Geography Reading Rajasthan

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Geography of Rajasthan Index
Index

Physical Divisions of Rajasthan .................................................................................................................. 1
Climate of Rajasthan ................................................................................................................................ 13
Rivers of Rajasthan ................................................................................................................................... 33
Important Lakes in Rajasthan ................................................................................................................... 89
Important Dams of Rajasthan .................................................................................................................. 97
Soils of Rajasthan ................................................................................................................................... 107
Conservation of Soils of Rajasthan ......................................................................................................... 116
Agro-climatic Zones of Rajasthan ........................................................................................................... 121
Land Use pattern of Rajasthan ............................................................................................................... 126
Natural Vegetation-Forests of Rajasthan ............................................................................................... 130
Wildlife of Rajasthan .............................................................................................................................. 136
Wildlife Protected Areas of Rajasthan ................................................................................................... 140
Livestock of Rajasthan ............................................................................................................................ 145
Tribes of Rajasthan ................................................................................................................................. 151
Indira Gandhi Canal ................................................................................................................................ 158
Medium Scale Irrigation Projects ........................................................................................................... 162
Hydrocarbon Rajasthan Basin ................................................................................................................ 166
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Geography of Rajasthan Index

Mines & Minerals of Rajasthan .............................................................................................................. 170
Agriculture Snapshot of Rajasthan ......................................................................................................... 185
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Geography of Rajasthan Physical Divisions of Rajasthan
Physical Divisions of Rajasthan
Rajasthan is the largest state in the Union of India and has more physical variations than any other
state. It has regions of rolling sand dunes in the west to lofty rocks in the middle to fertile plains in the
east. On the basis of the existing relief features, there are following physical divisions of Rajasthan:
1. Western Sandy Plains
2. Aravalli Range And Hilly Region
3. Eastern Plains
4. South-eastern Rajasthan Pathar (Hadoti Plateau)
The western sandy plains are divided into two major regions and 6 sub-regions as following
A. Sandy Arid Plain
• A1. Marusthali
• A2. Dune free Tract
B. Semi-Arid Basin or Rajasthan Bangar
• B1. Luni Basin
• B2. Shekhawati Region
• B3. Nagaur Upland
• B4. Ghaggar Plain
Aravalli Range on basis of its general characteristics, form elements, relief, slopes and drainage pattern
can be divided into following physiographic sub-units:
A. The North- Eastern Hill Tracts or Alwar Hills
B. The Central Aravalli Range
• B1. The Sambhar Basin or Shekhawati Low hills
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• B2. The Merwara hills
C. The Mewar Rocky region and Bhorat Plateau
D. Abu Block region
3. The Eastern Plains
The eastern plains can be divided into 4 sub-regions:
A. Chambal basin
B. Banas Basin
C. Mahi or Chappan Basin
It has following sub regions:
A. Deccan highlands
B. Vindhyan region
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• Districts: Hanumangarh, Sriganganagar, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jalore, Sirohi, Pali,

Jodhpur, Nagaur, Churu, Sikar & Jhunjhunu.
• The western sandy plains are divided into two major regions and 6 sub-regions as following
A. Sandy Arid Plain
• Area- 61% of total area of W.S.P.

• Population- 40%
• Minimum Rainfall- 50 Cm
• There are vast expanses of sand & rock outcrops mainly limestone are found in Jaisalmer,
Barmer, Bikaner, Churu, Hanumangarh & Sriganganagar.
• Sandy Arid Plain further Sub-divided into two sub-regions.
A1. Marusthali
• District- Bikaner, Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Churu

• Area - 120500 Sq. Km (Thar Desert)!
• Height of sand dunes – 6 m to 60 m!Length of sand dunes – 3 km to 5 km
• Towards west this sandy arid Marushthali is known as Thar Desert. Shifting sand dunes is
locally terms as Dharians.
A2. Dune free Tract
• Districts- Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Phalodi & Pokhran

• Area – 65 Sq. Km.
• Limestone & Sandstone rocks exposes (to lay open) here belong to Jurassic & Eocene
formations.
• It is rocky but dune free tract.
• Small hills are found within a circle of 64 Km of Jaisalmer town
• Dry beds & banks could easily be tapped for ground water
• Grid conglomerate, gneiss, schist & granite rocks are also exposed at places.
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B. Semi-Arid Basin or Rajasthan Bangar
• District – Jaipur, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, Jalore, Barmer

• Area - 7500 Sq. Km
• Rainfall – 20 cm
• In it lies in the eastern part & drained by the Luni in its south-eastern portion.
• Gullying has given rise to conglomerate landscape. Its eastern part is covered with superficial
sand deposits.
• Towards north lies the Shekhawati tract which is semi arid transitional plain characterized by
inland drainage & stream with salt lakes like Sambhar, Didwana etc.
• In the extreme north lies the Ghaggar Plain.
B1. Luni Basin
• District - Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Nagaur Area – 34866 .4 Sq. Km

• Basin is drained by the Luni River & its tributaries Bandi, Sagi, etc. Covers the area from its
source to Tiwara (Barmer) where Sukari river meets it.
• It is a seasonal river
• Floods occur during the rains in Luni
• Topography is marked by hills with steep slopes & extensive alluvial plains.
• This area is locally known as Naid (Rel) & is one of best alluvial plains.
B2. Shekhawati Region
• District: Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu & Nagaur

• Live stock, Milk production & dairy are the occupation of this region
• Aravalli hills runs through this region from south to north, cutting into almost two halves.
• Topography of the Shekhawati tracts is characterized by an undulating sandy terrain traversed
by longitudinal sand dunes. There is only one seasonal river kantli
• Here the sand dunes are of transverse type
• The calcareous substratum is exposed of the tract from the sea level is 450m.
B3. Nagaur Upland
• District: Nagaur
• Average Height of this region from sea level – 300 m to 500 m
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• Rainfall – 25 cm in west to 50 cm in east

• This region is full of sand hills & low depressions.
• The temperature being High, the evaporation of the saline flood-water results in the deposits of
the salt & soda in these depressions.
B4. Ghaggar Plain
• Districts- Hanumangarh & Sriganganagar (75% of district).

• No existing river or stream except ancient Ghaggar and region is known as Ghaggar plain.
• It is a sandy plain interspersed with sand-dunes (6-30m high) & small sand-hills.!
Rajasthan is bisected by Aravalli (Aravali) range into two major parts: Southeast Rajasthan and
Northwest Rajasthan. The northwest consists of a series of sand dunes covers nearly two-thirds of the
area. Aravali range is approximately 692 Kms long, running across Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and
Delhi. As a result Rajasthan has multiple peaks.
The Aravalli’s in Rajasthan are divided into 4 main sections:
1. North-Eastern Aravalli Range
2. Central Aravalli Range
3. The Mewar Rocky region and Bhorat Plateau
4. Abu Block REgion
A. The North- Eastern Hill Tracts or Alwar Hills
• Districts- Jaipur, Sikar, Khetri, Alwar, Sawai Madhopur. Stretches from Delhi to isolated hills of
Alwar & Jaipur.
• They are also called as Alwar hills.
• Average Height: 300 m to 670 m

• Valleys between the hills are wide & in some cases stretch for many kilometers.
• Flattered hill tops- form small plateau.
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• Lake- Sambhar, Ramgarh, Pandupole
• Average elevation of 300-670 meters.
• To north & east it merges with Ganga-Yamuna Plains.
• Hill Ranges
o Malkhet & Khetri Group of hills
o Torawati Hills
• Peaks of North-Eastern Aravalli Region:
o Raghunathgarh (Sikar) - 1055 meters
o Khoh (Jaipur) - 920 meters
o Bhairach (Alwar) - 792 meters
o Barwara (Jaipur) - 786 meters
o Babai (Junjhunu) - 780 meters
o Bilali (Alwar) - 775 meters
o Manoharpura (Jaipur) - 747 meters
o Bairath (Jaipur) - 704 meters
o Sariska (Alwar) - 677 meters
o Siravas - 651 meters
2. The Central Aravali Range:
• Districts: Includes districts of Ajmer, south-western Tonk, Jaipur
• Length of central Aravalli range is 100 Km with width of 30 Km and valleys with depth of
550m.
• Height/Elevation- 700 m
• Highest Peak/elevation- 799 m in Rajgarh
• The central/Aravalli extends from Sambhar Lake to the bhorat Plateau, South of Deogarh Peak.
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• Surrounded on
o North by – Alwar Hills
o East by Karauli table-land
o South by Banas plains
o West by Sambhar basin
• Hill ranges:
o Shekhawati lower hills
o Marwar Hills
• Peaks of Central Aravalli Region
o Goramji (Ajmer) - 934 meters
o Taragarh (Ajmer) - 870 meters
o Naag Pahar (Ajmer) -795 meters
• Central Aravalli Range is further sub-divided into two geomorphic units.
B1. The Sambhar Basin or Shekhawati Low hills
o District- Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Nagaure
o Average of Region- 400 m
o This region is full of sand hills & with in land drainage.
B2. The Merwara hills
o District- Jodhpur, Barmer, Jaisalmer, Nagaur, Ajmer
o Area- 4400 Sq. Km
o Average level- 550 m
o S.F.:- The Taragarh (873 m) overlooks the city of Ajmer. Marwar Hills appear in the
parallel succession of hills in the vicinity of Ajmer city.
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3. The Mewar Rocky region and Bhorat Plateau
• Includes district of Udaipur, South-eastern margin of Pali & Dungarpur districts.
• Area- 17007 Sq. Km
• Location- It is located from South East to South East
• Average Height- 1225 m
• S.F. – The highest portion of Aravalli range lies between the forts of Kumbhalgarh & Gogunda
in the form of plateau locally known as ’Bhorat‘
• Altitude of Bhorat- 1225 m
• Bhorat plateau is one of the highest table lands of Aravalli
• Hill ranges
o Mewar hills & Bhorat Plateau
o Girwa Hills
o Merwara Hills
• Peaks of Southern Aravali Range
o Kumbhalgarh (Rajsamand) - 1224 meters
o Dhoniya - 1183 meters
o Hrishikesh - 1017 meters
o Kamalnath (Udaipur) - 1001 meters
o Sajjangarh (Udaipur)- 938 meters
o Lilagarh - 874 meters
D. Abu Block region
• District- Abu, Sirohi
• Area 5180 Sq. Km
• Length- 10 km
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• Breadth- 8 Km
• Location- West to Abu in Sirohi Sea Level- 1200 m
• S.F.: It contains granite
• It has been separated from the main Aravalli range by the wide valley of the West Banas.
• Hill ranges
o Abu hills & Oria Plateau
• Peaks of Southern Aravali Range
o Guru Shikhar (Sirohi) - 1722 meters
o Ser (Sirohi) - 1597 meters
o Dilwara (Sirohi) - 1442 meters
o Jarga (Sirohi) - 1431 meters
o Achalgarh (Sirohi) - 1380 M
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5. Eastern Plains
• Districts- Tonk, Bundi, Amjer, Jaisalmer, Sawaimadohpur, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Kota,

Bhatratpur.
• Percentage- 23.3% of total area of Rajasthan
• Location- South West of Rajasthan
• Eastern plain subdivided into three regions:
A. Chambal basin
• District- Kota, Bundi, Baran, Tonk, Sawaimadhopur, Dholpur

• Area- 4500 Sq. Km
• Average width- 10 Km
B. Banas Basin
• District- Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, Tonk, Jaipur, Alwar, Sawaimadhopur

• Average height- 280 – 500 m
• Area- 187400 Sq. Km
• It is an elevated peneplain plain drained by Banas & its tributaries.
• It is divided into two sub-regions mentioned below:
B.1. Mewar Plain:

• It is a dissected plain of Archean gneiss.
• Mewar plain gradually slopes towards the east & north-east, with an average elevation of 280-
500 m.
• The Banas & its tributaries Berach, Menal, Bandi, Mansi, Kothari, Khari flow through this plain.
B.2. Malpura-Karauli Plain:

