Basics of Networking

Basics of Networking
What is networking
 A Network is nothing but two or more
computers connected together using
wires
 The main function of a network is to
facilitate the exchange of information
between the computers and share the
available resources
What is the basic requirement for
connecting two PC’s?
192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3
TCP/IP
1. PC
2. Cable
3. NIC
4. Protocol
5. Address
1.Computer (PC)
Computer plays three role in a local area
network:
 Clients- which use but do not provide network
resources
 Peers- which both use and provide network
resources
 Servers- which provide network resources
2. Media
The physical connection used to transport
the electrical signals between the N/W
devices.
 Twisted pair cable
Shielded
Unshielded
 Coaxial cable
 Fiber optic cable
Twisted-pair cable
 SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (STP) have a

copper braid of foil that offers good
resistance to electrical noise
 UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP) does not
contain this aluminum shielding
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
 Most commonly used in Category Three
(CAT3) or Category Five (CAT5)
 RJ45 connectors are fitted on each end
of the cable
Coaxial cable
 Coaxial cable carrier signals of higher
frequency ranges than twisted-pair
cable, in part because the two media
are constructed quite differently
Fiber optic cable
 This cable is usually
reserved for
connections
between "backbone"
devices in larger
networks
3. Network Interface Card
 The NIC provides a physical connection

between the networking cable and the
computer’s internal bus
4. Protocols
 To be able to communicate with each other,
N/W devices need a common language.
 Whenever any computer wants to
communicate with any other computer or
entity it will adopt a set of rules agreeable to
all the computers & entities in the network.
This set of rules is called Protocol.
5. Addressing
 32 bit address is used to uniquely

identify a TCP/IP host
 The 32 bit IP Address is broken down
into four 8-bit fields called octets
separated by a period. Each octet
represents a number between 0 and
255.
IPv4 Address classes
Class-A: N H H H
Class-B: N N H H
Class-C: N N N H
Class-D: For Multicast
Class-E: For Research
•N=Network number assigned by IR.

•H=Host number assigned by network administrator.
Private Address Space
 IANA has reserved the following three blocks of
the IP address space for private internets (RFC
1918):
 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8 prefix)
 24-bit block
 Complete class-A network number
 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12 prefix)
 172.0001/0000.0.0-172.0001/1111.255.255
 20-bit block
 Set of 16 contiguous class-B network numbers
 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16 prefix)
 16-bit block
 Set of 256 contiguous class-C network numbers
Types of networks
The networks are divided into two types:-
LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)
Network topology
The main topologies are as given below:
 Bus topology
 Star topology
 Ring topology
Linear Bus
 A linear bus topology consists of a main
run of cable with a terminator at each
end
Star
 A star topology is designed with each

node (file server, workstations, and
peripherals) connected directly to a
central network hub or concentrator
Ring
Network technology
 Ethernet
 IEEE 802.3 supports a LAN standard
 IEEE 802.3 defines two categories: baseband
and broadband
 IEEE divides the baseband category into five
different standards
 10Base5
 10Base2
 10Base-T
 1Base5

100Base-T
 IEEE defines only one specification for the
broadband category: 10Broad36
Access Method: CSMA/CD
Other Ethernet Networks
 Switched Ethernet
 Fast Ethernet
 Gigabit Ethernet
The basic components of a
network
 Network Interface Card
 HUB
 Switches
 Bridges
 Routers
 Gateways
Connecting devices
 N/W device
1. Repeater
2. Bridges
 Internetworking devices
1. Router
2. Gateway
Repeaters
Bridge
Routers
Gateways

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Basics of Networking

 SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (STP) have a

 The NIC provides a physical connection

 32 bit address is used to uniquely

Class-D: For Multicast

Class-E: For Research

•N=Network number assigned by IR.

 A star topology is designed with each

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