Precision, Very Low Noise,

Low Input Bias Current, Wide

Bandwidth JFET Operational Amplifiers
AD8610/AD8620
FEATURES PIN CONFIGURATIONS
Low noise: 6 nV/√Hz NULL 1 8 NC
Low offset voltage: 100 μV maximum –IN 2 AD8610 7 V+
Low input bias current: 10 pA maximum +IN 3 TOP VIEW 6 OUT

Fast settling: 600 ns to 0.01% V– 4 (Not to Scale) 5 NULL

02730-001
Low distortion NC = NO CONNECT
Unity gain stable Figure 1. 8-Lead MSOP and 8-Lead SOIC_N
No phase reversal
Dual-supply operation: ±5 V to ±13 V OUTA 1 8 V+
–INA 2 7 OUTB
APPLICATIONS AD8620
+INA 3 TOP VIEW 6 –INB
Photodiode amplifiers V– 4 (Not to Scale) 5 +INB

02730-002
ATE
Instrumentation Figure 2. 8-Lead SOIC_N
Sensors and controls
High performance filters
Fast precision integrators
High performance audio

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The AD8610/AD8620 are very high precision JFET input ampli- Applications for the AD8610/AD8620 include electronic instru-
fiers featuring ultralow offset voltage and drift, very low input ments; ATE amplification, buffering, and integrator circuits;
voltage and current noise, very low input bias current, and wide CAT/MRI/ultrasound medical instrumentation; instrumentation
bandwidth. Unlike many JFET amplifiers, the AD8610/AD8620 quality photodiode amplification; fast precision filters (including
input bias current is low over the entire operating temperature PLL filters); and high quality audio.
range. The AD8610/AD8620 are stable with capacitive loads of
The AD8610/AD8620 are fully specified over the extended
over 1000 pF in noninverting unity gain; much larger capacitive
industrial temperature range (−40°C to +125°C). The AD8610
loads can be driven easily at higher noise gains. The AD8610/
is available in the narrow 8-lead SOIC and the tiny 8-lead MSOP
AD8620 swing to within 1.2 V of the supplies even with a 1 kΩ
surface-mount packages. The AD8620 is available in the narrow
load, maximizing dynamic range even with limited supply volt-
8-lead SOIC package. The 8-lead MSOP packaged devices are
ages. Outputs slew at 50 V/μs in either inverting or noninverting
avail-able only in tape and reel.
gain configurations, and settle to 0.01% accuracy in less than
600 ns. Combined with high input impedance, great precision,
and very high output drive, the AD8610/AD8620 are ideal
amplifiers for driving high performance ADC inputs and
buffering DAC converter outputs.

Rev. F
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no
responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other
rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Tel: 781.329.4700 www.analog.com
Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Fax: 781.461.3113 ©2001–2008 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AD8610/AD8620

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Features .............................................................................................. 1  Absolute Maximum Ratings ............................................................5 
Applications ....................................................................................... 1  ESD Caution...................................................................................5 
Pin Configurations ........................................................................... 1  Typical Performance Characteristics ..............................................6 
General Description ......................................................................... 1  Theory of Operation ...................................................................... 13 
Revision History ............................................................................... 2  Functional Description .............................................................. 13 
Specifications..................................................................................... 3  Outline Dimensions ....................................................................... 22 
Electrical Specifications ............................................................... 4  Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 22 

REVISION HISTORY Changes to Specifications .................................................................2

5/08—Rev. E to Rev. F Changes to Ordering Guide .............................................................4
Updated Outline Dimensions ....................................................... 17
Changes to Figure 17 ........................................................................ 8
Changes to Functional Description Section ............................... 13 10/02—Rev. B to Rev. C.
Changes to THD Readings vs. Common-Mode Voltage Updated Ordering Guide .................................................................4
Section .............................................................................................. 17 Edits to Figure 15 ............................................................................ 12
Changes to Output Current Capability Section ......................... 18 Updated Outline Dimensions ....................................................... 16
Changes to Figure 66 and Figure 67 ............................................. 19 5/02—Rev. A to Rev. B
Changes to Figure 68 ...................................................................... 20
Replaced Second-Order Low-Pass Filter Section ....................... 20 Addition of Part Number AD8620................................... Universal
Addition of 8-Lead SOIC (R-8 Suffix) Drawing............................1
11/06—Rev. D to Rev. E Changes to General Description .....................................................1
Updated Format .................................................................. Universal Additions to Specifications ..............................................................2
Changes to Table 1 ............................................................................ 3 Change to Electrical Specifications .................................................3
Changes to Table 2 ............................................................................ 4 Additions to Ordering Guide ...........................................................4
Changes to Outline Dimensions................................................... 21 Replace TPC 29 ..................................................................................8
Changes to Ordering Guide .......................................................... 21 Add Channel Separation Test Circuit Figure .................................9
Add Channel Separation Graph ......................................................9
2/04—Rev. C to Rev. D. Changes to Figure 26...................................................................... 15
Addition of High-Speed, Low Noise Differential Driver
section .............................................................................................. 16
Addition of Figure 30 ..................................................................... 16

Rev. F | Page 2 of 24
 AD8610/AD8620

SPECIFICATIONS
@ VS = ±5.0 V, VCM = 0 V, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.