• It is flat upland, which Heron recognized as a ―Tertiary Peneplane.
• It is composed of schist & guess with average elevation of 250-350 m
• Alluvial deposits are thick in larger parts of Kishangarh and Malpura.
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C. Mahi or Chappan Basin
• District: Dungarpur!
• Area: 7056 Sq. Km!s.
• The regions lies to east of the Mewar hills & south of the Banas plain.!
• The weastern part of Mahi Basin is hilly but central & eastern parts are fertile plains with
extensive cultivation. These plains are also known as Chhappan! plains.
• Average elevation of the region is bewteen 200-400 m!.
• This dissected plain along with hill tracts of Banswara are Dungarpur are locally known as
Bagar.
• The region comprises of the eastern & southeastern part of the state & is known as Hadoti.
• This region locally called Pathar and Uparmal.
• Districts- Bhilwara, Bundi, Kota, Baran & Jhalawar districts.
• It contains about 9.6% of the area of Rajasthan.
• The Great Boundary Fault of the Aravallis forms its northwest boundary, which extends
eastward across the Rajasthan border.
• River Chambal drains the large part of this area.
• This plateau is further sub-divided into two sub-regions.
A. Deccan highlands
• Districts- Bundi, Kota
• The western parts of the vindhyan plateau lie in the form of three concentric escarpments.
• Formed by the exposed rocks of three main sandstones with slate-stones in between.
• This physiography of south east of Rajasthan is also known as Uparmal (high or stony plateau)
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• Region is frained by Chambal and its tributaries Kali Singh, Parwan and Parvati.
• Soil of the region is mostly black with visible deposits of Deccan Trap lava.
B. Vindhyan region
• Districts- Karauli, Sawai madhopur, Bundi, Kota
• The region presents an undulating topography strewn with boulders, blocks & depressions.
• The scarps are facing towards the southsoutheast between the Banas and the Chambal and
extend towards the east over Bundelkhand.
• The scarp lands formed by massive sandstones.
• Average height of regions is between 350-550 m
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Geography of Rajasthan Climate of Rajasthan
Climate of Rajasthan
Climatic Regions of Rajasthan
The climate of Rajasthan state has varied contrasts. Different experts, each with their own focus
parameters, have divided Rajasthan into different climatic regions. However, three main approaches to
climatic regions of Rajasthan are:
• Climatic Regions of Rajasthan based on Rainfall Intensity.
• Koeppen’s Classification of climatic regions of Rajasthan.
• Thornthwaite's classification of climatic regions of Rajasthan.
Climatic Regions of Rajasthan based on Rainfall Intensity
The distribution of climatic regions of Rajasthan on the basis of rainfall and temperature variations
includes following divisions:
Arid Region:
• The Arid region includes Jaisalmer district, northern parts of Barmer, western of the Phalodi
Tehsil of Jodhpur, western parts of Bikaner and southern parts of Ganganagar district.
• Climate of the region is very severe and arid.
• Rainfall less than 10 cm in extreme west parts of regions and rest areas record less than 20 cm
rainfall.
• The average temperature during summer is recorded more than 34o C and during winters it
ranges in between 12 DegC to 16DegC.
Semi-arid Region:
• The average temperature during winter season ranges between 10 Deg C and 17 Deg C and the
summer season temperature range 32 Deg C to 36 Deg C.
• As the region has erratic as well as torrential rainfall it brings floods too each time.
• Rainfall ranges 20 to 40 cm.
• The winter season is very short and arid in the northern parts of this region.
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• This region comprises the western parts of Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jodhpur and Barmer
districts.
Sub-humid Region:
• In the semi arid humid region, rainfall is meager and the amount of rainfall is limited to a few
monsoon months only.
• The rainfall is between 40 to 60 cm and the average temperature during summer season ranges
from 28 Deg to 34 Deg C whereas it is recorded 12 Deg C in northern parts and 18 Deg C in the
southern parts.
• Alwar, Jaipur, Dausa and Ajmer, eastern parts of Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Pali and Jalore districts,
north-western parts of Tonk, Bhilwara and Sirohi districts are included in this category.
• This region has steppe type of vegetation.
Humid Region:
• This region receives winter rainfall associated with cyclones along with monsoon season rainfall
which varies from 60 to 80 cm.
• Deciduous trees dominate the region.
• Humid region is found at the districts of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Sawai Madhopur, Bundi, Kota,
Barmer and Rajsamand and the north-eastern parts of Udaipur.
Very Humid Region:
• Very Humid Region includes south-east Kota, Baran, Jhalawar, Banswara, south-west Udaipur
and adjacent areas of Mt. Abu.
• Here, the summers are very hot and winters are cold and dry.
• Rainfall received is between 80 cm to 150 cm, which is mostly during the rainy season.
• Monsoon savanna type of vegetation is present in the region.
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Koeppen’s Classification of climatic regions of Rajasthan
Koeppen’s classification for the World Climatic regions is totally based on the vegetation, as the effects
of temperature and rainfall are directly evident and visible it. Here, the three categories are associated
with Tropical climates, Dry (arid and semiarid) climates and Mild Temperate climates respectively.
The classification of Rajasthan according to Koeppen is as follows:
Aw or Tropical Humid Region:
• The southern parts of Dungarpur district and Banswara come under the region.
• Here, arid tropical grasslands and Savanna like region are found along with deciduous trees of
Monsoon type.
• Winter season is arid and cool whereas summers experience scorching heat.
• Rainfall also mainly occurs in summer season.
• The temperature is more than 18 Deg. C in the coldest month records.
Bshw Climatic Region:
• This climatic region is semi-arid, where winters are dry and even in summers there is no
sufficient amount of rainfall.
• Vegetation is of steppe type, characterized with thorny bushes and grasses.
• This region comprises the districts of Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu
and Hanumangarh.
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Bwhw Climatic Region:
• The region has arid-hot desert climate with very scanty rainfall.
• On the contrary the process of evaporation is very active.
• Thus, these areas are known as desert region, limited to western parts of Thar Desert.
• North-western Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, western Bikaner and western parts of Ganganagar district
are included in this category.
Cwg Climatic Region:
• The south-eastern areas of Aravalli are the part of the region.
• Rains are limited to few monsoon months only.
• Seasonal winds do not bring rains to this region during winters
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Thornthwaite's classification of climatic regions of Rajasthan
Thornthwaite took into account the amount of prepitation and evaporation along with seasonal and
monthly distribution of temperature and rainfall which made it popular and widely accepted.
Rajasthan may broadly be divided into the following four regions:
CA’w Climatic Region
• This region is characterized by wet summers and dry winters.
• Savanna and Monsoon type of vegetation are found here.
• This region includes south-eastern parts of Udaipur and districts of Banswara, Dungarpur,
Kota, and Jhalawar.
DA'w Climatic Region
• The region comprises south and eastern areas of Rajasthan, covering districts of Sirohi, east
Jalor, Pali, Ajmer, Chittorgarh, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Bhilwara, Bharatpur, Jaipur,
Dausa, Alwar, Sikar and Jhunjhunu.
• Rainfall is meager and Semi-arid vegetation is found.
• Summers are marked by High temperatures.
DB’W Climatic Region
• It includes the northern areas of Rajasthan i.e. Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Churu and Bikaner
districts.
• The region has short and dry winters whereas summers are long and associated with good
rains.
• Thorny bushes and semi-arid vegetation are found here
EA’d Tropical Desert Climatic Region
• This region is also known as Marusthali and includes Barmer, Jaisalmer, western Jodhpur,
south-western Bikaner district.
• The climate is very hot and arid. Rains are deficient in every season.
• Only Xerophytic vegetation grows.
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Geography of Rajasthan
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Average and Relative Humidity in Rajasthan
During the monsoon months, July to September the relative humidity is generally high in the state of
Rajasthan. The humidity is about 45%-47% in June, which rises to a little less than 70% during August
in West Rajasthan and to about 76%-77% in East Rajasthan. The Graph depicts the humidity regime in
the state from 1980 to 2009. The average annual humidity percentage during these 30 years was 55.4 %.
The trend line in the figure shows a gradual decrease in humidity percentage in the state from 1980 to
2009.
The diurnal variation in relative humidity is least during monsoon in the East Rajasthan; on the
contrary it is higher in West Rajasthan. In the summer afternoons the relative humidity is least, i.e.
about 20 to 30% in most of the state which makes the summer very dry and hot. In the winters (January
and February) the diurnal variation is highest.
Air temperature and relative humidity conditions
The pleasant winters in the state witness mean night temperatures above 4.7oC to 10.6oC. During
summers the western Rajasthan becomes the hottest place in the country with mean maximum air
temperatures varying from 38.6oC to 42.6oC in May. The recorded extreme temperatures in the state
were -4.4oC to 50.0oC in the western Rajasthan and -2.8oC to 47.8oC in the eastern Rajasthan (Indian
Meteorological Department, 2010).
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The relative humidity in the arid region of Western Rajasthan is also quite high because of the
unfavorable circulations of the atmosphere and low precipitation that occurs in the arid region as
compared to other semi-arid and sub-humid regions.
Rainfall in Rajasthan
The principal rainy season when the Rajasthan state receives 91% of its annual rainfall is during the
South-West monsoon. The total normal annual rainfall in the state varies from 1000 cm over the South-
Eastern parts to 14 cm over the extreme North-Western parts. The rest share of rainfall comes during
the cold weather season about 2%, the summer season about 3% and during the post-monsoon season
about 4% of the annual total rainfall respectively.
The onset of the southwest monsoon over the eastern parts of the state is witnessed almost by the last
week of June which extends over the entire state by the first week of July. Amounting individually to
about 34% of the annual rainfall each, July and August are generally the rainiest months. Around 1st
September the withdrawal of the southwest monsoon begins from the northern western parts of the
state and by 15th September it withdraws from the entire state. During cold weather season a small
amount of rainfall i.e. 1cm and 0.7 cm in East and West Rajasthan is received. This respectively is of
great significance for agriculture and if occurs in association with western disturbances which move
from west to east across the northern parts of the country.
During the south-west monsoon period extending from June to September the state receives about 90%
of the total rainfall. The cold weather period (January and February) receive the Remaining portion of
rainfall which occurs in association with the local convective activity.
Below is the graph for annual normal rainfall in Rajasthan:
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Distribution of Rainfall in Rajasthan:
There is a wide variation in the mean annual rainfall over Rajasthan as the extreme western parts of
Jaisalmer district receive rainfall less than 100mm in contrast to more than 900mm in the eastern parts
of Jhalawar and Banswara. The districts of East Rajasthan receive more rainfall than those of West
Rajasthan. The mean annual rainfall in the East and West Rajasthan is about 64.9 cm and 32.7 cm
respectively.
The maximum rainfall in the state is received in the Southern or South- Eastern districts of the state. On
the west of Aravalli hills Pali and Jalore districts receive maximum amount of rain of 50 cm and 43 cm
in West Rajasthan.
In the North or North-Western districts Jaisalmer district receives the lowest rainfall. Bikaner,
Ganganagar, Jaisalmer receive annual rainfall of 26cm, 24cm and 17cm respectively. The adjoining
areas of these districts constitute the driest zone of the state.
The lowest recorded annual rainfall in the past 100 years i.e. between 1900 and 2010 was 24 mm in the
western Rajasthan and whereas it was never below 120 mm in the eastern Rajasthan.
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Temperature Variation in Rajasthan
The Rajasthan state experiences more or less uniform day temperatures over the plains except during
the winter when temperatures increase southwards and during monsoon season when temperatures
increase northwards. During the southwest monsoon the night minimum temperatures are more or less
uniform but generally they are lower in higher latitudes.
As compared to the plains the day and night temperatures over the plateau and at high level stations
are lower. In the hottest month of May the mean maximum temperature is approximately around 41°C
- 42°C in the plains, but it is 2°C to 4°C lower in the elevated and plateau regions of the state. The
Graph depicts the average mean temperature of Rajasthan district-wise from the year 1980 to 2009.
The mean minimum temperature in the coldest month of January in the state is 7.4°C, which varies
from 4°C in the north to 12°C in the south. With the arrival of western disturbances much lower winter
temperature may be experienced. Minimum temperature 2°C - 5°C below the freezing point can be
recorded at few stations of northern Rajasthan. In the past 50 years the lowest minimum temperature at
a plain station ever recorded was -5.9°C at Jaisalmer on 12 January 1967 (12.8°C below the respective
normal for the coldest month), while the hill station of Abu had recorded the lowest temperature of -
7.4°C on 12 December 1994 (13.1°C below the respective normal for the coldest month).
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The maximum temperature rise rapidly from February onwards till May and minimum temperature
from February onwards till June. The increase in maximum in the period from January to May ranges
from 13°C to 20°C at individual stations as we proceed from south to north of the state. From the
beginning of June to the end of July, the maximum temperature falls by about 3°C to 7°C whereas the
minimum temperature falls only by about 3°C to 5°C from June to September. A slight rise in the
maximum temperature is experienced in the month of September due to increased insolation.
Post-September the night temperatures start falling rapidly while day temperatures too start falling
rapidly after October and by January both attain their lowest values. There is about 8°C to 15°C fall in
minimum temperature and maximum temperature fall by 5°C to 7°C. In both cases, the fall increases
from southern parts of the state to the northern parts. Smallest diurnal range of temperature is
experienced during July and August of about 9°C in the state. After the withdrawal of the monsoon the
diurnal range of temperature increases. The diurnal range is greatest in November month.
Solar Radiation and Sunshine Availability in Rajasthan
Solar Radiation
Rajasthan region receives abundant quantities of solar radiation especially the western parts of the
state. The mean duration of bright sunshine in this region is 8.0 to 8.8 hr/day.
• The maximum sunshine period of 9.6 to 9.8 hr/day is in October for western part of Rajasthan
whereas it is 10.0 to 10.5 hr/day during April and May for eastern part.
• In rainy month of August the sunshine is available only for about 4.4 to 7.1 hrs/day.
Cloudiness
• In a year, Rajasthan has 300-330 days of clear sunshine.
• Even during rainy season of July and August, the skies remain clear for 8-9 days/month in west
Rajasthan and for 4-5 days/month in east Rajasthan.
• The cloud cover decreases to a great extent over the entire state during October.
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Fog:
• Fog occurs occasionally due to lack of sufficient moisture in the region.
• The maximum frequency of occurrence of fog is during December and January in both Western
and Eastern Rajasthan.
• During the monsoon season hill fog occurs at few places, when air is almost saturated and is
easily cooled below the dew point while rising over high elevations.
Evapotranspiration
• The annual potential evapotranspiration values vary widely between eastern and western
Rajasthan.
• In Dungarpur and Banswara districts the annual potential evapotranspiration is less than 1300
mm whereas it is more than 2000 mm in Jaisalmer district.
Wind Regime and associated phenomenon
Wind Regime and associated phenomenon
• The wind directions are mostly south-westerly during large part of the year whereas during
winter they are northeast to north.
• During the winter season the Winds are light and variable but in summers especially around
May to July strong winds prevail in the most parts of Rajasthan.
• Summers witness severe dust storm period too when the wind speed rises up to 60 kilometer
per hour causing erosion from the dry soils.
Wind Velocity:
• There is a direct link between wind velocity and seasons.
• The wind speed reaches the highest in the month of June, which starts rising from the month of
April. The wind speed starts gradually decreasing and comes to minimum in the month of
November.
RAJRAS.in 27
• In the Western Rajasthan, Jaisalmer has the highest mean monthly wind velocity followed by
Jodhpur.
• On the eastern side Jaipur has the highest mean monthly wind velocity. For the most of the
days during a year the Wind speed remains 1-19 km per hour all over the State (Indian
Meteorological Department, 2010).
Dust storms
• For the occurrence of both thunderstorms and dust storms convective activity is essential.
When the moisture is insufficient in the atmosphere, dry thunderstorms or dust storms occur.
• Dry and hot winds known as ‘Loo’, blow in the afternoon, and very often, they continue to well
into midnight. Dust storms in the evening are very common in May for south-eastern areas and
in June for north-western part of state. Ganganagar has about 27 days of dust-storm followed by
Bikaner and Jodhpur.
• Dust storms are mainly confined to the summer months of March-June.
Thunderstorms:
• Thunderstorms are associated more with eastern part of the state then the arid western areas.
• The maximum occurrences of thunderstorms are during July (with approach of Monsoon) in the
state and minimal in the months from November to January.
• The average number of days of thunderstorms during the monsoon season is about 11 in West
Rajasthan and 10 in East Rajasthan.
• The average annual number of thunderstorms in the West and East Rajasthan are 17.0 and 15.0.
• Hail is sometimes accompanied with Pre-monsoon and monsoon thunderstorms.
Atmospheric Sea Level Pressure and Winds:
• There is a very systematic manner in which the seasonal variations of atmospheric pressure take
place over the state, with a maximum in the winter (January) and a minimum in the monsoon
season (July).
RAJRAS.in 28
• Except during the late summer and monsoon season the pressure gradient generally remains
weak over the state.
• During winters the higher pressure is to the north and during summers the pressure decreases
from south to north in Rajasthan.
Weather Seasons of Rajasthan
The geographical diversity of the state causes varied weather conditions even during same season.
However, Rajasthan has four distinct weather seasons:
• The hot weather season (March to Mid June)
• The season of general rains (mid-June to September)
• The season of retreating monsoon (October - November)
• The cold season (December to February )
The Hot Weather Season
With the apparent northward movement of the sun towards the Tropic of Cancer in March,
temperatures start rising in north India. April, May and June are the months of summer in north India.
Dry and hot winds known as ‘Loo’, blow in the afternoon, and very often, they continue to well into
midnight. Dust storms in the evening are very common in May for south-eastern areas and in June for
north-western part of state. Ganganagar has about 27 days of dust-storm followed by Bikaner and
Jodhpur.
• Duration: Season is initiated in March and prevails from April to Mid-June.
• Average Mean Temperature: The maximum daily temperature in the western parts of
Marusthali mainly at Bikaner, Phalodi, Barmer, and Jaisalmer goes upto 40-45 deg C.
• Rainfall: Sometimes, the dust storms bring a welcome respite from the oppressing heat since
they bring with them light rains and a pleasant cool breeze.
RAJRAS.in 29
The Season of General Rains
As a result of rapid increase of temperature in May over the northwestern plains, the low pressure
conditions over there get further intensified. By early June, they are powerful enough to attract the
trade winds of Southern Hemisphere coming from the Indian Ocean. These southeast trade winds cross
the equator and enter the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, only to be caught up in the air circulation
over India. Passing over the equatorial warm currents, they bring with them moisture in abundance.
After crossing the equator, they follow a southwesterly direction. That is why they are known as
southwest monsoons.
As these winds approach the land, their southwesterly direction is modified by the relief and thermal
low pressure over the northwest India. The monsoon approaches the landmass in two branches:
• (i) The Arabian Sea branch
• (ii) The Bay of Bengal branch.
While both of these branches aim to reach the low pressure area of northern plains, yet, Rajasthan has
considerable less rainfall because of following reasons:
• The Bay of Bengal branch already gives up its moisture during its passage through Ganga plain.
Further, as Aravali range stretches from south-west to north-east direction, so western part of
RAJRAS.in 30
Rajasthan lies in leeward side of the Bay of Bengal branch and receives little or no rain from this
branch.
• The same Aravalli Range lies parallel to the direction of Arabian Sea branch and fails to
interrupt this branch of monsoon. However, in he southern Aravallis, the mountains have slight
east-west span thus Mount Abu in south receives highest rainfall.
Thunderstorms:
• Thunderstorms are associated more with eastern part of the state then the arid western areas.
The Season of Retreating Monsoon
The months of October and November are known for retreating monsoons. By the end of September,
the southwest monsoon becomes weak as the low pressure trough of the Ganga plain starts moving
southward in response to the southward march of the sun. The monsoon retreats from the western
Rajasthan by the first week of September. It withdraws from Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western Ganga plain
and the Central Highlands by the end of the month.
The retreating southwest monsoon season is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature. The land is
still moist. Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes rather
oppressive. This is commonly known as the ‘October heat’.
• Duration: October - November
• Average Mean Temperature: The temperature is fairly uniform with maximum ranging from
33-36 deg C and minimum ranging from 17 - 21 deg C. November is slightly cooler.
The Cold Weather Season
• Duration: January - February
• Average Mean Temperature: Ranges from 12 deg. C in North of State to 16 deg. C in the south
in January.
• Winds: During the cold weather season, the sun migrates to the southern hemisphere and
creates high-pressure condition over the northern plain. As a result, winds start blowing from
northwestern high pressure zone to the low air pressure zone over the Indian Ocean in the
south.
RAJRAS.in 31
• Rainfall: The pleasant weather conditions, however, at intervals, get disturbed by shallow
cyclonic depressions originating over the east Mediterranean Sea and travelling eastwards
across West Asia, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan before they reach the northwestern parts of
India. On their way, the moisture content gets augmented from the Caspian Sea in the north
and the Persian Gulf in the south. These cyclonic depressions have little effect in weather
conditions of the state.
TRADITIONAL INDIAN SEASONS
In the Indian tradition, a year is divided into six two-monthly seasons. This cycle of seasons, which the
common people in north and central India follow is based on their practical experience and age-old
perception of weather phenomena. However, this system does not match with the seasons of south
India where there is little variation in the seasons.
Months Months
S.No. Seasons
( Indian Calendar) ( Gregorian Calendar)
1. Vasanta Chaitra-Vaishakha March-April
2. Grishma Jyaistha-Asadha May-June
3. Varsha Sravana-Bhadra July-August
4. Sharada Asvina-Kartika September-October
5. Hemanta Margashirsa-Pausa November-December
6. Shishira Magha-Phalguna January-February
RAJRAS.in 32
Geography of Rajasthan Rivers of Rajasthan
Rivers of Rajasthan
The rivers of Rajasthan can be divided into three main types based on their drainage pattern, they are
rivers that drain into arabian sea, rivers that drain into bay of bengal and rivers with inland drainage.
The most characteristic feature of the drainage system of Rajasthan is that nearly 60.2% of the area of
the state has an inland drainage system.
The Aravalli range forms the main watershed for Rajasthan, dividing the drainage into the Arabian Sea
and the Bay of Bengal. The Luni river system that rises from the western slopes of the Aravalli Range
(near Ajmer) flows through the semi-arid transitional plains into the Rann of Kutch and Arabian Sea,
while the Banas and other streams, rising from the eastern slopes of the Aravallis, join the Chambal.
The Chambal, then flows into the Yamuna-Ganga river system which drains into the Bay of Bengal. The
main watercourses like the Sabarmati, Banas, etc. and the tributaries of the Luni, are more or less
parallel to the Aravalli Range.
RAJRAS.in 33
Rajasthan River Basins
A river basin is the portion of land drained by a river and its tributaries. It is considered as the basic
hydrological unit for planning and development of water resources. Rajasthan is a water scarce state
but there are six major river basins in the State. Major Rajasthan River Basins include:
• Banas basin which is the largest, drains out 45,833 Sq km.
• Luni basin, which comes next, drains out 37,363 Sq km.
• Chambal basin drains out 31,360 Sq km.
• Mahi basin drains out 16,985 Sq km.
• Banganga basin drains out 8,878 Sq km.
• Sabarmati basin drains out 4,164 sq km.
There are more rivers like Sahibi, Ruparel and Ghaggar which have smaller catchment areas besides
several streams which feed the bigger rivers.
Five of these rivers can be further divided into sub-basins as given below:
• Banas Basin – Banas, Berach, Dain, Gudia, Kalisil, Khari, Kothari, Mashi, Morel, Sodra.
• Luni Basin –Luni, Sukri, Rediya, Mithri, Bandi, Khari, Jawai, Guhiya and Sagi, and Jojari.
• Chambal Basin – Banas, Chakan, Chambal Downstream, Chambal Upstream, Kalisindh, Kunu,
Mej and Parwati.
• Mahi Basin- Anas, Bhadar, Jakham, Moran, Som and Mahi.
• Sabarmati Basin- Sabarmati, Sei, Vatrak and Wakal
RAJRAS.in 34
Inter-linking of Rajasthan River Basins
The National Water Development Agency (NWDA) under the Union Ministry of Water Resources,
River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation is studying the preliminary level of the feasibility of the
three river inter-linking projects in Rajasthan. The proposed links are:
• Parwati - Kalisindh -Chambal Link,
• Yamuna-Rajasthan Link Project
• Rajasthan – Sabarmati Link Project
Additionally, there‘s also a plan to divert water of Chambal to Bisalpur dam by linking its tributary,
Brahmani river to Banas river upstream of Bisalpur.
RAJRAS.in 35
The Rajasthan River Basin and Water Resources Planning Act, 2015
In October 2015, the Rajasthan assembly passed the Rajasthan River Basin and Water Resources
Planning Bill, 2015 by voice vote. The bill sought for the establishment of State Water Resources Advisory
Council and Rajasthan River Basin and Water Resources Planning Authority for management and
development of river basins and sub-basins on sustainable basis on integrated water resources
management (IWRM) concept.
Rajasthan River interlinking: Current Affairs
Yamuna-Rajasthan Link Canal
The National Water Development Agency (NWDA) under the Union Ministry of Water Resources,
River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation is studying the preliminary level of the feasibility of the
three river inter-linking projects in Rajasthan. One of the suggested project in Rajasthan is the Yamuna
Rajasthan Link Canal Project.
RAJRAS.in 36
Rajasthan set to begin work on its first river-linking project
• Rajasthan Government has kicked off preparations for its first river-interlinking project –
ensuring flow of excess rainwater in Chambal and Brahmani rivers to Bisalpur dam.
• Once operational, the project will ensure smooth drinking water supply to 19 towns and around
3000 villages in Jaipur, Ajmer, Tonk and Nagaur districts.
• The Project:
o Construction of a dam to store monsoon flows in Brahmani river;
o A diversion system will be constructed to take water from the Brahmani dam to Bisalpur
dam;
RAJRAS.in 37
o A pump house to lift water from Jawahar Sagar dam on the Chambal river;
o A transmission system will be made to bring water from Jawahar Sagar dam to
diversion system and Brahmani dam; and from here, water will be sent to the Bisalpur
dam through a 54km tunnel, which will have a 20km open channel.
• The Bisalpur dam, completed in 1999 on the Banas river, caters to water needs
of Ajmer and Jaipur.
RAJRAS.in 38
Ancient rivers of Rajasthan
Whenever there is mention of ancient rivers of India, three rivers emerge in Hindu ethos, viz., Ganga,
Yamuna and Sarasvati. In Vedic geography, there is a mention of Sapta Sindhu, i.e., seven rivers in
which Sarasvati attains an important description. Most of these rivers exist even today except Sarasvati
which has disappeared completely. Information on Prehistoric India comes from two distinct sources:
• The literary tradition represented in the main by the faithfully preserved corpus of Vedic texts
headed by the Rigveda.
RAJRAS.in 39
• The archaeological tradition ranging from the Aceramic Neolithic of Mehrgarh and the various
phases of the Harappan civilization to the Iron Age Painted Grey Ware and the Northern Black
Polished Ware cultures.
In recent times, a third-dimension or third perspective has been added in form of Scientific Research
through use of modern Technology. This article looks at these two rivers from these three different
perspectives.
Sarasvati and Drishadvati: In Ancient Indian Texts
Sarasvati River:
Ambitame, naditame, devitame, Sarasvati

Aprasasta iva smasi prasastim Amba naskriti. — (Rigveda – 2. 41. 16)
(O Sarasvati, you the best of mothers, the best of rivers, the best of gods ! Although we are of no repute,
mother, grant us distinction.)
• During the vedic civilization, Aryans

developed Rigveda, which describes about
the " Sapta Sindhu " the seven rivers of NW
India , traced from east to west as Sarasvati,
Satadru ( Sutlej ), Vipasa (Beas), Parosni
(Ravi) , Asikni (Chenab) Vitasta (Jhelum) and
Sindhu (Indus) which started flowing
consequent on the melting of the Himalayan
glaciers at the end of Pleistocene.
• According to the Mahabharata, the Sarasvati

dried up in a desert (at a place named
Vinasana or Adarsana).
• In the Skanda Purana, the Sarasvati originates from the water pot of Brahma and flows from
Plaksa on the Himalayas. It then turns west at Kedara and also flows underground. Five
distributaries of the Sarasvati are mentioned.
• In the Manu Smriti, the sage Manu, escaping from a flood, founded the Vedic culture between
the Sarasvati and Drishadvati rivers. The Sarasvati River was thus the western boundary of
Brahmavarta.
RAJRAS.in 40
Drishadvati River:
The Drishadvati river is hypothesized by Indologists to identify the route of vedic river, Saraswati, and
the state of Brahmavarta. Brahmavarta is postulated as a state during vedic times, situated on the
confluence of the revered rivers Saraswati and Drishadwati. Different literary sources that mention
Drishadvati include:
• Latyayana Srautasutra has described drishadvati as a seasonal river, while Saraswati as a

perennial river up to Vinasana.
• Brahmanas often mention the Drishadwati River. Brahmanas point out that Drishadwati River
had its origin from the pot of Brahma i.e. Pushkar lake, near Ajmer. Pushkar has the most
revered Brahma temple in India.
• In the Manu Smriti, Drishadvati river and the Sarasvati River define the boundaries of the Vedic
state of Brahmavarta.
• According to Srimad Bhagavatam, the Drsadvati is one of the many transcendental rivers in
India.
Sarasvati and Drishadvati: The Archaeological Findings
Sarasvati River:
• More than 1200 ancient settlements on Sarasvati river basin have been dug out giving clinching
evidence of existence of a mighty river, which sustained maritime civilization and metal-based
economy prior to 3000 BC.
• Archaeological Survey of India has dug out more than 2400 settlements at the ancient Indus-
Sarasvati river basins but no ancient settlements have been found along the present day course
of Yamuna or Sutlej.
• Land was fertile and barley etc were cultivated in the Sarasvati region even 7000 years back and
same style of cultivating the fields continues till date in areas like Rajasthan & Haryana.
RAJRAS.in 41
Drishadvati:
• The first serious attempt on Drishadvati river was made by Sir Alexander Cunningham (1871)
who identified the Drishadvati with the present Rakhsi river while Rapson (1914) felt that the
Drishadvati used to flow through the present course of Chautang river which originates in
Siwaliks. Subsquently, Keith (1922) and Dey (1927) also supported the course of the Drishadvati
as being the present Chautang river and then along the Hansi —Hissar branch of the western
Yamuna canal.
Sarasvati and Drishadvati: Scientific Research
Remote sensing data from satellites and aerial cameras has been used by several organization
(including Ground Water Department, Rajasthan) to map the palaeo-channels.
Benefits of such Research:
• The search has been significant for locating sources of good quality ground water in the water
scarce western Rajasthan where most of the available sources suffer from poor water quality.
Methodology of Research:
• Mapping of palaeochannels using multi sensor remote sensing data from WIFS, MSS-I, LISS-III
and PAN sensors from Indian remote Sensing Satellites IRS 1B and ID was carried out using
digital image processing techniques.
• Drilling work at fourteen locations in Dharmikhu - Kuriaberi - Ghantiyali - Ranau Longewala -

Ghotaru sections, and the radiocarbon age analysis of the water samples thus obtained.
Research Findings:
• Digital merging of high resolution PAN and medium resolution LISS Ill data and analysis of
water samples on water quality, sediment type and age of groundwater confirmed presence of
palaeochannels.
• Additionally it also confirmed occurrence of good quality drinking water along these
palaeochannels. The salinity of water away from the palaeochannels rises sharply.
RAJRAS.in 42
Ancient Sarasvati and present Ghaggar-Hakra System: Relation
Since the late 19th-century, scholars have postulated that the Ghaggar-Hakra River system is the
remnant of Vedic Saraswati river. The main arguments are the:
• Supposed position east of the Indus, which corresponds with the Ghaggar-Hakra riverbed.
• Painted Grey Ware sites (ca. 1000 BCE) have been found in the bed and not on the banks of the
Ghaggar-Hakra river, suggesting that the river had dried up before this period.
• The Indus Valley Civilisation (Harrapan Civilisation), which is named after the Indus, was
largely located on the banks of and in the proximity of the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system
In 2016, K. S Valdiya committee constituted by Government of India on Palaeochannels of North-West

India: Review and Assessment, concluded that Saraswati river had two branches eastern & western.
The eastern branch included Sarsuti-Markanda rivulets in Haryana and the western branches included
Ghaggar-Patiali channels. The committee considers that branches met near Patiala, at Shatrana, then
flowed as a large river.
Contradictions:
However, in recent times, these views have been contradicted by geophysical research, which suggests
that the Ghaggar-Hakra system, although having greater discharge in Harappan times which was
RAJRAS.in 43
enough to sustain human habitation, was not watered by a Himalayan river—such as the Sarasvati—
but rather by a system of perennial, but only monsoon fed, rivers.
Other research using dating of zircon sand grains has shown that late Pleistocene subsurface river
channels near the present-day Indus Valley Civilisation sites in the Cholistan desert, in Pakistan,
immediately below the dry Ghaggar-Hakra bed show sediment affinity with not with the Ghagger-
Hakra river, but with the Beas river in the western sites and the Sutlej and Yamuna rivers in the eastern
ones.
Sarasvati and Drishadvati: In recent NEWS
Saraswati River did exist, says K.S. Valdiya Committee
The seven-member expert committee of geologists, archaeologists and hydrologists, headed

by Professor K.S. Valdiya of the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR),
have found evidence of the course of the river Saraswati. The committee on "Palaeochannels of North-
West India: Review and Assessment" had been appointed by Water Resources Ministry to map paleo-
channels of north-west India including river Saraswati, a mythological river mentioned in the Rigveda
and other literature of Hindu mythology.
Key Facts from the submitted report:
• Sarawati was a Himalayan river.
• Saraswati river had two branches the eastern branch included Sarsuti-Markanda rivulets in
Haryana and the western branches were made of Ghaggar-Patiali channels.
• These branches met in Shatrana, 25 kilometres south of

Patiala and “flowed as a large river” emptying out into the
sea that is now the Rann of Kutch.
• It is assumed that River Saraswati originated

from Adibadri in the Himalaya to culminate in the
Arabian Sea through the Runn of Kutch.
• It was approximately 4,000 km in length with nearly 3000

km of length occurring in India and remaining one-third
of the river lying in present-day Pakistan.
RAJRAS.in 44
• During its six-month research, the committee came across “an unique” palaeochannel (a path
abandoned by river when it changes its course) relating to present Ghaggar, Sarsuti, Hakra and
Nara rivers.
• They also concluded that around 1700 “small and big” towns and villages were located around
the palaeo-channel concerned during Harappa Civilization. “Some towns were spread over
more than 100 hectares. These colonies were there for 5,500 years.
Timeline of Topic: Prior to K S Valdiya Committee:
Terms:
Palaeo-Channel:
• Paleochannel is a remnant (remaining traces) of an inactive river or stream channel that has
been either filled or buried by younger sediment.
• The word palaeochannel is formed from the words "palaeo" or 'old', and channel. Hence
palaeochannel stands for ancient or vey old channel.
• Study of paleo-channels help in understanding movements of faults, earth quakes etc.
RAJRAS.in 45
Rivers of Inland Drainage in Rajasthan
One of the most interesting feature about drainage system of Rajasthan is that nearly 60.2 percent of of
the area of state has inland drainage system. Nearly all of this area lies wet of Aravalli divide and
includes a large number of separate basins like Sota-Sahibi basin, Kantli basin, Barah Basin and streams
in Luni basin.
Ghaggar-Hakra River
Ghaggar-Hakra River is a season river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the monsoon
season. The river originates from kalka hills (Himachal Pradesh) and is known as Ghaggar before the
Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage.
Ghaggar-Hakra River Summary Sheet
Origin Kalka Hills of Shivalik Range in Himachal Pradesh
Length 465 Kms
Discharge Sand dunes in Bhawalpur district of Pakistan
Himachal Pradesh:
Punjab: Ambala, Patiala

