics
Chapter 2
AP Physics
Section 2-1 Reference Frames and Displacement
IA1a -
Students should understand the general

relationships among position, velocity, and
acceleration for the motion of a particle along
a straight line
2-1
understand the general relationships among position, velocity, and acceleration
Mechanics – study of
motion, force, energy
Kinematics – how objects move
Dynamics – why objects move
Translational Motion – move without rotation
2-1
Reference Frames (Frames of Reference)

Are we moving?
Compared to what?
Usually with “respect to the Earth”
Unless otherwise specified
All other cases, must specify the frame of
reference
Typically done with coordinate grid and x and
y axis (only x or y for 1D motion)
2-1
Positive – up
and right
Negative –
down and
left
2-1
Defining Motion
Position – relative to frame of reference (x or
y)
Displacement – change in position (meters)
Dx = x2-x1
Not distance
2-1
Distance vs. Displacement

2-1
Distance – scalar (magnitude)

Displacement – vector (magnitude and
direction)
Must give a direction
East/West, up/down
2-1
AP Physics
Section 2-2 Average Velocity
Distance Time Graph Gizmo
2-1
Average Speed – distance per unit time

(scalar)
Average Velocity – displacement per unit time
(vector)(meters/second)
x
v
t
Dx = displacement
Dt = change in time
2-2
Distance Time Velocity Graph Gizmo
2-2
AP Physics
Section 2-3 Instantaneous Velocity
Instantaneous Velocity – the average velocity

during an infinitesimally short time interval
x
v lim
t 0
t
We will only calculate situations with constant

velocity or constant acceleration
Calculus is required if acceleration is not
constant
2-3
Slope of any
displacement
time graph is the
instantaneous
velocity
2-3
S-2
Using the graph

calculate the
average velocity
between t0=2
and t=5
APP-Matt-09
Average Acceleration – change in velocity per

unit time (vector) (meters/second2)
v v  v0
a 
t t  t0
v is final velocity
v0 is initial velocity (or at time 0)
Sign of a indicates direction of vector
Deceleration is just negative acceleration
2-4
AP Physics
Section 2-4 Acceleration
Acceleration is the slope of the velocity time

graph
2-4
understand the special case of motion with constant acceleration
AP Physics
Section 2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration
IA1b -
Students should understand the special case

of motion with constant acceleration.
2-4
We are limited to calculations when

acceleration is a constant
We will use the mathematical definition of
displacement, velocity, and acceleration to
derive 4 Kinematic equations.
Memorize these equations – you will use them
a lot
2-5
Assume
v  v0
t0 = 0, it drops out a
of equations
We rework the
t  t0
v  v0
definition of
a
acceleration to get
our first working
equation t
v  v0  at 2-5
For the second

equation we first
rework the
x  x0
definition of
average velocity to v
solve for t
displacement
x  x0  vt
2-5
We define average
velocity as the
average of the
initial and final
velocity (only v  v0
possible with v
constant
acceleration)
2
2-5
Now we combine the last three equations
x  x0  vt
 v0  v 
x  x0   t
 2 
 v0  v0  at 
x  x0   t
 2 
x  x0  v0 t  2 at
1 2
2-5
For the third

equation we start
by using a version
of the definition of
velocity
x  x0  vt
2-5
Combine with our average velocity definition
x  x0  vt
 v0  v 
x  x0   t
 2 
2-5
Solve the definition

of acceleration for
time v  v0
a
t
v  v0
t
a
2-5
Combine and you get
 v0  v 
x  x0   t
 2 
 v0  v  v  v0 
x  x0    
 2  a 
v  v0
2 2
x  x0 
2a 2-5
Finally, solve for final velocity
v v 2 2
x  x0  0
2a
v  v0  2ax
2 2
2-5
The 4th
equation is
not found in x  x0  vt
your book, but
is in most  v  v0 
others x  x0   t
 2 
x  x0  2 (v  v0 )t
1
2-5
AP Physics
Section 2-6 Solving Problems
1. Determine what the object is you are

solving for.
2. Draw a diagram. Determine the positive
and negative direction for motion.
3. Write down any known quantities.
4. Think about “The Physics” of the problem.
5. Determine what equation, or combination
of equations will work under these Physics
conditions.
2-6
6. Make your calculations.