Table 1.
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min Typ Max Unit
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Offset Voltage (AD8610B) VOS 45 100 μV
−40°C < TA < +125°C 80 200 μV
Offset Voltage (AD8620B) VOS 45 150 μV
−40°C < TA < +125°C 80 300 μV
Offset Voltage (AD8610A/AD8620A) VOS 85 250 μV
25°C < TA < 125°C 90 350 μV
−40°C < TA < +125°C 150 850 μV
Input Bias Current IB −10 +2 +10 pA
−40°C < TA < +85°C −250 +130 +250 pA
−40°C < TA < +125°C −2.5 +1.5 +2.5 nA
Input Offset Current IOS −10 +1 +10 pA
−40°C < TA < +85°C −75 +20 +75 pA
−40°C < TA < +125°C −150 +40 +150 pA
Input Voltage Range −2 +3 V
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR VCM = –1.5 V to +2.5 V 90 95 dB
Large Signal Voltage Gain AVO RL = 1 kΩ, VO = −3 V to +3 V 100 180 V/mV
Offset Voltage Drift (AD8610B) ΔVOS/ΔT −40°C < TA < +125°C 0.5 1 μV/°C
Offset Voltage Drift (AD8620B) ΔVOS/ΔT −40°C < TA < +125°C 0.5 1.5 μV/°C
Offset Voltage Drift (AD8610A/AD8620A) ΔVOS/ΔT −40°C < TA < +125°C 0.8 3.5 μV/°C
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Output Voltage High VOH RL = 1 kΩ, −40°C < TA < +125°C 3.8 4 V
Output Voltage Low VOL RL = 1 kΩ, −40°C < TA < +125°C −4 −3.8 V
Output Current IOUT VOUT > ±2 V ±30 mA
POWER SUPPLY
Power Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR VS = ±5 V to ±13 V 100 110 dB
Supply Current per Amplifier ISY VO = 0 V 2.5 3.0 mA
−40°C < TA < +125°C 3.0 3.5 mA
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Slew Rate SR RL = 2 kΩ 40 50 V/μs
Gain Bandwidth Product GBP 25 MHz
Settling Time tS AV = +1, 4 V step, to 0.01% 350 ns
NOISE PERFORMANCE
Voltage Noise en p-p 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz 1.8 μV p-p
Voltage Noise Density en f = 1 kHz 6 nV/√Hz
Current Noise Density in f = 1 kHz 5 fA/√Hz
Input Capacitance CIN
Differential Mode 8 pF
Common Mode 15 pF
Channel Separation CS
f = 10 kHz 137 dB
f = 300 kHz 120 dB

Rev. F | Page 3 of 24
AD8610/AD8620
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
@ VS = ±13 V, VCM = 0 V, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.

Table 2.
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min Typ Max Unit
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Offset Voltage (AD8610B) VOS 45 100 μV
−40°C < TA < +125°C 80 200 μV
Offset Voltage (AD8620B) VOS 45 150 μV
−40°C < TA < +125°C 80 300 μV
Offset Voltage (AD8610A/AD8620A) VOS 85 250 μV
25°C < TA < 125°C 90 350 μV
−40°C < TA < +125°C 150 850 μV
Input Bias Current IB −10 +3 +10 pA
−40°C < TA < +85°C −250 +130 +250 pA
−40°C < TA < +125°C −3.5 +3.5 nA
Input Offset Current IOS −10 +1.5 +10 pA
−40°C < TA < +85°C −75 +20 +75 pA
−40°C < TA < +125°C −150 +40 +150 pA
Input Voltage Range −10.5 +10.5 V
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR VCM = −10 V to +10 V 90 110 dB
Large Signal Voltage Gain AVO RL = 1 kΩ, VO = −10 V to +10 V 100 200 V/mV
Offset Voltage Drift (AD8610B) ΔVOS/ΔT −40°C < TA < +125°C 0.5 1 μV/°C
Offset Voltage Drift (AD8620B) ΔVOS/ΔT −40°C < TA < +125°C 0.5 1.5 μV/°C
Offset Voltage Drift (AD8610A/AD8620A) ΔVOS/ΔT −40°C < TA < +125°C 0.8 3.5 μV/°C
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Output Voltage High VOH RL = 1 kΩ, −40°C < TA < +125°C +11.75 +11.84 V
Output Voltage Low VOL RL = 1 kΩ, −40°C < TA < +125°C −11.84 −11.75 V
Output Current IOUT VOUT > 10 V ±45 mA
Short-Circuit Current ISC ±65 mA
POWER SUPPLY
Power Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR VS = ±5 V to ±13 V 100 110 dB
Supply Current per Amplifier ISY VO = 0 V 3.0 3.5 mA
−40°C < TA < +125°C 3.5 4.0 mA
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Slew Rate SR RL = 2 kΩ 40 60 V/μs
Gain Bandwidth Product GBP 25 MHz
Settling Time tS AV = +1, 10 V step, to 0.01% 600 ns
NOISE PERFORMANCE
Voltage Noise en p-p 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz 1.8 μV p-p
Voltage Noise Density en f = 1 kHz 6 nV/√Hz
Current Noise Density in f = 1 kHz 5 fA/√Hz
Input Capacitance CIN
Differential Mode 8 pF
Common Mode 15 pF
Channel Separation CS
f = 10 kHz 137 dB
f = 300 kHz 120 dB

Rev. F | Page 4 of 24
 AD8610/AD8620

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Table 3.
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
Parameter Rating
may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress
Supply Voltage 27.3 V
rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any
Input Voltage VS− to VS+
other conditions above those indicated in the operational
Differential Input Voltage ±Supply voltage
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
Output Short-Circuit Duration to GND Indefinite
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
Storage Temperature Range –65°C to +150°C
device reliability.
Operating Temperature Range –40°C to +125°C
Junction Temperature Range –65°C to +150°C Table 4. Thermal Resistance
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) 300°C Package Type θJA1 θJC Unit
8-Lead MSOP (RM) 190 44 °C/W
8-Lead SOIC (R) 158 43 °C/W
1
θJA is specified for worst-case conditions, that is, θJA is specified for a device
soldered in circuit board for surface-mount packages.