States & Major Cities
Haryana: Hissar
Rajasthan: Tibbi, Hanumangarh, Talwara, Anupgarh and Suratgarh
Tributaries Chautang River, Kaushalya river, Sarsuti
RAJRAS.in 46
Ghaggar Hakra River Course:
Ghaggar rises from Kalka hills of Shivalik Range in Himachal Pradesh and flows through Ambala,
Patiala (Punjab) and Hissar (Haryana) districts. It enters Rajasthan and flows through Hanumangarh,
Talwara, Anupgarh and Suratgarh. Ghaggar flows across the international border through Sri
Ganganagar district and assumes the name, Hakra, near Fort Abbas City in Pakistan. The river finally
enters into Bhawalpur district of Pakistan where it gets lost in sand dunes.
Ghaggar in History-Culture
• Few scholars identify Ghaggar with the vedic river of saraswati.
Kantli River:
• Kantli river originates from hills of Khandela hills of Sikar district and taking a northernly
course runs into Jhunjhunu and ends in sand dunes near Churu district.
• Site of ancient OCP culture - Ganeshwar lies on bank of Kantli river.
• Catchment area of Kantli river is known as Torawati.
RAJRAS.in 47
Kakni or Masurdi River:
• Kakni is a small seasonal river of Jaisalmer, that originates 27 south from Kotri village and flows
for few kms draining into Bhuj lake.
Mantha River:
• Mantha river orginates from jaipur and flows into Sambhar lake.
Ruparel River or Ruparail River
• Ruparel river originates from Udainath hills in Thangazi tehsil of Alwar district.
• It traverses these hills northwards, turning towards the east and northeast before disappearing
in Bharatpur District. It flows first through hills and subsequently through plains nearly up to
Kusalpur in Bharatpur district.
• It has a total length of about 104 km.
• Also called as Varah or Lasvari river.
• Ruparail basin extends in a broadly W-E direction and is bounded by the Sabi River Basins in
the northwest side and the Banganga River Basin in the southeast. The northern border is
shared with Haryana State.
• The river has been in news, because of its disappearance and revival by efforts of Shri Rajendra
Singh
Rupangarh River
• Rupangarh river originates from Salemabad (Ajmer) and flows in northerly direction to drain
into Sambhar lake.
RAJRAS.in 48
Sota-Sabi or Sahibi River
• There are two branches, the Sabi branch rises from Sewar hills and the Sota branch rises from
hills of Bairath.
• The two branches meet at Jalalpur.
• The river flows in northern direction through Kotputli tehsil, Bansur, Behror Kishangarh,
Mundawar (Haryana) Rewari and empties into Najafgarh drain.
• Sabi basin is bounded in the northwest by Shekhawati River Basin and Ruparail and Banganga
River basins in the southeast. The northern boundary is shared administratively with Haryana
State. The Basin extends over parts of Alwar, Jaipur and Sikar districts. The total catchment area
of the sabi basin is 4607.9 km2.
• It flows in Rajasthan for a distance of about 157 km before entering Haryana State.
Sabi River in History & Culture:
Several modern scholars identify the Sahibi River with the Drishadvati river of Vedic period. It is
believed that the Drishadwati River had formed one border of the Vedic state of Brahmavarta while
other was Saraswati river or the modern Ghaggar-Hakra river.
Several sites related to Indus Valley civilisation have been found along the route of Sahibi. Among the
finds are handmade and wheel-made pottery dating back to over 3,000 years found on the banks of the
Sahibi River at Jodhpura near Viratnagar in Jaipur district. Other findings include pottery found on the
Sahibi riverbed at Hansaka in the Rewari district, Haryana. A red stone statute of Vamana Dev was
unearthed in 2002 on the Sahibi riverbed near Bawal, Haryana.
RAJRAS.in 49
Chambal River & its Tributaries
Chambal river is one of the cleanest perennial rivers of India. It originates at Janapav, south of Mhow
town, on the south slope of the Vindhya Range in Madhya Pradesh. Chambal flows north-northeast
through Madhya Pradesh, running for a time through Rajasthan, then forming the boundary
between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh before turning southeast to join the Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh.
It ends a confluence of five rivers, including the Chambal, Kwari, Yamuna, Sind, Pahuj, at Pachnada
near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh state, at the border of Bhind and Etawah districts.
Chambal River Summary Sheet
Origin Janapav near Mhow (M.P) in the Vindhaya mountain range
Length 965 Kms (370 Kms in Rajasthan)
Discharge Yamuna, Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh:
States & Major Cities Rajasthan: Kota
Uttar Pradesh:
Right Bank
Parbati, Kali Sindh, Shipra
Tributaries
Left Bank Tributaries Banas, Mej
Major Dams Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar, Kota Barrage
RAJRAS.in 50
Chambal River in mythology:
Ancient name of Chambal is said to be Charmanyavati, which may be in reference to the story of king
Rantideva sacrificing several cows on its banks.
In the epic Mahabarat, Charmanwati was the southern boundary of Panchala Kingdom. King Drupada
ruled the southern Panchalas up to the bank of the Charmanwati river. The region was part of the
kingdom of Shakuni, the maternal uncle of Kauravs. After her attempted disrobing at the hands of
Kauravs, Draupadi cursed anybody who will drink water from the river. The infamy gathered by the
river may have been the reason for absence of any big settlement on its banks except Kota.
Keshoraipattan near Kota is a famous pilgrimage spot dedicated to Lord Vishnu on banks of Chambal.
Chambal River Course:
Chambal River originates from northern slopes of Singar Chouri peak, at an altitude of 884.4 m, in the
Vindyan Range. It flows in northerly direction through Madhya Pradesh (M.P.) for about 346
kilometres and enters Rajasthan near Chaurasigarh (Chittorgarh). Here the river falls 505 m and then
enters a gorge for 113 Kms and leaves it near Kota.
From Kota, it makes boundary between Kota and Bundi district and then boundary between Rajasthan
and M.P passing through Sawai Madhopur, Karauli and Dholpur. It eventually enters U.P. and flows
for about 32 kilometres before joining the Yamuna near Bhareh.
Chambal River Basin:
Rajasthan has the largest catchment area of the Chambal river at 79,401
square km, which is 57.86 per cent of the total catchment of the river.
In Rajasthan, Chambal basin extends over parts of Chittorgarh,
Bhilwara, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Jhalawar, Kota, Baran and
Dholpur districts. On its south, east and west, the basin is bounded by the
Vindhyan mountain ranges and on the north-west by the Aravallis.
The proposed Parwati- Kalisindh-Chambal link is one of the big projects being
planned in the basin which will divert surplus waters of Parwati and
Kalsindh to the Rana Pratap Sagar or Gandhi Sagar dam.
RAJRAS.in 51
Chambal River Dams:
There are four main dams on chambal river located from south to north
1. Gandhi Sagar Dam
2. Rana Pratap Sagar Dam
3. Jawahar Sagar Dam
4. Kota Barrage
Chambal River Tributaries:
The tributaries of the Chambal include Shipra, Choti Kalisindh, Sivanna, Retam, Ansar,
Kalisindh, Banas, Parbati, Seep, Kuwari, Kuno, Alnia, Mej, Chakan, Parwati, Chamla, Gambhir,
Lakhunder, Khan, Bangeri, Kedel and Teelar.
RAJRAS.in 52
Kali Sindh
Kali Sindh River Summary Sheet
Bagli (District Dewas) in Madhya Pradesh. Enters Rajasthan at Binda

Origin
Village.
Length 278 Kms (145 Kms in Rajasthan)
Discharge Chambal, Nonera village in Baran district in Rajasthan.
Madhya Pradesh:
Rajasthan: Jhalawar, Baran
Tributaries Parwan, Niwaj and Ahu
• Parban River is a tributary of Kali Sindh. that originates in Sehore district of Madhya Pradesh.
Parban flows through Sehore, Shajapur and Rajgarh districts in Madhya Pradesh . It covers
Jhalawar, Kota, Baran districts of Rajasthan and meets Kali Sindh in Baran district of Rajasthan.
RAJRAS.in 53
Parbati River:
Parbati River Summary Sheet
Origin Northern slopes of Vindhyan Range n Sehore district, M.P
Discharge Chambhal, Paliya Village near Sawai Madhopur, Kota Border
Madhya Pradesh:
Rajasthan: Kota
Mej River:
Mej river is a left bank tributary of Chambal River. It originates near Mandalgarh in Bhilwara and joins
Chambal in Kota. The catchment area of Mej river extends over Bhilwara, Bundi and Tonk of Rajasthan.
Mej River Summary Sheet
Origin Near Mandalgarh in Bhilwara, Rajasthan
Discharge Chambal, in Lakheri, Kota
States & Major Cities Rajasthan: Kota
River Interlinking Projects in Chambal:
Parwati- Kalisindh-Chambal link
• The proposed Parwati- Kalisindh-Chambal link is one of the big projects being planned in the
basin which will divert surplus waters of Parwati and Kalsindh to the Rana Pratap Sagar or
Gandhi Sagar dam.
RAJRAS.in 54
Banas River & its Tributaries
Banas river originates in the Khamnor Hills of the Aravalli Range, near Kumbhalgarh in Rajsamand. It
is a tributary of the Chambal River and is approximately 512 kilometres in length. It is also known as
'Van Ki Asha' (Hope of forest). There is another river in Rajasthan with name of Banas, which flows in
western direction and is also called as West Banas River.
Banas River Summary Sheet
Origin Khamnor Hills, near Kumbhalgarh in Rajsamand.
Length 512 Kms
Discharge Chambal near Rameshwar in Sawai Madhopur District
States & Major Cities Rajasthan: Nathdwara, Jahazpur and Tonk.
Right Bank
Berach, Menali
Tributaries
Left Bank Tributaries Kothari, Khari, Dai, Dheel, Sohadara, Morel and Kalisil
Major Dams Bisalpur
Banas River in Indian mythology
• It is said that Sage Vashishth did intense meditation and got the river down from Swarg Lok
(heaven). The sage, concerned about its future, asked Lord Shiv how she will survive without
water from glaciers. Shiv blessed her: ―The forests will protect you and you in turn will
nourish the forests. I will appear at various places on your banks to increase your influence.
Hence the river got the name: Ban ki Aas‘ (hope of the forest) which later became Banas.
RAJRAS.in 55
• Lord Parshuram, an avatar (incarnation) of Lord Vishnu, is linked strongly with Banas.
Parshuram had killed his mother, Renukaji, on the order of his father. He went to several places
seeking salvation. He saw that a calf, who had turned black on killing a man, turned white
again after taking a dip in river Banas. Parshuram did the same and was relieved of the sin. The
place is now called: Matrikundya‘ and falls in Bhilwara district. It is also known as the:
Haridwar of Rajasthan‘.
• Veeron ka Math‘ (monastery of the brave) is a holy place that abutts the origin point of Banas. It
is said that here Parshuram gave arms training to Karan and Bhishm, the two heroes of epic
Mahabharat.
• Jargaji, an important pilgrimage, is located around 10 km from the origin point. Jarga ji was a
devotee of Baba Ramdev, chief deity of the Meghwal community.
• The triveni dham near Mandalgarh in Bhilwara district where Berach and Menali rivers meet
Banas also holds great value.
• The Gokaran Mahadev or Gokaraneshwar temple in tonk district is also of great significance as
it is believed that Ravan, the famous anti-hero of epic Ramayan, meditated and offered his head
to Lord Shiv here.
• At Sawai Madhopur, Rameshwaram Ghat is a famous pilgrimage spot as Banas merges into
Chambal here.
Banas River Basin:
Banas lies completely within Rajasthan and has the largest catchment area (45,833 square km) in
Rajasthan. Banas drains the east slope of the central portion of the Aravalli Range, and the basin
includes all or part of Pali, Rajsamand, Udaipur, Tonk, Ajmer, Bhilwara, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Dausa,
Jaipur and Sawai Madhopur districts.
Banas River Tributaries:
Major tributariesof Banas include the right bank tributaries of Berach and Menali and the left bank
tributaries of Kothari, Khari, Dai, Dheel River, Sohadara, Morel and Kalisil.
RAJRAS.in 56
Berach or Bedach
Berach originates at Gogunda hills in the Udaipur District and is known by name of Ayar river. It is
called Berach after appearing from Udaisagar lake near Udaipur. It flows northeast through Udaipur,
Chittorgarh and Bhilwara districts, joining the Banas near Bigod village of Bhilwara district.
Berach has significant historical significance with banks of Ahar having thrown up evidences of
settlements dating back to the Harappan and pre-Harappan eras cultural levels, thus exhibiting
connection with Indus Valley civilization. Additionally, evidences of big palaces were found at Nagri,
an ancient site around 16 km from Chittorgarh.
RAJRAS.in 57
Berach River Summary Sheet
Origin Gogunda hills in Udaipur
Length 157 Kms
Discharge Banas, near Bigod village of Bhilwara
States & Major Cities Rajasthan: Udaipur and Chittorgarh
Right Bank
Ahar, Wagli (Wagon), Gambhir and Orai
Tributaries
Major Dams Gosunda Dam
Kothari River:
Kothari River rises from the Aravalli hills near Devgarh in the Rajsamand. It flows through
Bhilwara and ultimately joins the Banas river at Nandrai in Kotri tehsil. The Meja dam on the Kothari
river provides drinking water to the Bhilwara district.
Kothari River Summary Sheet
Origin Aravalli hills near Devgarh in the Rajsamand
Length 380 Kms
Discharge Banas River, Nandrai in Kotri tehsil
States & Major Cities Rajasthan: Bhilwara
RAJRAS.in 58
Major Dams Meja Dam
Khari River
• Origin- Hills of Bijral village, North of Rajsamand district
• Length- 80 Km
• It meets near Banas river near Deoli (Tonk).
Dai River
• River Dai originates in the southeastern slopes of the Aravalli Range, near Nasirabad Tehsil of
Ajmer.
• It flows southeast and then east in Ajmer District and for a short distance through Tonk District,
before joining Banas River near Bisalpur village in Tonk District.
Dheel River
• Dheel River originates in the plains near Bauli village in Tonk District. It flows generally from
north to south through Jaipur, Tonk and Sawai Madhopur.
• It joins the Banas near Philpura village in Sawai Madhopur district.
• River Gudia is its tributary.
Morel River
• One branch of River Morel originates in the hills near Dharla and Chainpura villages in Bassi
Tehsil of Jaipur District and the second branch makes by receiving water from the catchment
area of foothills of Paplaj Mataji mountains, district Dausa.
• It flows southeast and then southwest to meet river Dhund, and then again southeast through
Jaipur, Dausa and Sawai Madhopur , eventually joining Banas river near Hadoli of Sawai
Madhopur District.
RAJRAS.in 59
KaliSil River
• The River Kalisil originates in the hills near Rajpura village in Sawai Madhopur District. The
river flows generally southwest, partly through hills and partly in the plains of Sawai
Madhopur District, finally joining the Morel River.
Major Dams on Banas River
• Bisalpur Dam is a gravity dam on the Banas River near Deoli in Tonk district, Rajasthan, India.
The dam was constructed in 1999 for the purpose of irrigation and water supply.
RAJRAS.in 60
Banganga River & its Tributaries
Banganga River originates from the Bairath hills in Jaipur. It passes through Modhapur, Bharatpur and
Fatehabad and drains into Yamuna. Jamwa Ramgarh dam has been constructed across the river in
Jaipur. The river Banganga has its multiple tributary rivers like Gumti Nala, and Suri rivers on the right
side banks and Palasan and Sanwan rivers are on the left bank.
Banganga River Summary Sheet
Origin Bairath hills in Jaipur, Rajasthan
Length 380 Kms
Discharge Yamuna near Agra
Rajasthan: Dausa and Bharatpur