7. See if your answer is reasonable.
8. Determine what units belong with the
number, and what the direction should be if
it is a vector.
2-6
A car slows down uniformly from a speed of

21.0 m/s to rest in 6.00s. How far did it
travel in this time?
1. Object – car
2. Diagram
2-6

1. Object – car
2. Diagram
3. Know
v0=21.0m/s
v=0m/s
t=6.00s
2-6

5. Physics – car is going through negative
acceleration in 1D, acceleration is constant
6. Equation – needs v0, v, t, x (define x0=0)
So
x  x0  (v  v0 )t 1
2
2-6

5. Physics – car is going through negative
acceleration in 1D, acceleration is constant
6. Equation – needs v0, v, t, x (define x0=0)
Solve
x  (0  21m / s )(6s)  63m

1
2
2-6
A car is behind a truck going 25m/s on the

highway. The car’s driver looks for an
opportunity to pass, guessing that his car
can accelerate at 1.0m/s2. He gauges that
he has to cover the 20 m length of the
truck, plus 10 m clear room at the rear of
the truck and 10 m more at the front of it.
In the oncoming lane, he sees a car
approaching, probably also traveling at 25
m/s. He estimates that the car is about
400 m away. Should he attempt to pass?
2-6
1. Object – car
2. Diagram
3. Known quantities
Car relative truck Car relative to App. Car
v0=0m/s 25m/s
a=1m/s2 1m/s2
x=40m
4. Physics – The car travels 40m relative to
the truck to complete the pass, but it will
travel further relative to the approaching
car. We must find how far and see if the
position of the two cars overlaps 2-6
5. Time for car to pass
x  x0  v0t  at 1
2
2
x  at 1
2
2
2x 2(40m)
t  2
a 1m / s
t  8.94 s 2-6
5. How far did the car travel?

5. How far did the other car get in that time?

t  8.94 s
x  vt
x  (25m / s )(8.94)
x  223.5m
Can you say ‘boom?’
2-6
S-3
A lonely rabbit is standing 30 m from a really

cute bunny that is hopping away at a
constant 10 m/s. If the rabbit starts from
rest, and can accelerate at 5 m/s2,
A. How long will it take to reach the bunny
B. How far will he have traveled
C. How much faster than the bunny will he
be running
AP Physics
Section 2-7 Falling Objects
We will ignore air friction

We will learn the why later.
Acceleration due to gravity at Earth’s surface is
9.80 m/s2 directed downward (-9.80m/s2)
Symbol g represents acceleration due to
gravity
Still use motion equations but
x is replaced with y
a is replaced with g
2-7
Two common misconception

1. Acceleration and velocity are always in the
same direction
a. No, as an object is thrown upward,
velocity is +y, acceleration is –y
2. Acceleration is zero at the highest point.
a. No, at the highest point, the velocity is
zero, but acceleration is always -9.80m/s2
b. The object changes velocity, it must
have an acceleration 2-7
Truck and
Soccer Ball
Important concepts from video

1. y velocity at the top – 0m/s
2. Displacement at the bottom – 0m
3. Acceleration – always -9.80m/s2
2-7
S-4
A cat is dropped off a cliff that is 145 m tall.

A. What is his acceleration?
B. What is his initial velocity?
C. What is his final velocity?
D. How long is he in the air?
E. Did he land on his feet?
Practice
2-7
S-5
A really large mouse sees a cat 100 m away.

If he starts from rest and takes 28 s to
catch the cat, what is his acceleration?
Assume that the cat is moving away at a
constant 20 m/s.
S-6
Evil Ralphie is throwing sheep off a cliff.

Bad Ralphie! He throws the first sheep
upward at 22 m/s. He then waits 6
seconds and throws a second sheep
downward. The cliff is 180 m tall and
both sheep land (gently and on their
feet) at the same time. What
was the initial velocity of the
second sheep?

AP Physics: Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AP Physics: Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

AP Physics: Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What are the main topics covered in the document?

What are the main topics covered in the document?

How is motion defined and described in one dimension?

How is motion defined and described in one dimension?

Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension

Students should understand the general

Reference Frames (Frames of Reference)

Distance vs. Displacement

Distance – scalar (magnitude)

Distance Time Graph Gizmo

Average Speed – distance per unit time

Distance Time Velocity Graph Gizmo

Instantaneous Velocity – the average velocity

We will only calculate situations with constant

Using the graph

Average Acceleration – change in velocity per

Acceleration is the slope of the velocity time

Students should understand the special case

We are limited to calculations when

For the second

Now we combine the last three equations

For the third

Combine with our average velocity definition

Solve the definition

Combine and you get

Finally, solve for final velocity

1. Determine what the object is you are

6. Make your calculations.

A car slows down uniformly from a speed of

A car slows down uniformly from a speed of

A car slows down uniformly from a speed of

A car slows down uniformly from a speed of

x  (0  21m / s )(6s)  63m

A car is behind a truck going 25m/s on the

5. Time for car to pass

5. How far did the car travel?

5. How far did the other car get in that time?

A lonely rabbit is standing 30 m from a really

We will ignore air friction

Two common misconception

Important concepts from video

A cat is dropped off a cliff that is 145 m tall.

A really large mouse sees a cat 100 m away.

Evil Ralphie is throwing sheep off a cliff.

You might also like