ESD CAUTION

Rev. F | Page 5 of 24
AD8610/AD8620

TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

14 600
VS = ±13V VS = ±5V
12
400

INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (µV)

NUMBER OF AMPLIFIERS

10
200

8
0
6

–200
4

–400
2
02730-003

02730-006
0 –600
–250 –150 –50 50 150 250 –40 25 85 125
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (µV) TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 3. Input Offset Voltage Figure 6. Input Offset Voltage vs. Temperature at ±5 V (300 Amplifiers)

600 14
VS = ±13V VS = ±5V OR ±13V
12
400
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (µV)

NUMBER OF AMPLIFIERS

10
200

8
0
6

–200
4

–400
2

02730-007
02730-004

–600 0
–40 25 85 125 0 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6
TEMPERATURE (°C) TCVOS (µV/°C)

Figure 4. Input Offset Voltage vs. Temperature at ±13 V (300 Amplifiers) Figure 7. Input Offset Voltage Drift

18 3.6
VS = ±13V
VS = ±5V
16 3.4

14
INPUT BIAS CURRENT (pA)

3.2
NUMBER OF AMPLIFIERS

12
3.0
10
2.8
8
2.6
6

2.4
4

2 2.2
02730-005

02730-008

0 2.0
–250 –150 –50 50 150 250 –10 –5 0 5 10
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (µV) COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE (V)

Figure 5. Input Offset Voltage Figure 8. Input Bias Current vs. Common-Mode Voltage

Rev. F | Page 6 of 24
 AD8610/AD8620
3.0 1.8
VS = ±13V

OUTPUT VOLTAGE TO SUPPLY RAIL (V)

1.6
2.5
1.4
SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)

2.0 1.2

1.0
1.5
0.8

1.0 0.6

0.4
0.5

02730-009
0.2

02730-012
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (±V) RESISTANCE LOAD (Ω)

Figure 9. Supply Current vs. Supply Voltage Figure 12. Output Voltage to Supply Rail vs. Resistance Load

3.05 4.25
VS = ±13V VS = ±5V
RL = 1kΩ
4.20
2.95

OUTPUT VOLTAGE HIGH (V)

SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)

4.15
2.85

4.10

2.75
4.05

2.65
4.00

02730-013
02730-010

2.55 3.95
–40 25 85 125 –40 25 85 125
TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 10. Supply Current vs. Temperature Figure 13. Output Voltage High vs. Temperature

2.65 –3.95
VS = ±5V
VS = ±5V RL = 1kΩ
2.60 –4.00
OUTPUT VOLTAGE LOW (V)
SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)

2.55 –4.05

2.50 –4.10

2.45 –4.15

2.40 –4.20

2.35 –4.25
02730-014
02730-011

2.30 –4.30
–40 25 85 125 –40 25 85 125
TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 11. Supply Current vs. Temperature Figure 14. Output Voltage Low vs. Temperature

Rev. F | Page 7 of 24
AD8610/AD8620
12.05 60
VS = ±13V VS = ±13V
RL = 1kΩ RL = 2kΩ
CL = 20pF
12.00 40
OUTPUT VOLTAGE HIGH (V)

CLOSED-LOOP GAIN (dB)

G = +100

11.95 20
G = +10

11.90 0
G = +1

11.85 –20

02730-015

02730-018
11.80 –40
–40 25 85 125 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M
TEMPERATURE (°C) FREQUENCY (Hz)

Figure 15. Output Voltage High vs. Temperature Figure 18. Closed-Loop Gain vs. Frequency

–11.80 260
VS = ±13V
VS = ±13V
RL = 1kΩ
240 VO = ±10V
RL = 1kΩ
–11.85
OUTPUT VOLTAGE LOW (V)

220

200
–11.90
AVO (V/mV)

180

–11.95 160

140
–12.00
120

02730-019
02730-016

–12.05 100
–40 25 85 125 –40 25 85 125
TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 16. Output Voltage Low vs. Temperature Figure 19. AVO vs. Temperature

120 190
VS = ±5V
180 VO = ±3V
100
GAIN AND PHASE (dB AND DEGREES)

RL = 1kΩ
170
80
160
AVO (V/mV)

60 150

140
40

AD8610 130
20 VS = ±13V
CL = 20pF 120

0
110
02730-020

–20 100
02730-017

1kHz 10kHz 100kHz 1MHz 10MHz 50MHz –40 25 85 125

FREQUENCY TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 17. Open-Loop Gain and Phase vs. Frequency Figure 20. AVO vs. Temperature

Rev. F | Page 8 of 24
 AD8610/AD8620
160 140
VS = ±13V VS = ±13V
140
120
120

100 100
+PSRR
80
PSRR (dB)

CMRR (dB)
80
–PSRR
60
60
40

20 40

0
20

02730-021

02730-024
–20

–40 0
100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 60M 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 60M
FREQUENCY (Hz) FREQUENCY (Hz)

Figure 21. PSRR vs. Frequency Figure 24. CMRR vs. Frequency

160
VS = ±5V VS = ±13V
140 VIN = –300mV p-p
AV = –100
RL = 10kΩ
120

VOLTAGE (300mV/DIV)
100
+PSRR
80
PSRR (dB)

–PSRR
60 0V
VIN
40

20 CH2 = 5V/DIV VOUT

02730-025
02730-022

–20
0V
–40
100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 60M
FREQUENCY (Hz) TIME (4µs/DIV)

Figure 22. PSRR vs. Frequency Figure 25. Positive Overvoltage Recovery

122
VS = ±13V
VIN = 300mV p-p
AV = –100
121 RL = 10kΩ
CL = 0pF
VOLTAGE (300mV/DIV)

120
PSRR (dB)

VIN
119 0V
0V

118 VOUT

117
CH2 = 5V/DIV
02730-023

02730-026

116
–40 25 85 125
TEMPERATURE (°C) TIME (4µs/DIV)