Uttar Pradesh:
Right Bank
Gumti Nala, and Suri rivers
Tributaries
Left Bank Tributaries Palasan and Sanwan
Major Dams Ramgarh Dam
Banganga in Culture-Mythology
It is believed that Pandav brothers of epic Mahabharat stayed at Bairath kingdom during their one year
of secret exile. Arjun made the river flow when he stuck an arrow in the earth to meet water shortage in
RAJRAS.in 61
the region. The place is famous for the Banganga fair, which is held on the full moon day of Vaishakh
(April-May) every year.
Banganga Course:
Banganga originates from Bairath in Jaipur district. It flows towards the south, through Ramgarh, up to
the village of Ghat, then towards east through partly hilly and partly plain terrain in Dausa and enters
Vair tehsil in Bharatpur. Its waster spreads out into several channels in Bharatpur. One of the main
channel is diverted to Ajan Band (Bharatpur), which is also source of supply of water for Keoladev
National Park. The river eventually flows up to Fatehbad in Agra district (Uttar Pradesh), where it
flows into Yamuna.
A few studies have suggested that Banganga might have been part of the Ghaggar-Yamuna system. It
might have been connected directly to Yamuna or through Chambal. Owing to some obstruction or
neo-tectonic activities around Bharatpur, the flow was disrupted.
Another theory suggests that Yamuna suddenly migrated eastward and Banganga and another
possible tributary, Sahibi, could not cope up with that pace. Now, both these rivers flood the area of
Bharatpur and Farrukhnagar respectively.
Banganga Basin:
Banganga River Basin is located in the northeastern part of Rajasthan state with a total catchment area
of 8,878.7 sq km. It is bounded by Ruparail and Sabi in its north; and the Shekhawati Basin in its west
and the Gambhir and Banas River Basins in its south-southwest. The eastern border of the basin is
marked by the Yamuna River Basin in Uttar Pradesh. Administratively, Banganga River Basin extends
over parts of Alwar, Jaipur, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur and Bharatpur Districts.
RAJRAS.in 62
Banganga Tributaries:
The main tributaries are Gumti Nalla and Suri River, joining the river on its right bank, and Sanwan
and Palasan Rivers meeting the river on its left bank.
Suri River:
• Suri River originates in hills near Kanst village in Dausa and joins Banganga near Kailai Village.
Sanwan River:
• Sanwan river originates in hills near Angri village in Alwar district and joins banganga near
village juthiara.
Palasan River
• Palasan river orginates in the hills near Rajpura village in Alwar district and joins banganga
near village Indiana.
Banganga Dams:
• Jamwa Ramgarh dam has been constructed across the banganga river in Jaipur.
RAJRAS.in 63
Luni River & its Tributaries
Luni is a major west-flowing river that originates from western slopes of Naga hills, at an elevation of
772 m in Ajmer district of Rajasthan, where it is known as the Sagarmati. After passing Govindgarh, it
meets its tributary Sarsuti, which originates from Pushkar Lake, and from then on it is referred to as
Luni River.
The name Luni is derived from the Sanskrit word lavanavari (“salt river”) and is so called because of its
excessive salinity. The Luni river is not saline until it reaches Balotra, where high salt content in the soil
impacts the river.
Luni River Summary Sheet
Origin Naga hills in Ajmer district of Rajasthan
Length 511 Kms
Discharge Rann of Kachchh
Rajasthan: Balotra
Gujarat:
Right Bank
Jojri
Tributaries
Lilri, the Guhiya, the Bandi (Hemawas), the Sukri, the Jawai, the Khari
Left Bank Tributaries
Bandi, the Sukri Bandi, the Sagi
Major Dams The Dantiwada dam, Sipu dam
RAJRAS.in 64
Luni Course:
Luni River originates in Naga Hills of Aravalli Range, near Pushkar valley in Ajmer district. At
Govindgarh it meets its tributary Sarsuti and travels in north-western direction towards Nagaur. Luni
takes a turn and starts flowing in southwest direction through the aravalli hills in Pali and reaches
plains of marwar region in Jodhpur. It continues in the same direction into Barmer and Jalore,
eventually discharging into Rann of Kachchh, Gujarat. At Rann of Kutch, Luni forms a delta where the
water spreads out and does not contribute any runoff.
The total length of Luni is about 511 kms.
Luni Basin:
• The Luni basin is bounded by Aravalli range and Gujarat plains on the east, by Rajasthan desert
on north, and by the Arabian Sea on the south and the west.
RAJRAS.in 65
• The total area of Luni basin is 32,879 Sq.km and includes several parts of the Ajmer region from
Nagaur to Pali and then moving towards Jodhpur and Barmer before its entry into the
Jalore district.
Luni Tributaries:
The main tributaries of Luni joining from left are the Lilri, the Guhiya, the Sukri, the Jawai, the Bandi
(Hemawas), the Khari Bandi, the Sukri Bandi and the Sagi. Jojri is the only major tributary that joins the
luni river from right.
Jawai River
• Jawai originates from the Aravalli Ranges in the Udaipur district of Rajasthan.
• Main tributaries of Jawai are Sukri and Khari river.
• Western Rajasthan's largest dam, the Jawai Dam, is located near Sumerpur in Pali district, on
Jawai river
• Twin cities of Sumerpur and Sheoganj are situated on the banks of this river.
Bandi River
• The Rivers Khari and Mithai meet at pickup weir of Bombadra. This confluence gives rise to the
Bandi River.
• After flowing for about 45 km, it joins the Luni near the Lakhar village.
• The Hemawas dam is located near Hemawas on this river.
• The district headquarters Pali is located on the bank of Bandi.
Sukri River:
• Sukri river originates from the western slopes of Aravalli Range in Pali District and flows
through Jalore and Barmer before merging with the Majal in Luni river.
• Bankli Dam is located on this river in Jalore District.
RAJRAS.in 66
Guhiya River
• Guhiya River is a small river in Pali, which runs only during the monsoon season.
• It rises in the foothills of the Aravalli Range near the villages of Khariya Neev and joins the
Bandi River near the village of Phekaria.
Dams on Luni River:
• In 1892, Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur constructed Jaswant Sagar in Pichiyak village,
Jodhpur district to use the waters of Luni river.
RAJRAS.in 67
Sabarmati River & its Tributaries
Sabarmati River is one of the major West flowing river of India, along with Narmada and Tapti, which
originates from Aravali hill ranges in Rajasthan and after traveling 371 Km. meets the Gulf of Cambay
(Khambhat) in the Arabian Sea. 48 km of the river length is in Rajasthan, while the rest 323 km is in
Gujarat.
Sabarmati originates from Aravalli hills at an elevation of 762 m near village Tepur, in Udaipur district
of Rajasthan. It flows generally in South – West direction in Rajasthan and enters the Gujarat State and
passes through the plains and continues to flow in the same direction.
Sabaramati River Summary Sheet
Origin Village Tepur, in Udaipur, Rajasthan
Length 371 Kms
Discharge Gulf of Cambay (Khambhat)
Rajasthan:
Gujarat: Ahmedabad
Right Bank
Sei, Siri and Dhamni
Tributaries
Left Bank Tributaries Wakal, Harnav, Hathmati, Khari, Watrak
Major Dams Dharoi Dam
RAJRAS.in 68
RAJRAS.in 69
Sabarmati Basin:
The Sabarmati basin extends over states of Rajasthan and Gujarat having an area of 21,674 Sq.km with
maximum length and width of 300 km and 150 km.The basin is bounded by Aravalli hills on the north
and north-east, by Rann of Kutch on the west and by Gulf of Khambhat on the south. The basin is
roughly triangular in shape with the Sabarmati River as the base and the source of the Vatrak River as
the apex point.
Sabarmati River Course:
At the 51 km of its run, the river is joined by the Wakal on the left bank near village Ghanpankari. After
flowing generally in the South – West direction at 67th km of its run, it receives the Sei on the right
bank near Mhauri and then the Harnav on the left bank at about 103 km.
From respective sources beyond this confluence, Sabarmati flows through the Dharoi gorge. Emerging
from the gorge it passes through the plains and is joined on its left bank at about 170 km from its source
by the Hathmati, which is its major tributary. Continuing to flow in South – West direction, the river
passes through Ahmedabad and about 65 km down stream, another major tributary, Watrak joins its
on the left bank, flowing for a further distance of 68 km, the river outfalls in the Gulf of Khambhat in
Arabian Sea.
Sabarmati Tributaries:
Sei
This is a right bank tributary of Sabarmati River.It rises in the Aravalli hills in Rajasthan and flows in
South – West direction for a total distance of 95 km before it joins on its right bank. It drains an area of
946 sq km.
Wakal
This is a Left bank tributary of Sabarmati River.It rises in the Aravalli hills in Rajasthan and flows in
South – West direction for a total length of 88 km. It joins Sabarmati on its left bank. It drains an area of
1625 sq km. The Menas is its main tributary.
RAJRAS.in 70
Harnav
This is a Left bank tributary of Sabarmati River It rises in the Northern portion of the Kulalia hills of
Rajasthan ranges and flows in South – West direction for a total distance of 75 km. Harnav joins the left
bank of Sabarmati. It drains an area of 972 sq km.
Hathmati
This is a Left bank tributary of Sabarmati River This is a Left bank tributary of Sabarmati River It rises
in SouthWest foot hills of Rajasthan range in Gujarat State and flows in South West direction for a
distance of 122 km to meet the Sabarmati on its left bank.This tributary drains an area of 1526 sq
km. The sub-tributary of Hathmati river is Guhai river, on which Guhai dam is constructed.
Watrak
This is a Left bank tributary of Sabarmati River It rises in Panchara hills in Dungarpur district of
Rajasthan and flows in Southwest direction for a distance of 248 km and joins Sabarmati on the left
bank. Meshwo, Mazam & Shedhi are sub-tributaries of Watrak river. Watrak and its tributaries drain
an area of 8638 sq km. A line diagram of river system giving information of Sabarmati Basin & its
tributaries and sub tributaries etc. indicating the location of major structures is enclosed.
Major Dams on Sabarmati River
There are several dams and reservoirs constructed on Sabarmati and its tributaries. The Dharoi dam is
located on the main sabarmati river, while Hathmati dam, Harnav dam, Guhai dam, Meshvo reservoir,
Meshvo pick-up weir, Mazam dam and Watrak dam are located on tributaries. The Kalpasar is planned
project in the Gulf of Khambhat.
Dharoi Dam:
• Dharoi dam is located about 165 km upstream Ahmedabad in village Dharoi of Mehsana
district.
• It was constructed in 1978.
• It has catchment area of 5540 km , out of which about 2,640 km lies in Gujarat state.
2 2
RAJRAS.in 71
Vasna Barrage:
• At distance 202 km.Vasna Barrage having 10619 sq.km. catchment area is situated.
Sabarmati River Concerns:
• The industrial city of Ahmedabad poses the danger of water pollution by industrial waste.
RAJRAS.in 72
Mahi River & its Tributaries
Mahi is one of the major interstate west flowing rivers, along with Tapti River and the Narmada
River, of India. The total length of Mahi is 583 km. It originates in the Mahi Kanta hills, from the
northern slopes of Vindhyas at an altitude of 500 m near village Bhopawar, Sardarpur tehsil in Dhar
district of Madhya Pradesh. Initially the river flows Northwards through Dhar and Jhabua districts of
M.P. and then turns left and passes through the Ratlam district of M.P., then turning to North - West, it
enters the Banswara district of Rajasthan and flows in South - West directions and thereafter enters the
Panchmahal district of Gujarat state. Then the river continuously flows in the same direction through
Kheda district of Gujarat and finally falls into the Gulf of Khambhat in Arabian Sea.
Mahi river also finds mention in India mythology. In Vayu Purana, this river is also known as Mahati.
The name of the river seems to be derived from the lake from which it springs. This is often called the
Mau or Mahu as well as the Menda. According to one legend, the Mahi is the daughter of the Earth and
sweat of Indrdyumna, the King of Ujjain.
Mahi River Basin:
The Mahi basin extends over states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat having total area of
34,842 Sq.km. It is bounded by Aravalli hills on the north and the north-west, by Malwa Plateau on the
east, on the south by the Vindhyas and by the Gulf of Khambhat on the west.
The state wise distribution of the drainage area is shown in the following Table.
State Drainage area (Sq. Km.)
Rajasthan 16453
Gujarat 11694
Madhya Pradesh 6695
Total 34842
RAJRAS.in 73
Tributaries of Mahi:
Som
This is a right bank tributary of Mahi. Som river rises near Som on the Eastern slopes of the Aravalli
hills in the Udaipur district of Rajasthan at an elevation of 600 m above m.s.l. and flows in the Eastern
direction to join the main river Mahi on the right bank 6.3 km upstream of Paderdibadi site in
Dungarpur district of Rajasthan. Its total length is about 155 km. The total drainage area of Som is 8707
sq.km. Gomti & Jakham are the major right bank sub tributaries of Som.
Anas
This is a Left bank tributary of Mahi. Anas River rises near Kalmora on the Northern slopes of
Vindhyas in Jhabua district in Madhya Pradesh at an elevation of 450 m above m.s.l. and flows in the
North - West direction and joins the main river Mahi on left bank in the Dungarpur district in
Rajasthan. It has a total length of about 156 km and the total drainage area of 5604 sq.km.
Panam
This is a Left bank tributary of Mahi. Panam river rises near Bhadra on Northern slopes of the
Vindhyas near Jhabua district in Madhya Pradesh at an elevation of about 300 m above m.s.l. and flows
in the North - West direction and joins the main river on the left bank in the Panchmahal district of
Gujarat. It has a total length of about 127 km and drainage area of about 2470 sq.km.
RAJRAS.in 74
RAJRAS.in 75
Hydro-electric projects on Mahi River
There are two major hydro-electric projects constructed on Mahi River.
Sl.No. Project Name River State District
Fort
1 Kadana Hydroelectric Project MAHI Gujarat
Sonagadh
2 Mahi Hydroelectric Project Mahi Rajasthan Banswara
Dams on Mahi River:
Banswara Dam or Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam
• Named after Shri Jamnala Bajaj, Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam is situated 16 kilometres from Banswara
town in Banswara district Rajasthan, India. It is the second largest dam in Rajasthan.
• The dam was constructed between 1972 and 1983 for the purposes of hydroelectric power
generation and water supply.
• There are large number of islands within the catchment area of the dam, so Banswara also
called popularly called as "City of Hundred Islands".
Wanakbori dam
• The Wanakbori dam is established near Wanakbori village.
• The Wanakbori thermal power station uses the water of river mahi. There are 7 units for the
production electricity.
Kadana Dam
• Kadana Dam is an earthen and masonry dam on the Mahi River in Mahisagar district of
Gujarat, India.
• The dam was constructed between 1979 and 1989.
RAJRAS.in 76
Mahi River Concerns:
• The silt brought down by the Mahi has contributed to the shallowing of the Gulf of Khambhat
and the abandonment of its once-prosperous ports. The riverbed lies considerably lower than
the land level and is of little use for irrigation.
RAJRAS.in 77
West Banas River & its Tributaries
The West Banas river is another west flowing river that rises near Pindwara village in Sirohi district
of Rajasthan at an elevation of 372.5 m above mean sea level. The river flows in a south–westerly
direction and after travelling length of 266 kms, empties into little Rann of Kachchh.
West Banas River Summary Sheet
Origin Near Pindwara village in Sirohi district, Rajasthan
Length 266 Kms
Discharge Rann of Kachchh
Rajasthan:
Gujarat:
Right Bank
Sipu
Tributaries
Left Bank Tributaries Batria, Sukli, Sewaran, Suket, Balaram and Khari
Major Dams The Dantiwada dam, Sipu dam
West Banas Basin:
West Banas drains an area of 8,674 sq km out of which nearly 38 % lies in Rajasthan State and the
remaining 62 % falls in Gujarat state. It is bounded by Luni basin in the north, Sarasvati basin in the
south, Aravalli Hill ranges in the east and Arabian Sea in the west.
RAJRAS.in 78
The number of principal tributaries, which contribute significantly, is seven. Sipu is the only major
tributary on the right bank. The other six tributaries namely Batria, Sukli, Sewaran, Suket, Balaram and
Khari drain into the main channel from left bank. Hence draining system on the left bank of the Banas
river is more extensive as compared to the right bank area.
West Banas Tributaries:
Sipu:
• Sipu is the prinicipal tributary of the Banas rising from Sirohi and Mount Abu hills in Sirohi
district of Rajasthan state.
• About 30% of Mount Abu hills direct runoff drains into Sipu river while about 70% of mount
Abu hills direct runoff flows into Banas river.
• The confluence of Sipu river and West Banas river is 12 km downstream of dantiwada dam.
Khari:
• Kahri river rises from Palanpur (B.K.distric) and drains into the Banasa river through Mehsana
district at 80 km downstream of dantiwada dam.
Sukli:
• The Sukli triburtary rises from aravalli hills near Pindwara of Sirohi district (Rajasthan) and
drains into the Banas river downstream of Swaroopganj dam and 9 km upstream of Abu road of
Rajasthan state.
Batria:
• The river rises near Ambaji hills of Aravalli range and drains into Banas, 3 km upstream of Abu
road.
RAJRAS.in 79
Dams on West Banas River
• The Dantiwada dam and Sipu dam are the main irrigation structures existing on the main
channel of West Banas river.
RAJRAS.in 80
Gambhir River & its Tributaries
Gambhir river also referred to as Utangan River is a river that originates in the hills near Hindaun
in Karauli, Rajasthan and flows around Hindaun City. The river supplies water for Keoladev Ghana
Bird Century in Bharatpur, Rajasthan. Gambhir is a seasonal river but becomes perennial after its
confluence with the Parbati, outside Dhoulpur District.
Gambhir River Summary Sheet
Origin In the hills near Hindaun in Karauli, Rajasthan
Length 288 Kms in Rajasthan
Discharge Yamuna
States & Major Cities Rajasthan: Hindaun in Karauli, Bayana city in Bharatpur
Tributaries Sesa, Kher and Parbati.
Major Dams Panchana Dam
Gambhir River Course:
The river originates in the hills near Hindaun in Karauli, Rajasthan. It flows in south to north direction
up to Kanjoli village (Toda Bhim), then turns northeast up to village Mertha and enters into Uttar
Pradesh. The river again enters Rajasthan near Catchapaura village in Dholpur and subsequently forms
the boundary between Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. It then enters Mainpuri District in UP to finally
joins Yamuna river.
RAJRAS.in 81
Gambhir River Basin:
Gambhir or Utangan River Basin is located in northeastern part of Rajasthan. It is bounded by the
Banganga river basin in the north, Banas river basin in the south west, Chambal and Parbati in the
southeast; Uttar Pradesh state constitutes part of the boundary in the northeast. The Basin extends over
parts of Bharatpur, Dausa, Dhaulpur, Karauli and Sawai Madhopur Districts. It is a small river basin
and its approximate total catchment area is 4,316 square km.
Gambhir River Tributaries:
Important tributaries of the river are Sesa, Kher and Parbati (Different from Parbati, tributary of Kali
Sindh).
Parbati River:
• Parbati River rises in hilly terrain near Chhawar village in the Sawai Madhopur. It runs for
123 km and falls into the Gambhir River near Kharagpur in Dholpur, Rajasthan.
Important Dams:
Panchana Dam:
• The Panchana Dam is situated at Gambhir river, near Karauli district (a tributary of Yamuna).
The dam is situated at 12 km north to Karauli in the eastern part of Rajasthan. It is an important
man-made wetland system, formed by the confluence of five rivers, named Barkhera,
Bhadrawati, Attaki, Bhansawat and Manchi.
RAJRAS.in 82
Dravyavati River
Dravyavati River originates from the western slope of Amber hills at the foothills of the Nahargarh Fort in
Jaisalya village and flows through the west side from Jaipur city, north to south over a length of 47.5
km to meet river Dhund. Most of the Jaipur's population stays in the 10 km of the periphery of this
river. The river collects storm water from all the adjoining areas such as Ambabari, major portion of
Walled City, Sanganer town and Pratap Nagar, etc.
Pollution in Dravyavati River
Dravyavati River, which is also known as “Amaanishaah naala”, has lost its flow and purity of water in
past couple of decades. Sewerage mixed with domestic waste water and industrial waste from various
city areas drains into the river through Nahri ka Nullah, Jawahar Nullah and various streams that feed
through structured/unstructured sewerage system of the colonies.
Rejuvenation:
To change the fate of the river and make Jaipur a better city, Jaipur Development Authority ( JDA ) had
proposed a project for Rejuvenation of Dravyawati River. Further in August 2016, JDA has given a
contract to a consortium of Tata Projects and Shanghai Urban Construction Group at a project cost of
Rs1,676 crore to complete the project by October 2018. Activities included in Project include:
• Amortization of 170 MLD polluted water.
• Check dams & fall structures will be constructed to brake the flow of water during
Monsoon, prevent soil erosion and improve the depleting water-table of the city. 85 such check
dams and 122 fall structures shall be constructed.
• Nearby land of this project will be developed with Parks, Parking, Theaters, Fountains etc.
• The consortium will be responsible for the maintenance of this project for 10 years from the
completion of the project.
RAJRAS.in 83
Rajasthan Rivers by Districts
Rivers of Rajasthan are mostly seasonal, however, these seasonal rivers recharge the groundwater
making well irrigation possible. All the rivers and their floodplains in Rajasthan also serve as vast
grazing grounds that support millions of livestock. Most of the Rivers originate from the Aravali hills
and flow either in east or west. Those Rivers flowing in east merge with Yamuna. Those flowing in
west fall into Gulf of Khambhat or lost in desert. Even after being a desert state, apart from Bikaner
almost each district has multiple rivers.
This post contains list of Rivers of Rajasthan by District.
• Ajmer - Sagarmati, Saraswati, Khari, Dai, Banas, Rupangarh
• Alwar - Sabi (Sahibi), Ruparail, Kali, Gauri, Sota, Arvari, Chuhar
• Banswara - Mahi, Annas, Chaini
• Barmer - Luni, Sukri, Mithri
• Baran - Parbati(Parvati), Parwan
• Bharatpur - Chambal, Barah, Banganga, Gambhiri, Parvati, kukund
• Bhilwara - Banas, Kothari, Berach, Menali, Mansi, Khari
• Bikaner - no river
• Bundi - Kural (mangli), Mej, Brahmani, Ghoda Pachhad
• Chittorgarh - Banas, Berach, Brahmani, Bagan, Gambiri, Gunjali
• Churu - no river
• Dausa - Banganga, Morel
• Dholpur - Chambal, Parbati, Gambhir(Utgan)
• Dungarpur - Som, Mahi, Soni
• Hanumangarh - Ghaggar
• Jaipur - Banganga, Bandi(Mashi), Dhund, Morrel, Sabi (Sahibi)-Sota, Sakha, Mantha
• Jaisalmer - Kaknei, Chingan, Lathi, Dhoa, Dhogri
• Jalore - Luni, Bandhi, Jawai, Sukri, Sagi
RAJRAS.in 84
• Jhalawar - Kali Sindh, , Chhoti Kali Sindh, Ahu, Niwaj, Parwan
• Jhunjhunu - Kantli
• Jodhpur - Luni, Mathdi, Jojri, Gunaimata
• Karauli - Gambhir, Chambal, Banas
• Kota - Chambal, Kali Sindh, Parvati, Au Niwaj, Parwan
• Nagaur - Luni, Mantha, Harsor
• Pali - Lihri, Bandi, Sukri ,Jawai
• Pratapgarh - Jakham, Siwan, Mahi
• Rajsamand - Khari, Kothari, Banas, Chandrabhaga
• Sawai Madhopur - Chambal, Banas, Morel, Gambhiri
• Sikar - Kantli, Mantha, Pawta, Kavant
• Sirohi - West. Banas, Sukri, Posliya, Khati, Kishnavati, Jhula, Survata
• Sri Ganganagar - Ghaggar
• Tonk - Banas, Mashi, Bandi
• Udaipur - Banas, Ahar, Berach, Wakal, Gomti, Som, Jakham, Sabarmati, Sei
List of Rivers in Rajasthan
Now, the List of Rivers of Rajasthan and districts in catchment of each River. Precaution has been taken
to list districts from source of river to the discharge. Example Luni river originates in Ajmer then goes
to Nagaur, then Jodhpur, then Pali, then Barmer, then Jalore and then goes to Gujarat hence Luni is
listed as: Luni River (Ajmer, Nagaur, Jodhpur, Pali, Barmer, Jalore)
• Ahu (Jhalawar, Kota)
• Andheri (Jhalawar, Kota)
• Anas (Banswara)
• Arvari (Alwar)
RAJRAS.in 85
• Aurai (Chittorgarh)
• Brahmani (Chittorgarh)
• Banas (Rajsamand, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, Ajmer, Tonk, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli )
• Bandi River: (Jaipur, Tonk) | (Sirohi, Jalore) | (Pali) - Three rivers are named Bandi
• Banganga ( Jaipur, Dausa, Bharatpur,)
• Berach (Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara)
• Chaini (Banswara)
• Chambal (Chittorgarh,Kota, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Dholpur)
• Chandrabhaga (Rajsamand, Bhilwara)
• Chuhar River (Alwar)
• Dai (Ajmer, Jaipur)
• Dhogri (Jaisalmer)
• Dhundh (Jaipur)
• Gambhiri (Karauli, Sawai Madhopur, Bharatpur, Dholpur)
• Gauri River (Alwar)
• Ghaggar ( Hanumangarh, Ganganagar)
• Ghoda Pachhar (Jhalawar, Bundi)
• Gomti (Udaipur)
• Gunaimata (Jodhpur)
• Harsor (Nagaur)
• Jakham (Pratapgarh, Udaipur, Dungarpur)
• Jawai (Pali, Sirohi, Jalor)
• Jojari (Jodhpur)
• Kakney (Jaisalmer)
• Kakund (Bharatpur)
RAJRAS.in 86
• Kali Sindh (Kota)
• Kali River (Alwar)
• Kalisindh (Jhalawar)
• Kantli (Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Churu)
• Kapalganga (Sirohi)
• Khari River (Rajsamand, Bhilwara)
• Kothari River (Rajsamand, Bhilwara)
• Krishnawati (Sirohi, Sikar)
• Kural River (Bundi)
• Kyasari (Jhalawar)
• Lathi River (Jaisalmer)
• Lilri (Pali)
• Luni River (Ajmer, Nagaur, Jodhpur, Pali, Barmer, Jalore)
• Mahi River (Banswara, Pratapgarh, Dungarpur)
• Mandha River (Sikar)
• Mangli (Bundi)
• Mansi (Bhilwara)
• Masi (Tonk, Jaipur)
• Mej (Bundi)
• Menali (Bhilwara)
• Morel (Jaipur, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur)
• Niwaj (Jhalawar, Kota)
• Parban (Jhalawar, Kota, Baran)
• Parbati (Baran, Kota)
• Parvati (Bharatpur, Dholpur)
RAJRAS.in 87
• Piplaj River (Jhalawar)
• Ruparel (Alwar, Bharatpur)
• Sabarmati (Udaipur)
• Sabi (Sikar, Alwar, Jaipur)
• Sagarmati (Ajmer)
• Sagi (Jalor)
• Sanwan (Dausa)
• Saraswati (Ajmer)
• Sindh River (Alwar)
• Sohadara (Tonk)
• Som (Udaipur, Dungarpur)
• Sota (Sikar, Alwar)
• Sukri (Pali, Sirohi, Barmer, Jalor)
• Wakal (Udaipur)
• West Banas (Sirohi)
RAJRAS.in 88
Geography of Rajasthan Important Lakes in Rajasthan
Important Lakes in Rajasthan
Rajasthan is the most arid state of India with average yearly rainfall less that 100 cm . However,
Rajasthan has a large number lakes mostly artificial as well as historical, signifying a tradition of
conserving natural resources and respecting nature. The lakes in Rajasthan can divided into
types Saline and Fresh water lakes.
Types of Lakes in Rajasthan:
• Saline (Salt) Water lakes
o This are considered as remains of Tethys Sea.
o Deedwana, Lunkaransar, Sambhar, Panchpadra etc.
• Fresh (Sweet) Water lakes
o They have either developed naturally or artificially and get replenished by rainwater.
o Pichhola, Jaisamand, Rajsamand, Ana Sagar etc.
Now,
A. Saline (Salt) Water lakes in Rajasthan
Sambhar Lake
• Location: Phulera, Jaipur
• Built by: As per mythology,

Scambhari Devi,
• Highlights:
o Ramsar Wetland
o Largest in-land salt-lake in India
o Touches border of Jaipur, Ajmer and Nagaur.
o Rivers mantha, rupangarh, khari, khandela drain their water into this lake.
o The lake produces 8.7% of Salt produced in India.
o Lake is managed by Sambhar Salts Limited, a joint venture of Hindustan Salts and the
Government of Rajasthan.
RAJRAS.in 89
Panchpadra Lake:
• Location: Barmer
• Built by: Natural
• Highlights: Its sodium chloride level is marked at 98%.
Lunkaransar Lake:
• Location: Bikaner
• Highlights: It is a playa lake formed due to deflation.
Deedwana Lake:
• Location: Nagaur
• Highlights: Salt produced is non-edible grade because of high fluoride.
Tal Chappar:
• Location: Churu
• Built by:
• Highlights: Has Talchhapar Wild Life Sanctuary.
Other Salt lakes:
• Nagaur District: Degana, Kuchaman • Sikar: Rewasa
• Jodhpur: Falaudi • Jaisalmer: Kavod
RAJRAS.in 90
B. Fresh Water lakes in Rajasthan
Ana Sagar Lake, Ajmer:
Anasagar Lake is a scenic artificial lake, commissioned and built by

Arnoraj Chauhan, son of Ajaypal Chauhan, between 1135 and 1150
AD. Arnoraj was also known as Anaji, which gives the lake its
name. Many years later, Mughal Emperor Jahangir added his touch
to the lake by laying out the Daulat Bagh Gardens near the lake.
Emperor Shah Jahan too, contributed to the expansion by building five pavilions, known as the
Baradari, between the garden and the lake.
Lake Foy Sagar, Ajmer:
A beautiful artificial lake that appears flat, Lake Foy Sagar was built
by an English engineer, Mr. Foy in 1892 AD. Interestingly, this work
was taken up to provide famine relief through wage employment to
locals. Lake Foy Sagar offers a beautiful view of the Aravalli range.
Pushkar lake, Pushkar, Ajmer
According to Hindu scriptures, the sacred Pushkar Lake is described

as ‘Tirtha Raj’, the king of all pilgrimage sites. No pilgrimage is
considered to be complete without a dip in in the holy Pushkar Lake.
Semi-circular in shape and about 8-10 metres deep, Pushkar Lake is
surrounded by 52 bathing ghats and over 400 temples and is truly a magnificent sight to behold.
Siliserh Lake, Alwar
The water palace of Siliserh with a lake surrounded by low wooded hills
is on route to Sariska. It lies 12 Kms. Southwest of Alwar. The tranquil
lake is nestled in the hills; the sparkling ripples of the lake cover an area
of about sq. Kms , surrounded by thick forest and magnificent cenotaphs
RAJRAS.in 91
on its embankment. A royal hunting lodge /palace was built by Maharaja Vinay Singh for his Queen
Shila in 1845. It has been converted into a tourist bungalow and is an attractive sot for a peaceful
holiday.
Anand Sagar lake, Banswara
This artificial lake, also known as Bai Talab was constructed by Lanchi Bai,
the Rani of Maharaval Jagmal Singh. Located in the eastern part of
Banswara, it is surrounded by holy trees known as 'Kalpa Vriksha', famous
for fulfilling the wishes of visitors. The ‘chattris’ or cenotaphs of the rulers of the state are also scattered
nearby.
Dailab Lake, Banswara
On the banks of this beautiful lake stands the summer residence of the
former rulers. A major part of the lake itself is covered with lotus
flowers.
Jait Sagar Lake, Bundi
Located close to the Taragarh Fort, this picturesque lake is surrounded

by hills and covered with pretty lotus flowers that bloom during winter
and monsoon.
Kanak Sagar Lake, Bundi
About 67 kilometres from the town of Bundi lies this wonderful flat lake. There is also a town named
after the lake. One can spot several migratory birds here such as bar headed goose and Demoille cranes
all through the year.
RAJRAS.in 92
Nawal Sagar lake, Bundi
Nawal Sagar Lake is an artificial lake that is a major tourist attraction

and can even be seen from the Taragarh Fort. There is a half-submerged
temple dedicated to Lord Varun Dev in its centre. What makes the lake
unique is that one can see the reflection of nearby palaces and forts in its waters.
Gaib Sagar Lake, Dungarpur
The lake is famous for the shrine of Shrinathji that rests on its banks. The
shrine complex contains numerous exquisitely carved temples and one
core temple, the Vijay Rajrajeshwar Temple. This temple of Lord Shiva
displays the skilled craftsmanship of the famed sculptors or ‘shilpkars’ of
Dungarpur.
Gadsisar Lake, Jaisalmer
Gadisar Lake was constructed in the 14th century by Maharawal Gadsi

Singh to meet the water needs of his arid lands. Considering its
importance, many small temples and shrines were constructed around it,
transforming it into a pilgrimage centre and a tourist attraction.
Balsamand Lake, Jodhpur
Balsamand Lake is about 5 kilometres from Jodhpur on the Jodhpur-

Mandore Road. Built in 1159 AD, it was planned as a water reservoir to
cater to Mandore. The Balsamand Lake Palace was built on its shore later
as a summer palace. It is surrounded by lush green gardens that house
groves of trees such as mango, papaya, pomegranate, guava and plum. Animals and birds like the
jackal and peacock also call this place home.
RAJRAS.in 93
Kailana Lake, Jodhpur
Situated on Jaisalmer road, this small artificial lake is an ideal picnic spot. It is like a canvas with a
splash of romantic colours. The beauty of the lake stays with you long after you’ve experienced it.
Kishore Sagar lake, Kota
Kishore Sagar Lake is one of the lakes in Kota which was built in 1346
by the prince of Bundi named Dher Deh. The Jagmandir Palace was
built by one of the queens of Kota between 1743 and 1745, and is
situated in the middle of the Kishore Sagar Lake.
Rajsamand Lake, Rajsamand
Maharana Raj Singh an able administrator of the fifth generation of

