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    New HydrogenProduction

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    Rohith K
    trhtrs

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    New HydrogenProduction

    Uploaded by

    Rohith K
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    trhtrs

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    New-HydrogenProduction

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    trhtrs

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2 views49 pages

    New HydrogenProduction

    Uploaded by

    Rohith K
    trhtrs

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 49

    Hydrogen Production

    Feedstocks Usage in Hydrogen Production


    Sustainable Paths to Hydrogen
    Hydrogen Production Methods
    Most methods of producing hydrogen involve
    splitting water (H2O) into its component parts of
    hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O). The most common
    method involves steam reforming of methane (from
    natural gas), although there are several other
    methods.
    Steam reforming converts methane (and other
    hydrocarbons in natural gas) into hydrogen and
    carbon monoxide by reaction with steam over a
    nickel catalyst
    Electrolysis uses electrical current to split water into
    hydrogen at the cathode (+) and oxygen at the anode (-)

    Steam electrolysis (a variation on conventional


    electrolysis) uses heat, instead of electricity, to
    provide some of the energy needed to split water,
    making the process more energy efficient
    Thermochemical water splitting uses chemicals and
    heat in multiple steps to split water into its
    component parts
    Photoelectrochemical systems use semi-conducting materials (like
    photovoltaics) to split water using only sunlight
    Photobiological systems use microorganisms to split water using
    sunlight
    Biological systems use microbes to break down a variety of biomass
    feed stocks into hydrogen
    Thermal water splitting uses a very high temperature (approximately
    1000°C) to split water
    Gasification uses heat to break down biomass or coal into a gas from
    which pure hydrogen can be generated
    Hydrogen Production
    Chemical Hydrogen Production
    Electrolysis
    Electrolysis
    Electrolysis of Water
    By providing energy from a battery, water (H2O) can
    be dissociated into the diatomic molecules of
    hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). This process is a
    good example of the the application of the four
    thermodynamic potentials (internal energy, U,
    Helmoltz free energy, F = U-TS; Enthalpy, H = U+pv
    and Gibbs free energy, G =U+pv-TS.
    The electrolysis of one mole of water
    produces a mole of hydrogen gas and a
    half a mole of oxygen gas in their normal
    diatomic forms. A detailed analysis of this
    process makes use of the thermodynamic
    potentials and the first law of
    thermodynamics. This process is presumed
    to be at 298K and atmospheric pressure.
    Electrolysis of Water

    System work:
    Quanitity H2O H2 0.5O2 Change
    Enthalpy -285.83kJ 0 0 ∆H = -285.83kJ

    Entropy 69.91 J/K 130.68J/K 0.5x205.14J/K T∆S = 48.7 kJ

    W = P∆V = (101.3 kPa)(1.5 moles)(22.4x10-3m3/mol)(298K/273K) = 3715 J


    ∆U = ∆H-P ∆V = 285.83kJ-3.72 kJ = 282.1 kJ
    ∆G = ∆H-T ∆S = 285.83 kJ-48.7 kJ = 237.1 kJ
    Efficiency

    Improved electrolysis efficiency


    can bring the PV-hydrogen
    efficiency to about 10%

    Systems that claim 85 %


    Hydrogen Production

    There is enough water to sustain hydrogen


    Photo electrolysis
    Hydrogen Production by Photo-electrolysis of Water
    The photo-electrolysis of water into hydrogen and
    oxygen using solar energy is potentially a clean and
    renewable source of hydrogen fuel for the hydrogen
    economy.

    The energy conversion efficiency of water photo-


    electrolysis is determined mainly by the properties
    of the materials used as electrodes in the photo-
    electrochemical cell.
    Obstacles to direct photo-electrolysis of
    water are the lack of efficient light
    absorption, corrosion of the semiconductor
    photo-catalyst and energetics., electronic
    and chemical properties for use as photo-
    catalysts in efficient and cost effective
    photo-electrochemical cells.
    Photoelectrolysis
    Direct Conversion
    Photoelectrolysis
    Photoelectrolysis
    Photoelectrolysis
    Photoelectrolysis
    Technical Challenges
    Technical Challenges
    Thermal Decomposition of Water
    By heating water to over 2,000ºC, it is broken down
    into hydrogen and oxygen. This is considered to be
    an interesting and inexpensive method of producing
    hydrogen directly from solar energy. Research is also
    being done on the use of catalysts to reduce the
    temperature for dissociation. One central problem is
    the separation of gases at high temperatures to avoid
    recombining. The efficiency factor is uncertain.
    Thermochemical Production from
    Nuclear Energy

    Source:
    Solar Thermochemical Production

    Source: Aldo Steinfeld


    Solar Thermochemical Production
    Solar Thermochemical Production

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