Figure 23. PSRR vs. Temperature Figure 26. Negative Overvoltage Recovery

Rev. F | Page 9 of 24
AD8610/AD8620
100
VS = ±5V
VS = ±13V 90
PEAK-TO-PEAK VOLTAGE NOISE (1µV/DIV)

VIN p-p = 1.8µV

80

70

60 GAIN = +1

ZOUT (Ω)
50

40

30
GAIN = +100 GAIN = +10
20

02730-030
10

02730-027
0
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M
TIME (1s/DIV) FREQUENCY (Hz)

Figure 27. 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz Input Voltage Noise Figure 30. ZOUT vs. Frequency

1000 3000
VS = ±13V
VOLTAGE NOISE DENSITY (nV/ Hz)

2500

100 IB (pA) 2000

1500

10 1000

500
02730-028

02730-031
1 0
1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 0 25 85 125
FREQUENCY (Hz) TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 28. Input Voltage Noise Density vs. Frequency Figure 31. Input Bias Current vs. Temperature

100 40
VS = ±13V
VS = ±13V
90 RL = 2kΩ
35
VIN = 100mV p-p
SMALL SIGNAL OVERSHOOT (%)

80
30
70

60 25
ZOUT (Ω)

GAIN = +1
50 20

40
15
30 +OS –OS
GAIN = +100 GAIN = +10 10
20
5
02730-029

02730-032

10

0 0
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 0 10 100 1k 10k
FREQUENCY (Hz) CAPACITANCE (pF)

Figure 29. ZOUT vs. Frequency Figure 32. Small Signal Overshoot vs. Load Capacitance

Rev. F | Page 10 of 24
 AD8610/AD8620
40
VS = ±5V
35 RL = 2kΩ
VIN = 100mV
SMALL SIGNAL OVERSHOOT (%)

30

25

VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)
20

15
+OS –OS
10
VS = ±13V
VIN p-p = 20V
5 AV = +1

02730-033
RL = 2kΩ

02730-036
CL = 20pF
0
0 10 100 1k 10k
CAPACITANCE (pF) TIME (400ns/DIV)

Figure 33. Small Signal Overshoot vs. Load Capacitance Figure 36. +Slew Rate at G = +1

VS = ±13V
VIN = ±14V
AV = +1
FREQ = 0.5kHz

VIN
VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)

VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)

VOUT
VS = ±13V
VIN p-p = 20V
AV = +1
RL = 2kΩ
02730-034

02730-037
CL = 20pF

TIME (400µs/DIV) TIME (400ns/DIV)

Figure 34. No Phase Reversal Figure 37. –Slew Rate at G = +1

VS = ±13V VS = ±13V
VIN p-p = 20V VIN p-p = 20V
AV = +1 AV = –1
RL = 2kΩ RL = 2kΩ
CL = 20pF CL = 20pF
VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)

VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)
02730-035

02730-038

TIME (1µs/DIV) TIME (1µs/DIV)

Figure 35. Large Signal Response at G = +1 Figure 38. Large Signal Response at G = −1

Rev. F | Page 11 of 24
AD8610/AD8620

VS = ±13V
VIN p-p = 20V
AV = –1
RL = 2kΩ
SR = 50V/µs
CL = 20pF

VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)
VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)

VS = ±13V
VIN p-p = 20V
AV = –1
RL = 2kΩ
SR = 55V/µs

02730-040
02730-039
CL = 20pF

TIME (400ns/DIV) TIME (400ns/DIV)

Figure 39. +Slew Rate at G = −1 Figure 40. –Slew Rate at G = −1

Rev. F | Page 12 of 24
 AD8610/AD8620

THEORY OF OPERATION
CS (dB) = 20 log (VOUT / 10 × VIN) R1 138
20kΩ
+13V
R2 136
3 U1 2kΩ
+ V+ V– 6 134
VIN 2 5 V+
20V p-p V– 7
– R4 R3 132

02730-041
2kΩ 2kΩ U2
–13V

CS (dB)
130
Figure 41. Channel Separation Test Circuit
128
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
126
The AD8610/AD8620 are manufactured on the Analog Devices,
124
Inc., XFCB (eXtra fast complementary bipolar) process. XFCB
122

02730-042
is fully dielectrically isolated (DI) and used in conjunction with
N-channel JFET technology and thin film resistors (that can be 120
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
trimmed) to create the JFET input amplifier. Dielectrically isolated FREQUENCY (kHz)
NPN and PNP transistors fabricated on XFCB have an fτ > 3 GHz.
Figure 42. AD8620 Channel Separation Graph
Low TC thin film resistors enable very accurate offset voltage and
offset voltage temperature coefficient trimming. These process Power Consumption
breakthroughs allow Analog Devices IC designers to create an
A major advantage of the AD8610/AD8620 in new designs is
amplifier with faster slew rate and more than 50% higher band-
the power saving capability. Lower power consumption of the
width at half of the current consumed by its closest competition.
AD8610/AD8620 makes them much more attractive for portable
The AD8610/AD8620 are unconditionally stable in all gains,
instrumentation and for high density systems, simplifying thermal
even with capacitive loads well in excess of 1 nF. The AD8610B
management, and reducing power-supply performance require-
grade achieves less than 100 μV of offset and 1 μV/°C of offset
ments. Compare the power consumption of the AD8610 vs. the
drift, numbers usually associated with very high precision bipolar
OPA627 in Figure 43.
input amplifiers. The AD8610 is offered in the tiny 8-lead MSOP
8
as well as narrow 8-lead SOIC surface-mount packages and is
fully specified with supply voltages from ±5.0 V to ±13 V. The
7
very wide specified temperature range, up to 125°C, guarantees OPA627
SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)

superior operation in systems with little or no active cooling.