Maharana Pratap constructed rajsamand lake in 1662 AD, which is a
beautiful example of sculpture and public utility works. The banks
known as "Nouchoki" consist of 25 carved stone 'RAJ
PRASHASHTI' the longest stone inscription in Sanskrit in the
world.The stairs, footrest, artistic gates and 'Mandaps' are made of
beautiful carved marble and the sculpture imparts a new look every time. The whole construction is
based on the number 9 which is considered to be the absolute number in Hindu philosophy &
mythology. It took 14 years for completion and cost more than 12.5 million rupees at that time.
rajsamand District is a district of the state of Rajasthan in western India.
Doodh Talai, Udaipur
The road that takes visitors to Pichola Lake has another popular
destination – the Doodh Talai Lake. The lake is nestled between
several small hillocks which themselves are tourist attractions. The
Deen Dayal Upadhyay Park and the Manikya Lal Verma Garden are
part of the Doodh Talai Lake Garden.
RAJRAS.in 94
Fateh SagarLake, Udaipur
This delightful lake, bordered by hills and woodlands, lies to the

north of Lake Pichola. This artificial lake is connected to Lake
Pichola by a canal. The lake houses the beautiful Nehru Island as
well as an islet on which stands the Udaipur Solar Observatory.
It was inaugurated by the Duke of Connaught and was initially
called Connaught Bundh.
Jaisamand Lake, Udaipur
Jaisamand Lake is known for being the second largest man-

made sweet water lake in Asia. It is popular among the locals
as a weekend picnic destination. Locals say that the lake was
constructed to halt the waters of Ruparel River. This lake
boasts of a large island, which is home to various species of
birds, at its centre.
Pichola Lake, Udaipur
Pichola was the name of a village that was submerged and lent
its name to the lake when it was expanded. The islands of Jag
Niwas and Jag Mandir as housed in this lake. Along the
eastern banks of the lake lies the City Palace. A boat ride in the
lake around sunset offers a breathtaking view of the Lake and
City Palaces.
Udai Sagar Lake, Udaipur
Udai Sagar Lake is one of the five striking lakes situated in Udaipur.
Located about 13 kilometres to the east of Udaipur, the construction
of this lake was started in 1559 by Maharana Udai Singh. The lake is
actually a result of a dam being built on the river Berach to supply
RAJRAS.in 95
adequate water to the Maharana’s kingdom. Udai Sagar Lake is 4 kms in length, 2.5 kilometres in
width and about 9 meters at its deepest.
RAJRAS.in 96
Geography of Rajasthan Important Dams of Rajasthan
Important Dams of Rajasthan
S.No River Dam Name District
1 Ahu Gagrin Dam Jhalawar
2 Alnia Hukud Alnia Dam Kota
3 Amlabala/ Local nala Sindroo Dam Pali
4 Arav/ Erau Bhanwar Semla Dam Pratapgarh
5 Banas Bisalpur Dam Tonk
6 Banas Bithan Dam Jalor
7 Banas Dindoli Dam Chittaurgarh
8 Banas Gosunda Dam Chittaurgarh
Matrakundia/ Matrikundia/ Matrikundial

9 Banas Chittaurgarh
Dam
10 Banas Nand Samand Dam Rajsamand
11 Banas/ Bandi Hingonia Dam Jaipur
12 Banas/ Dundh Sheel Ki Dungri/ Dogri Dam Jaipur
13 Banas/ Local Nala Chaparwara Dam Jaipur
14 Banas/ Local Nala Morasagar Dam Sawai Madhopur
RAJRAS.in 97
15 Bandi (Sukri) Bandi Sandhara Dam Jalor
16 Bandi/ Mashi Mashi Dam Tonk
17 Bandi/ Sumer Hemawas Dam Pali
18 Banganga Chandrana Dam Jaipur
19 Banganga/ Local nala Kharad Dam Jaipur
20 Banganga/ Local Nala Madho Sagar Dam Dausa
21 Banganga/ Ruparail Jaisamand Dam Alwar
22 Banganga/ Sawa Sainthal Sagar/ Sainthal/ Sinthalsagar Dam Jaipur
23 Banqanga Ram Garh Dam Jaipur
24 Began Pachki Baori Dam Bundi
25 BERACH Badgaon Dam Udaipur
26 Berach Bagolia Dam Udaipur
27 Berach Bhopal Sagar Dam Chittaurgarh
28 Berach Fateh Sagar Dam Udaipur
29 Berach Madhar/ Madar Dam Udaipur
30 Berach Udai Sagar Dam Udaipur
31 Bethali/ Benthali Benthali/ Bethli/ Bethali Dam Baran
RAJRAS.in 98
32 Bhimlat Abhaypura Dam Bundi
33 Bhimlat Bhimlat Dam Bundi
34 Bilas Bilas Dam Baran
35 Brahmani Dorai Dam Chittaurgarh
36 CHAMBAL Aklera Sagar Dam Baran
37 Chambal Jawahar Sagar Dam Bundi
38 Chambal Ranapratap Sagar Dam Chittaurgarh
39 Chambal/ Kul Gopalpura Dam Baran
40 Chambal/ Local nala Man Sarowar Dam Sawai Madhopur
41 Chandrabhaga Chandrabhaga Dam Bhilwara
42 Chauli Chauli Dam Jhalawar
43 Chhapi Chhapi Dam Jhalawar
44 Dai Lassaria Dam Ajmer
45 Daya Daya Dam Udaipur
46 Dhoond/ Dhundh Kanota Dam Jaipur
47 Galwa Galwa Dam Tonk
48 Gambhir/ Local Nala Surwal Dam Sawai Madhopur
RAJRAS.in 99
49 Gambhiri Gambhiri Dam Chittaurgarh
50 Gambhiri/ Panchana Panchana Dam Karauli
51 Gararda Gararda Dam Bundi
52 Ghanerow/ Tri. of Sukli Kana Dam Pali
53 Gomti Jai Samand Dam Udaipur
54 Gomti Banas Rajsamand Dam Rajsamand
55 Guhiya/ Sukli Sardar Samand Dam Pali
56 Gulandi Gulandi Dam Jhalawar
57 Jakham (mahi) Jakham Main Dam Pratapgarh
58 Jawai Jawai Dam Pali
59 Juggar Banas Juggar Dam Karauli
60 Kalisil Banas/ Kalisindh Kalisil Dam Karauli
61 Khari Arwar Dam Bhilwara
62 Khari Basundni Dam Ajmer
63 Khari Godana Dam Sirohi
64 Khari Kala Bhata Dam Rajsamand
65 Khari Khari Dam Bhilwara
RAJRAS.in 100
66 Khari Ora Dam Sirohi
67 Khari Ummed/ Umaid Sagar (Baran) Dam Baran
68 Kothari Ladki/ Larki Dam Bhilwara
69 Kothari Meja Dam Bhilwara
70 Kothari (Banas) Kothari Stage I Dam Bhilwara
71 Krashnauti Dhanta Dam Sirohi
72 Krishnawati Angore Dam Sirohi
73 Kundal Mandawara Dam Sirohi
74 Lhasi Lhasi Dam Baran
75 Luni Girinanda Dam Pali
76 Luni Jaswant Sagar Dam Jodhpur
77 Luni & WFR Giroliya Dam Pali
78 Maghai Sadari Dam Pali
79 Mahadev Nalla Mahadev Dam Sirohi
80 Mahi Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam Pratapgarh
81 Manali Govta Dam Bhilwara
82 Mangu Phacharia Dam Sirohi
RAJRAS.in 101
83 Mansi Sareri/ Sareru Dam Bhilwara
84 Mej River Bundika Gothra Dam Bundi
85 Mej River Paibala Pura Dam Bundi
86 Moral/ Gandi/ Ganoli Domti Kokra Dam Bhilwara
87 Moran Lodisar Dam Dungarpur
88 Morel Dheel Dam Sawai Madhopur
89 Morel Morel Dam Sawai Madhopur
90 Nagdi Nagdi Dam Bhilwara
91 Nahari/ Local Nala Deopura Dam Sawai Madhopur
92 Nekhadi/ Local Nala Kantaliya Dam Pali
93 Nori/ Local nala Kantri Dam Dungarpur
94 Odher/ Local nala Needar Dam Karauli
95 Orai Orai Dam Chittaurgarh
96 Parbati Parbati Dam Dhaulpur
97 Parbati Ram Sagar Dam Dhaulpur
98 Parbati Urmila Sagar Dam Dhaulpur
99 Phuphadia Kharda/ Kharda Bund/ Bandh Dam Pali
RAJRAS.in 102
100 Piplad Piplad Dam Jhalawar
101 Raipur Luni Raipur Luni Dam Pali
102 Roop Rail/ Siliberi Silibari Dam Alwar
103 Ruparel Ruparel Dam Chittaurgarh
104 Sabi/ Local Nala Chittoli Dam Jaipur
105 Sei Sei Diversion Dam Udaipur
106 Sisarma Swaroop Sagar Dam Udaipur
107 Sivani Bajrang Garh Dam Pratapgarh
108 Sivani Chacha Kheri Dam Pratapgarh
109 Sivani Hamja Kheri Dam Pratapgarh
110 Sohadra Tordi Sagar Dam Tonk
111 Som and Gomti Som Kamla Amba Dam Udaipur
112 Sukhri/ Sukri Bankali Dam Jalor
113 Sukli Sukli Selwara Dam Sirohi
114 Takli Takli Dam Kota
115 Telera Burdha Dam Bundi
116 Tokra Tokra Dam Sirohi
RAJRAS.in 103
117 Tr. of Lilari Babara Dam Pali
118 Tr. of Sukhri DANDIA/ Dadia (Hariom Sagar) Dam Pali
Tr. of Sumer/ Tri. of

119 Juna Malari Dam Pali
Mithri
120 Unli Jetpura Dam Bhilwara
121 Wagon Wagon Dam Chittaurgarh
122 West Banas Bhula Dam Sirohi
123 West Banas Chandelas/ Chandelao Dam Sirohi
124 West Banas Girwar/ Giriwar Dam Sirohi
125 West Banas Kui Sagna Dam Sirohi
126 West Banas Moongthala Dam Sirohi
127 West Banas West Banas Dam Sirohi
128 Yamuna/ Gambhiri Baretha Bund Dam Bharatpur
129 Bassi Dam Chittaurgarh
130 Bhimsagar Dam Jhalawar
131 Buchara Dam Jaipur
132 Chandsen/ Chandsen Bheru Dam Tonk
133 Chatra Sagar Dam Pali
RAJRAS.in 104
134 Chikalwar Dam Udaipur
135 Dugari Dam Bundi
136 Galai Sagar Dam Sawai Madhopur
137 Galwania Dam Tonk
138 Gudha Dam Bundi
139 Harish Chandra Sagar Dam Kota
140 Harsora/ Harsora Bund Dam Alwar
141 Kalakho Dam Dausa
142 Kalisindh Dam Jhalawar
143 Mangalsar Dam Alwar
144 Manohar Thana Dam Jhalawar
145 Maoroli Bund Dam Dausa
146 Mata Ji Ka Kheda/ Khera Dam Rajsamand
147 Moti Sagar Dam Tonk
148 Narayan Sagar Dam Ajmer
149 Phool Sagar Jalia/ Jali/ Jaliyan Dam Ajmer
150 Raipur Patan Dam Sikar
RAJRAS.in 105
151 Rondh Dam Dausa
152 Sawan Bhado Dam Kota
153 Silised Dam Alwar
154 Som Kagdar Dam Udaipur
155 Surwania/ Surwawia Dam Banswara
156 Tasai Dam Alwar
157 Utawali Dam Baran
RAJRAS.in 106
Geography of Rajasthan Soils of Rajasthan
Soils of Rajasthan
Soil is one of the most important natural resources as mankind is dependent on soil for food. By
definition, soil is the top-most layer of earth crust. The soils of Rajasthan have developed under the arid
and humid climate over the bed rocks of complex nature predominately through the process of
Laterization.
Classification of Soils:
In India, two system of classification are dominant. They are:
• Old System of soil classification
• New comprehensive system of soil classification
Old System of soil Classification
The old system of classification was developed by scientists (Thorpe & Smith) of U.S department of
Agriculture in 1949. The classification is based upon differences in climate and mineralogy. As per this
system, soils of Rajasthan can classified into 8 types:
1. Desert Soils
2. Dunes and Associated Soils
3. Brown Soils
4. Sierozems
5. Red Loams
6. Hill Soils (Lithosols)
7. Saline Sodic Soils (Solonchaks)
8. Alluvial Soils/and Black Soils
RAJRAS.in 107
Desert Soils
• Districts- Nagaur, Jodhpur, Jalore, Barmer, Hanumangarh, Sriganganagar, Churu, Jhunjhunu

and Sikar.
• Rainfall- Less than 400 mm
• Texture- Sandy to Sandy loam
• It contains a high percentage of soluble salt & has high Ph value.
• It has varying percentage of calcium carbonate & generally poor in organic matter.
• These soils are pale brown, single grained, deep and well drained.
• Calcium carbonates sometime occur in form of Kankar nodules which increases with depth.
• In most of the desert soils nitrogen is low. Range - 0.02% to 0.07%
RAJRAS.in 108
• It is not fertile but it can be made fertile for agricultural crops and plants where water supply is
regular by putting phosphates with nitrates Under normal rainfall Kharif crops (summer) are
grown but failure of crops due to low rainfall is common.
Dunes and Associated Soils
• Districts - Barmer, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Churu
• Texture - loamy fine sand to coarse sand and may or may not be calcareous.
• These soils are yellowish brown in colour sandy to sany loam, deep and well drained
• Calcium carbonate, sometime occur in the form of Kankar nodules which increases with depth.
• Cultivation is practiced in rainy season on the slopes of low to medium high dunes and usually
rainfed Bajra or Kharif pulse are grown.
• These have been grouped separately from desert soils as they are only deposited sand and little
profile development has taken place.
• Dunes are of varying heights from low shifting dunes to high and very high stabilized dunes.
Brown Soils
• Districts - Tonk, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Bhilwara, Udaipur and Chittorgarh
• Annual Rainfall - 50 cm to 75 cm is sufficient for Kharif crops.
• Texture - Sandy loam to clay loam.
• Colour: Ranges from grayish brown to yellow brown.
• Major area of these soils is in the catchment area of Banas River.
• They are rich in calcium salts but have poor organic matter
• Use of fertilizers becomes essential to get good harvest
• As the ground waters are saline, soils irrigate with these waters have accumulated salts
• Tank irrigated soils have also developed problem of high water table.
• Rabi crops are grown under irrigation.
RAJRAS.in 109
Sierozems
• Districts - Pali, Nagaur, Ajmer, Jaipur, Dausa (lies on both the side of Aravalli Hills)
• Annual Rainfall - 50 cm to 70 cm
• Texture - Sandy loam to Sandy clay
• Color: They are mostly yellowish brown
• The rainfall in the area in higher than the desert of the extreme west
• Natural vegetation is also seen at some places.
• The soils are suitable for cultivation but for low rainfall and high evaporation.
• Kharif crops are rainfed and Rabi crops are grown through well irrigation.
• In the Kharif crops Bajra, Jowar, pulses are grown and in Rabi crops wheat, mustard &
vegetables are grown.
Red Loams
• Districts - Dungarpur, Banswara & parts of Udaipur, Chittorgarh
• Rainfall - 70 cm to 100 cm
• Texture - Sandy loam to sandy
• These soils are reddish in colour with granular/crumb structure & well drained.
• These soils have rich content of iron-oxide and devoid of calcium salts because calcium salts
soluble in water and are easily washed away.
• Soils are suitable for maize, chilies, wheat, barley and rapeseed cultivation
• Parent material of these soils is the red sandstone or yellow sandstone which is found in
Vindyan rocks.
Hill Soils (Lithosols)
• Districts - At the foot hills of Aravalli in Sirohi, Pali, Nagaur, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Chittorgarh,
Bhilwara and Ajmer
• Colour - Reddish to yellowish red to yellowish brown
RAJRAS.in 110
• Texture - Sandy loam to clay and well drained.
• Cultivation of crops in these soils is very much restricting due to shallow nature of these soils
and presence of stones on the surface.
• Soil erosion due to water is another problem of these soils
Saline Sodic Soils (Solonchaks)
• Saline Sodic soils are seen in the far flood plains of river Ghaggar and in Luni Basin.
• Districts - In the natural depressions like the Pachpadra, Sambhar, Deedwana, Ranns of Jalore
and Barmer
• Colour - Dark grey to pale brown
• Water table is sometime close to surface
• Cultivation is not possible due to the impeded drainage and high degree of salinity
• The only vegetation consists of some salt tolerant grasses and shrubs
Alluvial Soils/and Black Soils
• Districts - Sriganganagar (soil deposited by Ghaggar), Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jaipur.
• The soil is deficient in lime, phosphoric acid and humus.
• It varies from clayey to sandy loam in texture.
• The top soil contains 'kankar’ which lie either on sands or sandy clays.
• A wide variety of crops including wheat, rice, cotton and tobacco are grown in this soil.
New comprehensive system of soil classification
New soil taxonomy (properties) based comprehensive system of soil classification was developed by
Soil Survey Staff in 1976. This new system has 10 soil orders, which are subdivided into 47 suborders
and then 230 great groups, these great-groups are then subdivided into family and series. Under the
new system, most soils of Rajasthan belong to only 5 orders - aridsols, alfisols, entisols, inceptisols and
vertisols. These are further classified into sub-orders and great-groups as mentioned below:
RAJRAS.in 111
Order - Suborder - Great group
1. Aridisols
o Orthids
§ Camb-orthids
§ Calci-orthids
§ Sal-orthids
§ Pale-orthids
2. Alfisols
o UStalfs
§ Hapl-ustalfs
3. Entisols
o Psamments/Fluvent
§ Torripsam
§ Quartzipsam
§ Torrifluvents
4. Inceptisols
o Ochrepts
§ Ust-ochrepts
5. Vertisols
o Usterts
§ Chrom-usterts
§ Pell-usterts
RAJRAS.in 112
1. Aridisols
• Aridisols are mineral soils mostly found in dry climatic.
• Districts: These occur extensively in the western half of Rajasthan divided by the Aravalli axis
and some parts of Alwar, Jaipur and Ajmer districts which fall on the eastern half.
• Aridisols are found in association with soils of order Entisols.
• Major portion of Aridisols in Rajasthan is covered by the suborder Orthids .
• They commonly have horizons of accumulation of soluble salts and carbonates.
1.a. Camborthids
RAJRAS.in 113
• These are brownish to reddish in colour.
• These are youngest of aridisols.
1.b. Calciorthids
• Calciorthids occur in the range of 100 to 500 mm rainfall range in the state.
1.c. Salorthids
• These soils are found scattered in Ghaggar flood plain in Sriganganagar, near Runn of Kachch
area in Jalore and Barmer.
• These are salty soils of wet places in deserts.
• Vegetation is usually salt tolerant grasses and shrubs.
1.d. Paleorthids
• These soils have a petrocalcic horizon, very close to surface and quite thick.
• Their color changes from reddish brown to nearly white.
• These soils occur in small patches around Jaisalmer, Barmer and Nagaur.
2. Alfisols
• Districts: Parts of Jaipur, Alwar, Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh,
Banwara, Udaipur, Dungarpur, Bundi, Kota and Jhalawar.
• These are mature soils with medium to maximum profile development.
• Color: Reddish to Brownish
• Annual rainfall: 500 to 900mm
• Most of the area covered Alfisols in Rajasthan comes under only one suborder - ustalfs and one
great group -
o 2.a. Haplustalfs
3. Entisols
• Entisols lack well developed horizons and have minimum profile development.
• Districts: Entisols are dominant soil of the state. All districts in western half are covered in
some or major part by these soils.
RAJRAS.in 114
• In Rajasthan, important suborders are: Psamments, Orthents and Fluvent.
3.a. Torripsam
• These occur on sand dunes and in flood plains.
3.b. Quartzipsam
• These occur on the western border of Rajasthan covering small parts of Jaisalmer and Barmer.
3.c Torrifluvents
• These Soils occur with Calciorthids and Salorthids in the Ghaggar area of Sriganganagar
district.
• Annual Rainfall: Does not exceed 300 mm.
4. Inceptisols
• Districts: Along the foothills of the Aravalli in the districts of Sirohi, Pali, Udaipur, Bhilwara,
Chittorgarh and in some parts of alluvial plains in Udaipur, Alwar, Sawai Madhopur and
Jhalawar.
• Color: Reddish and brownish.
• In Rajasthan these soils are classified as:
o 4.a. Ustochrepts
5. Vertisols
• Districts: Jhalawar, Kota, Bundi and small part of Sawai Madhopur, Bharatpur, Dungarpur,
Chittorgarh and Banswara.
• They are clayey soils that develop deep wide cracks when dry and become sticky & plastic
when wet.
• They are compact and very slowly permeable in the lower layer.
• Soils of Rajasthan come under sub-order of Usterts and associated with two great-groups.
o 5.a Chromusterts
o 5.b Pellusterts
RAJRAS.in 115
Geography of Rajasthan Conservation of Soils of Rajasthan
Conservation of Soils of Rajasthan
Rajasthan is the state with highest area under desertification ( land degradation) with respect to
country's total geographical area (TGA). The state has 62.90% of the TGA under desertification/ land
degradation for the period of 2011-13. The desertification/ land degradation area in Rajasthan has
decreased about 0.29% since 2003-05.
Definitions & Differences:
Soil Degradation
• Soil degradation is the decline in soil quality caused by its improper use, usually for
agricultural, pastoral, industrial or urban purposes.
• Soil degradation is a serious global environmental problem and may be exacerbated by climate
change. It encompasses physical (soil erosion), chemical (salinity and alkalinity, pollution) and
biological deterioration (pollution and deterioration of vegetal cover).
Soil Erosion
• Soil erosion is the removal of top soil by agents like wind and water.
• Top soil has most of the nutrients necessary for a plant’s growth. With depth, the fertility of the
soil decreases. Thus, erosion results in reduction of fertility of the soil by washing away the
fertile top layer.
Desertification
• UNCCD defines desertification as ‘land-degradation in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas

resulting from various factors including climatic variations and human activities’.
• Loss of soil cover, mainly due to rainfall and surface runoff, is one of the biggest reasons for
desertification.
Problems of Soils in Rajasthan
The degree of degradation and its severity are influenced by special variability and its niche with the
surrounding. The terrain factors like slope, aspect, topographic position are found to be dominant
factor while intensity and distribution of rainfall are climatic factors, determining the extent and
severity of degradation.
RAJRAS.in 116
Wind Erosion & Shifting Sand Dunes:
• Wind Erosion is the most significant cause of land degradation/desertification in Rajasthan.
• The wind erosion is playing a prominent role, in the western flank of the state and is found
active with full force in the core of desert, causing sand blasting, sand drifting, which results
active dunes and interduneal plains.
RAJRAS.in 117
Water Erosion
• Severity of water erosion is found at the peak in central highland, including Aravalli landscape
and Bundelkhand upland.
• This causes loss of top soils through sheet and rill erosion.
• It also causes terrain deformation through gully and ravine land. Example: Ravine Lands along
the Chambal River & its tributaries.
Water Logging:
• With the introduction of canal irrigation system water table of the area is rising at an average
rate of about 0.8 m per year.
• As a result of this large area has become water-logged and this area is increasing every year, it
is a serious problem particularly in deep black soils.
Sodicity of Soil:
• Sodality of the soil and high residual sodium carbonate content of irrigation water are the main
problems.
Salinity & Alkalinity:
• The Salinity & Alkalinity is found maximum in the Aravalli and Bundelkhand alluvial plains
where the quality of ground water and poor management practices about the secondary
salinization.
• Salinity is due to high permanent water table.
Steps for Soil Conservation in Rajasthan
Adequate Drainage:
• The solution for salinity & Alkalinity of soil is to provide of soil is to provide adequate
drainage.
Use of Gypsum:
• Use of gypsum which is abundantly and cheaply available in Rajasthan, is economical and long
term solution to the problem of Alkalinity.
RAJRAS.in 118
Afforestation:
• Large scale planting of saplings which act as wind breaks & also prevents soil erosion through
water.
Shelter Belts:
• In dry regions rows of trees are planted to check wind movement to protect soil cover.
Contour Barriers:
• Stone, gross, soils are used to build barrier along contours. Trenches are made in front of the
boomers to collect water.
Grass Development:
• Plantation of trees & grasses on marginal and sub marginal land.
Wind strip cropping:
• Grass and crop strip at right angle to wind direction.
Stubble Mulching:
• Crop stubbles are left in the field and next crop planted with minimum tillage.
Contour Bonding:
• Ravine land can be made cultivable by leveling followed by contour bonding
• The medium and deep gullies can also be converted into productive wood lands.
Proper Drainage System in canal Project Area:
• The problem of water logging can be checked and overcome by introducing proper drainage
system in the canal project area.
DryFarming:
• Dry Farming is a method of conserving soil moisture preventing soil erosion.
RockDam:
• Rock Dam is built to slow down its flow of water.
Mulching:
• A layer of organic matter is made on soil. It helps to retain soil moisture.
RAJRAS.in 119
Intercropping:
• Different crops are grown in alternative rows to protect the soil form rain wash
Terrace Farming:
• Broad flat steps or terraces are made on the steep slopes so that flat surfaces are available to
grow crops.
• They reduce surface run off & soil erosion.
Contour Plugging:
• Plugging parallel to the contours of a hill slope to form a natural barrier for water to flow down
the slope
RAJRAS.in 120
Geography of Rajasthan Agro-climatic Zones of Rajasthan
Agro-climatic Zones of Rajasthan
The entire country has been delineated into 126 agro-climatic zones by the Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR). Similarly, Rajasthan has been divided into 10 agro-climatic zones. These
zones have been classified on the basis of agro-climatic parameters like rainfall, temperature regime,
topography, soil characteristics, cropping pattern and irrigation availability. The Agro-climatic zones of
Rajasthan are as follows:
1. Arid North Western Sandy Plain
2. Irrigated North Western Plain
3. Hyper Arid Partial Irrigated Zone
4. Transitional Plain of Inland Drainage
5. Alluvial Plain of Luni Basin
6. Semi Arid Eastern Plain
7. Flood Prone Eastern Plain
8. Sub Humid Southern Plain and Aravallis
9. Humid Southern Plain
10. Humid South Eastern Plain
Arid North Western Sandy Plain
• Rainfall: The mean annual rainfall in this zone is 100 to 400mm. The zone has erratic and
uncertain rainfall witnessing frequent droughts.
• Area: The plain is characterized by vast sandy plain with sand dunes, sandy plain pediments
and palayas present in the region. The vast area covered with sand dunes has coarse textured
soil with CaCO3 and gypsum. This physiographic zone is located in the north western part of
the state covering Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Jodhpur districts.
• Groundwater is deep and saline but at few places tube-well water is used for irrigation.
• Rain-fed agriculture is practiced in some pockets and livelihood is primarily livestock based.
RAJRAS.in 121
Irrigated North Western Plain
• Area: This plain extends in the northern part of the state in Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and
north western part of Bikaner district.
• As the zone is irrigated by network of Indira Gandhi Canal, Bhakra and Gang canal, it is
intensively cultivated.
• The plain is dominantly covered by the medium and fine textured deep to very deep soils. The
bed of River Ghagghar stretching from Suratgarh to Anupgarh is fine textured and intensively
cultivated. I
• n addition, in the southern and eastern part the region there is vast Aeolian plain covered with
dunes with small area of deep buried pediments.
Hyper Arid Partial Irrigated Zone
• Rainfall: The normal rainfall in the zone is 185 to 390 mm.
• Area: This zone is spread in the arid region of Bikaner, Jaisalmer and parts of Churu, where the
farmers have partial dependence on the sources of irrigation.
• The region has desert soil characterized by sand dunes and aeolian soil. The soil is loamy coarse
in texture and with calcareous characteristics.
Transitional Plain of Inland Drainage
• Rainfall: The zone has average rainfall of 300-400mm.
• Area: This plain is spread in the central part of the state covering western, eastern and northern
part of Nagaur and entire Sikar, Churu and Jhunjhunu districts.
• There is no drainage out of this area.
• The zone is covered with sandy plain, sand dunes and occasional hills. The area distinguishes
from western sandy plain in having better Livelihood of villagers depends mainly on livestock
rearing along with some rain-fed farming.
RAJRAS.in 122
Alluvial Plain of Luni Basin
• Rainfall ranges between 400 and 500mm.
• Area: The physiographic zone is located in the central part of the state where a number of
ephemeral streams and River Luni and its tributaries flow through this area covering Pali,
Jalore, part of Nagaur, Jodhpur and Barmer districts.
• Water is saline in this zone.
• Cultivation of cash crops is Rainfed or done with the help of tube-wells. Dominant soils are
medium to fine textured.
Semi Arid Eastern Plain
• Rainfall: Average Rainfall in the zone about 500- 700mm.
• Area: This plain is drained by the river Banas and its tributaries.
• The zone is spread in the eastern part of the state covering Jaipur, Ajmer, Dausa and Tonk
districts. The plain is sandy plain.
• Occasional sand dunes and buried pediments and scattered hills with substantial area under
alluvium are features of this zone.
Flood Prone Eastern Plain
• Rainfall: The rainfall in the zone is 600-700mm.
• Area: This zone extends in Alwar, Bharatpur and Dholpur districts. Soils are yellowish-brown
to dark yellowish brown, sandy loam to clay loam and non-calcareous.
• This zone developed on the alluvium deposited by the river Yamuna and its tributaries and is
spread over the eastern part of the state and forms western fringe of the Indo-Gangetic plain.
• A large area of this zone is under kharif and rabi crops.
RAJRAS.in 123
Sub Humid Southern Plain and Aravallis
• The zone receives 700-900mm rainfall.
• High hills are scattered through the zone and there is a contiguous appearance of the Aravalli
hills, running south to north.
• The zone extends in the southern part of the state in Bhilwara, Rajsamand, Sirohi, Udaipur and
Chittorgarh districts.
• Hills and pediments are under hills for rest which support natural vegetation cover including
trees, shrubs and grasses.
• Cultivated land occurs in between the hills.
• Medium to fine textured deep soils are dominant in this region.
Humid Southern Plain
• This zone receives 900-1000mm rainfall.
• This plain characterized by hills and valley fills is spread in the southern part of the state in
Dungarpur, Banswara and Pratapgarh districts.
• In Banswara and Pratapgarh districts the soils formed from lava flow of basalt are also found.
• In between, scattered areas of deep buried pediments are also encountered.
• The hills are covered with thick density of trees, shrubs and grasses.
Humid South Eastern Plain
• This zone receives the highest rainfall in the state of around 700-1000mm.
• Area: South-eastern part of the state covering Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Jhalawar, Baran, Kota
and Bundi districts.
• The landscape is characterized by hills pediments and vast alluvial plain formed by the rivers
Chambal, Parbati, Parwan, Kalisindh and their tributaries. Because of these rivers deep gullies
and ravines have been formed. Because of the presence of fine textured alluvium deposited by
the rivers in this zone the land is very productive
RAJRAS.in 124
RAJRAS.in 125
Geography of Rajasthan Land Use pattern of Rajasthan
Land Use pattern of Rajasthan
Land use pattern of an area affects vegetation, land quality, local weather and quality of life. It is very
important to understand the land use pattern of any area and the dynamics of its shift overtime. This
determines the ensuing per unit load on agriculture land, forest land, periphery areas to cities and
factors responsible for land degradation. The land use pattern of a region determines the ecological
balance in the region and helps to understand the environmental status as well.
Located in north-west part, Rajasthan is the largest state of country, having a geographical area of
3,42,239 hectares which constitutes 10.41% of area of the country. Land use pattern in Rajasthan is as
follows:
Land Use Pattern in Rajasthan
S.NO Land Use Area(inHectare) Percentage
1 Net Sown Area 1,75,510 51.21
2 Area under Forests 27,500 8.02
Non Agricultural
3 42,750 12.48
Uses
Permanent Pastures
4 16,940 4.93
& other grazing land
RAJRAS.in 126
Land under misc

5 230 0.07
trees & grooves
Culturable
6 41,520 12.12
Wasteland
Fallow Lands (other

7 20,240 5.91
than current fallow)
8 Current Fallows 18,690 5.46
Reporting Area for

7 3,42,670 100
Land Utilization
Total Geographical
7 3,42,240 -
area of Rajasthan
** As per GOI, Ministry of Agriculture, Landuse Statistics 2012-13.
Land use pattern in Rajasthan: Analysis
Net-Sown Area:
• More than half of the total report area is under agriculture operation which proves that
Rajasthan is still essentially an agricultural state.
RAJRAS.in 127
• The high density (above 50%) districts are Alwar, Jaipur, Bharatpur and Tonk in eastern
Rajasthan and Churu , Jalore, Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Nagaur and Ganganagar, Hanumangarh in
western Rajasthan.
Area under Forests:
• Area under forest in Rajasthan is small, the concentration of forests being more in the districts
adjoining Aravallis — like Ajmer, Banswara, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Pali, Sawai Madhopur, Sirohi,
Udaipur and Kota.
• Due to low rainfall and aridity forest areas are few and almost negligible in the arid zone
districts of Barmer, Bikaner , Churu, Sri Ganganagar, Jaisalmer, Jalor and Jodhpur.
• In rest of the districts the area under forest varies from 1 to 2% and are concentrated in the
favourable locations of foothill slopes.
Area under Non-Agricultural Uses
• These include settlements, building, roads, other lands appropriated for non-agricultural use —
like mountains and shifting dunes, etc.
Permanent Pastures & other grazing land
• The availability of permanent pasture and grazing land determines the status of livestock
economy in the regions. It constituted about 5 per cent of the reporting area in Rajasthan.
• In Irrigated North Western Plain, the grazing land is also found negligible.
• The Sub humid Southern Plain is endowed with pastures and grazing lands in one-tenth of the
reporting area. Largely, it constituted about 4 to 7 per cent across the zones.
• Hanumangarh and Ganganagar have the least area whereas Barmer, Jodhpur and Bhilwara
have the largest area under this category.
Land under misc trees & grooves
• Area under fruit crop fall under this category of land use.
• In Rajasthan, the area under fruit crops is also negligible i.e. less than one per cent.
RAJRAS.in 128
• Churu and Rajsamand districts have no land under miscellaneous trees, crops and groves.
Districts Nagaur, Jalore and Hanumangarh cover the least whereas Dungarpur, Ganganagar
and Jhalawar cover the maximum area under the same category.
Culturable Wasteland
• Culturable wastelands are wastelands that can be brought under cultivation by providing
irrigation.
• Culturable Wasteland is highest in Ajmer, Alwar and Jaisalmer and minimum at

Hanumangarh, Jhunjhunu and Bharatpur.
Fallow Lands:
• A fallow field is land that a farmer plows but does not cultivate for one or more seasons to allow
the field to become more fertile again.
• Fallow lands includes two types of fallow lands - Current fallow lands & Other fallow (long-
fallow) lands.
• Current year fallow are the lands that have been left fallow for the current year, while other
fallow lands include lands that have been left fallow for more than a year.
• In arid regions, except in the districts where irrigation is practised the extent of such fallow land
is very high; Barmer, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur dominate this category.
Change in land use pattern in Rajasthan:
• In general there is an increase in total area under cultivation in Rajasthan.
• Permanent pastures and grazing lands and miscellaneous trees and grooves are declining
having serious unfavorable implications for the ecology of Rajasthan.
• Although growth in forest area is positive in all the regions of Rajasthan still forest area is only
7.8% of total geographical area, which is well below the minimum norms of 33% of
geographical area under forests as set under the National Forest Policy (1952).
• There has been declining growth in barren and other unculturable lands. Land that is being
released from barren and unculturable land is shifting towards non-agricultural sector.
RAJRAS.in 129
Geography of Rajasthan Natural Vegetation-Forests of Rajasthan
Natural Vegetation-Forests of Rajasthan
The forests of Rajasthan cover approximately an area of 32,737 sq km which is 9.57% of the total
geographical area of the state. The state has teak forests, which is northern most limit of teak zone in
India. Apart from meeting the fuelwood and fodder demand, forest resources of Rajasthan contribute
Rs.7160 million to the state domestic product (SDP).
The forests of Rajasthan are spread unequally in Northern, Southern, Eastern and South Eastern parts,
and the western region of Rajasthan is devoid of any forest cover. Most of the forests are in hilly
regions of Udaipur, Rajasamand, Kota, Baran Sawai Madhopur, Chittorgarh, Sirohi, Bundi, Alwar,
Jhalawar and Banswara districts.
However, The extent of Natural Forests in Rajasthan is not only one of the lowest in the country but
also in terms of productivity of forest, it is the lowest. On the contrary The State is endowed with the
largest chunk of wasteland which is about 20% of the total wastelands of the country.
The forests of Rajasthan can be divided into four broad forest types.
• Tropical Thorn Forests,
• Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests,
• Bamboo-Forests
• Central India Sub-tropical hill forests.
• Mixed Miscellaneous Forests
Tropical Thorn Forests of Rajasthan
• Tropical thorn forests are found in arid and semi-arid regions of western Rajasthan, namely
Jodhpur, Pali, Jalore, Barmer, Nagaur, Churu, Bikaner etc.
• These extend from western Indo -Park border and gradually merge with the dry deciduous
mixed forests of the Aravalli hills and the south-eastern plateau.
• The main species found in this kind of forests are Acacia nilotica , Acacia leucophloea,
Prosopis cineraria, Capparis aphylla, Zizyphus spp., Flacourtia spp. etc.
RAJRAS.in 130
Tropical Dry Deciduous (Dhol) Forests
• These forests are mostly found in small patches in few parts of the state. the northern and
eastern slopes of aravalli ranges, mostly in Alwar, Bharatpur and Dholpur districts, are covered
with this type of forests.
• Sporadic growth of certain species of dry deciduous forests is found along the dry river beds of
Jalore, Nagaur, Ganaganagar and Bikaner, districts.
• The main species found in this kind of forests are Babul
Bamboo Forests
• Bamboo covers about 2.5% of the area occurring mostly in Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Kota & Abu
hills.
Central Indian Sub - tropical Hill Forests
• These forests which are most abundant in central India, as in Madhya Pradesh, parts of Gujarat
and Maharashtra, are found in Sirohi district of Rajasthan also, mostly on the hills girding Mt.
Abu.
• These forests have semi-evergreen and some evergreen species of trees.
• The vegetation of Mt. Abu consists of many plants which are similar to the sub - tropical region
of Himalayas. Around Mt. Abu, they are well represented between 700 to 800 m altitudes.
Mixed Miscellaneous Forests
• These forests are mostly found in south-eastern and eastern part of Rajasthan
including Chittorgarh, Kota, Udaipur, Sirohi, Banswara, Dungarpur, Baran and Jhalawar
distrists.
• Average rainfall in these forest is more than 60cm and cover approximately 20% of the forest
cover.
RAJRAS.in 131
• These Forests mainly have Anogeissus pendula, Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia tomentosa,
Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia chebula, Albizia lebbeck, Dalbergia paniculata etc. and its
associates.
Administrative Classification of Forest of Rajasthan
As per Forest Survey of India, State of Forest report 2015, Rajasthan has recorded forest area of about
32,737 square kms. This forest area forms 9.57% of state's geographical area and about 4.28% of India's
forest area. On the basis of Legal status, the Government has classified this forest area into three types:
• Reserved Forests - 12,475 Sq. Kms
• Protected Forests - 18,217 Sq. Kms
• Unclassified Forests - 2,045 Sq. Kms
Reserved Forest:
• These forests are under the direct supervision of the government.
• No public entry is allowed for collection of timber or grazing of cattle.
• Rajasthan has 12,475 sq kms or 38% of forest as Reserved Forest.
Protected Forest:
• These forests are looked after by the government, but the local people are allowed to collect
fuel-wood/timber and graze their cattle without causing serious damage to the forests.
• Rajasthan has 18,217 sq kms or 55% of forest area under Protected Forests.
Unclassified Forest:
• The unclassified forests are those in which there is no restriction on the cutting of trees and
grazing of cattle.
• Rajasthan has 2045 sq kms or 7% of area has Unclassified forests.
RAJRAS.in 132
The Forest Survey of India (FSI), brings out bi-annual state of forests report. In the report, the FSI
classifies forest as:
• Very Dense Forests ( VDF) - 0.02%
• Moderately Dense Forests (MDF) - 1.29%
• Open Forests (OF) - 3.41%
• Scrubs - 1.26%
• Non-Forest Area- 94.02%
Very Dense Forests (VDF):
• The Lands with forest cover having a canopy density

of 70% and more are called Very Dense Forests
(VDF).
• In Rajasthan, there are only 27 Sq kms of very dense forests.
• Percentage VDF: 0.02%
Moderately Dense Forests (MDF):
• The Land with forest cover having a canopy density of 40-70% is called the Moderately Dense
Forest (MDF).
• In Rajasthan, there are only 2341 Sq kms of moderately dense forests.
• Percentage MDF: 1.29%
Open Forests (OF):
• The Lands with forest cover having canopy density of 10-40% are called Open Forests.
• In Rajasthan, there are only 6505 Sq kms of open forests.
• Percentage OF: 3.41%
Scrubs:
• The degraded forest lands which have a Canopy density of less than 10% are called Scrubs.
• In Rajasthan, there are about 22286 Sq kms of scrubs.
• Percentage Scrubs: 1.26%
RAJRAS.in 133
Non-Forest Area:
• Rest of the area, included all other lands except forest area.
• Percentage Non-Forest: 94.02%
The report also identifies, variation of forests with altitude.
Important Terms to understand:
Forest Cover:
• Forest Cover All lands which are more than 1 hectare in area and with a Canopy density of
more than 10% irrespective of the ownership and legal status is called Forest Cover.
Recorded Forest Area:
• The area recorded as “forests” in the Government records is called Forest Area or Recorded
Forest Area.
Canopy and Canopy Density
• The cover of branches and Foliage formed by the crown of trees is called Canopy. The
percentage area of land covered by the canopy of trees is called Canopy density.
RAJRAS.in 134
Top 5 Districts with Forest Cover:
1. Udaipur
2. Chittorgarh
3. Baran
4. Karauli
5. Alwar
Last 5 Districts with Forest Cover:
• Churu
• Hanumangarh
• Nagaur
• Jodhpur
• Dausa
RAJRAS.in 135
Geography of Rajasthan Wildlife of Rajasthan
Wildlife of Rajasthan
Though a large percentage of the total area of Rajasthan is desert and there is little forest cover,
Rajasthan has a rich and variety of animal and plant species. This post is collection of information on
wildlife of Rajasthan. We shall update important current affairs in the same post.
Wildlife of Rajasthan: The Basics
• State Animal of Rajasthan: Camel
o Why: To prevent slaughter, illegal trade and transportation of Camels, as their numbers
are dwindling (decreasing) sharply.
o Camel Festival: Bikaner 9-10 January.
o Pushkar Mela: 5-day Camel & Livestock Trading fair.
• Rajasthan State Bird: Great Indian Bustard
o Locally called as Godawan
o Critically endangered (IUCN) and protected in India under Schedule I of wildlife

protection act, 1972.
o 2014 Wildlife Institute of India (WII) survey counted 44 great Indian bustards in
Rajasthan and according to 2015, Forest department report it is 13.
o Currently found only in Rajasthan, Gujarat & Maharashtra.
o Rajasthan Government has launched Project Great Indian Bustard for Protection of GIB
o Rajasthan Government allocated 12 Crore and Bank of Japan allocated 3 crores.
o Under the GIB Project, closures will be made at many places in Khudi Rasla, Pokhran
and Shahgarh of Jaislmer district for safe habitat of bird.
o 2015, Dr. Pramod Patil won green Oscar for efforts in conservation of GIB.
Wildlife of Rajasthan: Current Affairs
• International Biodiversity Day celebrated on 22nd May.
• Tiger Conservation: 2015 MoEF report put the number of tigers in Rajasthan at 52
RAJRAS.in 136
• To create awareness about animals and birds, each of the 33 districts of Rajasthan has been
represented by an animal mascot. The forest department published news regarding animal
mascot in March 2016: Below is the list:
RAJRAS.in 137
Threatened (Endangered) Species of Wildlife of Rajasthan:
RAJRAS.in 138
RAJRAS.in 139
Geography of Rajasthan Wildlife Protected Areas of Rajasthan
Wildlife Protected Areas of Rajasthan
Despite being a desert state, Rajasthan has good network of protected areas. The Protected Areas are
declared under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Now, Wildlife Protection Act provides for 4 types of
Protected areas:
• National Park - 5 in Rajasthan
• Wildlife Sanctuary - 25 in Rajasthan
• Conservation Reserves - 10 in Rajasthan
• Community Reserves -
Apart from these above 4, based on UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) the government has
nominated 5th type: Biosphere Reserve. But unfortunately, Rajasthan does not have any Biosphere
reserve.
1. National Parks of Rajasthan
Year Area
S.NO National Park Districts
Est. (Sq.KM)
1 1980 Ranthambore NP 282 Sawai Madhopur
Keoladeo Ghana
2 1981 28.73 Bharatpur
NP
3 1992 Sariska NP 273.8 Alwar
Jaisalmer,
4 1992 DesertNP 3162
Barmer
RAJRAS.in 140
Mukundhara Hills Kota,

5 2003 200.54
(Darrah) NP Chittorgarh
2. Wildlife Sanctuaries of Rajasthan
Year Wildlife Area

S.NO Districts
Est. Sanctuary (Sq.KM)
Band Baretha
1 1985 199.50 Bharatpur
WLS
2 1988 Bassi WLS 199.50 Bharatpur
Bhensrodgarh
3 1983 229.14 Chittorgarh
WLS
4 - Darrah WLS 80.75 Kota, Jhalawar
5 1955 Jaisamand WLS 52 Udaipur
Jamwa Ramgarh
6 1982 300 Jaipur
WLS
Jawahar Sagar
7 1975 153.41 Kota, Bundi, Chittorgarh
WLS
RAJRAS.in 141
Karauli, Sawai
8 1983 Kailadevi WLS 676.38
Madhopur
9 1955 Kesarbagh WLS 14.76 Dholpur
Kumbhalgarh
10 1988 608.58 Udaipur,Rajsamand, Pali
WLS
11 1960 Mount Abu WLS 112 Sirohi
12 1980 Nahargarh WLS 50 Jaipur
Kota, Bundi,
National
13 1979 274.54 Sawaimadhopur, Karoli,
Chambhal WLS
Dholpur
Phulwari ki Nal
14 1983 692.68 Udaipur, Pali
WLS
Ramgarh
15 1982 252.79 Bundi
Vishdhari WLS
16 1955 Ramsagar WLS 34.40 Dholpur
17 1987 Sajjangarh WLS 5.19 Udaipur
RAJRAS.in 142
18 1955 Sariska WLS 219 Alwar
Sawai Madhopur
19 - 131.3 Sawai Madhopur
WLS
Sawai Mansingh
20 1984 103.30 Sawai Madhopur
WLS
21 1983 Shergarh WLS 98.71 Baran
22 1979 Sitamata WLS 422.94 Pratapgarh
Tal Chappar
23 1971 17.19 Churu
WLS
Todgarh Raoli
24 1983 495.27 Ajmer, Rajsamand, Pali
WLS
25 1955 Van Vihar WLS 25.6 Dholpur
4. Conservation Reserves of Rajasthan
S.NO Conservation Reserve Area (Sq.KM) Districts
RAJRAS.in 143
1 Bisalpur Conservation Reserve 48.31 Tonk
Jodbeed Gadhwala Bikaner

2 56.4 Bikaner
Conservation Reserve
Sundhamata Conservation
3 117.4 Jalore, Sirohi
Reserve
Gudha Vishnoiyan
4 2.31 Jodhpur
Conservation Reserve
Shakambari Conservation
5 131 Sikar, Jhunjunu
Reserve
6 Gogelav Conservation Reserve 3.58 Nagaur
Beed Jhunjunu Conservation

7 10.4 Jhunjunu
Reserve
8 Rotu Conservation Reserve 0.72 Nagaur
9 Jawai Bandh 19.78 Pali
Ummed Ganj Conservation

10 2.78 Kota
Reserve
RAJRAS.in 144
Geography of Rajasthan Livestock of Rajasthan
Livestock of Rajasthan
Service Sector majorly drives economy of Rajasthan but agriculture and allied activities continues to be
chief source of livelihood in rural region. 55% of total area of Rajasthan is desert and so livestock is the
main source of livelihood. Other than providing source of livelihood, livestock also provides food
security and insurance against poverty. Development of livestock sector has a significant beneficial
impact in generating employment and reducing poverty in rural areas.
This Post includes description and details, regarding various animals found in Rajasthan. Our aim is to
cover, in this single post, basic information and relevant details with regard to both ecologically and
economically relevant animals of Rajasthan.
Livestock of Rajasthan: The Basics
• What is Livestock?
o Livestock are animals that are domesticated and raised in an agricultural setting to
produce commodities such as food, fiber, and labor.
o They include cattle, goats etc
o The breeding, maintenance, and slaughter of these animals, known as animal husbandry
• What is Mixed Farming?
o Mixed farming is a farming system, which involves the growing of crops as well as the
raising of livestock
• What are the advantages of Mixed Farming?
o Mixed Farming offers highest return on farm business, as the by-products of both farm
and livestock are properly utilized.
o It provides work throughout year.
o Provides efficient utilization of land, labor, equipment and other resources.
o Crop by-products such as bus, straw, fodder are used for feeding of livestock and in
return they provide milk.
o Manures available from livestock are useful in maintenance of soil fertility.
o It helps in supplying all the food needs (food security) of the family members.
RAJRAS.in 145
o Intensive cultivation is possible.
o Provides livelihood security in case of drought, floods.
o Milk cattle’s provide draft animals for crop production and rural transport.
o Mixed farming increases social status of the farmer.
• Importance of Livestock in Economy of Rajasthan:
o Livestock provide 35% of draft power in the state.
o Rajasthan has 40% of Sheep stock in India.
o More than 80% rural families keep livestock in their households.
o Contribution of animal husbandry sector to the GDP of the State has been estimated to
be approximately 8 %. (Source: Animal Husbandry, Dept.)
• Strengths of livestock of Rajasthan:
o Rajasthan Produces 10% and ranks 2 in Milk production in India.