6
The unique input architecture of the AD8610/AD8620 features
extremely low input bias currents and very low input offset voltage. 5
Low power consumption minimizes the die temperature and
maintains the very low input bias current. Unlike many competi- 4
tive JFET amplifiers, the AD8610/AD8620 input bias currents are
low even at elevated temperatures. Typical bias currents are less 3

02730-043
than 200 pA at 85°C. The gate current of a JFET doubles every AD8610
10°C, resulting in a similar increase in input bias current over 2
–75 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
temperature. Give special care to the PC board layout to minimize TEMPERATURE (°C)
leakage currents between PCB traces. Improper layout and Figure 43. Supply Current vs. Temperature
board handling generates a leakage current that exceeds the bias
current of the AD8610/AD8620.

Rev. F | Page 13 of 24
AD8610/AD8620
+5V
Driving Large Capacitive Loads
3 7
The AD8610/AD8620 have excellent capacitive load driving VIN = 50mV
2
4
capability and can safely drive up to 10 nF when operating with
–5V 2µF

02730-046
a ±5.0 V supply. Figure 44 and Figure 45 compare the AD8610/
AD8620 against the OPA627 in the noninverting gain configu- 2kΩ 2kΩ

ration driving a 10 kΩ resistor and 10,000 pF capacitor placed Figure 46. Capacitive Load Drive Test Circuit
in parallel on its output, with a square wave input set to a frequency
of 200 kHz. The AD8610/AD8620 have much less ringing than
the OPA627 with heavy capacitive loads.
VS = ±5V

VOLTAGE (50mV/DIV)
RL = 10kΩ
CL = 10,000pF
VOLTAGE (20mV/DIV)

VS = ±5V
RL = 10kΩ

02730-047
CL = 2µF

TIME (20µs/DIV)
02730-044

Figure 47. OPA627 Capacitive Load Drive, AV = +2

TIME (2µs/DIV)

Figure 44. OPA627 Driving CL = 10,000 pF

VS = ±5V
RL = 10kΩ
VOLTAGE (50mV/DIV)

CL = 10,000pF
VOLTAGE (20mV/DIV)

VS = ±5V
RL = 10kΩ

02730-048
CL = 2µF

TIME (20µs/DIV)
02730-045

Figure 48. AD8610/AD8620 Capacitive Load Drive, AV = +2

TIME (2µs/DIV)

Figure 45. AD8610/AD8620 Driving CL = 10,000 pF

The AD8610/AD8620 can drive much larger capacitances

without any external compensation. Although the AD8610/
AD8620 are stable with very large capacitive loads, remember
that this capacitive loading limits the bandwidth of the amplifier.
Heavy capacitive loads also increase the amount of overshoot
and ringing at the output. Figure 47 and Figure 48 show the
AD8610/AD8620 and the OPA627 in a noninverting gain of +2
driving 2 μF of capacitance load. The ringing on the OPA627 is
much larger in magnitude and continues 10 times longer than
the AD8610/AD8620.

Rev. F | Page 14 of 24
 AD8610/AD8620
Slew Rate (Unity Gain Inverting vs. Noninverting)
VS = ±13V
RL = 2kΩ
Amplifiers generally have a faster slew rate in an inverting unity G = –1
gain configuration due to the absence of the differential input
capacitance. Figure 49 through Figure 52 show the performance

VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)
SR = 54V/µs
of the AD8610/AD8620 configured in a unity gain of –1 compared
to the OPA627. The AD8610/AD8620 slew rate is more symme-
trical, and both the positive and negative transitions are much
cleaner than in the OPA627.

VS = ±13V
RL = 2kΩ
G = –1

02730-051
SR = 54V/µs
VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)

TIME (400ns/DIV)

Figure 51. –Slew Rate of AD8610/AD8620 in Unity Gain of –1

VS = ±13V
RL = 2kΩ
G = –1

VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)
SR = 56V/µs
02730-049

TIME (400ns/DIV)

Figure 49. +Slew Rate of AD8610/AD8620 in Unity Gain of –1

VS = ±13V
RL = 2kΩ
G = –1

02730-052
VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)

TIME (400ns/DIV)
SR = 42.1V/µs
Figure 52. –Slew Rate of OPA627 in Unity Gain of –1

The AD8610/AD8620 have a very fast slew rate of 60 V/μs even

when configured in a noninverting gain of +1. This is the toughest
condition to impose on any amplifier because the input common-
mode capacitance of the amplifier generally makes its SR appear
worse. The slew rate of an amplifier varies according to the voltage
02730-050

difference between its two inputs. To observe the maximum SR,

TIME (400ns/DIV) a voltage difference of about 2 V between the inputs must be
Figure 50. +Slew Rate of OPA627 in Unity Gain of –1 ensured. This is required for virtually any JFET op amp so that
one side of the op amp input circuit is completely off, thus maxi-
mizing the current available to charge and discharge the internal
compensation capacitance. Lower differential drive voltages
produce lower slew rate readings. A JFET input op amp with a
slew rate of 60 V/μs at unity gain with VIN = 10 V may slew at
20 V/μs if it is operated at a gain of +100 with VIN = 100 mV.