nd
o Rajasthan ranks 2 in per capita milk availability.

nd
o Rajasthan contributes 35% and ranks 1 in wool production in India.

st
o 25% of Country’s sheep belong to Rajasthan
o Rajasthan produces 10% of meat in India.
o Rajasthan Ranks 14 in egg production in India

th
o Constraints in development of Livestock in Rajasthan.
o Livestock is an unorganized sector and holdings are very small, further much of the
livestock belongs to economically weaker section which restricts it to being just source of
livelihood.
o Markets for livestock are also unorganized and suffers from inadequate investment by
Public (State) & Private sector.
o Inadequate availability of quality breeds
o Lack of health &nutrition support, along with frequent occurrence of natural calamities
that result in high occurrence of diseases and mortality.
o Rajasthan is majorly an arid region and there is inadequate availability of fodder & feed
resources
RAJRAS.in 146
o Inadequate infrastructure in terms of cooperatives, veterinary and knowledge support.
Types of livestock on basis of their utility:
• Dairy (Milch) breeds:
o Cows (Females): Gives high amount of milk
o Bull (Males): are not good for work at farm
o Examples: shahiwal, Red Sindhi, Gir and Deoni
• Draught breeds:
o Cows yield poor milk production
o Bulls are good at draught and are used for carrying out agricultural work like tilling,
irrigation and carting.
o Examples Kangayam, Umblacherry, Amritmahal, Hallikar.
• Dual Breeds:
o Cows are good at milk production
o Bulls are good at doing work
o Examples Ongole, Hariana, Tharparker, Kankrej, Krishna valley, Rathi and Goalo
Mewathi.
Different types & breeds of Livestock available in Rajasthan:
Breeds of Cows in Rajasthan:
• Nagauri
o Origin from Suhalak area Nagaur.
o This species gives less milk.
• Kankrej
o Kankrej is found in Rajasthan’s southwestern districts of Barmer, Sirohi & Jalore.
o Gives daily average of 5-10 litres of milk.
o The bull of this variety has good draught capacity.
RAJRAS.in 147
• Tharparkar Breed
o Origin of the breed: Malani (barmer)
o Cows excellent production of milk.
• Rathi Breed
o Rathi belongs to northwestern rajasthan and is found in Sr Ganganager, Bikaner,

Jaisalmer.
o Essentially a Milch variety that is cows are good at milk production but males lack
draught power.
• Gir Breed
o Gir breed comes from Gir forests of Saurashtra in Gujarat.
o In Rajasthan it is found in Southeastern Ajmer, Chittorgarh, Bundi, Kota
Breeds of Sheep in Rajasthan:
• Jaisalmeri
o Found in Jaisalmer
• Naali
o Found in Hanumangarh, Churu, Bikaner & Jhunjhunu.
o Yields large quantity of wool
• Maalpuri
o Found in Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk, karauli & Sawai madhopur
• Magra
o Gives approximately 2 Kg of Wool per year
o Found in Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Churu, Nagaur
• Pugal
o Originated from Pugal in Bikaner
• Chokla or Shekhawati
RAJRAS.in 148
o Also referred to as Marino of India
o It yields best quality wool and gives around 1-1.5 Kg per year.
• Sonari or Chanothar
o Found in Banswara, Bhilwara, Dungarpur and Udaipur
Breeds of Camel in Rajasthan:
• Bikaneri
o Found in Bikaner, Gangangar, Hanumangarh & Churu
• Jodhpuri
o Found mostly in Jodhpur & Nagaur districts
• Nachna:
o This breed is fast-runner variety of camels
o Origin from Nachna Village in Jaisalmer
• Jaisalmeri
o Camels of Jaisalmeri breed are found in Jaisalmer, barmer, and jodhpur
• Kutchi
o Camels of this variety are mainly found in Barmer & Jalore
• Jalori
o Camels of this variety are mainly found in Jalore & Sirohi
• Mewari
o This breed is extensively used for carrying loads
o Camels of this variety are mainly found in Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Partapgarh & Ajmer
• Gomat
o This breed to camel is famous for distant-transport and it is also a very fast runner
o Camels of this variety are mainly found in Jofhpur and Nagaur
RAJRAS.in 149
• Gurha
o Found in Nagaur & Churu
• Kherupal
o Found in Bikaner & Churu
• Alwari
o Camels of this breed are mostly found in East-Rajasthan.
Livestock Census 2012
• It was 19 Livestock Census of Rajasthan

th
• There are 577.32lacs Livestock (includes Cattle, buffalo, Sheep, Goat, Horse & Ponies, Mules,
Donkeys, Camel, Pig)
• Rajasthan has Poultry of 80.24lacs.
• Barmer has the highest number of livestock in Rajasthan & Dholpur has minimum number of
Livestock
• Rajsamand and Dausa have highest livestock density of 292 per square kilometer
RAJRAS.in 150
Geography of Rajasthan Tribes of Rajasthan
Tribes of Rajasthan
Rajasthan has been home to numerous tribal & nomadic communities, the tribes of Rajasthan constitute
approximately 13.5% of Rajasthan's population. Each of these tribes can be identified by their own
culture, customs, trades, fairs & festivals. Bhils & Minas constitute the majority of population of the
tribes of Rajasthan.
RAJRAS.in 151
Schedule Tribes of Rajasthan
1. Bhils
Bhils are the largest tribe in Rajasthan. Banswara is the main area where Bhils in large numbers. The
Bhils are considered to be fine archers. Infact, Bhil bowmen even found a reference in the great epics
Mahabarata and Ramayan. The Bhils were originally food gatherers. However, with the passage of
time, they have taken up small-scale agriculture, city residence and employment. The major fairs of
Bhils are the Baneshwar fair (held near Dungarpur) and Holi. The Ghoomar dance is one well-known
aspect of the Bhil culture.
2. Minas
The name Mina is derived from Meen,meaning 'fish' in Sanskrit, and the Minas claim descent from the
Matsya Avatar, or fish incarnation, of Vishnu. The main reference of belief is based on the scripture of
the Matsya Purana. Before the rise of Rajputs during medieval period, Rajasthan had multiple mina
kingdoms. The Minas are spread across the geography of Rajasthan, however, traditionally are
concentrated in the shekhawati region surrounding Jaipur.
Main Kingdoms of Meenas (in the Rajasthan)
S.No Name of the Kingdom Clan name of the Meena Rulers
1 Khoh-Gong Chanda Agnivanshi
2 Maach Sira
3 Gatoor & Jhotwada Nandla (also called Bad-Goti)
4 Amer Soosawut/Susawat
5 Nayala jhirwal
6 Naen\Nahn Gomladu
7 Ranthambore Tatu
8 Bundi Ushara (Parihar Meenas or Pratihar)
9 Mawar Meena
10 ---- Nandla
RAJRAS.in 152
3. Damor
• DAMOR Also described as Damoria, belong to mostly Dungarpur, Udaipur districts and in
lesser numbers in Churu and Ganganagar districts of Rajasthan.
• The Indo-Aryan language, Vagri, is their mother tongur and they are also conversant with
Gujarati and Mewari.
• Damors are mainly cultivators and manual laborers.
4. Dhanka
5. Garasia
• Garasias is a small tribe inhabiting Abu Road area of southern Rajasthan.
6. Kathodi
• They are basically tribe of Maharashtra and found mostly in Udaipur district of Rajasthan
7. Kokna
8. Koli
9. Nayaka
10. Patelia
11. Seharia or Sahariya
• Sahariyas are considered as the most backward tribe in Rajasthan and are the only group
included in Particularly Vulnerable Tribe (PGT) from Rajasthan.
• Believed to be of Bhil origin, they inhabit the areas of Kota, Dungarpur and Sawai Madhopur in
the southeast of Rajasthan. Their main occupations include working as shifting cultivators,
hunters and fishermen.
RAJRAS.in 153
Denotified Tribes of Rajasthan:
British in 1871 passed Criminal Tribes Act and labeled over 200 of such communities as notified tribes
for criminal tendencies. Post Independence, Government repealed the Criminal Act but introduced
another law, the Habitual Offenders Act (1953) around 150 tribes have been labeled as de-notified
tribes. These are tribes that have failed to integrate into Indian Society and so do not have sustainable
livelihood means. Hence, they frequently engage towards criminal activities.
• Baori
• Kanjar
o Hadoti Region
• Sansi
• Bagri(Bawaria)
• Mogia
• Nut
• Naik
• Multanis
• Bhat
Nomadic Tribes of Rajasthan
• Baldias (Banjaras)
o The Banjaras are nomadic caravan runners who travelled with balaads or oxen-laden
caravan and who continued travelling wherever their caravans were in demand.
• Pardhis
• Domabaris
• Gadias Lohars
o Gadiya Lohars are wandering blacksmiths that are named after their attractive bullock
carts called gadis. Gadhiya lohars are found are Kathodi and Rabaris in Mewar region.
• Iranis
• Jogi Kalbelia
RAJRAS.in 154
• Jogi Kanphata
• khurpalts
• Shikkeligar
• Ghisadis
Semi Nomedic Tribes of Rajasthan
• Sarangiwala Bhopas
• Rebaris
o The Rabaris are still nomadic, an equally colourful sub-group that still travels over the
desert in search of pastures for its flocks of sheep and camels.
o Their tradition is that their ancestor was brought into existence by Lord Mahadeva in
order to tend the first camel, which had just been created by Parvati for her amusement.
o Their two main divisions are Menu and Chalkais.
o The Menu deals only in camels and occupies a superior position to that of the latter.
They can marry the daughters of Chalkias without giving their own in return.
o The Chalkias keep larger herds of sheep and goats. Raika farms, called Dhanies, lie
scattered over the countryside.
• Raths
• Mangalias
• Bhayas
• Kannis
• Janglus
• Jalukus
• Jhangs
• Sindlus
• Jogis (other then those included in Nomedic Tribes.)
• Ramaswamies
RAJRAS.in 155
• Bharaddi-Jadhavs
Government & Tribes of Rajasthan:
The framers of the Constitution took note of the fact that certain communities in the country were
suffering from extreme social, educational and economic backwardness arising out of age-old practice
of untouchability and certain others on account of this primitive agricultural practices, lack of
infrastructure facilities and geographical isolation, and who need special consideration for
safeguarding their interests and for their accelerated socio-economic development.
These communities were notified as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as per provisions
contained in Clause 1 of Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution respectively.
Schedule Tribes:
Scheduled Tribes are those, which are notified as such by the President of India under Article 342 of the
Constitution. The first notification was issued in 1950. The President considers characteristics like the
tribes’ primitive traits, distinctive culture, shyness with the public at large, geographical isolation and
social and economic backwardness before notifying them as a Scheduled Tribe.
Schedule tribes of Rajasthan:
1. Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil,
Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave
2. Bhil Mina
3. Damor, Damaria
4. Dhanka, Tadvi, Tetaria, Valvi
5. Garasia (excluding Rajput Garasia)
6. Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari
7. Kokna, Kokni, Kukna
8. Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha
9. Mina
10. Naikda, Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka
11. Patelia
RAJRAS.in 156
12. Seharia, Sehria, Sahariya.
Primitive Tribal Groups:
75 of the 698 Scheduled Tribes are identified as Primitive Tribal Groups considering they are more
backward than Scheduled Tribes. They continue to live in a pre-agricultural stage of economy and have
very low literacy rates. Their populations are stagnant or even declining.
• Seharia tribe of Rajasthan have been included in PTG
Schedule V:
To ensure the protection of aboriginal customs, culture of the tribes and prevent alienation of their
lands and natural resources to non-tribals article 244 of the Constitution has the provision for
declaration of Schedule V & Schedule VI areas.
Schedule V areas can be declared in any state except Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
Consequently, 5th schedule areas have been declared in in 9 states of India namely Andhra Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Orissa and
Rajasthan. In Rajasthan: Banswara, Dungarpur (fully tribal districts), Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Siroi (partly tribal
areas) have been declared as part of Schedule V areas.
Schedule VI has been used to declare schedule areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram
Acts & Rules for protection of tribes:
• Forest Rights Act 2006
• Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955
• Protection of Civil Right Rules, 1977
• SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules, 1995
• SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
• PESA 1996
• THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT 2003
Schemes related to development of tribes of Rajasthan:
• List of Schemes
RAJRAS.in 157
Geography of Rajasthan Indira Gandhi Canal
Indira Gandhi Canal
Indira Gandhi Canal Project:
• Aim: To rejuvenate to great desert.
• This project previously known as Rajasthan Canal Project.
• It covers an area 600 Km long and 45 Km wide of the Thar Desert in North West of Rajasthan.
• RCP was first conceived on 29 October, 1948.
• RCP was taken up by the Central Water and Power Commission in 1951.
• It was came to reality in 1951-53
• The physiographic of the area is characterized by vast stretches of undulating windblown sand
dunes, which sometime rise above 60 m.
• Parameters:
o Area to be irrigated annually- 29 Lakh acres.
o Length of main canal- 445 Kms.
o Length of branches- 832 Kms.
o Depth of water- 6.25 m.
o Bed width lined canal- 38 m.
o Discharge at head- 18500 cusses
o Length of distributaries and minors- 547 Kms.
Indira Gandhi Canal Stage I:
• This stage comprising construction of 204 Km long feeder canal, 189 Km long main canal and
3454 Km long distributaries.
• Origin- from the Harike dam situated on the confluence of rivers Sutlej & Beas.
• Feeders: Ferozpur Feeder and Makhu Canal at 3 km downstream of confluence of the rivers
Sutlej and Beas
RAJRAS.in 158
• Provide Irrigation- First stage has been providing irrigation facilities to 5.63 lakh hectares.
• A culturable command area of 5.5 lakh hectare.
• End- Comes to an end near Masitawali in Hanumangarh. This is called Rajasthan feeder
Indira Gandhi Canal Stage II:
• The IGNP stage-II starts from the tail of stage-I i.e. from Km 189 of IGNP main canal.
• Indira Gandhi Nahar Project, Stage-ll comprises of 256 km long (Km189 to Km445) main canal.
(Chhatargarh to Mohangarh). Completed
• This stage of estimates to provide flow into 7.0 lakh hectare to culturable command area up to
Gardra Road in Barmer district
• It lift irrigation in block to 3.12 lakh hectare. Culturable command area under 5 lifts schemes up
to 60 m. Reservation of 1800 cuses of water for drinking water supply and industrial usages.
• Water released up to Tail near Mohangarh in Jaisalmer district on 1st January, 1987 by
assuming a total length of 649 Kms.
• With the completion of Lathi Series water has started flowing and it is being used for
cultivation.
• Form Mohangarh point a new branch is being taken out which is 90 Kms. in length and has
been named as Leehva branch. It has been extended up to Gardra town in Barmer. The region is
undulating and therefore Seven lift canals have been constructed to lift up the water up to 60
m.
• The lift canals are
o Bikaner-Lunkaransar
o Gajner lift canal
o Nohar-Saheve lift canal
o Kolayat lift canal
o Phalodi lift canal
o Pokaran lift and
RAJRAS.in 159
o Bangarsar lift canal
• On completion, irrigation potential of about 19.63 lakh hectares are would be created every
year.
• Irrigation facilities were created in 15.73 lakh hectares by the end of March, 2009.
• Agriculture output of about Rs. 1750 crore is produced annually with the help of this project.
• It also provides drinking water.
o Kunwar Sain lift canal is providing drinking water to Bikaner city and 99 villages
situated out of the project area.
o Gandhelilsheva lift scheme is providing drinking water to 175 villages of Churu

district.
o Jodhpur lift scheme is providing drinking water to Jodhpur city and enroute town and
villages.
o After completion of project, 1.80 crore population of eight districts of Western Rajasthan
will avail drinking water facility.
RAJRAS.in 160
RAJRAS.in 161
Geography of Rajasthan Medium Scale Irrigation Projects
Medium Scale Irrigation Projects
S.no River Dam Name District
1 Ahu Gagrin Dam Jhalawar

2 Alnia Hukud Alnia Dam Kota
3 Amlabala/ Local nala Sindroo Dam Pali
4 Arav/ Erau Bhanwar Semla Dam Pratapgarh
5 Banas Bisalpur Dam Tonk
6 Banas Bithan Dam Jalor
7 Banas Dindoli Dam Chittaurgarh
8 Banas Gosunda Dam Chittaurgarh
Matrakundia/
9 Banas Matrikundia/ Matrikundial Chittaurgarh
Dam
10 Banas Nand Samand Dam Rajsamand
11 Banas/ Bandi Hingonia Dam Jaipur
Sheel Ki Dungri/ Dogri
12 Banas/ Dundh Jaipur
Dam
13 Banas/ Local Nala Chaparwara Dam Jaipur
14 Banas/ Local Nala Morasagar Dam Sawai Madhopur
15 Bandi (Sukri) Bandi Sandhara Dam Jalor
16 Bandi/ Mashi Mashi Dam Tonk
17 Bandi/ Sumer Hemawas Dam Pali
18 Banganga Chandrana Dam Jaipur
19 Banganga/ Local nala Kharad Dam Jaipur
20 Banganga/ Local Nala Madho Sagar Dam Dausa
21 Banganga/ Ruparail Jaisamand Dam Alwar
Sainthal Sagar/ Sainthal/
22 Banganga/ Sawa Jaipur
Sinthalsagar Dam
23 Banqanga Ram Garh Dam Jaipur
24 Began Pachki Baori Dam Bundi
25 BERACH Badgaon Dam Udaipur
26 Berach Bagolia Dam Udaipur
27 Berach Bhopal Sagar Dam Chittaurgarh
28 Berach Fateh Sagar Dam Udaipur
29 Berach Madhar/ Madar Dam Udaipur
30 Berach Udai Sagar Dam Udaipur
Benthali/ Bethli/ Bethali
31 Bethali/ Benthali Baran
Dam
32 Bhimlat Abhaypura Dam Bundi
33 Bhimlat Bhimlat Dam Bundi
34 Bilas Bilas Dam Baran
35 Brahmani Dorai Dam Chittaurgarh
36 CHAMBAL Aklera Sagar Dam Baran
RAJRAS.in 162
37 Chambal Jawahar Sagar Dam Bundi

38 Chambal Ranapratap Sagar Dam Chittaurgarh
39 Chambal/ Kul Gopalpura Dam Baran
40 Chambal/ Local nala Man Sarowar Dam Sawai Madhopur
41 Chandrabhaga Chandrabhaga Dam Bhilwara
42 Chauli Chauli Dam Jhalawar
43 Chhapi Chhapi Dam Jhalawar
44 Dai Lassaria Dam Ajmer
45 Daya Daya Dam Udaipur
46 Dhoond/ Dhundh Kanota Dam Jaipur
47 Galwa Galwa Dam Tonk
48 Gambhir/ Local Nala Surwal Dam Sawai Madhopur
49 Gambhiri Gambhiri Dam Chittaurgarh
50 Gambhiri/ Panchana Panchana Dam Karauli
51 Gararda Gararda Dam Bundi
52 Ghanerow/ Tri. of Sukli Kana Dam Pali
53 Gomti Jai Samand Dam Udaipur
54 Gomti Banas Rajsamand Dam Rajsamand
55 Guhiya/ Sukli Sardar Samand Dam Pali
56 Gulandi Gulandi Dam Jhalawar
57 Jakham (mahi) Jakham Main Dam Pratapgarh
58 Jawai Jawai Dam Pali
59 Juggar Banas Juggar Dam Karauli
60 Kalisil Banas/ Kalisindh Kalisil Dam Karauli
61 Khari Arwar Dam Bhilwara
62 Khari Basundni Dam Ajmer
63 Khari Godana Dam Sirohi
64 Khari Kala Bhata Dam Rajsamand
65 Khari Khari Dam Bhilwara
66 Khari Ora Dam Sirohi
Ummed/ Umaid Sagar
67 Khari Baran
(Baran) Dam
68 Kothari Ladki/ Larki Dam Bhilwara
69 Kothari Meja Dam Bhilwara
70 Kothari (Banas) Kothari Stage I Dam Bhilwara
71 Krashnauti Dhanta Dam Sirohi
72 Krishnawati Angore Dam Sirohi
73 Kundal Mandawara Dam Sirohi
74 Lhasi Lhasi Dam Baran
75 Luni Girinanda Dam Pali
76 Luni Jaswant Sagar Dam Jodhpur
77 Luni & WFR Giroliya Dam Pali
78 Maghai Sadari Dam Pali
79 Mahadev Nalla Mahadev Dam Sirohi
RAJRAS.in 163
80 Mahi Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam Pratapgarh

81 Manali Govta Dam Bhilwara
82 Mangu Phacharia Dam Sirohi
83 Mansi Sareri/ Sareru Dam Bhilwara
84 Mej River Bundika Gothra Dam Bundi
85 Mej River Paibala Pura Dam Bundi
86 Moral/ Gandi/ Ganoli Domti Kokra Dam Bhilwara
87 Moran Lodisar Dam Dungarpur
88 Morel Dheel Dam Sawai Madhopur
89 Morel Morel Dam Sawai Madhopur
90 Nagdi Nagdi Dam Bhilwara
91 Nahari/ Local Nala Deopura Dam Sawai Madhopur
92 Nekhadi/ Local Nala Kantaliya Dam Pali
93 Nori/ Local nala Kantri Dam Dungarpur
94 Odher/ Local nala Needar Dam Karauli
95 Orai Orai Dam Chittaurgarh
96 Parbati Parbati Dam Dhaulpur
97 Parbati Ram Sagar Dam Dhaulpur
98 Parbati Urmila Sagar Dam Dhaulpur
Kharda/ Kharda Bund/
99 Phuphadia Pali
Bandh Dam
100 Piplad Piplad Dam Jhalawar
101 Raipur Luni Raipur Luni Dam Pali
102 Roop Rail/ Siliberi Silibari Dam Alwar
103 Ruparel Ruparel Dam Chittaurgarh
104 Sabi/ Local Nala Chittoli Dam Jaipur
105 Sei Sei Diversion Dam Udaipur
106 Sisarma Swaroop Sagar Dam Udaipur
107 Sivani Bajrang Garh Dam Pratapgarh
108 Sivani Chacha Kheri Dam Pratapgarh
109 Sivani Hamja Kheri Dam Pratapgarh
110 Sohadra Tordi Sagar Dam Tonk
111 Som and Gomti Som Kamla Amba Dam Udaipur
112 Sukhri/ Sukri Bankali Dam Jalor
113 Sukli Sukli Selwara Dam Sirohi
114 Takli Takli Dam Kota
115 Telera Burdha Dam Bundi
116 Tokra Tokra Dam Sirohi
117 Tr. of Lilari Babara Dam Pali
DANDIA/ Dadia (Hariom
118 Tr. of Sukhri Pali
Sagar) Dam
119 Tr. of Sumer/ Tri. of Mithri Juna Malari Dam Pali
120 Unli Jetpura Dam Bhilwara
121 Wagon Wagon Dam Chittaurgarh
RAJRAS.in 164
122 West Banas Bhula Dam Sirohi

Chandelas/ Chandelao
123 West Banas Sirohi
Dam
124 West Banas Girwar/ Giriwar Dam Sirohi
125 West Banas Kui Sagna Dam Sirohi
126 West Banas Moongthala Dam Sirohi
127 West Banas West Banas Dam Sirohi
128 Yamuna/ Gambhiri Baretha Bund Dam Bharatpur
129 Bassi Dam Chittaurgarh
130 Bhimsagar Dam Jhalawar
131 Buchara Dam Jaipur
Chandsen/ Chandsen
132 Tonk
Bheru Dam
133 Chatra Sagar Dam Pali
134 Chikalwar Dam Udaipur
135 Dugari Dam Bundi
136 Galai Sagar Dam Sawai Madhopur
137 Galwania Dam Tonk
138 Gudha Dam Bundi
139 Harish Chandra Sagar Dam Kota
Harsora/ Harsora Bund
140 Alwar
Dam
141 Kalakho Dam Dausa
142 Kalisindh Dam Jhalawar
143 Mangalsar Dam Alwar
144 Manohar Thana Dam Jhalawar
145 Maoroli Bund Dam Dausa
Mata Ji Ka Kheda/ Khera
146 Rajsamand
Dam
147 Moti Sagar Dam Tonk
148 Narayan Sagar Dam Ajmer
Phool Sagar Jalia/ Jali/
149 Ajmer
Jaliyan Dam
150 Raipur Patan Dam Sikar
151 Rondh Dam Dausa
152 Sawan Bhado Dam Kota
153 Silised Dam Alwar
154 Som Kagdar Dam Udaipur
155 Surwania/ Surwawia Dam Banswara
156 Tasai Dam Alwar
157 Utawali Dam Baran
RAJRAS.in 165
Geography of Rajasthan Hydrocarbon Rajasthan Basin
Hydrocarbon Rajasthan Basin
The Rajasthan Basin (Hydrocarbon) is a sedimentary basin located in western Rajasthan with
a geographical extent of about 126,000 square kilometres. This basin is one of India’s major sources of
petroleum and natural gas. As per estimates 480 million tonnes Oil in-place reserves (3.5 Billion
Barrels) have been proved in 25 discovered fields of Barmer-Sanchore Basin.
Rajasthan Basin Location:
Rajasthan Basin forms the eastern flank of Indus geosyncline and comprises the sedimentary tract to
the west and northwest of Aravallis upto Indo-Pakistan border. This pericratonic basin also forms a
part of the great Thar Desert.
RAJRAS.in 166
Rajasthan Basin: Sub-Basins:
Rajasthan Basin has been sub-divided into four potential Petroliferous basins, separated from each
other by basement ridges/faults. These four Basins are spread over in 14 Districts of Western & Eastern
Rajasthan. The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural gas has upgraded the first three petroliferous basins
into category- I, i.e. equivalent to the Bombay High, Cambay Basin and Assam, which are potential for
hydrocarbons prospects.
Sr. No Basin Basin Coverage
1 Jaisalmer Basin District Jaisalmer and part of jodhpur
2 Barmer – Sanchore Basin Districts Barmer and Part of Jalore.
3 Bikaner – Nagaur Basin Districts Bikaner ,Nagaur, Ganganagar/ Hanumangarh and Part
of Churu.
4 Vindhyan Basin Districts Kota, Jhalawar, Baran, Bundi and Part of Bhilwara etc.
Jaisalmer Basin
• Age of Jaisalmer basin: Mesozoic & Cenozoic
• Districts: Jaisalmer and part of jodhpur
• Type of Basin: Pericratonic Basin
• Depressions: The Jaisalmer Basin has been subdivided into 3 depressions:
o Shahgarh Depression
o Kishangarh Shelf
o Miajlar Depression
RAJRAS.in 167
Barmer – Sanchore Basin
• Age of Barmer-Sanchore Basin: Tertiary
• Districts: Barmer and Part of Jalore.
• Type of Basin: Intracratonic Basins
• Depressions: The Barmer-Sanchore Basin has been subdivided into 2 depressions:
o Barmer Depression in the north and
o Sanchor Depression in the south
RAJRAS.in 168
• Oil Fields: 38 oil fields discovered in Barmer-Sanchore Basin namely Mangla, Bhagyam, Shakti
Ashwariya Guda, Saraswati, Raageshwari, Kaameshwari, Vijaya, Vandana, GRF, NI, Bhagyam
South-1, NH-2, N-R-4, NE, GS-V-1 & Tukaram.
Bikaner – Nagaur Basin
• Age of Bikaner-Nagaur basin: Paleozoic
• Districts: Bikaner ,Nagaur, Ganganagar/ Hanumangarh and Part of Churu
• Type of Basin: Intracratonic Basins
• The major tectonic element in Bikaner- Nagaur Sub-basin is an almost east-west trending
basement ridge, ‘the Bikampur Arch'
Vindhyan Basin
• Districts: Kota, Jhalawar, Baran, Bundi and Part of Bhilwara etc.
• Vindhyan basin covers three main regions: Son valley, Bundelkhand and Rajasthan.
RAJRAS.in 169
Geography of Rajasthan Mines & Minerals of Rajasthan
Mines & Minerals of Rajasthan
Rajasthan Mines & Minerals: The Basics
• Rajasthan has deposits of 79 different types of major and minor minerals. Out of these, 57
minerals are being currently mined.
• Rajasthan is leading producer of:
o Zinc
o Feldspar
o Wollastonite
o Silver
o Rock Phospate
o Gypsum
o Red Ochre
• RSMML:
o Public Sector Mining carried on by - RSMML - Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals
Corporation.
o Engaged in mining & marketing of Industrial Minerals.
• 70% of Boone-China tableware is produced in Rajasthan
• Rajasthan is leading producer of both Cement grade & Steel Grade Limestone production in
India
Now we shall start with discussion of each Mineral in detail. First, we shall discuss important minerals
and then other minerals alphabetically.
URANIUM MINERAL in Rajasthan:
• In Rajasthan Uranium mines have been discovered at:
• Sikar - Rohil, Khandela, Ghateswar
• Kho-Dariba in Alwar
RAJRAS.in 170
• Umra
• Ajmer, Dungarpur, Banswara
LEAD - ZINC - SILVER MINERALS in Rajasthan
• Rajasthan Rank: 1
• Largest Deposit in India: Rampura- Agucha ( Bhilwara district)
• Deposits in Rajasthan:
o Rampura-Agucha (Bhilwara district)
o Rajpura-Dariba and Sindesar Khurd(High Silver Content) (Rajsamand district)
o Zawar (Udaipur),
o Sawar and Kayar-Ghugra (Ajmer district)
o Basantgarh and Deri (Sirohi district)
• Production: Hindustan Zinc Limited ( Smelters in Chanderia, Dariba & Debari )
• Uses:
o Lead - Lead-acid batteries, coloring agent in stained glasses, Fishing Sinkers, Roofing
o Lead - In electronics its use as soldering agent Shielding from X-ray in laboratories
o Remember Lead-pencil Doesnot have lead. (UPSC Prelims)
COPPER MINERAL in Rajasthan:
• History Trivia:
o On the basis of excavations at Ganeshwar, located east of Khetri in north Rajasthan,

ascribe the earliest Indian copper mining to Indus valley civilization (3000-1500 BC)
o Copper metallurgy has been mentioned in Arthashastra & Ain-i-Akbari
o Copper Ore: Cuprite, Chalcopyrite
• Second: Rank of Rajasthan in Copper Production in India.
• Most important Copper reserves in India:
o Malanjkhand, Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh (makes MP, 1st in Production)
RAJRAS.in 171
• Deposits of Copper in Rajasthan:
o Jhunjhunu - Madan Kudan-Kolihan- Banawas-Chandmari-Dholamala, Akwali and

Muradpur-Pacheri
o Bhilwara - Devpura-Banera
o Sirohi - Basantgarh
o Alwar - Kho-Dariba
o Udaipur - Anjani, Bedawal, Chari-Manpura
• Production by - Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL) under Ministry of mines
• Uses of Copper:
o Ductility, high conductivity of heat and electricity - electrical wires
o Copper+Tin = Bronze (Statute, Indus Valley, Mohenjaodaro dancing girl)
o Copper+zinc = Brass (More hard)
o Stainless Steel: Iron + Nickel + Copper + Chromite +….
o Morel Metal: Copper + Nickel
o Duralumin: Copper + Aluminium
o 3rd most abundant mineral in human body (serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in
hemoglobin and collagen formation and is involved in incorporating iron into the
structure of hemoglobin. It strengthens blood vessels, bones and nerves. )
MINERAL TUNGSTEN in Rajasthan:
• Ore: wolframite & scheelite.
• One: Rank of Rajasthan in Tungsten Production in India
• Deposits of Tungsten in Rajasthan:
o Degana (Nagaur) - Best in Country
o Sirohi - Balda , Uduwaria
o Ajmer- Pali - Alniawas-Sewariya, Pipaliya, Motyia
• Uses of Tungsten:
RAJRAS.in 172
o Bulb Filament
o High-speed alloy
o Hard-Steel alloys- machine tools, high speed cutting tools, special steel for defense
purposes.
MINERAL MANGANESE in Rajasthan:
• Ore: Pyrolusite
• Karnataka: Largest deposit in India
• Rajasthan very less
• Largest Production: Odisha - Bonai-Keonjhar Belt
• Deposits of Manganese in Rajasthan
o Banswara
• Uses of Manganese:
o Raw material for manufacturing steel alloys
o Manufacturing of bleaching powder, insecticides, paints, and batteries.
MINERAL IRON-ORE in Rajasthan:
• Ore: Found in Dharwad and Cuddapah rock systems of the peninsular India.
• Ore Quality-wise ranking: Haematite,> Magnetite, >Limonite & > Siderite
• Largest Deposit in India: Barabil-Koira Valley in Odisha
• Deposits of Iron-Ore in Rajasthan
o Jaipur - Morija-banol - Neemla-Raisalo
o Bhilwara - Pur banera belt
o Udaipur - Natha ki Pal, Thur Hunder
o Sikar - Dabla
o Dausa –Lalsot
RAJRAS.in 173
MINERAL LIMESTONE in Rajasthan:
• Limestone occurs in almost all the districts of the State, but important deposits are located in:
o Ajmer: Sheopura, lulwa & Kesarpura
o Bundi: lakheri and Stur
o Chittaurgarh: Nimbhahera, Parsoli
o Jodhpur: Bilara & Basa
o Nagaur: Mundwa & Gotan
o Pali: Deoli Hulan
o Sirohi:Abu road
o Jaisalmer: Khuiala and Bandha
• Uses:
o One of the most important industrial mineral
o Required in the manufacture of lime, cement.
o Chemicals soda-ash, caustic-soda, bleaching powder, calcium carbide
o Fertilizer - Ammonium Nitrate
o As flux in iron and steel, ferro-alloy and other metallurgical industries.
MINERAL-GOLD in Rajasthan:
Deposits in Rajasthan: Banswara - Bhukhia-Jagpura-Delwarabelt
BERYLLIUM in Rajasthan:
• Ore: Beryl (Silicate of Beryllium and aluminum)
• Rajasthan : Principal state of Production
• Deposits of Beryllium in Rajasthan
RAJRAS.in 174
• Ajmer: Lohagarh, Gujarwara
• Udaipur: Acheiwas
• Bhilwara: Titoli, Deora Guda
• Nagaur
• Use:
• As moderator in Nuclear Power Reactors.
• Green transparent variety of beryl is emerald which is a precious stone
Note: In Jan 2016, illegal mining of Beryllium in Ajmer & Nagaur came in NEWS.
BISMUTH in Rajasthan:
• Deposits of Bismuth in Rajasthan:
o Narda, Neem-ka-Thana tahsil, Sikar district
• Use:
o Medical Preparations
o Radar Equipments
o To make alloys required in production Atomic Bomb
MICA in Rajasthan:
o Beawer-Ajmer belt: Dhand
o Bhilwara belt: Bagor-Lesva
o Dungarpur-Banswara belt: Chota-Padri
o Tonk belt: Dholi & Bhojapura
o Kaunthal belt:falls in Udaipur district. Chief mines Bhagwanpura and Ran
• Use: Mica is used extensively in electrical and electronic industry due to its excellent dielectric
strength and insulating properties
Now we shall discuss the other minerals found in Rajasthan alphabetically.
RAJRAS.in 175
Asbestos in Rajasthan:
• Rajasthan accounts for about 96% of the country's total production of asbestos, whereas Andhra
Pradesh and Karnataka, the other producing States contribute the remaining 4%.
• Mainly located in Southern parts of Rajasthan
o Ajmer: Kanwali in Kota Reserve forest area, Arjanpura, Nai-Khurd
o Alwar: palpur, Dhalawar
o Bhilwara: Barana
o Dungarpur: Dewal, Mundwara
o Sirohi: Bori-ki-Bhuj
o Udaipur: Kagdar-ki-Pal,Rakhabdeo,Jogi-ka-Gudha,Antalia,Bhauva
o Pali: Kanotia-Ramgarh
Baryte in Rajasthan:
• World Baryte Reserves -India ranks 3rd.
• World Baryte Production: India ranks 2nd.
• World's largest single Baryte deposit: Mangampet in Andhara Pradesh
• Deposits in Rajasthan
o Alwar: Rajgarh belt,
o Bharatpur: Hathori, Karwan and Ghatri blocks.
o Bhilwara: Barliyas deposit,
o Bundi: Umar deposit
o Pali: Punagarh hill
o Sikar: Kharagbingur
o Jalore: Karara
o Udaipur: Delwara-Nathdwara belt
RAJRAS.in 176
• Uses
• Vital to petroleum industry which consumes more than 80% of the world's baryte production.
Bauxite in Rajasthan:
• Very insignificant in Rajasthan
o Kota: Baselio, Majola, Sherol-khera
• Uses:
o Extraction for Aluminum
o Refractory & Chemical Industries
China Clay in Rajasthan:
• Rajasthan contributes 50% of share of Production of china clay in India.
o Bikaner: Mudh, Chandi, Kotri-Marh-Gura area
o Barmer: Bolia, Gunga
o Nagaur: Khajwana
o Sawai Madhopur: Raesena , Basu
o Sikar: Buchara
o Chittor: Eral & Sawa
• Uses:
o China clay is used in Industries like ceramic, refractory, textile, paper, rubber and
pesticides.
Dolomite in Rajasthan:
o Ajmer: Kajla Kabra
o Alwar: Jhiri, Dhani & Nizra
RAJRAS.in 177
o Bhilwara: Kosithan
o Jaipur
o Jaisalmer,
o Jhunjhunun,
o Nagaur- Jodhpur- Pali
o Sawai Madhopur
o Udaipur:
• Used as flux material in the iron and steel industry
Feldspar in Rajasthan:
o Ajmer: Pink variety from Tatarpur & Khairthal
o Alwar,
o Jaipur: Dudwa near Neem-ka-Thana
o Pali: Kalalia, Khinwal
o Sikar: Dudawas and Haridas-ka-Bas
• Uses:
o Chiefly used in the ceramic and glass industries and in insulator making.
Fluorite in Rajasthan:
• Deposit of Flourite Rajasthan 2nd and Gujarat 1st
o Dungarpur: Mando-ki-Pal-Kahila belt
o Jalore: Karara (Karda):
o Jhunjhunu: Chokri Chapoli:
o Sikar: Salwarai
o Sirohi: Balda
RAJRAS.in 178
• Uses:
o Finest-grade of fluorite is used for enameling iron, manufacture of opaque and

opalescent glasses and for the production of hydrofluoric acid.
o Transparent fluorite is used in the manufacture of lenses.
Fuller's Earth in Rajasthan:
• Fuller's earth,is also known as Multani Mitti, in general hindi.
o Barmer: Kapurdi & Alamsaria
o Bikaner: Palana, Kesardasar and Marh
o Jaisalmer: Manda & Mandai
Graphite in Rajasthan:
• Graphite is also called as Black lead
• Orissa is leading producer with 77% & Rajasthan share is less than 1%.
o Ajmer, Alwar, Banswara and Jodhpur
• Uses
o Crucible Industry - electric furnaces
GYPSUM in Rajasthan:
• Rajasthan: 90% of total production in India
• Deposits of Gypsum in Rajasthan:
o Jaisalmer: Sri Mohan Garrh
o Barmer: Utarlai & Kavas, Chittar-Ka-Par and Thob
o Ganganagar: Siramsar, Mahala, Pallu,
o Nagaur: Bhadwasi, Dhakoria, Kharat, Mandava,
o Bikaner: Jamsar (largest deposit in State)
RAJRAS.in 179
o Churu
o Pali
• Used in making:
o Portland Cement
o Plaster of Paris
o Paints
o Fertilizer
Ilmenite in Rajasthan:
• India main deposits of ilmenite located along coast of Kerala.
o Ajmer, Nagaur, Pali, Jodhpur and Sikar
o Very less quantity
• Uses:
o It is used for extraction of Titanium Metal
o Manufacture of Pigments
Kyanite in Rajasthan:
o Ajmer: Chainpura and Madaoria
o Bhilwara: Bari Harnoi & Pur
o Dungarpur: Chotti Padri & Sagwada
o Jaipur: Near Tunga
o Pali
o Udaipur: Kishangarh and Sansera
• Uses
o In electronics, electrical insulators and abrasives.
RAJRAS.in 180
Magnesite in Rajasthan:
o Sarupa-Chhaja in Ajmer district
o Bhimana in Pali district
o Lewa-ka-Gurha in Udaipur District
• Uses:
• Chief Source of Magnesium
o Can withstand high temprature and used in manufacture of refractory bricks used in
steel-making furnaces, in the manufacture of some special types of cement (sorel
cement) and in glass and rayon industry.
Nickel in Rajasthan:
• Nickel is recovered as a by-product.
o Found along with the copper ores in the Khetri Copper Belt in Jhunjhunu
o The serpentinite rocks at Rakhabdev-Kherwara area south of udaipur.
• Uses
o Production of Stainless-steel
o Catalyst in making alloys and coins and in the storage of batteries.
o Nickel-compounds are widely used in electroplating, chemical and ceramic industry.
Ochre in Rajasthan:
• Deposit in Rajasthan
o Bikaner, Chittaurgarh, Jaisalmer, Jhunjhunun, Jodhpur, Nagaur and Udaipur
• Used:
o Directly as paint material or to give colour, body and opacity to paint, cement, linoleum,
rubber, glasses,
enamels, plastics etc.
RAJRAS.in 181
Potash in Rajasthan:
o Bikaner, Hanseran, Arjunsar, Gharsisar, Jaitpur, Satipura, Bharusari and Lakhasar.
• Uses:
o One of the key elements in Fertilizers
Pyrite-Pyrrhotite - Sulphur in Rajasthan:
o Sikar - Saladipura
• Uses:
o Manufacture of sulphuric acid which is used mainly in the manufacture of

superphosphate fertilizer and also in several other chemical industries.
Rock Phosphate in Rajasthan:
• Rock phosphate, popularly known as phosphorite
o Udaipur: Jhamar Kotra (largest in the country),Maton, Kanpur, Karbaria-ka-Gurha and

Dakan Kotra.
o Banswara: Sallopat and Ram-ka-Munna
o Chittorgarh: Jaoda deposit:
o Jaisalmer: Birmania, fatehgarh, Rupsi & Nibh Dungar
o Jaipur: Achraul
• Uses:
o Essential ingredient in the manufacture of superphosphate, a fertilizer,
Silica Sand in Rajasthan:
• Deposit in Rajasthan
o Jaipur-Dausa: Banskhch hill near Jhir
RAJRAS.in 182
o Bundi-Kota-Sawai Mahopur Districts: Manjora, Mohanpur, Patori and Guneshri.
o Tonk: Bher & Siwad
o Jaisalmer: Lathi
o Bikaner: Marh
o Jodhpur: Bhakarion-ki-Dhani
• Uses
o Making glass
o Acidic remi-mass
Steatite in Rajasthan:
• Steatite, talc and soapstone are the three terms used in trade for a hydrous silicate of
magnesium.
• A purer variety of compact and massive talc is steatite.
o Jaipur-Dausa Districts: Dogetha-Jharna & Geejgarh
o Bhilwara: Gheruia & Chainpura
o Sawai madhopur: Dhaota & Dwain
o Udaipur-Dungarpur: Rishabhadev
Tin in Rajasthan:
• Ore: Cassiterite
• Bhilwara District: Paroli & Johna Sili
• Uses:
o Tin oxide is used as polishing material for marble and granite
o Alloy
o Chemical Industry
RAJRAS.in 183
Vermiculite in Rajasthan:
• Deposits in Rajasthan: Ajmer - Gudas
• Uses:
o When Vermicultie is heated, its volume increases more than 12 times
o The mineral is used where some extreme lightness and low-heat conductivity are
required.
o Insulators
Wollastonite in Rajasthan:
• Rajasthan is the only Wollastonite producing state in India
• Pali-Sirohi: Khera-Uparla, Belka Pahar near Khila in Sirohi district.
• Ajmer: GolaAlipura
• Uses: It is used in the ceramic, enamel, glass, matches, paints, paper, plastics and plywood
industries; in the preparation of artware, ceiling tiles, floor tiles, insulators, as an extender of
short-fibred asbestos or as a replacement for non-fibrous materials.
RAJRAS.in 184
Geography of Rajasthan Agriculture Snapshot of Rajasthan
Agriculture Snapshot of Rajasthan
• 75 per cent population of the State resides in the rural areas and about 62 per cent depend on
agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood.
• Agriculture in Rajasthan is primarily rain-fed and the period of monsoon is short. The rainfall
patterns indicate that during current monsoon season, in 2016, the onset of monsoon was with 7
days delay than its normal date of 15 June. In 2016, Rajasthan experienced excess rainfall
throughout the monsoon season except Sriganganagar district.
• Snapshot of production of foodgrain and oil-seeds in Rajasthan:
o Cereals: 180.78 Lakh tonnes
o Pulses: 32.34 Lakh tonnes
o Oil-Seeds 60.61 Lakh tonnes
Different types of crops, their sowing seasons, area under cultivation under different crops, maximum
crop production are all important information w.r.t both preliminary and mains of RAS Examination.
In this post, I have attached tables with brief & most important details with regard to crop production
in Rajasthan.
RAJRAS.in 185
Crops produced in Kharif Season:
Crops Produced in Rabi Season:
RAJRAS.in 186
The data has been combined from: Agriculture Ministry, Rajasthan, taking into account information
shared by them for 2014-15. Now this data is subjected to vary on year-basis, as crop production
changes.
RAJRAS.in 187
RAJRAS.in 0

Geography Reading Rajasthan

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Climate of Rajasthan ................................................................................................................................ 13

Rivers of Rajasthan ................................................................................................................................... 33

Important Lakes in Rajasthan ................................................................................................................... 89

Important Dams of Rajasthan .................................................................................................................. 97

Soils of Rajasthan ................................................................................................................................... 107

Conservation of Soils of Rajasthan ......................................................................................................... 116

Agro-climatic Zones of Rajasthan ........................................................................................................... 121

Land Use pattern of Rajasthan ............................................................................................................... 126

Natural Vegetation-Forests of Rajasthan ............................................................................................... 130

Wildlife of Rajasthan .............................................................................................................................. 136

Wildlife Protected Areas of Rajasthan ................................................................................................... 140

Livestock of Rajasthan ............................................................................................................................ 145

Tribes of Rajasthan ................................................................................................................................. 151

Indira Gandhi Canal ................................................................................................................................ 158

Medium Scale Irrigation Projects ........................................................................................................... 162

Hydrocarbon Rajasthan Basin ................................................................................................................ 166

Agriculture Snapshot of Rajasthan ......................................................................................................... 185

Physical Divisions of Rajasthan

1. Western Sandy Plains

2. Aravalli Range And Hilly Region

4. South-eastern Rajasthan Pathar (Hadoti Plateau)

1. Western Sandy Plains

A. Sandy Arid Plain

• A2. Dune free Tract

B. Semi-Arid Basin or Rajasthan Bangar

• B1. Luni Basin

• B2. Shekhawati Region

• B3. Nagaur Upland

• B4. Ghaggar Plain

2. Aravalli Range And Hilly Region

A. The North- Eastern Hill Tracts or Alwar Hills

B. The Central Aravalli Range

• B1. The Sambhar Basin or Shekhawati Low hills

• B2. The Merwara hills

C. The Mewar Rocky region and Bhorat Plateau

D. Abu Block region

3. The Eastern Plains

The eastern plains can be divided into 4 sub-regions:

C. Mahi or Chappan Basin

4. South-eastern Rajasthan Pathar (Hadoti Plateau)

It has following sub regions:

1. Western Sandy Plains

• Districts: Hanumangarh, Sriganganagar, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jalore, Sirohi, Pali,

A. Sandy Arid Plain

• Area- 61% of total area of W.S.P.

• District- Bikaner, Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Churu

A2. Dune free Tract

• Districts- Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Phalodi & Pokhran

B. Semi-Arid Basin or Rajasthan Bangar

• District – Jaipur, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, Jalore, Barmer

B1. Luni Basin

• District - Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Nagaur Area – 34866 .4 Sq. Km

B2. Shekhawati Region

• District: Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu & Nagaur

B3. Nagaur Upland

• Rainfall – 25 cm in west to 50 cm in east

B4. Ghaggar Plain