Rev. F | Page 15 of 24
AD8610/AD8620
The slew rate of the AD8610/AD8620 is double that of the Input Overvoltage Protection
OPA627 when configured in a unity gain of +1 (see Figure 53 When the input of an amplifier is driven below VEE or above VCC
and Figure 54). by more than one VBE, large currents flow from the substrate
through the negative supply (V–) or the positive supply (V+),
VS = ±13V
RL = 2kΩ respectively, to the input pins and can destroy the device. If the
G = +1
input source can deliver larger currents than the maximum
forward current of the diode (>5 mA), a series resistor can be
VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)

added to protect the inputs. With its very low input bias and
offset current, a large series resistor can be placed in front of the
AD8610/AD8620 inputs to limit current to below damaging
SR = 85V/µs levels. Series resistance of 10 kΩ generates less than 25 μV of offset.
This 10 kΩ allows input voltages more than 5 V beyond either
power supply. Thermal noise generated by the resistor adds
7.5 nV/√Hz to the noise of the AD8610/AD8620. For the AD8610/
02730-053
AD8620, differential voltages equal to the supply voltage do not
TIME (400ns/DIV) cause any problems (see Figure 55). In this context, note that the
Figure 53. +Slew Rate of AD8610/AD8620 in Unity Gain of +1 high breakdown voltage of the input FETs eliminates the need to
include clamp diodes between the inputs of the amplifier, a practice
VS = ±13V that is mandatory on many precision op amps. Unfortunately,
RL = 2kΩ
G = +1 clamp diodes greatly interfere with many application circuits,
such as precision rectifiers and comparators. The AD8610/
AD8620 are free from these limitations.
VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)

+13V
3
7
6
V1 2
SR = 23V/µs 14V 4 AD8610
–13V

02730-056
0

Figure 56. Unity Gain Follower

02730-054

No Phase Reversal
TIME (400ns/DIV)
Many amplifiers misbehave when one or both of the inputs are
Figure 54. +Slew Rate of OPA627 in Unity Gain of +1
forced beyond the input common-mode voltage range. Phase
reversal is typified by the transfer function of the amplifier,
The slew rate of an amplifier determines the maximum frequency effectively reversing its transfer polarity. In some cases, this can
at which it can respond to a large signal input. This frequency cause lockup and even equipment damage in servo systems and
(known as full power bandwidth or FPBW) can be calculated can cause permanent damage or no recoverable parameter shifts
for a given distortion (for example, 1%) from the equation to the amplifier itself. Many amplifiers feature compensation
SR circuitry to combat these effects, but some are only effective for
FPBW =
(2π × VPEAK ) the inverting input. The AD8610/AD8620 are designed to prevent
phase reversal when one or both inputs are forced beyond their
input common-mode voltage range.
CH1 = 20.8V p-p

VIN
0V
VOLTAGE (10V/DIV)

VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)

CH2 = 19.4V p-p

0V VOUT
02730-055

02730-057

TIME (400ns/DIV)
TIME (400µs/DIV)
Figure 55. AD8610 FPBW
Figure 57. No Phase Reversal
Rev. F | Page 16 of 24
 AD8610/AD8620
THD Readings vs. Common-Mode Voltage Settling Time
Total harmonic distortion of the AD8610/AD8620 is well below The AD8610/AD8620 have a very fast settling time, even to a
0.0006% with any load down to 600 Ω. The AD8610 outperforms very tight error band, as can be seen from Figure 60. The AD8610/
the OPA627 for distortion, especially at frequencies above 20 kHz. AD8620 are configured in an inverting gain of +1 with 2 kΩ input
and feedback resistors. The output is monitored with a 10×,
0.1 10 MΩ, 11.2 pF scope probe.
VS = ±13V
VIN = 5V rms 1.2k
BW = 80kHz

1.0k

0.01
THD + N (%)

SETTLING TIME (ns)

800

OPA627
600

0.001
AD8610 400

02730-058
200

02730-060
0.0001
10 100 1k 10k 80k
FREQUENCY (Hz) 0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Figure 58. AD8610 vs. OPA627 THD + Noise @ VCM = 0 V ERROR BAND (%)

0.1 Figure 60. AD8610/AD8620 Settling Time vs. Error Band

VS = ±13V
RL = 600Ω 1.2k

1.0k
THD + N (%)

SETTLING TIME (ns)

800
2V rms
0.01
4V rms 600

6V rms 400

OPA627
02730-059

200

02730-061
0.001
10 100 1k 10k 20k
FREQUENCY (Hz) 0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Figure 59. THD + Noise vs. Frequency ERROR BAND (%)

Noise vs. Common-Mode Voltage Figure 61. OPA627 Settling Time vs. Error Band

The AD8610/AD8620 noise density varies only 10% over the

input range, as shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Noise vs. Common-Mode Voltage
VCM at f = 1 kHz (V) Noise Reading (nV/√Hz)
−10 7.21
−5 6.89
0 6.73
+5 6.41
+10 7.21

Rev. F | Page 17 of 24
AD8610/AD8620
10
The AD8610/AD8620 maintain this fast settling time when
loaded with large capacitive loads, as shown in Figure 62.

DELTA FROM RESPECTIVE RAIL (V)

3.0
ERROR BAND = ±0.01%

2.5

1
SETTLING TIME (µs)

2.0 VEE

VCC
1.5

1.0

02730-064
0.1
0.5 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

02730-062
LOAD CURRENT (A)

0 Figure 64. AD8610/AD8620 Dropout from ±13 V vs. Load Current

0 500 1000 1500 2000
CL (pF) 10

Figure 62. AD8610/AD8620 Settling Time vs. Load Capacitance

DELTA FROM RESPECTIVE RAIL (V)

3.0
ERROR BAND = ±0.01%
VCC
2.5

1 VEE
SETTLING TIME (µs)

2.0

1.5

1.0

02730-065
0.1
0.5 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
02730-063

LOAD CURRENT (A)

0 Figure 65. OPA627 Dropout from ±15 V vs. Load Current

0 500 1000 1500 2000
CL (pF) Although operating conditions imposed on the AD8610/AD8620
Figure 63. OPA627 Settling Time vs. Load Capacitance (±13 V) are less favorable than the OPA627 (±15 V), it can be
Output Current Capability seen that the AD8610/AD8620 have much better drive capability
(lower headroom to the supply) for a given load current.
The AD8610/AD8620 can drive very heavy loads due to its
high output current. It is capable of sourcing or sinking 45 mA Operating with Supplies Greater than ±13 V
at ±10 V output. The short-circuit current is quite high and the The AD8610/AD8620 maximum operating voltage is specified
part is capable of sinking about 95 mA and sourcing over 60 mA at ±13 V. When ±13 V is not readily available, an inexpensive
while operating with supplies of ±13 V. Figure 64 and Figure 65 LDO can provide ±12 V from a nominal ±15 V supply.
compare the output voltage vs. load current of AD8610/
AD8620 and OPA627.

Rev. F | Page 18 of 24
 AD8610/AD8620
+5V
Input Offset Voltage Adjustment
Offset of AD8610 is very small and normally does not require 7
100Ω
additional offset adjustment. However, the offset adjust pins can VIN 3 1

be used as shown in Figure 66 to further reduce the dc offset. By AD8610 6

VOUT
using resistors in the range of 50 kΩ, offset trim range is ±3.3 mV. 2 5
4
V+
10kΩ
5pF
7 –5V
2
+5V +5V
AD8610 6 VOUT
1 12 13
3
5 VL VDD
R1 S1 3 1kΩ
4
1 G = +1
Y0 IN1
10kΩ
02730-066
D1 2
V– G ADG452 S2 14
Figure 66. Offset Voltage Nulling Circuit 16 G = +10
Y1 IN2
D2 15 1kΩ
A0 A
Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA) S3 11
A1 B
The combination of low noise, low input bias current, low input Y2
9 G = +100
IN3
offset voltage, and low temperature drift make the AD8610/ D3 10 100Ω

AD8620 a perfect solution for programmable gain amplifiers. S4 6

PGAs are often used immediately after sensors to increase the 8 G = +1000
Y3 IN4
dynamic range of the measurement circuit. Historically, the large 74HC139 D4 7 11Ω
VSS GND
on resistance of switches (combined with the large IB currents 4 5

02730-067
of amplifiers) created a large dc offset in PGAs. Recent and –5V
improved monolithic switches and amplifiers completely remove Figure 67. High Precision PGA
these problems. A PGA discrete circuit is shown in Figure 67.
1. Room temperature error calculation due to RON and IB
In Figure 67, when the 10 pA bias current of the AD8610 is
dropped across the (<5 Ω) RON of the switch, it results in a ΔVOS = IB × RON = 2 pA × 5 Ω = 10 pV
negligible offset error. Total Offset = AD8610 (Offset) + ΔVOS
When high precision resistors are used, as in the circuit of Total Offset = AD8610 (Offset_Trimmed) + ΔVOS
Figure 67, the error introduced by the PGA is within the
Total Offset = 5 μV + 10 pV ≈ 5 μV
½ LSB requirement for a 16-bit system.
2. Full temperature error calculation due to RON and IB
ΔVOS (@ 85°C) = IB (@ 85°C) × RON (@ 85°C) =
250 pA × 15 Ω = 3.75 nV
3. The temperature coefficient of switch and AD8610/AD8620
combined is essentially the same as the TCVOS of the
AD8610/AD8620.
ΔVOS/ΔT(total) = ΔVOS/ΔT(AD8610/AD8620) +
ΔVOS/ΔT(IB × RON)
ΔVOS/ΔT(total) = 0.5 μV/°C + 0.06 nV/°C ≈ 0.5 μV/°C

Rev. F | Page 19 of 24
AD8610/AD8620
High Speed Instrumentation Amplifier In active filter applications using operational amplifiers, the dc
The 3-op-amp instrumentation amplifiers shown in Figure 68 can accuracy of the amplifier is critical to optimal filter performance.
provide a range of gains from unity up to 1000 or higher. The The offset voltage and bias current of the amplifier contribute to
instrumentation amplifier configuration features high common- output error. Input offset voltage is passed by the filter and can
mode rejection, balanced differential inputs, and stable, accurately be amplified to produce excessive output offset. For low frequency
defined gain. Low input bias currents and fast settling are achieved applications requiring large value input resistors, bias and offset
with the JFET input AD8610/AD8620. Most instrumentation currents flowing through these resistors also generate an offset
amplifiers cannot match the high frequency performance of this voltage.
circuit. The circuit bandwidth is 25 MHz at a gain of 1, and close to At higher frequencies, the dynamic response of the amplifier
5 MHz at a gain of 10. Settling time for the entire circuit is 550 ns to must be carefully considered. In this case, slew rate, bandwidth,
0.01% for a 10 V step (gain = 10). Note that the resistors around and open-loop gain play a major role in amplifier selection.
the input pins need to be small enough in value so that the RC The slew rate must be both fast and symmetrical to minimize
time constant they form in combination with stray circuit capaci- distortion. The bandwidth of the amplifier, in conjunction with the
tance does not reduce circuit bandwidth. gain of the filter, dictates the frequency response of the filter. The
V+ use of high performance amplifiers, such as the AD8610/AD8620,
minimizes both dc and ac errors in all active filter applications.
8
+INA 3 Second-Order, Low-Pass Filter
1/2 AD8620 1
U1 Figure 69 shows the AD8610 configured as a second-order,
2
4 Butterworth, low-pass filter. With the values as shown, the
C5
V– 10pF
design corner was 1 MHz, and the bench measurement was
V+ 974 kHz. The wide bandwidth of the AD8610/AD8620 allows
R1 corner frequencies into the megahertz range, but the input
1kΩ
3
7 capacitances should be taken into account by making C1 and
R4 VOUT C2 smaller than the calculated values. The following equations
R7 C4 AD8610
2kΩ 6
2kΩ 15pF
U2 can be used for component selection:
RG 2 R6
4 2kΩ
R8
R1 = R2 = User Selected (Typical Values = 10 kΩ to 100 kΩ)
2kΩ V–
1.414
C1 =
(2π )( f CUTOFF )(R1)
R5
2kΩ

+INB 5
C3 0.707
15pF C2 =
(2π )( f CUTOFF )(R1)
1/2 AD8620 7
U1
6

R2 where C1 and C2 are in farads.

1kΩ

+13V C1
02730-068

220pF
C2
10pF R2 R1 7
1020Ω 1020Ω
Figure 68. High Speed Instrumentation Amplifier VIN 3 5
C2
110pF AD8610 6 VOUT
High Speed Filters U1
2 1
The four most popular configurations are Butterworth, Elliptical, 4
02730-069

Bessel (Thompson), and Chebyshev. Each type has a response –13V

that is optimized for a given characteristic, as shown in Table 6.
Figure 69. Second-Order, Low-Pass Filter

Table 6. Filter Types

Type Sensitivity Overshoot Phase Amplitude (Pass Band)
Butterworth Moderate Good Maximum flat
Chebyshev Good Moderate Nonlinear Equal ripple
Elliptical Best Poor Equal ripple
Bessel (Thompson) Poor Best Linear

Rev. F | Page 20 of 24
 AD8610/AD8620
High Speed, Low Noise Differential Driver
The AD8620 is a perfect candidate as a low noise differential V+
3
driver for many popular ADCs. There are also other applica- V+ 1
R4 VO1
tions (such as balanced lines) that require differential drivers. 3 1kΩ R10
6 R8 2 1/2 AD8620 50Ω R13 R5
U2 1kΩ 1kΩ
The circuit of Figure 70 is a unique line driver widely used in 1kΩ V–
2 AD8610 R6
industrial applications. With ±13 V supplies, the line driver can R1 R12 10kΩ
V– 0 1kΩ 1kΩ
deliver a differential signal of 23 V p-p into a 1 kΩ load. The R7
R9 V+ 1kΩ
1kΩ 5 R11
high slew rate and wide bandwidth of the AD8620 combine to R3
7 50Ω
1kΩ VO2
yield a full power bandwidth of 145 kHz while the low noise 1/2 AD8620
6 U3
front end produces a referred-to-input noise voltage spectral V–
VO2 – VO1 = VIN

02730-070
density of 6 nV/√Hz. The design is a balanced transmission system R2
1kΩ 0
without transformers, where output common-mode rejection of
Figure 70. Differential Driver
noise is of paramount importance. Like the transformer-based
design, either output can be shorted to ground for unbalanced
line driver applications without changing the circuit gain of 1.
This allows the design to be easily set to noninverting, inverting,
or differential operation.

Rev. F | Page 21 of 24
AD8610/AD8620

OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
3.20 5.00 (0.1968)
3.00 4.80 (0.1890)
2.80

8 5
4.00 (0.1574) 6.20 (0.2441)
8 5 5.15 1
3.20 3.80 (0.1497) 4 5.80 (0.2284)
4.90
3.00
4.65
2.80 1
4
1.27 (0.0500) 0.50 (0.0196)
BSC 45°
1.75 (0.0688) 0.25 (0.0099)
PIN 1
0.25 (0.0098) 1.35 (0.0532)
0.65 BSC 8°
0.10 (0.0040) 0°
0.95
0.85 COPLANARITY 0.51 (0.0201)
1.10 MAX 1.27 (0.0500)
0.75 0.10 0.31 (0.0122) 0.25 (0.0098)
SEATING 0.40 (0.0157)
0.80 PLANE 0.17 (0.0067)
0.15 0.38 8° 0.60
0.23
0.00 0.22 0° 0.40
0.08 COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-012-A A
COPLANARITY SEATING CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS; INCH DIMENSIONS

012407-A
0.10 PLANE
(IN PARENTHESES) ARE ROUNDED-OFF MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS FOR
REFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE IN DESIGN.
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MO-187-AA

Figure 71. 8-Lead Mini Small Outline Package [MSOP] Figure 72. 8-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_N]
(RM-8) Narrow Body
Dimensions shown in millimeters (R-8)
Dimensions shown in millimeters and (inches)

ORDERING GUIDE
Model Temperature Range Package Description Package Option Branding
AD8610AR −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8610AR-REEL −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8610AR-REEL7 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8610ARZ1 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8610ARZ-REEL1 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8610ARZ-REEL71 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8610ARM-REEL −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead MSOP RM-8 B0A
AD8610ARM-R2 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead MSOP RM-8 B0A
AD8610ARMZ-REEL1 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead MSOP RM-8 B0A#
AD8610ARMZ-R21 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead MSOP RM-8 B0A#
AD8610BR −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8610BR-REEL −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8610BR-REEL7 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8610BRZ1 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8610BRZ-REEL1 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8610BRZ-REEL71 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8620AR −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8620AR-REEL −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8620AR-REEL7 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8620ARZ1 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8620ARZ-REEL1 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8620ARZ-REEL71 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8620BR −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8620BR-REEL −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8620BR-REEL7 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8620BRZ1 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8620BRZ-REEL1 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
AD8620BRZ-REEL71 −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8
1
Z = RoHS Compliant Part, # denotes RoHs-compliant product can be top or bottom marked.

Rev. F | Page 22 of 24
 AD8610/AD8620

NOTES

Rev. F | Page 23 of 24
AD8610/AD8620

NOTES

©2001–2008 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and

registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
D02730-0-5/08(F)

Rev. F | Page 24 of 24